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The role of this work gives out the execution outline of a stable Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) for gradient surveillance. The main aim of this analysis is to construct a WSN system that can sense and monitor the distortion of the ground caused by calamities in massive regions with sensor and radio equipment. Both environmental and electrical issues must be resolved in order for statistics to be accessed regularly. This analysis describes approaches enabling transient social interaction mode switching depending based rechargeable density a framework for preserving router terminals mostly from illumination, as well as an upgraded antenna definition instead for WSN. The specification of an evolving wireless network is illustrated in the test response using each absolute evaluation specialty. The acquired information from the developed system can be used to predict the field's rank.

The ability of modern departmental communication systems to perform tasks in conditions of radio-electronic suppression by the enemy characterizes their immunity to interference. It is known that the interference protection of radio equipment in conditions of enemy radio reconnaissance and electronic suppression can be described by a set of probability indicators that characterize its secrecy (energy) and interference resistance. Secrecy (energy) is the ability of departmental communication systems to counteract the enemy's radio reconnaissance means, which are aimed at detecting the fact of the departmental communication system's operation, determining the parameters of its radio emissions, intercepting information for further deliberate radio-electronic and electromagnetic interference. One of the methods that significantly increases the secrecy of departmental communication systems is the use of signals with software-defined frequency conversion. These signals are a set of radio pulses (signal elements) whose frequencies change over time according to the law of pseudorandom sequence. The enemy searches for and detects the elements of these signals in a wide frequency band. This search is carried out under conditions of partial a priori uncertainty regarding their spectral-time structure using panoramic receivers. It should be noted that the basis of the radio reconnaissance means of the world's leading states is Fourier processors, which perform Fourier transforms from the implementation of a set of input signals. When designing and developing methods for interference protection, the problem of evaluating their energy stealth arises. Known research results and existing methodologies allow for a simplified assessment of the energy stealth of radio equipment with software frequency hopping under time constraints for decision making and do not take into account the peculiarities of the construction of modern panoramic analysis tools. In particular, the known methodologies do not take into account the peculiarities of the process of frequency-time searching for elements of such signals in a wide frequency range using panoramic receiving devices based on the complex application of different types of Fourier processors, the order of spectral-time processing of signal elements at the output of Fourier processors, requirements for their threshold sensitivity and dynamic signal range. Therefore, the article proposes a methodology for evaluating the stealthiness of communication systems with software-defined frequency tuning to determine the indicators of interference protection based on Fourier processors in the conditions of the opponent's use of modern radio-electronic intelligence tools., Спроможність сучасних систем відомчого зв’язку виконувати завдання в умовах ведення противником радіоелектронного подавлення характеризує їх завадозахищеність. Відомо, що завадозахищеність радіозасобів в умовах ведення противником радіоелектронної розвідки та радіоелектронного подавлення може бути описана сукупністю ймовірнісних показників, які характеризують її скритність (енергетичну) та завадостійкість. При цьому, скритність (енергетична) – це спроможність систем відомчого зв’язку протидіяти засобам радіоелектронної розвідки противника, що спрямовані на виявлення факту роботи СВЗ, визначення параметрів її радіовипромінювань, перехоплення інформації для подальшої постановки навмисних радіоелектронних та електромагнітних завад. Одним з методів, що дозволяє суттєво підвищити скритність систем відомчого зв’язку є застосування сигналів із програмною перебудовою робочої частоти. Дані сигнали являють собою сукупність радіоімпульсів (елементів сигналу), несучі частоти яких змінюються у часі за законом псевдовипадкової послідовності. Противник у широкій смузі частот здійснює пошук та виявлення елементів зазначених сигналів. Даний пошук здійснюється в умовах часткової апріорної невизначеності відносно їх спектрально-годинної структури за допомогою панорамних приймальних пристроїв. Варто зауважити, що основою засобів радіорозвідки провідних держав світу є Фур’є-процесори, які виконують перетворення Фур’є від реалізації сукупності вихідних сигналів. При проектуванні та розробці методів завадозахисту виникає задача оцінки їх енергетичної скритності. Відомі результати досліджень та існуючі методики дозволяють спрощено оцінити енергетичну скритність радіозасобів із програмною перебудовою робочої частоти в умовах обмежень часу на прийняття рішення та не враховують особливості побудови новітніх засобів панорамного аналізу. Зокрема, у відомих методиках не враховані особливості процесу частотно-часового пошуку елементів зазначених сигналів у широкій смузі частот панорамними приймальними пристроями на основі комплексного застосування різних типів Фур’є-процесорів, порядок спектрально-часової обробки елементів сигналів на виході Фур’є-процесорів, вимоги до їх порогової чутливості та динамічного діапазону сигналу. Тому, у статті запропонована методика оцінки прихованості систем відомчого зв’язку з програмною перебудовою робочої частоти для визначення показників завадозахищеності на основі Фур’є-процесорів в умовах застосування противником сучасних засобів радіоелектронної розвідки.

Спроможність сучасних систем відомчого зв’язку виконувати завдання в умовах ведення противником радіоелектронного подавлення характеризує їх завадозахищеність. Відомо, що завадозахищеність радіозасобів в умовах ведення противником радіоелектронної розвідки та радіоелектронного подавлення може бути описана сукупністю ймовірнісних показників, які характеризують її скритність (енергетичну) та завадостійкість. При цьому, скритність (енергетична) – це спроможність систем відомчого зв’язку протидіяти засобам радіоелектронної розвідки противника, що спрямовані на виявлення факту роботи СВЗ, визначення параметрів її радіовипромінювань, перехоплення інформації для подальшої постановки навмисних радіоелектронних та електромагнітних завад. Одним з методів, що дозволяє суттєво підвищити скритність систем відомчого зв’язку є застосування сигналів із програмною перебудовою робочої частоти. Дані сигнали являють собою сукупність радіоімпульсів (елементів сигналу), несучі частоти яких змінюються у часі за законом псевдовипадкової послідовності. Противник у широкій смузі частот здійснює пошук та виявлення елементів зазначених сигналів. Даний пошук здійснюється в умовах часткової апріорної невизначеності відносно їх спектрально-годинної структури за допомогою панорамних приймальних пристроїв. Варто зауважити, що основою засобів радіорозвідки провідних держав світу є Фур’є-процесори, які виконують перетворення Фур’є від реалізації сукупності вихідних сигналів. При проектуванні та розробці методів завадозахисту виникає задача оцінки їх енергетичної скритності. Відомі результати досліджень та існуючі методики дозволяють спрощено оцінити енергетичну скритність радіозасобів із програмною перебудовою робочої частоти в умовах обмежень часу на прийняття рішення та не враховують особливості побудови новітніх засобів панорамного аналізу. Зокрема, у відомих методиках не враховані особливості процесу частотно-часового пошуку елементів зазначених сигналів у широкій смузі частот панорамними приймальними пристроями на основі комплексного застосування різних типів Фур’є-процесорів, порядок спектрально-часової обробки елементів сигналів на виході Фур’є-процесорів, вимоги до їх порогової чутливості та динамічного діапазону сигналу. Тому, у статті запропонована методика оцінки прихованості систем відомчого зв’язку з програмною перебудовою робочої частоти для визначення показників завадозахищеності на основі Фур’є-процесорів в умовах застосування противником сучасних засобів радіоелектронної розвідки. The ability of modern departmental communication systems to perform tasks in conditions of radio-electronic suppression by the enemy characterizes their immunity to interference. It is known that the interference protection of radio equipment in conditions of enemy radio reconnaissance and electronic suppression can be described by a set of probability indicators that characterize its secrecy (energy) and interference resistance. Secrecy (energy) is the ability of departmental communication systems to counteract the enemy's radio reconnaissance means, which are aimed at detecting the fact of the departmental communication system's operation, determining the parameters of its radio emissions, intercepting information for further deliberate radio-electronic and electromagnetic interference. One of the methods that significantly increases the secrecy of departmental communication systems is the use of signals with software-defined frequency conversion. These signals are a set of radio pulses (signal elements) whose frequencies change over time according to the law of pseudorandom sequence. The enemy searches for and detects the elements of these signals in a wide frequency band. This search is carried out under conditions of partial a priori uncertainty regarding their spectral-time structure using panoramic receivers. It should be noted that the basis of the radio reconnaissance means of the world's leading states is Fourier processors, which perform Fourier transforms from the implementation of a set of input signals. When designing and developing methods for interference protection, the problem of evaluating their energy stealth arises. Known research results and existing methodologies allow for a simplified assessment of the energy stealth of radio equipment with software frequency hopping under time constraints for decision making and do not take into account the peculiarities of the construction of modern panoramic analysis tools. In particular, the known methodologies do not take into account the peculiarities of the process of frequency-time searching for elements of such signals in a wide frequency range using panoramic receiving devices based on the complex application of different types of Fourier processors, the order of spectral-time processing of signal elements at the output of Fourier processors, requirements for their threshold sensitivity and dynamic signal range. Therefore, the article proposes a methodology for evaluating the stealthiness of communication systems with software-defined frequency tuning to determine the indicators of interference protection based on Fourier processors in the conditions of the opponent's use of modern radio-electronic intelligence tools.

The issues of modern trends in the development of unmanned aviation complexes are considered. The main ways of their current and promising application are given, the main differences from pilot. The main ways of improving radio equipment of unmanned aviation complexes are considered. It is listed that in the near future, unmanned aerial vehicles will significantly affect the progress of military conflicts.

The last decade is characterized by a number of military conflicts, in most episodes of which the achievement of the goal (reconnaissance and (or) defeat of certain targets) by the warring parties is mostly achieved through the use of aircraft, including small and (or) unmanned. The main difference is to obtain the desired results without a direct collision with the enemy ground component of troops (forces). Most of the recommended measures to combat aircraft in modern conditions can be reduced to: the rational construction of battle order (using the air defense separation), the widespread use of covert communications, radio reconnaissance and electronic warfare, the creation of erroneous and camouflage combat (reserve) positions of air defense means , automation of transmission and processing of information about the air situation with the use of modern technologies and increase the accuracy of coordinate information provided to combat (or fire) means. Improving the accuracy of coordinate information causes: the possibility of searchless detection and (or) capture of air targets by fire, increasing the survivability of air defense systems by reducing working hours (including time for "radiation") and rapid change of their positions after the task. Modern algorithms for processing coordinate information provided by air defense systems take into account the errors of measurement of primary coordinates by radio engineering, the delay time of information in communication channels and its possible distortion. At the same time, they do not explicitly take into account the influence of topographic errors and orientation errors of radio equipment. In the work, with the use of methods of mathematical statistics and mathematical modeling, the analysis of influence of topographic errors and orientation of radio-technical means of airspace control on estimations of the coordinate information issued by them is carried out. The obtained ratios allow to make an appropriate assessment and provide recommendations for further research. In the work with the use of methods of mathematical statistics and mathematical modeling, the analysis of the influence of topographic errors and orientation of radio engineering means of airspace control on the estimates of coordinate information issued by them is carried out. The obtained ratios allow to make an appropriate assessment and provide recommendations for further research. The obtained results can be used in tests of radio-technical means of information support, in information processing algorithms and automated control systems.

Problem statement. The development and design of radio communication systems with enhanced structural and energy stealth properties are of the greatest interest in modern radio engineering. One method of implementing such radio systems is the use of ultra-wideband signals. Despite advances in radio engineering theory, the development and design of ultra-wideband radio systems are at the initial stage. The results obtained in this subject area are not systematized, limiting their practical application and indicating the relevance of the chosen research problem.The study's objective is to formalize an approach to the design and performance assessment of ultra-wideband radio systems based on statistical radio engineering methods. Bringing the obtained theoretical solutions to the level of practical implementation in a radio station layout.Results. The analysis of available theoretical and practical solutions in the subject area of ultra-wideband radio systems is carried out. The principles of development and evaluation taking into account the characteristics of radio equipment elements are justified. A model of an ultra-wideband radio pulse is presented. The requirements of guiding documents are summarized, based on which the requirements for radio equipment are clarified. The criteria for the formation and processing of ultra-wideband signals are determined. An approach to controlling the parameters of the applied signals is considered. The criterion of increasing the efficiency of radio systems is justified. An approach to calculating the size of the pulse packs defining the signal symbols is developed. Analytical calculations are presented following the developed approach.Practical implications. The authors developed a model of an ultra-wideband radio station based on LLC Scientific Production Enterprise "New Telecommunications Technologies". The obtained practical solutions can be used in the field of practical implementation of ultra-wideband radio communication systems

The paper assumes a Bayesian estimate of the telecommunication systems availability ratio. Downtime and uptime are described by gamma distributions with positive integer parameters. Estimates of the distribution parameters are obtained using the maximum likelihood method. For the set samples, the values of the desired probability distribution densities are found and an expression for estimating the availability ratio is derived. Numerical estimates for the standard and assumed estimates are given. For a system with two states, a Bayesian estimate of the availability function with consideration of downtime and serviceable condition takes into account the features of backup equipment and the effect of its failure defined by performance reliability and features that ensure the reliability of information signals. The proposed Bayesian approach has the following advantages: it is possible to conduct quantitative estimates with lack of sufficient statistics on functional use indicators; it takes into account all destabilizing factors of various nature; the presence of a lower mean square error compared to traditional methods. To implement the proposed approach that estimates the availability ratio, confidence probabilities are introduced relative to the indicator of failure flows and equipment recovery. The parameters of the a priori information can be determined by different methods or on the basis of sufficient statistical data. To illustrate the discussed calculation algorithm, a digital data transmission system of a standard satellite navigation system consisting of terminal, radio equipment, and a transponder is considered. To estimate the required values, we used data on interruptions in the operation of equipment due to its malfunction during a conditional year. The frequency of downtime caused by signal propagation conditions and equipment failures was evaluated. It was shown that the gamma distribution is suitable for describing the frequency distribution of downtime. The frequency distribution of the cyclicity coefficient with the condition of the selected time interval was also taken into account. Sample mathematical expectations and mean square deviations of the downtime coefficient were found. As a result, the numerical example shows the correctness of using the Bayesian estimate of weighted equipment preparedness.

У статті досліджена можливість інформаційного забезпечення для моніторингу та управління рухом суден з використанням даних супутникової навігації. Розглянуті елементи системи безпеки судноводіння. Вирішення завдань, пов'язаних з безпекою судноводіння і своєчасною доставкою вантажів, екологічним захистом прибережної зони, вимагає чіткого моніторингу руху суден і управління швидкостями потоків судів або окремих суден. Для цієї мети необхідне впровадження нових сучасних радіотехнічних засобів на базі високоточних супутникових навігаційних технологій та застосування систем, які забезпечують безпеку плавання судів. Дані обставини вимагають створення в регіонах систем керування судноплавством з таким навігаційним забезпеченням, яке б у максимальному ступені знижувало ризик аварій судів при плаванні в прибережних водах, на підходах до портів, у портових водах, у вузкостях, на внутрішніх водних шляхах, де свобода маневрування обмежена. У дослідженні представлене рішення актуальної наукової задачі з розробки математичного забезпечення формування високоточних полів місцевизначення, річкової диференціальної підсистеми GPS, для створення суцільних високоточних телекомунікаційних полів у СХ та ПХ діапазонах з урахуванням впливу полі компонентної підстилаючої поверхні, параметрів приймально-передаючого обладнання та урахування загоризонтної рефракції, яка має важливе значення для водного транспорту. Ключові слова

According to the experience of hostilities, including during the JFO (ATO), today much attention is paid by military experts to the development and improvement of optical and optoelectronic devices. This is due to the continuous improvement and development of new generation weapons systems that have improved tactical and technical characteristics, reduces the time spent by objects in the area of detection and damage, reduces the visibility of objects, increases their protection from interference and countermeasures, changes their tactics. The main advantages of optoelectronic devices are: the secrecy of their use, in contrast to radar and radio equipment, they do not require additional systems of protection against interference; relative simplicity of design, operation and small dimensions; low energy consumption; ecological purity. The current state of threats to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, first of all the ongoing aggression of the Russian Federation, requires the introduction of necessary ways to counter them, improving approaches to the formation of military-technical policy, taking into account the urgent need to update existing weapons and military (special) equipment. There is a need to create electron-optical transducers or matrix devices of other types that work in the visible and infrared ranges, for night vision devices, and opto-electronic systems for detection (registration) of laser radiation of rangefinders, control systems for homing projectiles, missiles in the optical range spectrum. The paper describes the areas of improvement of optoelectronic means of surveillance, detection and aiming in order to increase the effectiveness of combat employment of armored weapons. The relevance of the study lies in the need to introduce fundamentally new concepts for the integration of optical and optoelectronic devices.

Modern radio engineering systems are characterized by the use of radio waves with a complex internal structure as information carriers. Such radio waves are characterized by an increased transmission spectrum width and programmed pseudo-random tuning of the operating frequency. Along with this, signals with an increased transmission spectrum width are related in their characteristics to white noise signals, which reduces their electromagnetic availability of electronic intelligence systems.So, the article presents an improved methodology for assessing the secrecy of the functioning of radio technical means of a military communications system, built on radio communications, which use a complex structure of a transmission signal as an information message.The main criterion for assessing the secrecy of the functioning of radio technical means was chosen the indicator of the energy secrecy of transmission signals, namely, the indicator of electromagnetic availability.Taking into account the indicator of the electromagnetic availability of radio emission sources with complex signals makes it possible to more realistically assess the secrecy of the functioning of radio equipment of the military communications system, in turn, determines the factors for making informed decisions regarding the choice of operating modes of radio communications in order to conceal the functioning of the elements of the military communications system.

Modern radio engineering systems are characterized by the use of radio waves with a complex internal structure as information carriers. Such radio waves are characterized by an increased transmission spectrum width and programmed pseudo-random tuning of the operating frequency. Along with this, signals with an increased transmission spectrum width are related in their characteristics to white noise signals, which reduces their electromagnetic availability of electronic intelligence systems. So, the article presents an improved methodology for assessing the secrecy of the functioning of radio technical means of a military communications system, built on radio communications, which use a complex structure of a transmission signal as an information message. The main criterion for assessing the secrecy of the functioning of radio technical means was chosen the indicator of the energy secrecy of transmission signals, namely, the indicator of electromagnetic availability. Taking into account the indicator of the electromagnetic availability of radio emission sources with complex signals makes it possible to more realistically assess the secrecy of the functioning of radio equipment of the military communications system, in turn, determines the factors for making informed decisions regarding the choice of operating modes of radio communications in order to conceal the functioning of the elements of the military communications system.

Ship's radio equipment, produced on a modern digital basis, is used as equipment for the global Maritime disaster communication system( GMDSS), vehicle traffic control systems and dangerous proximity warnings, radar and radio navigation systems. The article presents the synthesis and research method concerning the principles of functioning the professional activity objects in relation to specialists in transport radio equipment technical operation related to the example of radio receiving and transmitting devices (GMDSS )equipment block based on the digital signal processor TMS320C5510. In the mastering the technique process, students of the «Transport radio equipment technical operation», specialty master professional competencies, get theoretical and practical skills of synthesis, technical diagnostics and ship radio equipment maintenance .

To combat groups of unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as for other tasks, the use of electromagnetic means is effective. When the distance to the group target changes, its angular size changes, therefore, the urgent task is to effectively control the radiation pattern width of the antenna system of the radiating radio equipment and the radiation power. The article describes the basic relationships for ensuring a given radiation power flux density in a given region, taking into account energy absorption in the atmosphere. The results of the analysis of antenna synthesis methods are presented and the main methods for controlling the width of the radiation pattern are substantiated: the use of aperture of variable size, as well as variation of parameters for the parametric amplitude distributions of exciting currents along the antenna aperture. The analysis of the influence of parameters on the spatial and energy parameters of the radiation field of the antennas is carried out. The developed algorithms for varying the parameters and radiation power to provide a given level of impact on the target are presented. The results obtained allow us to justify the requirements for radio equipment of electromagnetic effects (combat unmanned aerial vehicles, enemy control systems, etc.). The results can be used as part of control systems algorithms for special radio equipment.

Introduction: Measurements of electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range are of great relevance due to the increasing number of transmitting radio facilities in the densely populated territories, constant cell site upgrades, and emerging communication standards. The paper presents a brief description of the biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and shows basic mechanisms of the negative effect on the most vulnerable organs and systems. Our objective was to evaluate valid guidelines for measuring electromagnetic radiations of the radio frequency range in residential areas, in houses and public buildings. Materials and methods: We reviewed specific characteristics of cellular base and radio relay stations, compared and described electromagnetic radiation measuring devices. The provided recommendations for their selection were based on frequencies at which the communication equipment operates. We also analyzed the current guidelines with account for characteristics of transmitting radio equipment of cellular base stations and the applied measuring instruments. Results: The results of assessing established significant differences are discussed. The analysis of the requirements for measurements demonstrated significant discrepancies and contradictions between the valid documents. The evaluation results demonstrated impossibility of simultaneous measurements of electromagnetic radiation from cellular BS and RRS due to violations of requirements for measurement procedures. We concluded that, according to the current method documents, measurements of electromagnetic radiation from the fourth (4G) and fifth (5G) generation mobile communications systems were not possible. Conclusions: We revealed the necessity to revise the compared guidelines МUК 4.3.1167–02 and МUК 4.3.1677–03, to harmonize regulatory requirements for measurements, and to develop a single document guiding measurements of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation. Recommendations for taking measurements are provided.

An analysis of the wars experience and armed conflicts shows that the maximum realization of combat capabilities of the air command in full largely depends on the presence of stable, continuous, operational and covert control. Such control can only be reached by building a highly efficient, multi-level control system, the functioning of which depends, objectively, on the performance of the communication subsystem, radio equipment and control automation. However, the experience of using forces and means of communication, radio-technical support and automated control of air command, in the course of anti-terrorist operation in the east of Ukraine shows that the system of communication, radio-technical support and automation of control for a number of reasons does not fully meet the needs governing bodies. Among these reasons, the main reason is to consider its lack of stability. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research to ensure its sustainability at the required level. A number of scientific papers are devoted to the evaluation of communication system stability, radio equipment and automation control. However, their analysis showed that, for one reason or another, they could not be fully used to evaluate the stability of the communications system, radio equipment and automation of control in modern combat conditions. The article proposes a technique, which, unlike the known ones, is based on the method of equivalent topological transformations, which allowed to describe more adequately the process of functioning of the system in modern conditions of warfare. The development of this methodology was carried out with the justification of the model of the system, determination of limitations and order of preparation of the initial data. The algorithm of information of stability of estimation directions according to certain indicators and criteria is presented. Suggestions for practical implementation of the developed methodology in the form of specialized software are formulated. Prospects for further research are outlined. The main research methods used in its implementation were methods of analysis, synthesis and equivalent topological transformations.

The article considers the task of designing promising radio equipment. The classification of the components (elements) of the developed samples by their novelty (innovativeness) is given. They are divided into reuse components, which are characterized by minimal design risks, cost and time costs, into innovative (new) components, which have the highest risk of creation, high cost and time costs, but at the same time determine the progressiveness of the created radio engineering Means and on the combined components. The following is the statement of the problem of optimizing the layout of a sample of radio equipment during design by the criterion of «efficiency-cost». The generalized indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of radio equipment of stable functioning is substantiated, including private indicators of reliability, noise immunity, and also cost indicators. To solve this problem, a method of sequential analysis of options is proposed.

Most of the theoretical results, as well as methods using OFDM modulation, are obtained in order to increase the rate of information transmission with energy constraints and the bandwidth. For broadband radio access systems, this task is primarily due to the commercial purpose of these systems and the desire of the communications developers to provide high-speed wireless access to the Internet as much as possible at the same time. This article is devoted to the issue of increasing the energy efficiency of radio equipment using modulation orthogonal harmonic carriers under conditions of intentional interference and frequency-selective fading while ensuring a given level of reliability and speed of information transmission.

—An approach is proposed for studying the emission of electromagnetic interference from communication lines of the onboard equipment of an unmanned aerial vehicle. An unmanned aerial vehicle made of composite material is considered. The article presents a practical example of studying the electromagnetic environment in the fuselage space of an unmanned aerial vehicle during emission of electromagnetic interference from interface communication lines and the power supply network of the control system. The influence of electromagnetic interference emission on the onboard radio equipment of an unmanned aerial vehicle is assessed.

VHF telecommunications radio equipment, especially ATIS equipment is equipment used to inform information around the airport, such as weather, taxiways, runaway, etc. ATIS equipment works on frequencies between 118-137 MHz. The problem that arises is in the ATIS equipment that is the lack of antenna beam coverage on the ATIS radio transmitter, which is

Any modern production cannot be imagined without robotized processing lines of materials and assembly lines in such fields of production as, for example, aircraft and engineering, the manufacture of radio equipment, or in processes involving the use of caustic and toxic substances. Therefore, the promising scientific and technical direction is the development and improvement of the electromechanical part of production lines and complexes. The solution of this problem is possible due to the use of modern methods for collecting information from primary sensors, as well as the introduction of modern means of their processing and synthesis of control pulses on the electro-mechanical parts of the equipment. The precision of positioning of electromechanical elements of robotic technological manipulators directly depends on the accuracy of determining their position and following the rotor programmed trajectory. Therefore, it was proposed to use a phase method for measuring the displacement of the robot manipulator, which allows obtaining high sensitivity of measurement and, accordingly, ensuring a high degree of accuracy of operations and reacting to changes in production technology. The implementation of the phase measurement method is related to the use of the reference signal, according to which observation is carried out. However, in practice measurement occurs nonlinear effects of the medium of propagation of signals (nonlinearity immital properties of the medium, interference, etc.), which leads to a non-matching of the spectral composition of the measuring and reference signals. Another aspect affecting the measurement result is the accuracy of the approximation of the sensor transformation function based on the assumption that the measuring signal is quasigarmonic, which is not always true. Therefore, in this paper a numerical method for measuring the phase of continuous signals without binding to their geometric form is proposed.

The operation system determines the efficiency of the intended use of radio equipment. The operation system includes radio equipment, documentation, operational resources, personnel, processes, data processing algorithms, etc. The operation process is associated with conditions of priori uncertainty of models, parameters, external factors, etc. The main element for monitoring is technical condition of radio equipment. In a general case, this condition can deteriorate. The problems of technical condition deterioration analysis can be considered in terms of changepoint study. The present paper concentrates on the problem of synthesis and analysis of method for changepoint detection during radio equipment operation. The detection algorithm is constructed based on Neyman–Pearson criterion with sample size accumulation. During algorithm synthesis the thresholds were calculated according to Bellman’s approach. The problem of synthesis and analysis was solved by two methods: analytically and using statistical modelling. The efficiency measures for this algorithm are the probability of correct detection and mean time of decision making. The proposed algorithm has advantages in mean time of decision making compared with CUSUM detection method.

The analysis was carried out in order to clarify the estimates of the expected restrictions on characteristics of new-generation mobile communications (4G, 5G) under the existing restrictions on radiated power of subscriber radio equipment, as well as in conditions where the boundaries of urban sites are outside of the area of free radio waves propagation (RWP) between subscriber and base stations. Analysis was performed using the basic principles and ensemble models of statistical theory of electromagnetic environment, as well as the basic principles of information theory that determines the radio channel capacity in presence of interference. Frequency-independent relationships have been obtained for estimating a number of system parameters of cellular communications under the conditions of multipath RWP in urban canyons and the presence of internal system interference: estimation the required equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of subscriber stations, the maximum data transmission capacity of the backward radio channel, the maximum distance of qualitative communication, and also the permissible level of internal radio interference at given requirements for communication range, and the information transfer rate of reverse radio channel taking into account the accepted restrictions on EIRP of subscriber radio equipment. The obtained relations allowus to estimate the limits of possible values of these system parameters of modern and future mobile communications; these relations also provide the opportunity to justify the quality requirements for ensuring the intra-system electromagnetic compatibility at the required data rate in backward radio channels of cellular networks and the existing restrictions on EIRP of subscriber stations.

The article deals with the possibility of using signals of the Internet coverage, cell-phone networks, radio and television signals to provide detection of air targets. The advantages, disadvantages, composition and principle of operation of a semi-active radar system are considered in this article. Issues of technical realization of antennas and receivers of a semi-active radar system are investigated. An algorithm for signal processing in a semi-active radar system is proposed. For fulfilling the tasks of air surveillance and timely alerting of the air defense system to a higher degree of readiness when detecting the air threats and airborne intelligence assets of the enemy, currently in the area of the Operation of the Joint Forces the radar air surveillance system is deployed. This system is made up of traditional active radiolocation tools. The main disadvantage of such a system is its low survivability, which is due to the radiated signals, and, consequently, the ease of reconnaissance of radar positions by the enemy. Preservation of radar air surveillance system positions undetected and, consequently, the survivability of those radar systems is possible by supplementing them with the means of semi-active radar. Also, in the context of the so-called hybrid war in the area of Operation of the Joint Forces a ramified system of radio equipment continues to operate that can provide illumination field.

© 1979-2012 IEEE. In Europe, market access for radio equipment is governed through the Radio Equipment Directive (RED), which replaced the Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (R&TTE) Directive in 2016. The essential requirements were introduced by RED and subsequently processed by European standards organizations: the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, and the European Committee for Standardization, in order to develop harmonised standards (HSs). These HSs may be used by manufacturers in order to achieve self-declaration of conformity of radio equipment. Compared to the previously applicable R&TTE Directive, RED contains a set of new Articles, including RED Articles 3(3)(a) to 3(3)(i) and Article 4, which were not enacted when RED was originally published. This article discusses the process for "activating" the corresponding articles, and provides commentary on related ongoing activities in European Commission Expert Groups and detailed implications on radio equipment design. Indeed, new requirements need to be met in order to achieve market access, such as reconfigurability, privacy, and security features. Finally, implications such as time to market and RED compliance certification cost are assessed, and a comparison to other regulation regimes is given, including those in the United States, Korea, and Russia.

The fast growth of wireless technology for mobile communication devices requires broad bandwidth, high data rate facilities and compact device size. The solution to the next generation user equipment is high data rate 4G/5G technologies. In this research, wideband antenna design was analyzed and evaluated for 4G, 5G and NB-IoT applications. CST microwave studio was used for simulations and investigations of the performance parameters. The antenna was designed as a folded dipole with a tunable bandwidth and resonates for 5G NR n78, NR-IoT bands B1, B2, and B25, and eleven TDD LTE frequency bands with a bandwidth percentage and minimum scattering loss of 69.02% and −42 dB respectively. Additionally, the designed antenna is small (35 × 48 × 1.62 mm3) and planar in structure and can be easily integrated with radio equipment. The antenna design was also investigated for SAR minimization and gain enhancement using metamaterial integration. For all operating frequency bands, the antenna design results in a considerable gain improvement. The metamaterial was shown to be an excellent absorber of radiation, particularly in high frequency regions. This research also included a SAR examination with and without metamaterial integration. SAR values were found to be significantly reduced throughout all operating bands. The results were validated by fabricating the design prototype on FR-4 substrate for 4G, 5G and IoT bands. The antenna will be possibly used for communication in high data rate applications.

As evolving wireless network architectures become more diverse, complex, and interdependent, and equipment costs prohibit broad access to such networks, remotely accessible experimental testbeds are gaining interest in recent years in wireless communication and networking research. This interest has exacerbated in 2020 and became a vital need during the current global pandemic. However, providing end-users of various educational backgrounds access to radio devices from a heterogeneous set of vendors is challenging. This paper introduces OneLNK, a remotely accessible testbed consisting of radio devices from three different vendors and developed using open source cloud-native technologies. End-users can access the functionalities of OneLNK from a single webpage without any local installations. Using the web URL, users can operate radio devices, set experiment parameters, observe results in real-time, and save generated experiment data for all radio devices. The interactive web UI and its working mechanism for supporting radio equipment are covered with specific experiment capabilities. A diverse set of radio equipment (mmWave, sub-GHz SDR, and sub-6GHz SDR) are facilitated to explain these capabilities. Moreover, measurements of path loss, Received Signal Strength (RSS), and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) using devices from three different vendors operating on a vast spectrum (568 MHz, 5.8 GHz, and 60 GHz) are reported. The majority of the remotely accessible OneLNK platform was developed remotely during the pandemic by a team of experts from five U.S. states.

The paper discusses the problem of statistical characteristics substantiation during radio equipment diagnostics. To provide serviceability and maintainability of radio equipment is one of the tasks of operation system. The operation system contains the processes of intended use of equipment, maintenance, running repair, continuation of life service and others. During running repair, the procedures of diagnostics, operability recovery and parameters monitoring are performed. The diagnostics process regulates the sequence of searching the failed element in the radio equipment scheme. The decision-making during diagnostics is associated with the errors of the first and second kind. So for efficiency analysis, the probability of correct diagnostics can be used. Such efficiency measure has random nature, but in the literature, only expected value is used to describe it. This paper concentrates on the approach to calculation of the probability density function for efficiency measure with purpose of obtaining the complete information about random value.

In recent years, wireless smart devices which use radio frequencies are emerging increasingly in all areas of our life. This article presents the influences of radio frequency (RF) output power level on RF electromagnetic field and RF common mode immunity tests of wireless radio equipment.According to the ETSI EN 301 489-17, the RF output power level should be adjusted to the maximum level during the tests. However, the use of RF output power level in daily life may not work at the maximum or fixed level in a wireless device. In order to observe the effects on test results, RF common mode and RF electromagnetic field immunity tests are performed at the maximum RF output power level as stated in the standard and at different RF output power levels as independent from the standard. The results of the measurements are compared with each other at the certain frequencies.

Frequency-independent relationships for estimating a following number of system parameters of cellular communications under the conditions of multipath propagation of radio waves in urban canyons and the presence of intrasystem interference are obtained: the required equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of subscriber stations, the maximum data transmission capacity of the uplink radio channel, the maximum distance of qualitative communication, and also the permissible level of intranetwork radio interference at given requirements for communication range and data transfer rate of uplink radio channel taking into account the accepted restrictions on EIRP of subscriber radio equipment. Together with the frequency- independent component of the electromagnetic background near the earth's surface, created by electromagnetic radiations of subscriber stations located outside the breakpoint vicinity of the observation point, these dependencies form a family of asymptotes that provide ample opportunities for system analysis and diagnostics of solutions and scenarios for the implementation of 4G/5G/6G systems and services in various conditions, taking into account the quality of frequency-spatial planning and the intra-system EMC design of radio networks of cellular (mobile) communications.

An improved computationally efficient technique for EMC diagnostics of radio equipment of complex on-board radio-electronic systems is presented. The first improvement is based on the use of worst-case and conditionally worst-case mathematical models to describe unwanted electromagnetic (EM) interactions between transmitters and receivers of the system, which allows to detect all potentially dangerous interactions rapidly and avoid second-type errors when assessing the danger of these interactions. The second improvement concerns the iterative refinement of worst-case and conditionally worst-case models of potentially dangerous interactions (including models of transmitter radiation spectra, receivers susceptibility characteristics, amplitude-frequency characteristics of decoupling antenna filters and EM spurious couplings between antennas of on-board system) by the use of both numerical simulation methods and measurements to improve the accuracy of EMC diagnostics. The third improvement is associated with the use of an extremely effective technique of discrete nonlinear behavior simulation of radio receivers’ operation in a severe EM environment formed by a set of powerful EM radiations from radio transmitters of the analyzed on-board system and a variety of external EM fields generated by various radio systems of different services.

Recent years have seen the introduction of large-scale platforms for experimental wireless research. These platforms, which include testbeds like those of the PAWR program and emulators like Colosseum, allow researchers to prototype and test their solutions in a sound yet realistic wireless environment before actual deployment. Emulators, in particular, enable wireless experiments that are not site-specific as those on real testbeds. Researchers can choose among different radio frequency (RF) scenarios for real-time emulation of a vast variety of different situations, with different number of users, RF bandwidth, antenna counts, hardware requirements, etc. Although very powerful, in that they can emulate virtually any real-world deployment, emulated scenarios are only as useful as how accurately they can reproduce the targeted wireless channel and environment. Achieving emulation accuracy is particularly challenging, especially for experiments at scale for which emulators require considerable amounts of computational resources. In this paper, we propose a framework to create RF scenarios for emulators like Colosseum starting from rich forms of input, like those obtained by measurements through radio equipment or via software (e.g., ray-tracers and electromagnetic field solvers). Our framework optimally scales down the large set of RF data in input to the fewer parameters allowed by the emulator by using efficient clustering techniques and channel impulse response re-sampling. We showcase our method by generating wireless scenarios for the Colosseum network emulator by using Remcom's Wireless InSite, a commercial-grade ray-tracer that produces key characteristics of the wireless channel. Examples are provided for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios on portions of the Northeastern University main campus

Radio equipment for aircraft flight supporting consists of communication, navigation and surveillance devices. These devices are used to provide the safety and regularity of aircraft flights. During radio equipment operation the processes of intended use, maintenance, repair, continuation of life service are implemented. The decision-making about control and preventive actions for these processes is based on the results of statistical data processing. In such cases statistical methods with predetermined sample size are used. This paper concentrates on the problem of synthesis of sequential method that allows making decision faster for given level of data processing effectiveness. The researched sequential method is used for estimation of reliability parameters based on priory information about these parameters distribution and functional transformation of corresponding probability density function. During solving analysis problem, the probability density functions of estimate and observation duration are calculated.

In this paper, an information recovery process using a horizontal and vertical synchronization frequency detection algorithm, a multiple frame average technique, as well as an image skew correction process is presented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed procedure are demonstrated using liquid crystal display monitors and a log-periodic dipole array antenna with software-defined radio equipment. In addition, it is shown that real-time video information recovery is possible from a distance of 10 m behind a concrete wall.

The development of radio equipment, which can be the basis for radio lines, that can counteract various kinds of interference, both natural and artificial, has always been given special attention. In this case, the main way to interfere with such radio links is, as a rule, the expansion of the signal base. However, this method does not take into account the nature of the destructive effects in conditions of limited frequency and energy resources of radio channels. In this connection, the studies focused on the development of functional models of noise-free radio communication lines, taking into account the density of signal energy distribution in a limited state space, are relevant. This paper considers the development of an integrated model of noise-free radio communication lines, which is characterized by the accounting of statistical parameters of the radio channel model. The approaches to the estimation of efficiency of the developed functional model of the radio lines based on the calculation of information transmission reliability are presented. Theoretical solutions were obtained by the methods of statistical radio engineering and the theory of telecommunications; they are generalized for the models of channels with variable parameters in conditions of nonrandom destructive influence. А positive effect of the practical implementation of the developed model is shown on the basis of analytical modeling.

Domain knowledge graph has become a research focus in the era of artificial intelligence. Radio transmission equipment type approval is the core function of radio equipment management. This paper introduces construction process of the radio transmission equipment type approval knowledge graph, and analyses algorithms of the knowledge graph by category, which is a great tool for knowledge mining. The question answering construction over the knowledge graph is also discussed as an application, which has laid the foundation for further research in radio regulatory knowledge graph.

Space weather's intense variance has a seemingly random effect on radio wave propagation in the Very High Frequency (VHF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper, key models are developed to analyze and estimate performance of wireless systems in weak-signal propagation mediums. Chiefly, meteor burst communication, auroral propagation, and earth-moon-earth communication models are constructed and simulated with MATLAB. The experimental results are confirmed through experimental testing and data comparison. Overall, modeling of these space weather events is used in predicting the effectiveness of radio equipment through these weak-signal modes.

There are main two types of communication networks: cellular networks and wired networks. Each type contains different sector which discussed in this chapter, also corresponding energy consumption models are introduced. Over 90% of the wireless network power consumption is part of the operator’s operating Exchange (OPEX), which includes the Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) and Radio Base Stations (RBSs). The key elements are the highly deployed radio base stations because the total number of base stations is exceptionally high. There are approximately more than 4 million installed Base Transceiver Station (BTS) cabinets in the world today with relatively high energy consumption, about 60 TWh per year. Furthermore, the corresponding CO2 emissions are around 30 Mt. In general terms, access radio equipment is responsible for about 80% of energy consumed by a cellular network. Main components of BTS are presented. Sectors of wired networks and energy consumption rate of each sector are discussed.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to develop complex IT and technological solution that allows locating and navigating inside buildings or closed facilities, not allowing the use of alternative technologies for navigation and localization. The system’s purpose is to recognize people in two models (used interchangeably): I – the user has a receiving device, II – the user has no device., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The solution uses Bluetooth Low Energy technology version 4.2 and IEEE 802.15.4 protocol in accordance with the standards available on the radio equipment market. In order to increase the effectiveness of navigation, the system uses a Wi-Fi signal and data from sensors available in smartphones (gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer). In the context of localization, the system uses radio tomography techniques (Radio Tomographic Imaging – RTI). The method makes it possible to accurately determine the human position on the basis of changes in the strength of the recorded radio signals without a receiver such as a mobile phone., FINDINGS: The results of the research work indicate that created wireless navigation network using RTI techniques can significantly improve the accuracy of tracking users inside confined spaces., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The system can be used to analyze the behavior and location of consumers in large scale stores, exhibition halls, museums and warehouses. The advantage of the solution is the ability to determine the location of people without the need for a smartphone with dedicated application., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The innovativeness of the introduced solutions manifests itself in may dimensions. In the context of the innovation of the solution is manifested, among others in the hybrid use of radio technologies for navigation in confined spaces. From the perspective of process innovation, it manifests itself in new possibilities for monitoring human flows in closed facilities, thus providing a number of analytical dara for the facility manager., peer-reviewed

The people felt the need of communication from vehicles and the effort of carrying radio equipment on moving platform like steam engine started as early as 1901. This long wave radio equipment was based on spark gap transmitter of Marconi Telegraph Company. Also during World War I, similar radio equipment was carried by Wagons with large number of storage batteries. In 1907, Alfred Grebe operated a crystal-based radio-telephone on car from long Island, N.Y. which was later on made using vacuum tubes in 1919, the high voltage required for vacuum tubes was generated using dynamotor. In 1908, Professor Albert Jahnke and The Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone, however, could not take efforts to produce it. In 1910, Frederick Baldwin and John McCurdy attempted for wireless radio communication between two planes, while in 1918, German Railroad System tested wireless telephony for their military trains. In 1921, base station in central Detroit was erected for the purpose of vehicular communication, however, as per the study by Robert Batts, power lines near it were compromising its operation and hence was moved to Belle Island in Detroit. Robert Batts modified radio equipment to use crystal control that was made to communicate with a vehicle fitted with wireless radio equipment having antenna running across the rooftop of the car. William P. Rutledge of Detroit police tried vehicular radio communication with the help of Robert Batts which was finally operational in 1928. Finally, in 1922, Gregorie Frost was successful in the integration of a radio equipment into a Ford model-T.

The future of agriculture is digital and the move towards it has already started. Comparable to modern industrial automation control systems (IACS), today’s smart agriculture makes use of smart sensors, sensor networks, intelligent field devices, cloud-based data storage, and intelligent decision-making systems. These agriculture automation control systems (AACS) require equivalent, but adapted, security protection measures. Last year, the agriculture-related security theme was addressed in a presentation [1] on DECSoS '20 workshop of the SAFECOMP 2020 conference. In the workshop a simple soil sensor prototype with wireless communication system was presented. The sensor was used to demonstrate the improvements to operational security of field devices through employing cyber security protection techniques. As a continuation of the last year contribution, this paper presents the evaluation of the technologies presented in real-life deployment of AACS. It also describes operational scenarios and experiences with the implementation of security measures for AACS, e.g.: the implementation of a four-layer cyber security architecture, the signalling concept of alarms and notifications in the event of a cyber-attack, the assessment of security measures, the costs of security, and an outlook of upcoming future security requirements for wireless IoT devices which are specified by the European Commission through the European Radio Equipment Directive (RED).

The paper is devoted the description of specific features of Ad-Hoc technology implementation. The possibility of significant increase of the radio communications stability without introducing structural redundancy into the system is shown. For this, it is proposed to use mobile stations deployed on the terrain in non-stationary circumstances and operating in the retransmission mode. The use of repeaters is considered as a tool to improve the structural reliability of Ad-Hoc network, as well as a tool for reducing intra-system interference. The feasibility assessment of using automatic transmitter’s power adjustment for radio stations within a decentralized mobile Ad-Hoc network is performed. The measure of intra-system interference level reduction is estimated at the receiving point based on the assumption of subscribers’ random location on the terrain. It is concluded that the combination of automatic transmitter power adjustment for subscriber stations using an auxiliary repeater-station can improve the electromagnetic compatibility conditions of radio equipment in communication systems with mobile objects. This measure is an effective way to economical use of the radio spectrum allocated to communication systems with moving objects. It is important to emphasize that the operation conditions of many mobile radio communications systems do not always allow us to achieve improvements in the characteristics of stability and communication quality by generally accepted organizational and technical means. Therefore, the search for effective ways to improve radio systems operating in adverse conditions remains as an interesting and important task. In this article, the attempt has been made to show new possibilities that retransmission of signals gives precisely in such mobile systems taking into account their features.

Metropolitan cities are finally starting to use seamless network connectivity in every aspect of their daily operations. Internet communication is perhaps one of the most popular requirements of a modern city that seeks to increase the quality of living of its residents and improve their functioning. The first step in moving toward a fully connected smart city would be to implement a public Wi-Fi network that is available to the residents as well as for tourists at the attractions in the city. It will have a prominent effect in development of the present information-driven economy, making digital solutions more accessible for an average citizen. Wireless metropolitan area networks usually rely on microwave links established by mounting communication antenna on the masts to which the connection is provided. In most of the WLANs, wireless communication links last a direct connection between the base station and wireless end system. But, at some stage, one can realize substantial cost cuttings in the mast and radio equipment by routing the flows between communicating sites via third sites rather than through direct links. This project deals with effective RF coverage planning for wireless MAN deployment in the city of Gwalior, to demonstrate the wireless Internet using the unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8 GHz radio bands as the connecting media where the latter has bandwidth benefits over the former band.

Marine ranching systems use radio equipment to provide telemetering-based control of sound emission and bait feeding. In Japan, these systems have passed the phase of test production and have entered the phase of practical use. They are now in operation in six prefectures: Oita, Ishikawa, Kumamoto, Nagasaki, Niigata and Miyagi. In the future, similar systems are scheduled to be installed throughout Japan. One of the biggest technical problems in marine ranching systems is how to transmit high-quality signals from fish finder within the signal transmission bandwidth allowed by the radiowave law of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Although the current transmission bandwidth allowed for fisheries is limited to 3 kHz, a transmission bandwidth of 10 kHz is required for transmission of signals from the fish finder contained in marine ranching systems. Therefore, transmission of signals from fish finder within that allowed transmission bandwidth presents the problem that the sizes of schools of fish are overestimated because of significant reductions in the distance resolution of the signals received. For marine ranching systems, since the amounts of feeding are determined according to the measured sizes of schools of fish, over-estimation of the school sizes causes excessive feeding. Excessive feeding not only makes the system less economical, but also creates the big, social problem of marine pollution due to residual baits. The authors have developed a method that enables signals to be transmitted from fish finder without being affected by the legally limited signal transmission bandwidth, and have introduced that method into marine ranching to complete a high accuracy, automatic feeding control system that provides feeding control based on accurate estimations of the sizes of schools of fish. The composition of this system and the results of signal processing are reported below.

This article presents how one can supply equipment which requires a regulated output and low ripple voltage such as HAM radios, which require a regulated 13.7V, by using a switch mode DC\DC converter powered up from an automotive battery. Car batteries can output 11.31V to 12.7V in normal state and cannot be fed to HAM radio equipment since they require 13.7V. Specially designed switch mode DC/DC converters with super low current and voltage ripple are required to supply them.

The high-altitude platform station (HAPS) is expected to function as a new mobile communication platform, that can provide mobile communication services such as long term evolution (LTE) or 5th generation new radio (5G NR) from the stratosphere to terrestrial user equipment (UE) directly. This is achieved by means of aerial vehicles fitted with radio equipment and located at an altitude of 20 km. HAPS can provide ultra-wide coverage as wide as 50 km to 100 km in radius and can realize disaster-resilient networks. The service area of HAPS overlaps that of the existing terrestrial mobile network owing to its ultra-wide coverage. Therefore, the operation of a coexistent HAPS/terrestrial network should be considered. From the viewpoint of spectral efficiency, co-channel spectrum sharing is desirable because it allows the reuse of the shared spectrum and dynamically distributes the frequency resource depending on mobile-traffic load. However, a large number of uplink signals from the terrestrial network can be superposed and interfere with the HAPS signal in such spectrum sharing. In particular, the interference power of the superposed signals becomes extremely large in the case of urban areas, where a massive number of users can transmit uplink signals. This paper proposes a system for uplink co-channel spectrum sharing between the HAPS and terrestrial networks. We evaluated the actual received power from the terrestrial network by an aerial radio-propagation measurement in real outdoor environments and the emission characteristics of an actual UE by a lab test. The evaluation results show the uplink interference from the terrestrial network and clarify the feasibility of our proposed system.

Exterior radio equipment of microwave links operating in an outdoor environment under the influence of weather conditions is at risk of a link failure or device defect occurrence. Also their indoor units are under threat of a device failure, as well as any other network device. This paper aims to present the creation of a network monitoring application capable of timely detection of potential failures of the microwave units, based on analyzing trends in monitored device parameters. The basic designed architecture is being described, as well as a graphical user interface. Several failure detection methods are explained. Significant findings in the results of the experimental monitoring are presented. These cases revealed the possible oncoming link failures on the network of the service provider, which led to a saving of the provider’s resources.

The paper deals with the problem of synthesis and analysis of sequential procedure for identifying the deterioration of the technical condition of radio equipment. Radio electronic equipment plays a leading role in ensuring the safety and regularity of flights. The operation system includes equipment, technological processes, personnel, regulatory documentation, resources, and determines the reliability of the equipment. Decision-making in operation systems is based on the results of statistical data processing. The initial data for processing are reliability indicators and determining parameters of radio equipment. In general case, the technical condition of the equipment during operation may deteriorate. Detection of changes in the technical condition can be considered as a task of analyzing the changepoint. In this article, the synthesis of a sequential detection procedure with a previously unknown sample size was performed. During the synthesis, analytical equations for decision thresholds were found. The analysis of the sequential procedure was performed analytically and using statistical simulation. Analytical equations were found for the mathematical expectation of the duration of decision-making and for the operational characteristic. The research results can be used during the design and modernization of operation systems of radio equipment in terms of synthesis of operational data processing procedures