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Funder: Arcus Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100016681, Funder: Darwin Initiative, Funder: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009167, Funder: European Outdoor Conservation Association; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013711, Funder: Fundacion Bioparc, Funder: Ocean Parks Conservation Foundation Hong Kong, Funder: Orangutan Land Trust, Funder: Save the Orangutan, Funder: Taronga Zoo, Funder: The Orangutan Project, Funder: Ministry of Environment & Forestry, Funder: PT Rimba Makmur Utama, Degraded tropical peatlands lack tree cover and are often subject to seasonal flooding and repeated burning. These harsh environments for tree seedlings to survive and grow are therefore challenging to revegetate. Knowledge on species performance from previous plantings represents an important evidence base to help guide future tropical peat swamp forest (TPSF) restoration efforts. We conducted a systematic review of the survival and growth of tree species planted in degraded peatlands across Southeast Asia to examine (1) species differences, (2) the impact of seedling and site treatments on survival and growth and (3) the potential use of plant functional traits to predict seedling survival and growth rates. Planted seedling monitoring data were compiled through a systematic review of journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, theses and unpublished datasets. In total, 94 study‐sites were included, spanning three decades from 1988 to 2019, and including 141 indigenous peatland tree and palm species. Accounting for variable planting numbers and monitoring durations, we analysed three measures of survival and growth: (1) final survival weighted by the number of seedlings planted, (2) half‐life, that is, duration until 50% mortality and (3) relative growth rates (RGR) corrected for initial planting height of seedlings. Average final survival was 62% and half‐life was 33 months across all species, sites and treatments. Species differed significantly in survival and half‐life. Seedling and site treatments had small effects with the strongest being higher survival of mycorrhizal fungi inoculated seedlings; lower survival, half‐life and RGR when shading seedlings; and lower RGR and higher survival when fertilising seedlings. Leaf nutrient and wood density traits predicted TPSF species survival, but not half‐life and RGR. RGR and half‐life were negatively correlated, meaning that slower growing species survived for longer. Synthesis and applications. To advance tropical peat swamp reforestation requires expanding the number and replication of species planted and testing treatments by adopting control vs. treatment experimental designs. Species selection should involve slower growing species (e.g. Lophopetalum rigidum, Alstonia spatulata, Madhuca motleyana) that survive for longer and explore screening species based on functional traits associated with nutrient acquisition, flooding tolerance and recovery from fire.

This paper discuss empirical model of business relationship in Indonesia retail industry. Empirical framework of this paper based on relationship marketing concept and power imbalance of retail industry. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of Power asymmetry and relationship marketing to supplier and retailer economic performance in a business relationship. Result of this paper is empirical framework to analyze Indonesia retail industry. We analyze our empirical model by using Path Analysis. Samples of this study are retailers and suppliers in three major cities in Indonesia, they are Semarang, Surakarta and Jogjakarta. Our unit analysis is dyadic based on the nature concept of relationship marketing proposed by Morgan and Hunt (1994). Main construct of business relationship and technical model of estimation to conduct research about relationship marketing and power imbalance in Indonesia retail industry is also discussed., peer-reviewed

The dissertation focuses on the engaged women of the Indonesian nation state-formation that was immensely affected by the intersection of the decolonial movement and the Cold War, which intertwined with the formation of the Third World (or in Soekarno’s term ‘the new emerging forces). The term “engaged women” is deliberate, not merely to refer to those women whose lives became entangled in the decolonial processes in Indonesia and during the Cold War, but also to acknowledge their marriages to Indonesian leftist nationalists. The dissertation bears the names of my select group of ‘engaged women’: Molly (Warner) Bondan (1912-1990), Trees Soenito-Heyligers (1915-2003), Carmel (Brickman) Budiardjo (1925-2021), Francisca Casparina Fanggidaej (1925-2013), and Francisca Pattipilohy (1926), who came from diverse backgrounds, classes, races, ethnicities, religions, and nationalities. I analyzed the life stories of these engaged women, the entanglement of their life stories with the decolonial movement, the Cold War, and the development of the Third World, and their engagements with respect to notions of love, hope, future, and citizenship. I address these issues by asking what each might mean to them, what kind of discourse they added to the related episodes and ideas, and how come their stories have been omitted from historiography. The attempt to fathom the various aspects of these engaged women required me to knit intersected theoretical concepts and approaches. The biographical approach based on archival research and interviews became the central tenet for this dissertation. The archival sources uncovered and used in this dissertation can be classified into private and public data categories. The private sources are mainly ego documents left behind by the women, as well as correspondence letters— their epistolary dialogues with friends, colleagues, and relatives. As for the public sources, I lean extensively on institutional archives, primarily those in the Archief Nederlandse Vrouwenbeweging, Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF) Collection, International Union of Students (IUS) Collection, and World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Collection, all kept by the IISG. The engaged women’s life stories serve to advance our understanding of the narratives from the overlapping periods with respect to the decolonial movement, the Cold War, and the Third World formation, which have often been treated as independent processes. Their life stories also reveal how the decolonial movement managed to disrupt the existing social structure. It is evident when the society in this distinctive period was less antagonistic to the more liberal arrangement of their love/life, providing men and women with the freedom to choose their ideals of affection and empathy, as well as of free choices in marriage and family life, regardless of religion, race, ethnicity, and nationality. The intersections of various socio-political categories initiated a discovery of “who they are”—the untangling of the complexities of their identities, statuses, ties, networks, and engagements. Further, their engagements show that the decolonial movement that emerged after the Second World War was emancipatory in various ways, providing us with sufficient evidence that a substantial fraction of the women from the new nations played a role in the transnational women’s movement. This evidence has even challenged conventional historical narratives of transnational feminism that originated in the struggle for women’s suffrage in Europe and America, where merely two periods of this movement were identified: the first and second waves in the 1930s and the 1960s, respectively, blatantly excluding the role and experiences of the women of the new nations. Thus, in the Indonesian women’s movement case, the second wave of feminism actually took place earlier than in the West. It was a “wave” that became entangled with the decolonial movement.

Within the framework of a larger debate on literary history and censorship studies, this research delves deeper into the role of literature in narrating Indonesia’s bleakest pages of history, namely the events of 1965-66 and the mass killings that followed. The historical legacy of the events was a matter of grave contention within Indonesia and to speak directly and write with honesty about them could become fraught with danger. Throughout most of the 1970s, creative literature in Indonesia was almost totally silent on the background and meaning of the killings of 1965-66, the very specific topic that did not collocate with the values of the authoritarian New Order regime. The aftermath in the lives of individuals who witnessed this tragedy was also skipped over in Indonesian literature. In addition, the traumatic nature of the experience seemed to have been expunged from the memories of witnesses and inhibited a wider group of people from talking. However, against all odds, a few literary authors spoke up and openly addressed this theme in their novels. They were even sympathetic in portraying the victims even though the regime was at the height of its power and exerting maximum social and political control through rampant censorship. In this regard, this dissertation addresses the broader question about what this case of literary production tells us about the nature of censorship under the New Order.

The PhD thesis discusses the relationship between the central courts and local communities in the constructing and managing of water systems in the Brantas river basin, East Java, Indonesia between the tenth and the sixteenth centuries CE. The study looks into what extend Java’s specific longue durée conditions of topography and climate have determined these systems, exploring the temporal and spatial dynamics of the system. Nearby systems as existed in mainland Southeast Asia are compared with the systems in East Java. Although employing a comparative approach, the focus of this research is about East Java itself. The primary sources that are used in the research are divided into two types of sources, namely old Javanese inscriptions and archaeological records. The research of this thesis strongly suggests that the East Javanese polities was perfectly able to control its realm by leaving the practical water management at the level of the watĕks and villages. By comparison to the polities of mainland Southeast Asia, the East Javanese polity merely oversees a political economy that was driven by the bottom-up initiative of local communities, so the East Javanese polity suggests and reflects a much more decentralized polity than the mainland Southeast Asian polities.

The PhD thesis discusses the relationship between the central courts and local communities in the constructing and managing of water systems in the Brantas river basin, East Java, Indonesia between the tenth and the sixteenth centuries CE. The study looks into what extend Java’s specific longue durée conditions of topography and climate have determined these systems, exploring the temporal and spatial dynamics of the system. Nearby systems as existed in mainland Southeast Asia are compared with the systems in East Java. Although employing a comparative approach, the focus of this research is about East Java itself. The primary sources that are used in the research are divided into two types of sources, namely old Javanese inscriptions and archaeological records. The research of this thesis strongly suggests that the East Javanese polities was perfectly able to control its realm by leaving the practical water management at the level of the watĕks and villages. By comparison to the polities of mainland Southeast Asia, the East Javanese polity merely oversees a political economy that was driven by the bottom-up initiative of local communities, so the East Javanese polity suggests and reflects a much more decentralized polity than the mainland Southeast Asian polities.

This dissertation focuses on the actors and agencies in the transnational Buddhist networks that were involved in the making of Buddhism in Indonesia from 1900 to 1959. Using the framework of transnational networks, this dissertation endeavours to understand how Buddhism gradually secured a place in Indonesian society. By viewing the late-colonial and early post-colonial period as a continuum in which Buddhism continued to take root, it connects developments that have thus far been treated as separated by the demarcation line of Indonesian independence.Furthermore it argues that modern Buddhism in the Indonesian archipelago developed as a result of global and regional religious transformations. Particularly important was the spread of Theravada Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia. Especially, the dissertation investigates the dominant roles of lay people, Buddhist missionaries and intellectuals who were living in and travelling to colonial Indonesia. The Peranakan Chinese were the primary local actors in this process because of their pivotal role in the making of modern Buddhism from the beginning of the period under consideration until the post- independence years. The Peranakan Chinese community can be seen as a “place” where people from various backgrounds articulated their ideas about Buddhism and interacted with others.

This dissertation examines the dynamics of memory of violence in present-day society, by zooming in to memory of the anti-communist violence in Indonesia in 1965. The problem starts with the contrasting narrative about this particular event. On the one hand, the national narrative by the state commemorates the death of six generals and one low rank army officer during the September 30th Movement or Gerakan 30 September 1965/ G30S. The military accused the Indonesian Communist Party or Partai Komunis Indonesia/ PKI as the mastermind behind the movement. The movement was followed by a regime shift from Sukarno to Suharto in 1966. On the other hand, this new regime initiated a nation-wide purge against communists, leftists, and their affiliates in 1965-66 and in 1968 in some parts of East Java. This violent bloodbath continued to be excluded from Indonesia’s national historiography until today. They became the counter-narrative.This dissertation goes beyond this binary approach of state versus counter narrative. Through a case study in rural area of Donomulyo district in East Java, this research discovered that memories of violence are multi-layered. They are not exclusively determined by the repressive memory project of the state, but are actually embedded in social relations and local context where the violence occurred. Moreover, this case study shows that memories of violence did not diminish over time, not even under state repression. Narratives of violence travel within communities through stories of places, or sites of memory, and also through family narratives.