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Approximated and simplified real-atmospheric process impact in physical parameterization is a primary correspondent of biases in the model, particularly for extreme events. The present study discusses how event genesis in the small and large-scale quintessential environment is incongruously simulated within a set of multiple convection parameterizations. Despite a few inherent errors, most of the selected convective parameterization schemes could indicate 10-15 days in advance the Uttarakhand heavy rains resulted from large-scale background interaction. The runs without any convection scheme, followed by new-Tiedtke and BMJ schemes, outperform in this case. Further, almost all schemes except new-Tiedtke flunked for the case of Mount-Abu flood originated from relatively local-scale interaction even from 5-day advance initialization. Results are further extended for a few other cases using best performers of both extreme events and new-Tiedtke found to be more efficient. The better representation of convection (especially the shallow) and low clouds in this scheme makes it superior to other schemes for simulating extreme precipitation events.

Background Central Nervous system tuberculosis (CNS–Tb) is the most lethal form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children. The lack of markers of outcome provides little information on the efficacy of the current treatment protocols for CNS–Tb and thus results in a higher mortality rate than other extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis. This study aims to identify significant factors that will reliably predict the outcomes at discharge in children admitted with CNS–Tb. Methods and material This is a prospective observational study in children with neurotuberculosis admitted at a tertiary care hospital. Clinical presentations at the time of admission were studied. Outcomes at the end of in-patient care (completely cured, survival with some/severe disability or death) were correlated with clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and radiological parameters. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to study the parameters and a p-value ≤ 0.05 with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was considered as statistically significant. Findings The study included 100 children between 4 months and 12 years of age with a mean of 5.84 (±3.5) years. At discharge, 55% of children recovered completely, 20% had some or severe disability and 25% died. On multivariate analysis, high CSF protein (p = 0.050) and drug resistance (p = 0.034) were highly associated with fatality. Meningeal enhancements with basal exudates (p = 0.021) and CSF lymphocyte count >90% were highly associated with survival with disability. Stage I disease at presentation (p Interpretation Reliable prognostic markers for CNS–Tb can aid in predicting the efficacy of the current treatment and the anticipated outcome in the children with this disease. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Thin plates, which are widely used in ship structures, undergo weld-induced buckling distortions because of their lower critical buckling strength. Thus, there is a need for an active in-process distortion control mechanism in the welding involving thin plates. In this regard, a ThermoMechanical Tensioning (TMT) method was developed and implemented successfully. In the current work, experimental investigation of the effect of TMT pull on the resulting welding distortions is studied and also the TMT process is compared with a heat sinking technique. The experimental results indicate that an increase in the TMT pull would reduce the extent of weld-induced buckling distortions. The results also suggest that a complicated heat sinking technique can be effectively replaced by a TMT process in reducing the welding out-of-plane distortions. The concept of TMT is further extended to the fabrication of grillage structures used in ship structures, which includes longitudinal and transverse welds.

Spot blotch, an important foliar fungal disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker [stat. anam.], is the influential production restraint over the global wheat-growing regions. A set of eight diverse wheat genotypes including a few breeding lines from Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya and commonly accepted susceptible cultivars were screened for spot blotch disease and grain yield across five different locations in West Bengal, India, under environments for natural disease infestation in post-rainy seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The present investigation revealed significant variation among the genotypes for spot blotch resistance in different environments as a result of genotype main effect and genotype environment interaction. This study also recorded two genotypes as resistant against spot blotch disease over the five locations. Identified resistant genotypes increased grain yield as a consequence of resistance offered against spot blotch disease suggesting the possibility of considering disease resistance as a must-have trait in all the wheat cultivars that could be identified for cultivation in the North-Eastern Plain Zone of India. Two genotypes resistant to spot blotch recorded 1.26–1.46 times higher grain yield over control under disease pressure that can be recommended for identification and exploited in a resistance breeding program for wheat spot blotch disease-prone region.

The Scaps-1d simulator was used to simulate a lead-free perovskite CH3NH3SnI3 based solar cell devices fabricated from different hole transport materials (HTM). This research looks at two organic and two inorganic HTM layers. The cell structure used in this study is FTO/TiO2/ CH3NH3SnI3/HTM(variable)/Au(variable). Spiro-OMeTAD, PEDOT:PSS, CuO and Cu2O are the HTM materials used. The results show that utilizing CuO as an HTM produces better outcomes than other HTMs, with an efficiency of 28.45%. The thickness, acceptor concentration (NA), and defect density (Nt) of the perovskite layer on optoelectronic properties of the solar cell are focus of simulation studies. According to this study, an perovskite layer thickness of 1000 nm is suitable for a decent photovoltaic cell. Furthermore, by adjusting the HTM thickness and the defect density of HTM and absorber layer, promising findings of Jsc of 34.38 mAcm− 2, Voc of 1.011 V, FF of 80.85% and PCE of 28.10% were obtained for Spiro-OMeTAD based PSC. Finally, in order to improve the device's performance, an anode material with high work function is required. Our findings reveal that using a thin absorber layer results in low photo generated charge carriers due to less absorption, but high carrier extraction. Although more carriers are created in the cell due to increased absorption, decreased collection efficiency is related to recombination, which decreases Voc for thick perovskite layers. Device efficiency is improved by increasing the doping density up to 1018 cm− 3 in the perovskite layer due to built-in electric field across the solar cell. Again a very thin or thick HTL is not ideal for high PCE. For low recombination and a high fill factor, an HTM (Spiro-OMeTAD) of 1–100 nm is necessary. The great power conversion efficiency of organic HTM based lead-free PSC brings up the new possibilities for obtaining renewable energy.

Background With increasing age, the older population becomes more susceptible to mental disorders. It is important to recognize and develop an understanding of psychiatric morbidity particularly among the residents of geriatric homes in resource-poor settings. Objective To assess the prevalence and associated factors of dementia symptoms among Nepalese senior citizens living in geriatric homes of Kathmandu valley. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among 304 senior citizens living in geriatric homes of Kathmandu valley. Cognitive Impairment Test (CIT), was used to assess dementia symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. All the variables that were significant at p0.05 level in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate regression model and statistical significance was declared at p0.05 with a 95.00% confidence interval (CI). Result This study showed 75.65%, of the participants, had dementia symptoms. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, female respondents (AOR=2.94, 95% CI=1.31-6.57), respondents never received geriatric allowances (AOR=2.46, 95% CI=1.22-4.98), respondent's history of alcohol consumption habits (AOR=2.04, 95% CI=1.01-4.11) and non-vegetarian diet habits (AOR= 2.31, 95% CI=1.12-4.76) were found more likely to had higher dementia symptoms whereas, literate participants (AOR=0.19, 95% CI=0.08-0.43) were less likely to had dementia symptoms. Conclusion The high prevalence of dementia symptoms among senior citizens living in geriatric homes in the Kathmandu valley indicates an urgent need for early diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders among senior citizens to improve their quality of life and well-being.

Lameness is a very important disorder of periparturient dairy cows with implications on milk production and composition as well as with consequences on reproductive performance. The aetiology of lameness is not clear although there have been various hypotheses suggested over the years. The objective of this study was to metabotype the urine of dairy cows prior to, during and after the onset of lameness by evaluating at weeks -8, -4 pre-calving, the week of lameness diagnosis, and +4 and +8 weeks post-calving. We used a metabolomics approach to analyse urine samples collected from dairy cows around calving (6 cows with lameness v. 20 healthy control cows). A total of 153 metabolites were identified and quantified using an in-house MS library and classified into 6 groups including: 11 amino acids (AAs), 39 acylcarnitines (ACs), 3 biogenic amines (BAs), 84 glycerophospholipids, 15 sphingolipids and hexose. A total of 23, 36, 40, 23 and 49 metabolites were observed to be significantly different between the lame and healthy cows at -8 and -4 weeks pre-calving, week of lameness diagnosis as well as at +4 and +8 weeks post-calving, respectively. It should be noted that most of the identified metabolites were elevated; however, a few of them were also lower in lame cows. Overall, ACs and glycerophospholipids, specifically phosphatidylcholines (PCs), were the metabolite groups displaying the strongest differences in the urine of pre-lame and lame cows. Lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs), although to a lesser extent than PCs, were altered at all time points. Alterations in urinary AA concentrations were also observed during the current study for four time points. During the pre-calving period, there was an observed elevation of arginine (-8 week), tyrosine (-8 week) and aspartate (-4 week), as well as a depression of urinary glutamate (-4 weeks). In the current study, it was additionally observed that concentrations of several sphingomyelins and one BA were altered in pre-lame and lame cows. Symmetric dimethylarginine was elevated at both -8 weeks pre-calving and the week of lameness diagnosis. Data showed that urinary fingerprinting might be a reliable methodology to be used in the future to differentiate lame cows from healthy ones.

Severe distortions are observed in fabrication of large stiffened ship panels using lower thickness plates ranging from 3 mm to 10 mm. It requires expensive postwelding fairing operations. It is naturally preferable to control the distortion during fabrication than to apply fairing operations. Welding sequence plays an important role in controlling distortion. The aspect of weld sequencing has been studied only on a small and extremely simple form of test models. Possible welding sequences were worked out, based on principles of heat balancing or heat accumulation and subsequent behavior of such panels. Based on this, large stiffened panels were fabricated using low carbon steel of shipbuilding quality considering four different welding sequences. Initial and final distortions of these panels were measured using high precision coordinate measuring machine. In this investigation, experiments and measurements played a very important role, as numerical simulation of such large panels would have been prohibitively expensive or not feasible. This study established the pattern of welding sequence that needs to be followed for minimizing welding distortion in the fabrication of large stiffened panels. Gainful conclusions were drawn to give directions to welding designers to work out the appropriate sequence of welding to minimize the weld-induced panel distortions. 1. Introduction Ship structural components are built by assembling various stiffened steel plates. Large steel plates are stiffened by welding stiffeners using fusion welding process which is a common welding method used in the shipbuilding industry. Severe thermal gradients in the welded components occur because of intense localized heating in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), followed by uneven cooling. As a result, residual stresses and distortions occur in the welded components. These distortions are introduce in the block assembly process in shipbuilding. These unwanted distortions result in additional production cost because necessary rectification process and extra manpower are required. These also cause delays in shipbuilding.

A theoretical study of the double-differential cross sections (DDCS) for ejection of electron from hydrogen atom in ground state by the impact of $$\hbox {C}^{6+}$$ ion with energy values 1 and 2.5 MeV/amu is presented. For the final state, we use a continuum distorted wave that contains the product of two Coulomb distortions due to the projectile–electron and target–electron Coulombic interactions for which it is called the two-Coulomb-wave (2CW) model. In this paper, the energy and angular distributions of DDCS for electron emission from atomic hydrogen have been investigated. The ejected electrons are influenced by the combined fields of the target and the projectile ion. Comprehensive comparisons are made between the three-Coulomb-wave model (Jana et al. in Eur Phys J D 66:243, 2012) and the present 2CW model. The emitted electron, the incident projectile ion and the residual ion are considered to be in the same plane. It is found that the two-centre effect has a major influence on the observed forward–backward angular asymmetry in the angular distribution of electron emission spectra. The region of the binary encounter peak is analysed in detail. The present computed results have been compared with the available experimental results as well as other theoretical calculations based on the first Born approximation and the continuum distorted wave eikonal initial state approximation. Moreover, the present computed results are in better agreement with the available experimental data for electron emission cross sections.

Ship structural components are made of orthogonally stiffened steel panels. These panels are built by welding stiffeners onto the steel plates. The heat-induced distortions resulting from the welding process are of major concern in ship-building industries. These distortions negatively affect many aspects such as productivity, cost of production, manpower requirements, vessel speed, vessel appearance, and most importantly various structural aspects. In this study, low carbon steel large stiffened panels were fabricated using four different welding sequences. Gas metal arc welding as per shipyard’s practice was used to weld these specimens. Initial and final distortions of the panels at various locations on the plate were measured using high-precision coordinate measuring machine. The pattern of welding sequence that needs to be followed for minimizing welding distortion in fabrication of large orthogonally stiffened panels was established. The inherent strain method for evaluating welding distortion using modification proposed by one of the authors in his previous work is used to determine distortion of the stiffened panel. The method uses expressions for inherent strains, based on thermal model of welding supported by correlation with experimental data reported by various investigators. Later elastic FE analysis using shell elements is carried out. This avoids time-consuming elastic-plastic analysis of near-weld region used by other investigators to determine inherent strain. Thus, it makes the whole numerical analysis very fast even for complex structure such as stiffened panel. The values of distortion with four welding sequences used in the stiffened panel were averaged and then compared with the results of numerical analysis using this method. The effect of welding sequence was not incorporated in the numerical analysis, mainly due to lack of experimental data on variation of transverse shrinkage (known as transverse rotation) for incorporation in the expressions of inherent strain. This transverse rotation is mainly responsible for introducing variation in distortion due to different welding sequences. Yet, the experimental results obtained without considering the welding sequence (by averaging the results for different sequences) show good agreement with results of numerical analysis.

In this work, we report theoretical electron capture cross sections for single-electron removal from molecules of biological interest and noble gases by bare ion (H+ and He2+) impact at energies ranging from 25 to 10,000 keV/amu. We use a distorted wave (DW) method where the intermediate continuum state of the active electron with the target ion has been taken into account. This method is developed within the framework of the independent electron model taking particular care of the representation of the bound continuum target states. Two different approximations have been considered for molecular targets: molecular representation of the bound-state target wavefunction and Bragg’s additivity rule. The molecular orbital for targets are described within the framework of the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO) method based on the linear combination of atomic orbital (LCAO) approximation. Using the DW method, we have also calculated the K-, L- and M- shell electron capture in collisions of bare ions with three noble gases He, Ne, and Ar respectively. Contributions from different molecular orbitals and different shells to the total cross sections (TCS) are studied. The preference of electron capture occurs in accordance as the binding energy of the active electron in molecular orbital and atomic shell. The maximum contributions to TCS for SC comes from the less bound electrons in repetitive orbitals, whereas the tightly bound electrons dominate the TCS at higher projectile energy regime. Variation of TCS with impact energy are compared with the available experimental observation and other theoretical findings. We find that the present theoretical method is satisfactory in both intermediate and high-energy region for molecules as well as noble gas targets to give reliable outcomes compared to other theoretical methods.

Thin plates are extensively used for fabrication of stiffened panels in weight-sensitive ship construction. These panels being inherently low in critical buckling stress, when welded, suffer from weld-induced buckling distortions. The tendon force, caused by welding of the stiffeners, is mainly responsible for the occurrence of buckling due to welding. The reduction in the tendon force will decrease the tendency of the plate to buckle. thermomechanical tensioning (TMT) is an active, in-process distortion mitigation technique which reduces this tendon force and thereby reduces weld-induced buckling distortions. The weld-induced distortions are strongly influenced by the rate of heat input. Its effect on the TMT pull required to reduce the out-of-plane distortions was investigated in the present work through finite element (FE) simulations. To validate the thermomechanical model used in the FE analysis (FEA), experiments were conducted considering bead-on-plate welding. The results of numerical simulations and experiments were found to be in good agreement with each other. The validated FEA model was subsequently used to investigate the effect of rate of heat input on TMT in stiffened panels. It was found that the TMT pull required in case of a higher rate of input was more compared with the case of lower rate of heat input for the same percentage reduction in the out-of-plane distortions. The present work also showed that the tendon force gets reduced on application of TMT to a welding process, reducing the tendency of plate buckling due to welding. In the present work, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based modeling of the TMT process was also carried out to predict the weld-induced out-of-plane deformation for different rates of heat inputs and TMT pulls. The ANN-predicted welding distortions were found to be in fair agreement with the FEA-computed values 1. Introduction Fusion welding is a key joining process widely used in manufacturing industries. It involves local intense heating of the parts to be joined followed by normal cooling (Wang et al. 2013a; Mandal et al. 2015). The nonuniform expansion and contraction of the weld metal and the surrounding parent metal induces distortions and residual stresses in the material. Because of this, the dimensional accuracy and the structural integrity of the welded structures are affected. It demands a lot of postweld rework, thus affecting the economy and productivity. To avoid this, active, inprocess distortion mitigation techniques are required to be implemented. Thin plates are extensively used in fabrication of ship structures to reduce the overall weight and thereby improving the efficiency and fuel economy (Huang et al. 2004). At the same time, these thin plates pose a serious problem of weld-induced buckling. Tajima et al. (2007) observed that the tendon forces due to welding generate compressive stresses in the far-field zone, away from the weld zone, resulting in buckling distortions. Wang et al. (2013b) also found that the tendon force is a dominant cause of weldinduced buckling through elastic FEA and eigenvalue analysis. Michaleris and Sun (1997) employed the concept of thermal tensioning to mitigate the weld-induced buckling distortions. In their work, the thermal tensioning was achieved by cooling the bottom of the weld and simultaneously heating the areas adjacent to the weld. It was observed that a high temperature gradient had detrimental effect increasing the distortion, whereas a low value of temperature gradient caused insufficient tensioning. Deo and Michaleris (2003) adopted a technique of transient thermal tensioning to reduce the weld-induced distortion. The tensile stresses induced because of the thermal tensioning reduced the weld-induced compressive residual stresses less than the value of critical buckling stress. Soul and Yanhua (2005) performed numerical study to investigate the effect of trailing heat sink on the welding residual stresses. It was found that the welding residual stresses were drastically reduced. Adak and Mandal (2010) investigated the effect of heat sinking method on the welding distortions in submerged arc butt-welded plates through experimental and numerical techniques. They achieved a noticeable reduction in the weld-induced distortions. Holder et al. (2011), by employing a technique of dynamically controlled low stress no distortion achieved a drastic reduction in the distortions of gas metal arc-welded plates. Yang and Dong (2011) numerically investigated the impact of in-process rolling along with the trailing heat sink method on the weld-induced distortions. It was concluded that a minimum of 5.5 KN rolling force was required to eliminate the welding distortions completely. Price et al. (2007) employed the mechanical tensioning technique to reduce the weld-induced out-of-plane distortions in friction stir and tungsten inert gas-welded plates. It was observed that the tensioning of the magnitude 25–40% of the yield completely eliminated the welding distortions. Richards et al. (2008) used the concept of global mechanical tensioning to achieve the reduction in the welding distortions by controlling the welding residual stresses. It was observed that the tensioning of the magnitude 40% of the yield reduced the magnitude of welding residual stresses to zero. A similar work was carried out on friction stir welding of high-strength aluminum alloys (Altenkirch et al. 2008). It was concluded that the excessive tensioning leads to the reversal of stress field in the welding zone. For thicker plates, the decrease of weld-induced residual stress was very less with the increase of distance from the welding zone. Mandal et al. (2014) introduced the Thermomechanical tensioning (TMT) method as an active, in-process distortion mitigation technique to reduce the occurrence of weld-induced buckling distortions. In their work, they carried out experiments to show the effect of TMT on weld-induced buckling distortions. Podder et al. (2017) carried out numerical studies to investigate the effect of TMT on the reduction of weldinduced residual stresses in 4.8-mm-thick steel stiffened panels. It was observed that the TMT process reduces the peak tensile stress in the weld zone, thereby reducing the compressive residual stress in the far-field zone. Gadagi et al. (2017) conducted numerical and experimental investigations on the effect of TMT on welding-induced out-of-plane distortions. The influence of restraining and tensioning lug removal sequence was also investigated in the study.

Taking an open problem in [25] into background we employ the idea of normal family to investigate the uniqueness problem of meromorphic functions sharing a non-zero polynomial which improves a number of existing results. Specially we rectify some errors and gaps in a recent result of P. Sahoo [15].

Total as well as angular-differential cross sections for single electron capture have been investigated in collision of bare ions ($$H^{+}$$, $$He^{2+}$$ and $$Li^{3+}$$) with hydrogen molecules at intermediate and high collision energies with special emphasis on finding interference effects to be exhibited by angular-differential cross sections. Here, we apply the first-order molecular target continuum distorted-wave approximation. Within the distorted-wave formalism, the one-active-electron model, developed to describe collisions with multi-electronic atomic targets, has been employed for the case of $$H_{2}$$ targets. Here, distortion in the final channel related to the Coulomb continuum state of the active electron in the field of residual molecular target ion is included. The present computed results are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical results. The total cross section is obtained by integrating over the projectile’s scattering angle and averaging over all the molecular orientations. The total capture cross sections for all the projectile ions have fair agreement with the experimental observations particularly at lower projectile energies. We have studied the differential cross sections at $$\theta _{\rho }=90^{\circ }$$, $$\phi _{\rho }=0^{\circ }$$, where $$\theta _{\rho }$$ and $$\phi _{\rho }$$ are the polar and azimuthal angles, respectively, of the molecular axis with respect to the incident direction at different impact energies. The interference between two capture amplitudes associated with two centers in the molecule has been found to be more pronounced at fixed orientation of the molecule.

The low-temperature linear-in-T resistivity of ``strange metals,'' such as the metallic state of the cuprate high-temperature superconductors, has long been thought to be associated with a quantum critical point. However, recent transport studies of the cuprates have found this behavior persists over a finite range of overdoping. In this work, we report magnetoresistance and Hall effect results for electron-doped films of the cuprate superconductor ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (LCCO) for temperatures from 0.7 to 45 K and magnetic fields up to 65 T. For $x=0.12$ and 0.13, just below the Fermi surface reconstruction (FSR) at $x=0.14$, the normal state in-plane resistivity exhibits a well-known upturn at low temperature. Our new results show that this resistivity upturn is eliminated at high magnetic field and the resistivity becomes linear-in-temperature from \ensuremath{\sim}40 K down to 0.7 K. The magnitude of the linear coefficient scales with Tc and doping, as found previously [K. Jin, Nature(London) 476, 73 (2011), T. Sarkar, Sci. Adv. 5, eaav6753 (2019)] for dopings above the FSR. This striking observation suggests that the strange metal is not confined to a single ``critical point'' in the phase diagram, but rather is a robust universal feature of the metallic ground state of the cuprates.

We report ${[{({\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3})}_{\mathrm{n}}/{({\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3})}_{\mathrm{n}}]}_{\mathrm{M}}/{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}(111)$ superlattices [$n=20$, 10, 5, 2, and 1 unit cells (u.c.)] as ``precursor'' heterostructures for a double perovskite ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$. A charge transfer at the ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$/${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ interfaces and formation of the emergent ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$ phase with ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ oxidation states was evidenced by in situ optical ellipsometry and supported by magnetic and Raman measurements. The 10/10 and 5/5 superlattices revealed a complex magnetic behavior with two ferromagnetic phase transitions with ${T}_{\mathrm{C}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{low}}=170\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{C}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{high}}\ensuremath{\sim}250--280\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, originating from the ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ and the emergent interfacial ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$ phase, respectively. With decreasing thickness of individual layers, the magnetism of 2/2 and 1/1 superlattices transforms into that of the ordered double perovskite ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$. Furthermore, a structural reconstruction into a monoclinic $({P}_{12})$ structure of the ordered ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$ at the interface, evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, goes ahead with the charge transfer and magnetic ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{NiMnO}}_{6}$ behavior.

The present work deals with the prediction of heat source parameters of Goldak's double ellipsoidal model for flux cored arc welded fillet joints through an artificial neural network (ANN). Extensive experiments were carried out on low-carbon mild steel plates of thickness ranging from 3 mm to 10 mm. In each case, welding current (I), voltage (V), and speed (υ) were recorded as the welding parameters. The flux cored arc welding of fillet joint was carried out using 100% CO2 as the shielding gas. This work is based on the simple and fundamental presumption that the weld pool is the primary source of heat which is delivered from the welding arc. Therefore, the magnitude and distribution of heat can be defined through the weld pool dimensions. Hence, these dimensions were directly considered for determining the heat source ellipsoid parameters. These parameters, namely, front double ellipsoidal length (Cf), rear double ellipsoidal length (Cr), half-width of the heat source (a), and depth of the heat source (b) were measured from the welded specimens. Furthermore, the ANN model was trained and tested for the prediction of the heat source parameters. The ANN predicted data were in good agreement with the measured values. Subsequently, the ANN model was used to predict the parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model for a set of welding parameters. The temperature history numerically computed with the ANN-predicted parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model compared very well with the measured data. The proposed ANN structure, therefore, can be gainfully used as a tool for the prediction of parametric dimensions of the double ellipsoidal heat source model in case of gas metal arc welding with 100% CO2 as the shielding medium for a plate thickness range of 3–10 mm. 1. Introduction Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) is extensively used in various fabrication industries, including the ship building industry. It is widely used in semiautomatic mode for fabrication of, among other things, stiffened flat and curved panels. These are fabricated by butt welding of the plates followed by fillet welding of the longitudinal and transverse stiffeners. In thin panel fabrication, it may lead to weld induced buckling. Hence, to assess the possible behaviour during fabrication of the stiffened panels, numerical simulation is often carried out. The computation of temperature field is at the heart of numerical simulation of weld-induced distortion and residual stress. Thus, it is very important to have a model for accurate prediction of the temperature field. The temperature field again depends on the distribution and quantum of heat that gets delivered from the welding arc to the weld joint. This calls for developing a heat source model that represents the heat distribution and its magnitude as accurately as possible.

We report magneto-dielectric properties of partially B-site ordered monoclinic ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}\mathrm{CoMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ double perovskite thin film epitaxially grown on $\mathrm{Nb}:\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$(100) substrates by metalorganic aerosol deposition technique. Transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping shows the presence and distribution of both $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}^{3+}$ ions in the film, evidencing a partial $B$-site disorder, which was further confirmed by the observation of reduced saturation magnetization at low temperatures. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature, ${T}_{C}=110\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, is slightly higher as compared to the bulk value (100 K) probably due to an in plane epitaxy tensile strain. Temperature dependent dielectric study reveals an unexpected high temperature dipolar relaxor-glass-like transition at a temperature ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}190\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}g{T}_{\mathrm{C}}$, which depends on the applied frequency and indicates a superparaelectric behavior. Two different dielectric relaxation peaks have been observed; they merge at ${T}^{*}$ where likely a coupling to the disorder-induced short range charge-spin correlations results in a 4% magneto-dielectric coupling.

Critical Regionalism as expounded by Kenneth Frampton has found its use in many parts of the world as a reaction to the international architecture practised in the Western world. India, which was deprived of exposure to the advanced developments in architecture in the US and Europe was at one stroke brought into world contact after gaining independence. This paper traces the exposure of the Indian architects to Western training and philosophy and how they developed their works to suit the regional context. Important aspects of the paper are mentioned below: ‒ International exposure of the Indian architects after independence. ‒ Their designs and their approaches to the creation of an Indian flavour on their return to homeland. ‒ Examined the works of a few prominent architects and inferred on their special regional contributions.

Warpage is a serious reliability issue in ultra-thin packages. Methods and approaches to address warpage and design initiatives aimed at minimizing it are still very preliminary considering the wafer level variations in the substrate material properties, metal line density distributions and process induced variations. In order to design for reliability of the ultra-thin package, it is first essential to have accurate time-efficient simulations that match closely with experimental values. This relies on the accuracy and precision of measurement of the material properties of the package. This study reviews the different experimental and modeling approaches to estimate the Young’s modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and compares the accuracy of warpage simulations using finite element analysis (FEA) by plugging in these different values for E and CTE from the different approaches with the experimental warpage measurements. The digital image correlation (DIC) is proposed as a useful technique to increase the resolution of material properties used as input to simulations and will be evaluated against more time-consuming methodologies.

Heavy metal like Cadmium (Cd) is a common pollutant present in the soils of urban and industrial areas. Vegetables are preferably grown in these soils than other crops. Of the vegetables, Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. pekinensis) is gaining its popularity among farmers for its high market value. Therefore, an experiment was conducted where cabbage was grown on Cd treated soil. Bioaccumulation of Cd in Chinese cabbage was determined and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) model was used to assess potential health risk of human. Results showed that with increasing concentration of added Cd (0.00 to 4.00 ppm) in soil, bio-concentration factors of Cd of Chinese cabbage also increased except at 4 ppm. The chinese cabbage grown in Cd contaminated soils up-to 1.00 ppm might be safe. However, cabbage grown in the soils contaminated with Cd above this level would probably be risky and may cause serious health hazard to human body.J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2017, 3(1): 1-8

A targeted quantitative metabolomics approach was used to study temporal changes of serum metabolites in cows that normally released their fetal membranes and those that retained the placenta. We identified and measured serum concentrations of 128 metabolites including amino acids, acylcarnitines, biogenic amines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and hexose at -8 and -4 weeks before parturition, during the week of retained placenta (RP) diagnosis, and at +4 and +8 weeks after parturition. In addition, we aimed at identifying metabolite signatures of pre-RP in the serum that might be used as predictive biomarkers for risk of developing RP in dairy cows. Results revealed major alterations in the metabolite fingerprints of pre-RP cows starting as early as -8 weeks before parturition and continuing as far as +8 weeks after calving. Biomarker candidates found in this study are mainly biomarkers of inflammation which might not be specific to RP. Therefore, the relevance of serum Lys, Orn, acetylornithine, lysophophatidylcholine LysoPC a C28:0, Asp, Leu and Ile as potential serum biomarkers for prediction of risk of RP in dairy cows will have to be tested in the future. In addition, lower concentrations of LysoPCs, Trp, and higher kynurenine in the serum during prepartum and the week of occurrence of RP suggest involvement of inflammation in the pathobiology of RP.

The effect of Mo doping on the structural and dielectric properties has been investigated in detail for Co-Zn spinel ferrite. Solid state reaction technique has been used to prepare the CZMO. The structural analysis is performed using HRXRD technique which confirms the inverse spinel structure of the material. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant are studied which reveals that the dielectric dispersion is due to Maxwell-Wagner type polarization in agreement with Koop's phenomenological theory. The contribution of grain and grain boundary at high and low frequency respectively are evident in the dielectric constant. The variation of dielectric loss tangent with both the temperature and frequency has been studied. The room temperature and high frequency dielectric loss is observed to be very small. Also it is revealed that the dielectric loss tangent decreases with Mo substitution.

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating pathogenicity of Sclerotium rolfsii to different crops influenced by different crop rhizosphere microbes and their population dynamics. Napier was found to be non-preferred host against S. rolfsii pathogen. Among the seven tested crops in micro-plot study, highest level of induction of sclerotial population was observed in groundnut and cow peas (21.81 and 20.06 numbers of sclerotia /100 g of soil, respectively), whereas, reduction in sclerotial number was observed in napier, maize and sorghum plots. S. rolfsii induced damping off was found to be significantly positively correlated with average sclerotial population irrespective of plant cover even at 1% level of significance (r = 0.985) and among the microbiological parameters, FDA was found to be significantly negatively correlated with damping off disease percentage at 5% level of significance (r = - 0.830). Therefore, Napier may be the potential crop to be incorporated in the sequence of rice/vegetable based cropping system in West Bengal for management of this dreaded pathogen.

The chemically synthesized high purity spinel NiCr2−xDyxO4 (x = 0, 0.1) samples have been characterized using magnetic and dielectric measurements in presence of high magnetic field. Crystal and magnetic structure of the samples have been determined by analyzing neutron diffraction data recorded between temperature of 6 K and 300 K. NiCr2O4 crystallizes in tetragonal phase with the space group of I41/amd whereas NiCr1.9Dy0.1O4 crystallizes in the mixed phase of cubic (space group of Fd 3 ¯ m ) and tetragonal phases at room temperature. An additional phase of DyCrO3 with orthorhombic structure has been found in the Dy doped compound. The lattice parameter a increases and the c decreases in tetragonal structure with the substitution of Dy in Cr site. Both the samples show superlattice reflection peak indicating the presence of long range AFM ordering (transverse component) below 40 K. But the saturation magnetization slightly increases after Dy doping. An anomaly observed near Curie temperature in e′ (T) of NiCr2O4 and NiCr1.9Dy0.1O4 demonstrates the contribution of coupling between ferroelectricity and ferrimagnetism in the compounds. A linear correlation between the difference in dielectric constant and the field dependent squared magnetization for both the samples has been observed. The spin–spin interactions are most likely responsible for the observed magnetodielectric (MD) effect due to the magnetodielectric hysteresis in both parent and doped samples. Interestingly the MD% is found to increase with Dy doping.

We have investigated the structure and the electrical properties of CoFe2O4, Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 and Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles, prepared through a chemical pyrophoric reaction technique. The study of the dielectric constant reveals evidence of Rabinkin and Novikova polarisation in the system. The increased value of the dielectric constant at low frequency is attributed to the presence of interfacial and dipolar polarisation in the system. The impedance for Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles is found to decrease with increase in temperature, indicating the presence of a temperature-dependent electrical relaxation process in the system. Nyquist plots have been fitted using parallel combinations of grain boundaries resistance and grain boundaries capacitance. The activation energy is estimated from Nyquist plots, dc and ac conductivity data using the Arrhenius relation. This is indicating that the same type of charge carrier is responsible for the relaxation and the conduction processes in the system. Ac ...

This paper reports the hydrothermal synthesis process duration influence on phase composition, crystallinity degree, morphology and dispersity of the hydroxyapatite powder. The calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were synthesized in precursor system Ca(NO3)2-(NH4)2HPO4-NH4OH. The obtained powders were characterized with X – Ray diffraction, Fourier Transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrate: the increasing of the synthesis time duration has no influence on the phase composition. However, the synthesis duration time growth from 12 to 48 hours make possible increase the crystallinity degree from 0.68 to 0.98.

The production of W-+/- bosons is studied in proton-lead (pPb) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of root s(NN) = 8.16 TeV. Measurements are performed in the W-+/- -> mu(+/-)nu(mu) channel using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 173.4 +/- 6.1 nb(-1), collected by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC. The number of positively and negatively charged W bosons is determined separately in the muon pseudorapidity region in the laboratory frame vertical bar eta(mu)(lab)vertical bar < 2.4 and transverse momentum p(T)(mu) > 25 GeV/c. The W-+/- boson differential cross sections, muon charge asymmetry, and the ratios of W-+/- boson yields for the proton-going over the Pb-going beam directions are reported as a function of the muon pseudorapidity in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass frame. The measurements are compared to the predictions from theoretical calculations based on parton distribution functions (PDFs) at next-to-leading-order. The results favour PDF calculations that include nuclear modifications and provide constraints on the nuclear PDF global fits. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Thin films and heterostructures of hexagonal manganites as promising multiferroic materials have attracted a considerable interest recently. We report structural transformations of high quality epitaxial h-TMO/YSZ(111) films, analyzed by means of various characterization techniques. A phase transition from P63mc to P63mcm structure at TC~800 K was observed by temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy and optical ellipsometry. The latter probing directly electronic system, indicates its modification at the structural phase transition likely due to charge transfer from oxygen to Mn. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the lamella samples displayed an irreversible P63mc-P63mcm transformation and vanishing of ferroelectric domains already at 410 K. After the temperature cycling (300K-1300K-300K) the room temperature TEM of h-TMO films revealed an inhomogeneous microstructure, containing ferroelectric and paraelectric nanodomains with P63mc and P63mcm structure, respectively. We point out a strong influence of stress relaxation, induced by temperature and by constrained sample geometry onto the structure and ferroelectricity in strain-stabilized h-TMO thin films., Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures

Warpage control of electronic packages has become a critical challenge given the requirement of thinner packaging solutions for the future. While modeling warpage using finite element models is a good way to predict stresses and warpage, the analysis results are only as good as the assumed model inputs such as material properties. This is especially true with warpage simulations and the anisotropic and temperature-dependent material properties of the electronic substrate. With the varying metal line patterns and densities across the substrate, the substrate material properties can be spatially varying in ultra-thin packages resulting in complex warpage profiles. To aid in better design for reliability of future ultra-thin packages, we propose here the use of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach (Bayesian inference) combined with finite element simulations to identify the sensitive material parameters that most affect warpage and learn the localized material properties based on warpage contours that have been measured using digital image correlation (DIC). The proposed technique can enable us to design better packages with locally tailored material properties (by tuning metal layer densities, for example) to enable us to stay within an acceptable warpage threshold.

A large 4$\pi$ array of charged particle detectors has been developed at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre to facilitate high resolution charged particle reaction and spectroscopy studies by detecting event-by-event the charged reaction products emitted in heavy ion reactions at energy $\sim$ 10-60 MeV/A. The forward part ($\theta \sim \pm $ $7^{0}$ - $\pm 45^{0}$) of the array consists of 24 highly granular, high resolution charged particle telescopes, each of which is made by three layers [single sided silicon strip($\Delta$E) + double sided silicon strip (E/$\Delta$E) + CsI(Tl)(E)]of detectors. The backward part of the array consists of 112 CsI(Tl) detectors which are capable of detecting primarily the light charged particles (Z $\le$ 2) emitted in the angular range of $\theta \sim \pm $ $45^{0}$ - $\pm 175^{0}$. The extreme forward part of the array ($\theta \sim \pm $ $3^{0}$ - $\pm 7^{0}$) is made up of 32 slow-fast plastic phoswich detectors that are capable of detecting light (Z $\le$2) and heavy charged particles (3 $\le$ Z $\lesssim$ 20) as well as handling high count rates. The design, construction and characterization of the array has been described., Comment: Paper has been submitted in NIMA

In shipbuilding industry, thin plates are widely used to maintain the minimum hull weight and to increase the fuel efficiency. These thin plates, when welded, are more prone to buckling distortions. So, it is very much important to predict these buckling distortions beforehand and try to mitigate them in the fabrication stage rather than doing it later. By doing this, the competitiveness in cost and time can be increased. In this study, a numerical investigation on the reduction of buckling distortions in the fabrication of orthogonal stiffened panels as used in shipbuilding was conducted. A method of in-process distortion mitigation technique, named as thermo-mechanical tensioning (TMT) was introduced to reduce the compressive residual stress in the far-field zone. The detail stress development mechanism in TMT process is discussed here. Commercially available finite element software ANSYS® 15 was used for calculations. The simulations revealed that the peak tensile stresses in the weld zone and the corresponding far-field compressive residual stresses get significantly reduced by the implementation of TMT. Thus, with reduction of compressive residual stress, buckling of such stiffened panels is effectively mitigated.

Thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) regime of Er doped Bi2Sr2Ca1−xErxCu2O8+δ (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3) polycrystalline systems have been investigated using magneto-transport measurements up to 70 kOe magnetic field. High quality single phase samples have been prepared by standard solid state reaction method. The activation energy or pinning strength (U0) have been calculated using thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) model by linear fitting from the semi-logarithmic curve of ln ρ vs 1/T. It has been observed that activation energy (U0) decreases with Er substitution and U0 follows power law dependence with magnetic field for all three samples. Irreversibility lines (IL) have been drawn from the magneto-transport data for all three samples and it is observed that IL shifts to lower temperature with higher Er concentration. It is confirmed from the above results that pinning strength becomes weaker with Er doping. Finally, the variation of U0 have been shown with temperature by re-plotting –T(ln (ρ/ρ100)) vs T for three samples showing non-linear dependence with temperature.

Herbal extracts are often used by the folk medicinal practitioners, rural peoples of Bangladesh for the treatments of various ailments for the primary health care. Now-a-days its uses are going more frequent with an established scientific literature. Low cost nutritive wafer biscuits made of ayurvedic or herbal extracts such as shatavari, ashwagandha and yastimadhu powder was developed and evaluated for its chemical composition for nutritive parameters. Brief microbiological studies were also planned to evaluate the shelf life and safety of the product. Finally a sensory evaluation was conducted to ascertain its overall acceptability amongst the population. It was shown that newly developed wafer biscuits were rich in carbohydrate (65%), energy and fat (24% fat). The results indicate that newly formulated biscuits were surprising high in protein (8.20%), dietary fiber (1.5%) and widely accepted by the consumers mainly due to its low cost and health benefits with respect to sensory qualities, high nutritive values . The results also indicated that the newly formulated biscuits were high in self-life ranking and it was agreed that this type of initiative could more effective for growing children as well as in certain therapeutic conditions when general malaise dominates the diseases and such type of fortified foods can be industrially launched as a social business.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 17-21 2016

Analysis of fillet-welded T-sections was carried out using the commercial finite element software ANSYS® for SM400A shipbuilding steel. To avoid the time consuming experimental technique, this model was validated with the existing experimental and numerical results. The vertical deflection, transverse shrinkage, and longitudinal residual stress were considered to validate the present model. After validating the model, the longitudinal, transverse, and normal plastic strains were collected from flange, web, and weld bead portions throughout the thickness and were averaged. These plastic strains were converted into corresponding longitudinal, transverse, and normal welding forces and were applied in an elastic model to obtain the distortions. The average welding force method was found to be very efficient in determining the distortions of welded structures. It was found that the proper distortion pattern for single-sided fillet welding can be obtained by incorporating the additional shrinkage forces from the weld bead.

Our primary objective was to apply metabolomic pathway analysis of first trimester maternal serum to provide an insight into the pathogenesis of late-onset preeclampsia (late-PE) and thereby identify plausible therapeutic targets for PE.NMR-based metabolomics analysis was performed on 29 cases of late-PE and 55 unaffected controls. In order to achieve sufficient statistical power to perform the pathway analysis, these cases were combined with a group of previously analyzed specimens, 30 late-PE cases and 60 unaffected controls. Specimens from both groups of cases and controls were collected in the same clinical centers during the same time period. In addition, NMR analyses were performed in the same lab and using the same techniques.We identified abnormalities in branch chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) and propanoate, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and ketone body metabolic pathways. The results suggest insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbance of energy metabolism, oxidative stress and lipid dysfunction in the pathogenesis of late PE and suggest a potential role for agents that reduce insulin resistance in PE.Branched chain amino acids are known markers of insulin resistance and strongly predict future diabetes development. The analysis provides independent evidence linking insulin resistance and late-PE and suggests a potentially important therapeutic role for pharmacologic agents that reduce insulin resistance for late-PE.

Звичайний процес дифузії для формування емітера сонячного елементу c-Si – це складний процес з високими тепловими та матеріальними витратами. Альтернативою для уникнення цього процесу є створення структурованих сонячних елементів MIS/SIS, де для формування емітерної частини сонячного елементу використовується інший процес. У дослідженні розроблено структурований елемент SIS розміром 3 × 3 (ITO-Al2O3-n-Si), де n-Si є вихідним матеріалом, Al2O3 та шар ITO виконують відповідно ролі селективного шару дірок та емітерного шару. Розпилений шар ITO товщиною 150 нм виконує роль виродженого напівпровідника так само як і ARC. Для сонячного елементу, вкритого шаром ITO, середня відбивна здатність зменшується з 13,63 % до 4,54 % порівняно з лише текстурованим елементом. Металізація проводиться за допомогою Ag з обох боків на лицьовій стороні над шаром ITO і постійним контактом на тильній стороні блоком для нанесення вакуумного покриття. Окрім тунелювання дірок, дуже тонкий шар Al2O3 (1,5 нм), вирощений методом ALD, виступає в ролі пасиваційного шару і збільшує час життя неосновних носіїв заряду з 9,732 мкс до 17,548 мкс. Досягнуті напруга холостого ходу (Voc) і струм короткого замикання (Isc) становлять відповідно 684 мВ і 35 мА. Conventional diffusion process to form the emitter of a c-Si solar cell is a complicated process with high thermal as well as economic budget. An alternative to avoid this process is to form MIS/SIS structured solar cells, where different process is used to form the emitter portion of the cell. In this study, 3 × 3 (ITOAl2O3-n-Si) structured SIS cell is developed, where n-Si is the base material, Al2O3 and ITO layer act as hole selective layer and emitter layer, respectively. Sputtered ITO layer of thickness 150 nm acts as a degenerative semiconductor as well as ARC. For ITO coated cell, average reflectance reduced to 4.54 % from 13.63% compared with only textured cell. Metallization is done using Ag on both the sides on the front side above the ITO layer and a continuous contact on the back side by vacuum coating unit. Apart from hole tunnelling, ALD grown very thin 1.5 nm layer of Al2O3 acts as a passivation layer and increases minority carrier lifetime from 9.732 µS to 17.548 µS. Achieved open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) are 684 mV and 35 mA, respectively.