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Featuring complex and fractured terrain, the Loess hilly and gully regions suffer poor grain production capacity. The behavior of farmers, the major users of agricultural production space, significantly influences the agricultural production space. Hence, it is essential to explore the evolution rules of the agricultural production space under the influence of farmer behavior and reveal the influencing mechanism of agricultural production space change, which will facilitate the promotion of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Relying on six-stage remote sensing images of the Yanhe River Basin from 1995 to 2018, this study utilized a land use dynamic index, transfer matrix and landscape pattern index to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of agricultural production in the Yanhe River Basin. Furthermore, the geographic detector model was applied to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of the spatial pattern evolution of agricultural production. The results demonstrated the following: (1) From 1995 to 2018, the overall area of cultivated land in the Yanhe River Basin decreased by 927.02 km2, with a change degree of 21.07%. The spatial structure of agricultural production changed, mainly transferring the cultivated land to woodland and grassland. (2) The spatial form of agricultural production has changed from fragmentation to regularity, and the complexity of the production space shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. (3) The evolution of the spatial pattern of agricultural production was affected by multiple factors of farmer behavior, where significant interactive enhancement effects existed. Specifically, labor input was the dominant factor affecting the overall scale of the production space, with an influence value of 0.202; fertilization input and cultivated land transfer were the key factors affecting the spatial distribution of production, with influence values of 0.264 and 0.242, respectively; income level and social interaction were the base factors affecting the spatial form of production, with influence values of 0.558 and 0.438, respectively. The research results provide scientific support for the improvement of agricultural production quality and the spatial evolution mechanism of agricultural production in the Yanhe River Basin.

With increases in urbanization, agricultural production space is facing a series of problems, such as limited spatial development, loss of development entities, and difficulties in transformation, posing a huge challenge to national food security and sustainable rural development. The peasant household, as the main body in agricultural production space, plays a key role in solving human–land conflicts and achieving revitalization. In this article, we analyze the evolution characteristics of agricultural production space under the influence of peasant household behavior in the Yanhe River Basin from 1995 to 2018, and construct a spatial control system for agricultural production based on peasant household behavior guidance. Our conclusions are: (1) the agricultural production space in the Yanhe River Basin presents three major evolutionary characteristics, namely a reduction in spatial scale, a shift in the center of gravity of spatial distribution to the downstream, and a transformation of the spatial form from fragmented to regular; (2) the production input and production management behaviors of peasant households dominate the evolution of agricultural production space, while resource utilization behavior is an indirect influencing factor; moreover, peasant household behaviors are also influenced by conditions such as soil and location in agricultural production space; and (3) a control method system of “management and control basis + management and control implementation + management and control guarantee” has been formed through research, and targeted guidance has been given to peasant household behavior based on three levels of agricultural production zones and four types of rural areas. The research on zoning classification results can provide scientific guidance for the precise management of agricultural production space in the Yanhe River Basin, and the management and control method system can also provide a theoretical reference for the sustainable development path of agricultural production space.

Sustainable development in arid and semi-arid areas is largely constrained by water resources. Expanding ecological space is considered an effective way to conserve water resources. The innovation of this study is the analysis of water consumption in different land-use types from a complete watershed scale, which can evaluate space management against the background of returning farmland to forestland during the past 20 years, and provide suggestions for future space management in semi-arid areas. Based on meteorological data and GIS technology, the current study quantitatively analyzes the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the water consumption of different vegetation growth stages in the Yanhe River Basin by using the improved Penman formula. The results show that the water consumption of vegetation in the Yanhe River Basin increased from 0.44 km³ in 2000 to 0.68 km³ in 2020. The water consumption of vegetation showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, with the highest value in the central Baota area (1.094 km³) followed by the western Ansai region (0.727 km³), whereas the consumption in the eastern Yanchang area is relatively low (0.483 km³). In addition, the annual average water consumption is (0.381 km³). The cultivated land consumes the most water (0.21 km3), while the woodland consumes the least (0.072 km³). The water consumption per unit area of forested land is the highest, reaching 190 m, and the water consumption of low-coverage grassland is the lowest, only reaching 50 m. Vegetation distribution change could be the main influencing factor of vegetation water consumption change in the Yanhe River Basin. Through the establishment of the sustainable development path of ecological space with water as the core, the high-quality development of ecological environments in arid and semi-arid areas will be achieved.

Under complex external disturbances, rural suburbs are confronted with rapidly changing man-land conflict. In this context, the path of resilience development in coordination with the spatiotemporal changes of rural settlements should be taken. This study interpreted the complex system of rural settlements based on complicated social network in the case of Qin and Han New City, and developed a research framework of “spatial simulation–resilience evaluation–spatial planning”. The results include the evolution trends of settlement space from present to future and its spatial resilience in static and dynamic states. In the present study, 14 central villages and 6 types of rural development were finalized, and the study area possessed a long-term spatiotemporal resilience when 85 villages remained, thus forming an ideal spatial pattern of “rural relic zones + characteristic towns”. The findings can offer guidance for the resilience development in suburban villages as well as provide a basis for guiding the regional urban–rural coordination, village–town system planning and rural construction.

The continuous development of urbanization in China has brought new opportunities to rural settlements but has also led to spatial problems such as disorderly layout and unbalanced morphological structures, and the sustainable development of the countryside faces great challenges. As the core spatial carrier of rural settlements, scientific identification of their characteristics and delineation of their types is conducive to the subsequent spatial optimization of rural settlements to promote the coordinated and orderly development of rural areas. In recent years, several studies have explored the characteristics and classification of rural settlements based on single factor influences, but few studies have comprehensively considered them from a multidimensional perspective. To fill this gap, this paper takes the rural settlements in the Weibei Plain as the research object, uses the continuous spectral transect analysis method, combines the landscape security pattern analysis, establishes a multidimensional feature matrix model, quantitatively analyzes the spatial differentiation characteristics, and classifies the types. The key findings are as follows. (1) According to the analysis of landscape security patterns, it was divided into four types of rural settlements. The rural settlements with high and medium security patterns accounted for 86.79%, and the overall ecological adaptability was good. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, 80% of patches in the Weihe River transect are small and unevenly distributed under the influence of river runoff, gradually changing from dense to discrete; the fluctuation range of the 70% patch area is restricted by the terrain in the Hanyuan tableland transect is small and changes from discrete to dense. In terms of spatial morphology, 70% of the Weihe River transect was irregular and varied greatly. The morphology of the Hanyuan tableland transect tended to be similar, and the degree of fragmentation of the Hanyuan tableland transect was higher than that of the Weihe River transect. (3) The Weihe River transect was divided into six types of settlement space, the Hanyuan tableland transect was divided into seven types, and the characteristics of different settlement space types were quite different. The results can provide a scientific basis for the spatial planning, industrial guidance, and facility layout of rural settlements and have important significance for the rational formulation of spatial agglomeration guidance strategies and the promotion of sustainable rural development in China.

As the most basic travel mode of residents, walking trip takes place more frequently in residential districts. It is of great significance to study the land use characteristics of the residential district suitable for walking in order to create a good walking environment and land use model. In this paper, 18 residential blocks in Xi'an are taken as the research object, based on the relevant data of the pedestrian flow rate and land use of residential blocks, this paper analyzes the interactive relationship between the non-commuting hours during the week, the commuting hours during the week and the weekends by using the multiple linear regression model, and the land use characteristics of residential blocks under the guidance of walking trip are revealed. The results show that the land use factors related to pedestrian flow rate are mainly 9 factors, such as building density, buildings mixing degree, mixing degree of business functions and density of functional formats. In different hours, walking trips have different demands on various elements of land use. During the non-commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for building density, mixing degree of business functions, density of functional formats and footpath area ratio is large. During the commuting hours during the week, the demand for walking trips for buildings mixing degree, density of functional formats, road network connectivity, and green area ratio of footpath is large. During the weekends, the demand for building density, density of functional formats, road network density, and footpath density is large. Through the above analysis, the optimization strategy is proposed for residential blocks in Xi 'an, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization and transformation of the space environment of residential blocks to promote walking trip.

As an important means to promote the territorial spatial planning system, the control of rural ecological space at watershed scale is of great significance for rural revitalization aimed at sustainable development and ecological environmental protection. Taking Sanshui River Basin in Xunyi as the research area, the paper applies the redline zoning method which integrates ecological sensitivity with ecosystem service, and collects remote sensing image data, DEM data, soil data, and also ecological environment characteristics and human activity intensity factors for a comprehensive analysis on the ecological function zone, ecological corridor and rural settlement in the river basin. The ultimate objective of the research is to propose a rural ecological space control system centered around “regionalization-network-stationing”. As suggested by the research results, in Sanshui River Basin, the area of suitable development zone, ecological control buffer zone, and ecological conservation zone is 467.35 km2, 538.86 km2 and 317.34 km2, accounting for 35.31%, 40.74% and 23.95% of the basin respectively; a basin rural ecological corridor network structure featuring “one core, one vertical line and three horizontal lines” has been constituted; approximately 387 villages are based in suitable construction development zone, 169 in ecological control buffer zone, and 82 in ecological conservation zone. The research is expected to provide scientific evidence for sustainable rural development and rational use of ecological environmental resources in Sanshui River Basin, afford specific technical support to territorial spatial planning, and reinforce space control scientificity and practicability.

The block is an important spatial unit of urban built-up areas. The investigation of the relationship between bicycle travel mode and land use characteristics at the scale of the block can effectively address the contradiction between the supply and demand for transportation under the background of stock characteristics. Herein, 21 typical blocks in Xi’an are applied as the research object, Mobike bicycle data, mobile phone signaling data and traditional survey data are employed. The correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis methods are used to identify the relationship between bicycle travel and land use. As a result, land use characteristics under the influence of bicycle travel are obtained. The results show that the land use indicators significantly related to street bicycle travel are composed of building mixing degree, floor area ratio and riding connectivity. Each index has a positive effect on street bicycle travel. The building mixing degree has the greatest impact on bicycle travel, followed by the floor area ratio and riding connectivity. In different periods, the impact of three indicators on bicycle travel varies. Especially, the impact on weekend bicycle travel is more obvious. This study can provide a reference for the optimization and transformation of land use in blocks under the influence of bicycle travel.

During the different periods of a day, the imbalanced distribution of inbound ridership, that is related to land use, results in extreme flow, which makes metro management challenging. The causes of imbalanced passenger flow from the perspective of land use in metro station areas are studied in this paper. More specifically, based on site classification, the impact of land use, including the floor area ratio and gross floor area on passenger flow, was explored by using a multiple linear regression model. The results first indicate that the impact intensities of the floor area ratio on peak hourly flow were 0.41, 0.21, and 0.20 around business, residential, and mixed sites, respectively. Second, for the abovementioned sites, the types with the greatest impact intensities of gross floor area on peak hourly flow were commercial and business facilities (B), residential (R), as well as administration and public services (A), which were 0.73, 0.32, and 0.87, respectively. Finally, for the land-development-control schemes for business, residential, and mixed sites, the maximum values of the floor area ratio were roughly 7.2, 5.3, and 8.2, respectively. The results presented in this study provide guidance for land development in metro station areas and contribute to avoiding the emergence of extreme passenger flow.

In the context of farmland afforestation and urbanization, it is necessary for the small watershed rural settlements in the hilly–gully Loess Plateau to coordinate spatiotemporal changes and take the path of resilience development. In the case of the Sanshui Watershed, this paper investigates the rural settlement systems based on complex networks, and develops a research framework of “spatial simulation–resilience evaluation–spatial planning”. The results include the evolution trends of settlement space from present to future, as well as its spatial resilience in static and dynamic states. In this study, a total of six central villages and six types of rural development are finalized, and the study area possesses a prolonged spatiotemporal resilience when 29 villages remain, thus forming an ideal spatial pattern of “rural corridor zones + characteristic towns”. The findings of this study can represent guidance for resilience development in small watershed villages and provide a basis for guiding the regional urban–rural integration, village layout, as well as resource allocation and construction.

The discordance between the operation of rail transit and surrounding land use is highlighted with the rapid construction of rail transit in China. The related research on coupling relationship is well needed. Taking 13 typical commercial service rail transit stations in Xi'an as the example, this article established the evaluation indicator of coordinated relationship between rail transit station operating efficiency and land use, and a data envelopment analysis (DEA)model was used to evaluate the coupling degree between them. According to the research results, the coupling development between operating efficiency and land use in Xi'an commercial service rail transit station is at a low level and there exists a huge difference between the two. Moreover, this research identified the key indexes that influence the coupling development of the two, namely Class-A, Class-B, and Class-R land use proportion, plot ratio, land use mixture and parking facility control, and determined the reasonable control range of these four indices. The research promotes the intensive use of land around Xi'an rail transit station and better supports the sustainable operation of rail transit.

In the future, big data will become an efficient and useful means for improving urban planning, and machine learning can take city as a simplified and efficient system. We take full advantage of the benefits of new technology, but also clarify that city is not a machine, also cannot fully mechanically control the urban development. This study presents a methodology for identifying low-carbon travel block, which can be used to identify the built environment conducive to residents’ low-carbon travel. We chose the four elements of traffic survey—travel mode, travel time, travel purpose and travel frequency—as the framework to evaluate travel carbon emissions. Using the index data collected from “WeChat,” a popular social-media platform in China and questionnaire surveys, we conducted hotspot analysis of the spatial distribution of travel carbon emissions in GIS. We obtained a comprehensive carbon emissions and its spatial distribution through the superposition of hotspot density surface of different indexes. The results show that E block within the research area has the lowest travel carbon emissions. These results suggest some planning implications from three aspects—land use mode, road network and public service facilities: In the old urban district of Pucheng, the ratio of residential building area and other types’ building area should be “4:1–3:1”; and we should develop the travel model of bicycle, and the interval of bicycle lanes should be 350–450 m; The ratio of walking road to total road area should be 15–20%, and the width of road should be restricted. Coverage of transit site buffered for the radius of 150 m is 40–50%, coverage of shopping services buffered for the radius of 50 m is 45–60%, and coverage of recreational facilities buffered for the radius of 100 m is 50–70%. The results confirm that “functional mixing” and “dense road network” are beneficial to residents’ low-carbon travel proposed by the predecessors. At the same time, we found that not the higher volume rate is, the more favorable for low-carbon travel. Small cities have limited number of population and scattered distribution of professional posts, which are not suitable for the traditional mode of improving the volume ratio and the bus system. It is not that the higher the bus station coverage is, the better for residents to travel as low-carbon, and the high popularity of public transportation in small cities will increase the carbon emission of residents. The study provides a new way to evaluate the carbon emission assessment of blocks and provides a basis for block planning with low-carbon concept.

As a core component of the historical and cultural village, the quantitative evaluation method of the value of tourism resources has become the focus of the tourism planning study. At present, there is a lack of the characteristics of tourism resources in the process of tourism planning. A historical and cultural village tourism value evaluation method based on the theory is needed. In the scope of research, we expand the research object of the theory, and perfect the AVC theory and application research of the tourism resources of historical and cultural villages under the background of rural tourism planning. In depth of study, this paper analyzes the value characteristics of historical and cultural village tourism resources under AVC theory, and discusses the content system of tourism planning, which is a perfect study of the previous AVC theory. Finally, through the combination of theory and practice, we find the elements and influencing factors of tourism resources value, and make a quantitative evaluation of the value characteristics of tourism resources in historical and cultural villages. The study has reference value to quantify the evaluation of the value of historical and cultural village tourism resources and provide the basis for the historical and cultural village tourism planning method.

The study of exploring the internal connection between rail transit and land use is of great significance for the coordinated development of urban space and rail transit construction, and it is also important for the intensive use of land affected by rail transit stations. The land use structure and population density surrounding the stations of Line 1.2.3 of Xi’an Rail Transit were clustered by SPSS for identifying the rail transit stations with high population density. Subsequently, We have established an indicator system of urban land use and rail transit operation capabilities based on multivariate data, and explored the coordinated relationship between rail transit and land use through data envelopment analysis (DEA) evaluation methods at high population density stations. Besides, the coupling degree of land use in rail transit stations with high population density was evaluated, and the key indicators affecting the coupling degree were further analyzed in Xi’an. In conclusion, this study finds that the relationship between rail transit capacity and land use of high population density rail transit stations is unbalanced. Hence, to promote the sustainable development of rail transit capacity and surrounding land, it is suggested that we should confine the development of land use intensity around the station, improve the service functions of small-scale living areas, and optimize the travel environment intended for short-distance travel. For residents, they are encouraged to choose the mode of rail transit for their long-distance travel. At the same time, the peak passenger flow at the stations should be evacuated accordingly.

Ecological corridor is an important means to maintain the stability of watershed ecosystem and enhance the ecological sustainability of watershed. The layout of ecological corridor can reduce the harm of landscape fragmentation caused by the rapid development of cities, especially in the arid area of Loess Plateau, which is of great significance to strengthen the connectivity of ecological patches and restore the service function of ecosystem. In this paper, taking Sanshui River Basin in Xunyi as the research object, from the perspectives of production, life and ecology, based on the landscape ecology research paradigm of “patch-corridor-matrix”, the ecological source is determined, the ecological corridor is identified and constructed by the method of overlapping ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity, and finally the spatial structure of ecological corridor network in Sanshui River Basin is obtained. The results show that 65 core ecological patches can be selected as key ecological sources in Sanshui River Basin. It is identified that 75 ecological corridors form an ecological corridor layout mode of “green corridors are coherent and loops are interconnected”; According to the layout of ecological corridor, the spatial structure of ecological corridor network can be formed as “one heart, one vertical and three horizontal”. The research can improve the ecological stability of Sanshui River Basin, promote the construction of ecological civilization in Sanshui River Basin, and provide scientific basis for the optimization of rural ecological space in small watershed scale.

To further study the effects of public service facilities on the land use intensity at regulatory planning level and enhance the scientific determination of land use intensity, this paper expounds the influence mechanism and factors of the public service facilities on land use intensity in regulatory planning, and conducts quantitative evaluation of the influence factors through theoretical analysis, mathematical analysis and analytic hierarchy process etc. The results show that the influence mechanism of public service facilities on the land use intensity goes throughout all three levels of regulatory planning. Different characteristics of public service facilities on each level determine their different influence factors and take effect on the land use intensity index of the corresponding level, thus affecting the determination of the block floor area ratio. Based on this, this paper proposes a method to determine the land use intensity in regulatory planning under the restriction of public service facilities and completes the test in practice, which may provide a reference for determining the land use intensity in regulatory planning.

The regulatory detailed planning is substantive legal planning stage of urban planning in China. The first problem is the need to check and inheritance the indicators of total planning land about construction in the process of compiling. According to city zoning rules establishment work reality, the basic thought of the system analysis, the traffic engineering and urban planning in the related theory and method on the basis of macroscopic traffic flow classification, using the road network capacity calculation method and traffic distribution forecasting method proposed with interregional channel planning level of service and the internal road network planning level of service as the control target, proposes the method by using the master planning road network control to inversely calculate the total amount for the construction of district land use. The calculation example is also given. Studies show that the presented control rules compiled for checking algorithm can play check function about the amount of land used for construction master planning achieve under the premise of the control overall situation trunk road network level of service, to avoid the amount of unnecessary in the subsequent units, neighbourhood planning adjustments.

There are frequent population flow and complex spatial structures in suburban villages. Understanding the spatial characteristics of population activities in suburban villages helps to coordinate the relationship between urban and rural areas and guide the development of suburban villages and the formulation of sound policies. Taking the rural area of Qin and Han New City as the research object, this paper constructs a population time-space analysis framework of &ldquo, population attribute-activity characteristics-spatial analysis&rdquo, based on cellphone signaling data. According to the characteristics of the population activity curve, K-means clustering algorithm was used to classify rural space and analyze their characteristics. This study has shown that migrants, who are showed as young and energetic, account for 49.8% of the local registered population per day. Bidirectional flow of residents and commuters is generally presented in urban and rural areas. The urban-rural relation curve was characterized by &ldquo, double peaks&rdquo, The changes in the population in each village and the intensity of urban-rural relation were affected by location, industry and land use. The village population activity curve was classified into three categories, and nine characteristic villages are formed combined with the activity function. The research results can provide a scientific basis for urban and rural planning, spatial planning, industrial guidance and the facility layout.

To further study the effects of public service facilities on the land use intensity at regulatory planning level and enhance the scientific determination of land use intensity, this paper expounds the influence mechanism and factors of the public service facilities on land use intensity in regulatory planning, and conducts quantitative evaluation of the influence factors through theoretical analysis, mathematical analysis and analytic hierarchy process etc. The results show that the in- fluence mechanism of public service facilities on the land use intensity goes throughout all three levels of regulatory plan- ning. Different characteristics of public service facilities on each level determine their different influence factors and take effect on the land use intensity index of the corresponding level, thus affecting the determination of the block floor area ratio. Based on this, this paper proposes a method to determine the land use intensity in regulatory planning under the re- striction of public service facilities and completes the test in practice, which may provide a reference for determining the land use intensity in regulatory planning.