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The relevance of the study is due to the growing influence of external factors on the structure of cross-border capital flows associated with Russia. The aim of the study is to identify the main changes in the internal and geographical structure of international capital flows in Russia, trace their connection with the state economic policy and make practical proposals for improving their internal and geographical structure in Russia. The author uses statistical methods related to the calculation of individual indicators and the analysis of statistical data, the study of international experience. The analysis of the calculated structure of flows and stocks of foreign investment in 2007-2019 proves that the internal structure had an increase in the importance of direct investments in the composition of liabilities and a decrease in the role of reserve assets in the composition of assets. Offshore and related jurisdictions dominate in the geographic structure of direct investment, while the structure of reserve assets has shifted from the United States to Asian countries (China and Japan). International experience indicates the development of new approaches to the regulation of international capital flows, including measures of macroprudential policy. The author made a conclusion about the ineffectiveness of the current economic policy in regulating the internal and geographical structure of cross-border capital flows in Russia and about the prevailing influence of administrative measures by the external players. To improve the structure of international capital flows in Russia, the author suggests using separate currency restrictions, macroprudential policy measures, deoffshorization policy, as well as targeted insurance of external risks for Russian investors.

Döviz kuru seviyesi reel ve finansal piyasalar üzerinde etkili olurken, bazı reel ve finansal faktörler de döviz kurları üzerinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Birbirini etkileyen dinamik bir döngü içerisinde, döviz kurları ile ekonomik faktörler arasındaki ilişkileri açıklayabilmek, tüketicilerden yatırımcılara, özel sektörden kamu sektörüne, finans sektöründen dış ticaret sektörüne kadar her kesimin ilgisini çeken bir konudur. Bu kapsamda, seçilmiş bazı ekonomik faktörlerin reel efektif döviz kuru (REER) üzerindeki etkilerinin irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. BRICS ülkelerinden Brezilya, Rusya, Çin, Güney Afrika ile Türkiye’ye yönelik bir panel veri analizi yapılarak söz konusu ilişkiler 2008-2018 yılları arasındaki dönem için araştırılmıştır. Rezerv varlıklar, tüketici fiyat endeksi ve petrol fiyatlarının bağımsız değişkenler olarak belirlendiği çalışmada, bulgular ülkeden ülkeye değişim göstermektedir. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde rezerv varlıklardaki artışın reel efektif döviz kurunu pozitif yönde etkilediği, fakat tüketici fiyat endeksi ile petrol fiyatlarındaki hareketlerin bazı ülkelerde pozitif yönde bazı ülkelerde negatif yönde etkiler yarattığı görülmektedir. Ekonomilerin itici güçlerinin farklı olması ülkeler bazında farklı sonuçlar elde edilmesine neden olmuştur. Her ülkenin kendi reel efektif döviz kurunu etkileyen faktörleri doğru değerlendirebilmesi, ekonomik birimlere ve politika yapıcılarına fayda sağlayacaktır.

The actuality of the given research is determined by the importance of establishing the adequatevolume of international reserves held by the Central Bank. The main purpose of the article is investigationof new methods of calculating the adequate level of international reserves for emerging economies,proposed by the IMF and those existing in international practice. The main research methods weresystemic analysis and logic synthesis. The main result obtained in this article, as a result of the research,is proposing a special approach in applying the IMF methodology in the Republic of Moldova,considering the dependence of the economy on the export of labor. The conducted calculations show asignificant decrease in the level of international reserves of NBM over the past two years and theirapproach to the critical value. To overcome internal imbalances, the international reserves managementshould suppose the accumulation of a higher volume than the average, which would partly compensate theshortcomings in implementing reforms of transforming the economy of the Republic of Moldova,improving their efficiency and quality of domestic policy.

Ample reserve assets used to be a symbol of a rich country. However, what is going on at present has posed a major question to this way of thinking. Countries with ample foreign exchanges are not developed countries excluding Japan, but are developing countries including China as the greatest reserve assets holder, and Japan. A common factor of the structures of balance of payments of China and Japan is that they are based on a large amount of the surplus in their current accounts. Furthermore, the rapid increase in reserves was also the result of an additional factor of the surplus in the capital and financial account centering on direct investment in the case of China, and a decrease in the deficit in the capital and financial account in the case of Japan. It seems to be that increasing reserve assets are becoming a part of the absorption system of world savings by the USA.

This bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of the financial account of balance of payments since the mid-nineties to the present. Individual items of the financial account are decribed in the theoretical part. Subsequently the practical part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of all partial items of the financial account. We will find out that foreign direct investments are stable source for capital imports. They have a lot of positive advantages, but we have to also point out the disadvantage of the decline of balance of the primary incomes. Portfolio investments are less stable and it´s appropriate to distinguish them to debt and equity securities. The thesis describes the connection among the items of the financial account (i.e. how the items had an impact on each other) as well. I will also simply debate on the mutual relations between exchange rate regime and composition of the financial account.

This paper investigates the managing strategies of a bank's liquidity reserve in the broader context of the role of asset-liability management according to the liquidity issues of a banking organisation. Several types of liquidity are presented and how these are interconnected and how they might affect a financial institution's liquidity risk. When managing the liquidity reserve and its included assets, the following influencing factors need to be taken into account: Firstly, the banking organisation itself, with its business model, funding structure and related types of risk; secondly, national and international regulatory requirements have to be fulfilled and lastly, financial market behaviour and its participants need to have carefully watched and anticipated, in order to manage the risk which might arise from the liquidity reserve itself.

An international cooperative effort has been focused on the need to reduce financial fragility and systemic risks in global financial markets. Work is proceeding in three different areas: enhancing financial market transparency, improving the international financial architecture, and strengthening financial systems. Strengthening financial systems (the focus of this paper) means cooperating to promote principles and sound practices for financial stability through development of well-functioning financial systems and market discipline. Financial sector reform and development is much more than setting rules, articulating standards, approving legislation, and creating new institutions. All are important but ultimately behavior must be changed if there is to be meaningful and lasting financial reform. For that reason, this paper emphasizes the role of incentives to induce appropriate behavior. Developing countries have made important progress toward improved financial supervision in the past few years. Reforming financial sectors is a lengthy and complex process of institution building and incentive reorientation, whose success requires full ownership of, and participation in, the process by society and its government.

У статті досліджено проблемні аспекти формування оптимальної структури золотовалютних резервів країни в умовах глобальної економічної нестабільності з метою вибору резервної валюти. The paper analyzes the problem aspects of formation of the reserve assets structure in the conditions of global economic instability. The problems of key reserve currencies are researched.