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CR (Cognitive Radio) is a key technology that enables the limited and inefficiently used frequency bands to be used more effectively with an opportunistic approach. Communication performance and continuity in cognitive radio networks are highly dependent on whether the spectrum sensing function is performed correctly or not. Spectrum sensing is a critical issue of cognitive radio technology because of the shadowing, fading, and time-varying natures of wireless channels. To sense the limited or unused frequency bands, different methods for spectrum sensing have been proposed. Here, improved energy detection is used for this work. Energy detection is a spectrum sensing technique based on measuring the received signal energy and deciding the presence or absence of the primary user by comparing the received energy level with a threshold. Fading channels shows that the speed of the SU increases, the energy detection performance decreases in deterioration in detection probability

Mycobacterial pathogens, including nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are pathogens of significant worldwide interest owing to their inherent drug resistance to a wide variety of FDA-approved drugs as well as causing a broad range of serious infections. Identifying new antibiotics active against mycobacterial pathogens is an urgent unmet need, especially those antibiotics that can bypass existing resistance mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that gepotidacin, a first-in-class triazaacenapthylene topoisomerase inhibitor, demonstrates potent activity against M. tuberculosis and M. fortuitum, as well as against other clinically relevant NTM species, including fluoroquinolone-resistant M. abscessus. Furthermore, gepotidacin exhibits concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against various mycobacterial pathogens, synergizes with several drugs utilized for their treatment, and reduces bacterial load in macrophages in intracellular killing assays comparably to amikacin. Additionally, M. fortuitum ATCC 6841 was unable to generate resistance to gepotidacin in vitro. When tested in a murine neutropenic M. fortuitum infection model, gepotidacin caused a significant reduction in bacterial load in various organs at a 10-fold lower concentration than amikacin. Taken together, these findings show that gepotidacin possesses a potentially new mechanism of action that enables it to escape existing resistance mechanisms. Thus, it can be projected as a potent novel lead for the treatment of mycobacterial infections, particularly for NTM, where present therapeutic interventions are extremely limited.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat that urgently requires development of new treatment concepts. In general, these treatments should not only be able to overcome existing resistance, but designed to slow down or prevent emergence of new resistance mechanisms. Targeted protein degradation (TPD), whereby a drug redirects cellular proteolytic machinery towards degrading a specific target, is an emerging concept in drug discovery. Here, we demonstrate that a TPD strategy represents an effective approach for addressing AMR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) and one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens. We developed proteolysis targeting chimeras active in bacteria (BacPROTACs) that bind to ClpC1, a component of the mycobacterial protein degradation machinery. The anti-Mtb BacPROTACs were derived from cyclomarins, natural products known to bind to ClpC1. To create dual targeting modalities, cyclomarins were dimerized by click chemistry or olefin metathesis, resulting in compounds that recruit and degrade ClpC1. The resulting BacPROTACs reduced levels of endogenous ClpC1 in a model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), as well as displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations in the low micro- to nanomolar range in Msm and Mtb strains, including multiple drug resistant isolates. Additionally, the compounds also killed Mtb resident in macrophages. Taken together, anti-Mtb BacPROTACs that degrade ClpC1, a core component of the mycobacterial protein degradation machinery, represent a fundamentally different strategy for targeting Mtb and overcoming drug resistance.

The investors invest their savings in any of the company’s stock with an intention to earn returns in future. The investors buy and sell shares by carefully analysing the price fluctuations of the company. An event which has an impact on the company, which leads to price fluctuations. One such event identified has been IPL and due to that event, there has been effect on share price of India Cements Limited. By applying the event study methodology, the share price movements can be measured effectively. The major objective of this study is to analyse the average return and risk of India Cements Limited and to study the impact of IPL on India Cements by applying Event study tools. The paper deals with the Event study analysis of India Cements share price in NSE with reference to IPL. Our research intention is to test 41 days share price in NSE website in order to ascertain the behaviour of stock returns during that specific period. For this study we examined the announcement of IPL date by comparing the results, before and after the 20 days of the IPL announcement date. The secondary data has been used for this study. The authors suggest that it has been safe for the investors to invest in India Cements share because the market has been less volatile in that period. It can be concluded that share investment requires keen analysis on the value of money flow, averages and returns in order to choose better investment options.

Background: Internet is one of the most important information sources in dental field to obtain information regarding treatment procedures. The content and quality of information about clear retainers available on YouTube is not known. The aim of the study was to analyze the source and quality of information about clear retainers on YouTube. Methods: The search keywords were “clear retainers”. The first 100 results were arranged in decreasing order of “relevance” using default YouTube algorithm. Two orthodontists independently viewed and analyzed the videos for video content using customized 10-point Likert scale and video information and quality index (VIQI) to determine the quality of the videos. Results: Out of 100 videos screened, 48 videos met the inclusion criteria. The inter investigator results were similar in evaluating video content and the findings was not significant except for comparison by investigator II (p=0.006). For VIQI, internal consistency showed good reliability of Cronbach’s Alpha .855. Most of the videos were uploaded by layperson (64.6%) rather than dental professionals (29.2%). Instructions on retainer hygiene was the most commonly covered topic (64.6%), followed by handling the retainer (60.4%). The least mentioned content was the procedure of making the clear retainer (19.8%). Conclusion: The results of the study sheds light on the inadequacies in the content of the YouTube videos on clear retainers and also points out the underrepresentation of videos uploaded by dental professionals and orthodontists. The study suggests that YouTube is currently not an appropriate source of information on clear retainers. Dental professionals and academic institutions hold a responsibility for improving the content of YouTube about clear retainers and directing the patients to professional online sites for reliable information.

Food plays an important role in our day to day life. With the advent of globalization the need to create consumer products for efficient usage has become a necessity. As a part of globalization the food we are consuming is also contaminated by various factors some which malignant. So in order to find out the contaminated food we have come up with some ideas and are given in this paper. We have used sensors and IoT platform to overcome this problem.

Line and word segmentation is one of the important step of OCR systems. For the identification of printed characters of non-Indian languages like English, Japanese, Chinese Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems have been effectively developed. For Indian languages, efforts are on the way for the development of efficient OCR systems, mainly for Kannada, one of the popular South Indian language .In this paper we have proposed a robust method for extraction of individual text lines for printed kannada documents based on the efficient segmentation methodologies such as morphology operations based projection profile,horizontal projection profile and bounding box.

Barodontalgia is a symptom that reflects a flare up of preexisting sub clinical oral disease. Deep sea divers, Aircrew members and passengers are at increased risk of experiencing barodontalgia due to exposure to increased air pressure. It is important for dentists to understand the etiology and features of barodontalgia in order to prevent it. This article reviews the literature regarding barodontalgia, its etiology, features, and prevention.

Swarm intelligence based two optimization methods TABC and TABC-FPA has been discussed in this work for the segmentation and extraction of suspicious region from brain MR image. In these methods, TABC classifier uses texture features extracted from suspicious region as the source for classification. To improve the performance of TABC, TABC-FPA is proposed. In TABC-FPA hybridized approach the random local search operation of ABC is replaced by FPA technique of searching in neighborhood positions. Overall accuracy of TABC is 95.03% and that of TABC-FPA is 96.11%. In addition, the average execution time of TABC-FPA is reduced significantly when compared with TABC. The analysis indicates that the overall performance of TABC-FPA is appreciative.

A series of novel 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-thiazolidin-3yl)-acetamide 5a-j have been synthesized from various aldehydes and 2-(5-phenyl-[1,3,4]-oxadiazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazole 6a-j from various benzoic acids. These compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis as Gram positive, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli as Gram negative bacterial strains and for in-vitro anti-fungal activity against Asperigillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The in vitro cytotoxic properties were studied using brine shrimp bioassay. Results revealed that, compounds 5b, 5d, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6e, 6f, and 6i showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The cytotoxic activities of 5b, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6f, 6h, and 6i were found to be good. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and MS.

Stroke is a major cause of disability in worldwide and also one of the causes of death after coronary heart disease. Many devices had been designed for hand motor function rehabilitation that a stroke survivor can use for bilateral movement practice. This paper deals with the rehabilitation of upper arm by an Arm exoskeleton. This can be used for physical therapy and to assist the user with routine activities. Ultimately, the user should feel as if they are in control of their arm without too much effort while providing smooth movements depending on the direction that is desired.

An eco-friendly catalytic amount (0.3 g) of tungstate-promoted zirconia (WO x /ZrO2) solid acid catalyst has been explored in the synthesis of 2-aryl benzimidazoles using aryl aldehydes and o-phenylenediamine. This is one of the fundamental aspects in green chemistry for simple experimental and product isolation protocol combined with easy recovery and reusability of the catalyst. It is expected to contribute in the development of clean and environment friendly strategy for synthetic protocols. The incorporated promoter showed strong influence on the surface and bulk properties of zirconia. The catalytic activity results suggest that the methodology adopted offers significant improvements for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives with respect to yields, simplicity and green aspects by avoiding toxic conventional catalysts and solvents. Henceforth, a good substrate conversion and excellent product selectivity were obtained over tungstate promoted zirconia solid acid catalyst. A straightforward and general method has been developed for the synthesis of 2-aryl benzimidazoles using aryl aldehydes and o-phenylene diamine in the presence of eco-friendly tungstate-promoted zirconia (WO x /ZrO2) solid acid catalyst.

A new series of novel 5-(nitro/bromo)-styryl-2-benzimidazoles (1-12) has been synthesized by simple, mild and efficient synthetic protocol by attempted condensation of 5-(nitro/bromo)-o-phenylenediamine with trans-cinnamic acids in ethylene glycol. Screening for in vitro anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37) Rv, anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial strains and anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Asperigillus fumigatus fungal strains were carried out. Compounds 5, 7, 8, 9, 11 showed higher anti-tubercular activity and compounds 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 have proved to be effective with MIC (microg/ml) and emerged as lead molecules showing excellent activities against a panel of microorganisms. All synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, (1)H, (13)C NMR, GC-MS and elemental analysis.

In this research work, we report an efficient and easy method for preparation of 2-arylbenzimidazoles from o-phenylenediamines and phenoxyacetic acids under microwave condition using a Wells–Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62 · 24H2O) as catalyst. The heterogeneous reaction conditions provided a very simple, environmentally friendly, clean, economical and selective protocol, for the preparation of benzimidazole derivatives. The catalyst is easily recycled and reused without loss of the catalytic activity. In this research work, we report an efficient and easy method for preparation of 2- arylbenzimidazoles from o-phenylenediamines and phenoxyacetic acids under microwave condition using a Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62 · 24H2O) as catalyst. The heterogeneous reaction conditions provided a very simple, environmentally friendly, clean, economical and selective protocol, for the preparation of benzimidazole derivatives.

Background: Many obstacles need to be overcome if digital and electronic technologies are to be fully integrated in the operation of dental clinics in some countries. These obstacles may be physical, technical, or psychosocial barriers in the form of perceptions and attitudes related to software incompatibilities, patient privacy, and interference with the patient-practitioner relationship. The objectives of the study are to assess the perceptions of Indian dental students of one school toward the usefulness of digital technologies in improving dental practice; their willingness to use digital and electronic technologies; the perceived obstacles to the use of digital and electronic technologies in dental care setups; and their attitudes toward Internet privacy issues. Methods: The study population consisted of 186 final year undergraduate dental students from the A. B. Shetty Memorial institute of Dental Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Mangalore, India. Survey data were analyzed descriptively . Results: Most students indicated that information technology enhances patient satisfaction, the quality of dental record, diagnosis, treatment planning, and doctor-doctor communication. Cost of equipment and need for technical training were regarded as major obstacles by substantial proportions of respondents. Discussion: Most dental students at our school feel that the information technology will support their decision making in diagnoses and devising effective treatment plans, which in turn increase patient satisfaction and quality of care. Students also perceived that lack of technical knowledge and the high cost of implementation are major barriers to developing information technology in India.

Background: Misoprostol is a new promising agent for cervical ripening and induction of labour .The ideal dose, route and frequency of administration of misoprostol are still under investigation. Although, vaginal application of misoprostol has been validated as a reasonable mean of induction, there is a patient resistance to digital examination and there is a risk of ascending infection. For this reason, oral administration of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labour induction has been tried. Aims and Objectives: To compare 50µg of oral misoprostol versus 25µg of intravaginal misoprostol for induction of labour at term and maternal, foetal outcomes. Methods: Two hundred women who were at term, with indication for induction of labour and Bishop scores of ≤5 were randomly assigned to receive misoprostol 50µg or 25µg intravaginal, every 4-6 hours, for a maximum of 5 doses. In either group, pregnant females with inadequate uterine contractions despite being given maximum 5 doses of misoprostol, were augmented using oxytocin. The primary outcome measure was time-interval from induction to vaginal delivery and vaginal delivery rate within 24 hours. Results: The median induction to vaginal delivery time in oral group (12.92h) and vaginal group (14.04 h) was not significant. Oral misoprostol resulted in more number of vaginal deliveries as compared to vaginal misoprostol (94% as compared to 86%), which was not significant. There was a significantly higher incidence of uterine tachysystole in the vaginal group, as compared to oral group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to oxytocin augmentation, caesarean section rate, analgesic requirement and neonatal outcome. Conclusion: Oral misoprostol is as efficacious as vaginal misoprostol because of shorter induction delivery interval, lower caesarean section rates, and lower incidence of failed induction rates. Lower incidence of foetal distress and easy intake are observed if the drug is administered orally.

Some of the newly synthesized compounds, e.g. (Va), show significant anti-pyretic activities comparable with standard drug aspirine.

A group of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones containing a 2-mercapto-benzimidazole moiety is synthesized and screened for new lead structures.

A variety of new azetidinone derivatives bearing chromene moiety is synthesized via reaction of azomethines (I) with chloroacetyl chloride.

Developing novel antimicrobial drugs is increasingly important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. A series of novel 3-chloro-4-[4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-1-phenylazetidin-2-ones 5a-o have been synthesized from 4-bromomethylcoumarins 1a-e and 4-aryliminomethyl-phenols 3a-c. These compounds were screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin resistant enteroccoccus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentery) bacterial strains and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium. Results revealed that compounds 5c, 5f, 5h, 5j, and 5m showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The brine-shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in-vitro cytotoxic properties and two compounds, 5h and 5m, possessing LD(50) = 7.154x10(-4 )M and 5.782x10(-4) M, respectively, displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The presence of a chlorine group in the coumarin moiety, its effect on their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities is discussed. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR,( 13)C-NMR, and MS.

A novel series of 4-[4-(6-phenyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-chromen-2-ones [5-7(a-e)] were synthesized from various 4-bromomethyl coumarins 1(a-e). The synthesized compounds were screened for in-vivo analgesic and anti-pyretic activities at a dose of 25 and 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w), respectively. Among them, compounds 5(d), 6(c) and 7(d) exhibited significant analgesic activity comparable with standard drug analgin using Tail-flick model. Compounds 5(a) and 7(a-d) showed significant anti-pyretic activities comparable with standard drug aspirin using yeast-induced pyrexia model. DNA cleavage study by agarose gel electrophoresis method was also studied. Qualitative SAR studies indicate that, compounds with amino group at 2-position of pyrimidine ring enhances analgesic and anti-pyretic activities and compounds with hydroxyl and thio group at 2-position of pyrimidine ring increase DNA cleavage activities.

In seeking broad spectrum pharmacological activities of benzimidazole derivatives, a group of 4-thiazolidinones 5(a-j) and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 6(a-j) containing 2-mercapto benzimidazole moiety were synthesized and screened for in vivo anticonvulsant activity by Maximal Electroshock (MES) model and antidiabetic activity using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Compounds (5c), (5d), (5g) and (5i) exhibited potent anticonvulsant results and (6c), (6d), (6h) and (6i) showed excellent antidiabetic activities and also pharmacophore derived from active molecules suggested that presence of -OH group was a common feature in all active compounds. In DNA cleavage studies, compound (5d) cleaved DNA completely as no trace of DNA was found. On the other hand, a sharp streak was found for compounds (5c), (6a) and (6d).

A novel series of 3-chloro-4-[4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one derivatives (5a-j) have been synthesized from 4-aryloxymethylcoumarins (1a-e) and 4-aryliminomethyl-phenols (3a-b). The title compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Results revealed that, compounds (5c), (5f), (5h) and (5j) showed excellent anti-microbial activity against a panel of microorganisms. Brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties among which (5h) and (5j) displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The DNA cleavage activity of some compounds was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method. All synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS and elemental analysis.