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Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of Cention-N (CN) and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) as restorations for pulpotomised primary molars, and to study clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomies restored with these materials. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 pulpotomised molars with occlusoproximal caries. These were randomly divided into two groups and restored with either stainless steel crowns or Cention-N. Clinical performance of restorations and clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy was examined at 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: The mean scores for marginal integrity deteriorated significantly at 6, 9 and 12 months in both groups but in comparison were insignificant. The mean for proximal contact deteriorated significantly for the Cention-N group, whereas the mean for gingival health deteriorated remarkably for the stainless steel crown group at successive evaluations. No tooth in either group showed secondary caries or discomfort on biting, except for one tooth in Cention-N group which presented with secondary caries. The clinical success rate for pulpotomised molars was 100% for both groups until nine months, although this had reduced by the end of 12 months. Radiographically, the success rate was 79.3% for Cention-N, while it was 86.6% for stainless steel crowns at 12 months. There was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between either group. Conclusion: Cention-N and stainless steel crowns are comparable for marginal integrity. However, crowns maintain significantly better proximal contacts while Cention-N was notably better for gingival health of the restored tooth. Both materials do not show secondary caries and discomfort on biting and are comparable in clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy at the end of one year.

Purpose To compare three condensation techniques of zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) as a pulpal dressing material during pulpotomy in extracted primary molars. Material and Methods Sixty primary first and second molars were embedded in individual wax casts and divided into three groups consisting of 20 teeth each. In group I, the ZOE base was condensed by an amalgam condenser, while a moist cotton pellet was used in group II. A combination of an amalgam condenser and a wet cotton pellet tested the condensation mentod in group III. The condensation quality of the three techniques was evaluated through two digital periapical radiographs taken in a lateral and anterior-posterior direction. Results Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was no significant difference between the technique and quality of ZOE compaction. However, a significant difference was observed on condensation assessment for combined three groups on lateral radiographs vs the appearance on antero-posterior radiographs with the p-value set at Conclusion Voids appeared with all three techniques. A combination of an amalgam condenser and the wet cotton wool pellet was the least effective method of condensation. Lateral radiographs revealed much fewer spaces between the ZOE and pulpal floor in comparison to antero-posterior images.

Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of preformed metallic crowns (PMC) utilizing the HT in carious primary molars for children treated within public dental clinics across the Sydney region. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was designed, whereby two investigators evaluated 113 primary molars treated with HT PMCs involving 71 participants (aged between 5 and 11 years) after a minimum of 6 months post treatment. The mean time elapsed between crown placement (treatment) and the review was 1.42 years (17 months). The outcome of the HT was assessed by clinical and radiographic criteria. Results One hundred thirteen HT PMCs were reviewed from 71 participants. The overall success rate of PMCs placed utilizing the HT was 99%, with only one case presenting with confirmed failure. Conclusions HT PMCs have an overall high success rate as a treatment option in carious primary molars.

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia acumulada (IA) de caries en molares temporarios tratados con sellantes de ionómero de vidrio (IV). La hipótesis de estudio establece que los sellantes de ionómero de vidrio disminuirían la incidencia de caries en los molares temporarios de los niños pequeños con alto riesgo de caries. Se recopilaron datos de 56 niños de 1 a 5 años que participaron en un programa comunitario de sellantes en Immokalee, FL durante 2018-2019. Se planeó un seguimiento de 6 meses después de la colocación inicial del sellante. La edad promedio (±DE) en el momento de la colocación del sellante fue de 3,57 (±0,66) años. Se colocó un promedio (±DE) de 6,55 (±1,97) sellantes por niño. En promedio, 1,29 molares temporarios estaban cariados en la visita inicial. Se colocaron un total de 367 sellantes de ionómero de vidrio-Fuji en molares temporarios no cariados/sin restauración, o un promedio 6,55 sellantes por niño. En el seguimiento, hubo 10 molares temporarios con nuevas caries en aquellos dientes que habían sido sellados o un promedio de 0,23 ± 0,66 dientes con nuevas caries por niño. La IA de caries entre todos los dientes sellados fue del 2,7%, con una IA más alta en los segundos molares temporarios mandibulares. Los sellantes fueron en gran medida efectivos para prevenir la caries en los molares temporarios. Los sellantes de ionómero de vidrio podrían ser una estrategia eficaz para la prevención de caries dental en los molares temporarios de los niños con alto riesgo de caries. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative incidence (CI) of decay on primary molars treated with glass ionomer (GI) sealants. We hypothesized that GI sealants would decrease caries incidence in primary molars of young children at high caries risk. Data were collected from 56 children aged 1–5 years participating in a community-based sealant program in Immokalee, FL during 2018–2019. Follow-up was planned for 6 months after the initial sealant placement. The mean (±SD) age at sealant placement was 3.57 (±0.66) years. A mean (±SD) of 6.55 (±1.97) sealants were placed per child. There was a mean of 1.29 decayed primary molars per child at the initial visit. A total of 367 Fuji GI sealants were placed on non-carious/non-restored primary molars, or a mean of 6.55 sealants per child. At follow-up, there were 10 newly decayed primary molars among the teeth that had been sealed or a mean of 0.23±0.66 newly decayed teeth per child. The CI of caries among all sealed teeth was 2.7%, with the highest CI on primary mandibular second molars. Sealants were largely effective in preventing caries in primary molars. GI sealants may be an effective prevention strategy for primary molars among young children at high caries risk. 56-64 revodontdlosandes@gmail.com Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/odontoula

BackgroundManual or mechanized instruments can be used for root canal preparation. Manual instrumentation using K-files is widely used in primary teeth, but there are many limitations. Mechanized root canal preparation can lead to easy access to all canals, decrease instrumentation time, and result in more funnel-shaped root canals, resulting in a more predictable uniform paste fill.AimThis study aimed to evaluate the shaping ability and instrumentation time of VDW.ROTATE™ and EdgeTaper Platinum™ during the preparation of resin-printed primary molars. Hand K-files were used as a reference for comparison.DesignSixty-six resin-based maxillary second primary molars, obtained from extracted tooth cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image and printed on a three-dimensional printer, were divided into three groups: VDW.ROTATE™, EdgeTaper Platinum™, and K-files. The specimens were scanned using CBCT imaging before and after root canal preparation. Images were registered using a dedicated software, and changes (Δ) in the canal area, volume, and untouched canal surface were calculated. Instrumentation time was evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS program.ResultsThere was no significant difference among the tested file systems for Δ canal volume and area (p > .05). VDW.ROTATE™, however, showed significantly lower untouched canal surface area than other systems in all roots (p

Background One of the cardinal points to be considered during endodontic procedures in children is the measure of postoperative pain. Aim and objective To evaluate the quality of obturation and its effect on postoperative pain with three file systems in primary mandibular molars during 1 week follow-up. Materials and methods The study was conducted as a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. The participants between 6 years and 9 years old requiring a pulpectomy were recruited for the trial. Forty-five primary mandibular molars were randomly allocated into 15 teeth each in Hand K-files; Kedo-SH and Kedo-SG Blue groups. Wong Baker's FACES Pain Rating Scale was used for assessing the postoperative pain in the children for 1 week. Pearson's Chi-square test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney U test were used for analyzing the data statistically. Results Optimal fillings were observed more in the Kedo-SG Blue group (80.0%) compared to the other two groups (p < 0.017). On intergroup analysis, the Kedo-SG Blue group reported less postoperative pain compared to Kedo-SH group on day 1 while on day 7 no postoperative pain was experienced in either of the groups. Less postoperative pain was reported by the children in whom the canals were optimally filled compared to overfilling and underfilling. Conclusion Kedo-SG Blue resulted in less postoperative pain when compared to Kedo-SH and hand K-files, whereas optimally filled children experienced less postoperative pain compared to overfilling and underfilling. Clinical significance A felicitous pediatric dental practice includes appropriate assessment and management of postoperative pain in children. Hence, the present study is important in highlighting the affiliation of postoperative pain with quality of obturation following an endodontic intervention in children. How to cite this article Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L, Subramanian EMG, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Quality of Obturation and Its Effect on Postoperative Pain between Pediatric Hand and Rotary Files: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):88–96.

OBJECTIVES To assess long-term survival of pulpotomized primary molars and factors related to the survival of the teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective longitudinal study was based on electronic dental health records of children who attended public health service. Eligible children were

Dental ankylosis is a serious condition defined as the process that causes the fusion between the dentin or the cementum of the root and the alveolar bone, with the obliteration of the periodontal ligament becoming progressively replaced by bone tissue. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, location, severity, and association of dental ankylosis in primary molars with other dental anomalies such as the agenesis of permanent buds. For this study 150 panoramic x-rays were selected from patients with temporary or mixed dentition, aged six to twelve years old, from a private dentistry office and from the Pediatric Dentistry Department of UMFST in Targu-Mures, Romania. In order to identify the cases with dental ankylosis, the presence and severity of the infraocclusion, displacements of the neighboring teeth, the appearance of the root area, and the relationship with the bone tissue were examined. For evaluation of the categorical data we used Fischer’s exact test and the Chi-squared test and the chosen significance level was set at 0.05. The results showed that the highest percentage of cases with ankylosis was found in the first group (six to nine years old), respectively, with 72% of cases compared with the second group (ten to twelve years old) with 28% of cases. Findings showed that there was no positive association between dental ankylosis and gender, but a strong correlation was found regarding the location on the dental arches. Most cases were identified on the lower arch with a higher percentage in quadrant three. Of the two primary molars, the most affected by ankylosis was the first molar in quadrant three, followed by the second molar, and finally the first molar in quadrant four. Most cases diagnosed with ankylosis had a mild to moderate degree of infraocclusion; therefore, changes in the functional balance of the dental arch and on neighboring teeth were insignificant. There were some differences obtained between our results and studies from the literature, especially regarding the localization in the lower left dental arch, but these differences can be attributed to the number of the subjects selected and from the methodology of dental ankylosis diagnosis. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that ankylosis is a dental condition which occurs in children in early mixed dentition, especially in the lower arch, with the first primary molar being the most affected tooth. The presence of infraocclusion and the absence of dental mobility, especially during the stage of primary molars’ root resorption, are the main signs which must be followed to make an early diagnosis and prevent further complications.

Purpose The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) has developed this best clinical practice guidance to help clinicians manage deep carious lesions in primary teeth. Methods Three expert groups conducted systematic reviews of the relevant literature. The topics were: (1) conventional techniques (2) Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) and (3) materials. Workshops were held during the corresponding EAPD interim seminar in Oslo in April 2021. Several clinical based recommendations and statements were agreed upon, and gaps in our knowledge were identified. Results There is strong evidence that indirect pulp capping and pulpotomy techniques, and 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride are shown to be effective for the management of caries in the primary dentition. Due to the strict criteria, it is not possible to give clear recommendations on which materials are most appropriate for restoring primary teeth with deep carious lesions. Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) is not suitable for multi-surface caries, and Pre-formed Metal Crowns (PMCs) using the Hall technique reduce patient discomfort. GIC and RMGIC seem to be more favourable given the lower annual failure rate compared to HVGIC and MRGIC. Glass carbomer cannot be recommended due to inferior marginal adaptation and fractures. Compomers, hybrid composite resins and bulk-fill composite resins demonstrated similar values for annual failure rates. Conclusion The management of deep carious lesions in primary teeth can be challenging and must consider the patient’s compliance, operator skills, materials and costs. There is a clear need to increase the use of MID techniques in managing carious primary teeth as a mainstream rather than a compromise option.

Introduction: This study evaluated microleakage of flowable and conventional composite in primary molar class II restorations using self-etch and total-etch bonding agents. Methods: Class II standard cavities were prepared on proximal surface of 48 primary molars. These cavities were restored using GrandioFlow and Grandio composites and Futurabond DC and Solobond M as bonding agents. Teeth apices were sealed by wax and two-layer nail varnish was applied up to 1mm of restoration margins. Samples were subjected to thermocycling, stained by silver nitrate solution and sectioned mesiodistally. Microleakage was measured from the tooth-restoration margin to end point of dye penetration using a stereomicroscope with a 0-3 scale. Microleakage scores were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test in 4 groups and paired comparisons were performed using Monte Carlo test. Results: Microleakage was seen in all composite and bonding agent groups. Pairwise comparison showed no significant difference regarding the microleakage between groups ( P>0.05) . Conclusion: Gradioflow as a flowable composite and Futurabond DC as a self-etch bonding agent both showed acceptable results in regard to microleakage. Considering the ease of application of flowable composites compared to conventional ones and shortening the treatment both flowable composites and self-etch bonding agentshave showed promising results in pediatric dentistry

Introduction: Stainless steel crowns are the most successful restoration for multisurface carious lesions in primary molars. The esthetics has been poorly accepted which led to the introduction of zirconia crowns. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinical success, parental satisfaction, and child satisfaction of stainless steel and zirconia crowns in primary molars. Methods: Thirty healthy patients aged 6–8 years bilateral pulp therapy treated primary molars were randomly divided into two equal groups of stainless steel and zirconia crowns. Tooth preparation was done according to the manufacturers' recommendations depending upon the crown each patient would receive. All crowns were cemented with Type I GIC luting cement. Patients were evaluated at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 36 months. Results: Clinical success for stainless steel crowns and zirconia crowns were similar with no statistical difference between them. Zirconia accumulated less plaque than stainless steel crowns (P = 0.047). The parental satisfaction was high with both crowns. A highly significant statistical difference existed between the 2 groups in relation to the acceptance of color (P < 0.001) and child's satisfaction (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Zirconia can be considered as an esthetic alternative in the future.

Aim and objective To compare and evaluate the efficacy of three different pediatric rotary file systems in primary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods Thirty extracted mandibular primary molars were selected and divided into three groups with ten teeth each, instrumented with Kedo SG Blue rotary files, Pro AF Baby gold rotary files, and Pedo Flex rotary files, respectively. Root canal obturation was done with zinc-oxide eugenol cement and the quality of obturation was assessed using CBCT based on the extent of filling as underfilled or optimally filled and the presence or absence of voids within the filling. The data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results Among the three groups, the Kedo SG Blue group showed more number of optimally filled teeth with minimal voids (p < 0.05) followed by the Pro AF Baby gold group and Pedo Flex group. Conclusion Within the study limitations, the Kedo SG Blue group showed ideal endodontic obturation when compared with Pro AF baby gold and Pedo Flex rotary file systems. Clinical significance The present study will guide the pedodontists regarding the efficacy of pediatric rotary file systems and their usage protocols. How to cite this article Vaishali Naidu D, Sharada Reddy J, Patloth T, et al. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Quality of Obturation Using Different Pediatric Rotary File Systems in Primary Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):542–547.

Background: Pulpotomy is a vital pulp therapy performed in carious pulp exposures in teeth in which the inflamed coronal pulp is removed and medicament is placed to conserve the vital root pulps. Recently, simvastatin which is a cholesterol-lowering drug has been found to be associated with the pulp regenerative potential. Aim: The aim of this parallel two-arm randomized control trial was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic efficacy of diode laser (DL) and simvastatin gel (SG) in pulpotomy of carious primary molars. Methods: Hundred primary molars (in 98 children, 65 males, 33 females with age 4–8 years) requiring pulpotomy were randomized into the DL or SG group. Pulpotomy was performed as per the standardized protocol; thereafter, all teeth were restored with resin modified glass ionomer cement followed by stainless steel crowns. Follow-up evaluations were done at 3 and 12 months using clinical and radiographic criteria. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: At 12 months, out of 92 teeth available for clinical and radiographic evaluation by blinded evaluators, DL group showed clinical and radiographic success rates of 76.1% and 52.1%, while SG group showed 80.4% and 65.2% success rates, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the efficacy of two techniques clinically (P = 0.49) or radiographically (P = 0.30). Conclusions: Both SG and DL had similar efficacy for primary tooth pulpotomy, clinically and radiographically after 12 months. Considering its ease of application and low-cost, SG can be recommended as a potential pulpotomy medicament in primary molars.

The present prospective study was conducted to assess the prevalence of enamel hypomineralization (EH) in primary dentition among preterm low birth weight (PT-LBW) children, incidence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the same cohorts, and to determine associations between PT-LBW, hypomineralization in primary second molars, and MIH. A total of 287 PTLBW study subjects and 290 control full-term normal birth weight subjects were followed up for 36 months. Enamel defects were recorded at baseline. The same cohorts were examined after 3 years for MIH using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. Multiple variable logistic regression models were developed. A total of 279 children (48.4%) presented with EH in primary dentition and 207 (35.9%) children presented with MIH. Children with primary second molar hypomineralization had 2.13 (R2 = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.98–4.19, p = 0.005) times higher frequency of MIH. Children with PT-LBW had 3.02 times (R2 = 0.31, 95% CI = 1.01–5.94, p = 0.005) higher frequency of MIH incidence after adjusting for childhood infection, prenatal history, and presence of hypomineralized primary second molars. To conclude, the present study showed significant association between PT-LBW, hypomineralized second primary molars, and incidence of MIH.

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic performance of Aloe vera gel versus formocresol pulpotomy of vital primary molars. Materials & Methods: Pulpotomy procedure was performed in (42) primary molars randomly allocated to two equal groups (21 molars per group). Aloe vera gel was used as a pulpotomy agent in Group A, while formocresol was used as a pulpotomy agent in Group B. All the pulpotomized teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of time interval using predetermined criteria. Results: The overall clinical success rate of Groups A and B at the end of the 12 months follow-up period was 36.8% and 81.3% respectively. The overall radiographic success rate of Groups A and B after 12 months follow-up period was 21.1% and 62.5% respectively. The overall success rate in Group A and Group B at the end of the 12 months follow-up period was 21.1% and 62.5% respectively showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Formocresol was found to be superior when compared to Aloe vera gel as a pulpotomy agent in primary molars.

The long-term effect of Zinc oxide zinc sulfate (Coltosol®) dressing material on pulpotomy success and tooth survival has not yet been studied. This study compared the success rates of Zinc oxide zinc sulfate and zinc oxide eugenol as coronal dressing materials post radicular pulp amputation in primary teeth pulpotomies. This study included healthy two- to ten-year-old children who had pulpotomies on primary molars between 2012 and 2018 at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the School of Dental Medicine. Data were analyzed at several follow-ups of up to 60 months. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate survival probabilities of Zinc oxide zinc sulfate versus zinc oxide eugenol. In the 107 children included in this study, 54 teeth were filled with Zinc oxide zinc sulfate and 53 were filled with zinc oxide eugenol. Follow-up ranged from 12.2 to 73.3 months. Overall survival of Coltosol® vs. IRM filled teeth was 87.1% and 79.3%, respectively. Overall survival probabilities for Coltosol®-filled teeth at 15.5, 24 and 45 months were 95%, 89.8% and 79.7%, respectively, while for IRM they were 93.7%, 83% and 67.7%, respectively. Treatment failure rates and type of treated teeth did not differ between boys and girls (p-value = 0.77 and 0.87, respectively). Zinc oxide zinc sulfate and zinc oxide eugenol exhibited comparable high long-term success rates of up to five years (p = 0.16).

Background The importance of Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a minimally invasive and nonaerosolizing management during COVID-19 pandemic has highly increased. SDF is a caries-arresting agent that causes staining of tooth structure. Managing this discoloration will increase its acceptance in treating primary teeth. The main aim of this study was to quantify the color change associated with the application of SDF on extracted carious primary molars, the potential masking of this color change by potassium iodide (KI), composite (CMP) and glass ionomer cement (GI) and the effect of aging on this color masking effect. Methods An in-vitro study in which 52 carious primary molars were collected, prepared, and distributed randomly into four groups equally as follows: Group A: SDF 38%; Group B: SDF 38% + KI; Group C: SDF 38% + CMP; Group D: SDF 38% + GI. Color changes were recorded for each sample at baseline, and after application of the tested materials. Moreover, all samples had undergone Suntest aging followed by a third color reading. CIELAB values L*, a*, b*, ΔL, Δa, and Δb were measured, ΔE was calculated, and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-Hoc Scheffé test (p

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of primary molar proximal lesions in 4–8 years children restored with three adhesive restorative materials followed up for 12 months. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 102 primary molars of 51 children in the age range of 4–8 years. In all the participants, Class II lesions were restored and randomly allocated into three material groups as giomer group, nano-ionomer group, and light-cured glass-ionomer cement (LC-GIC) group based on the restorative material used. All the restorations were evaluated and scored according to federation dentaire internationale (FDI) criteria for clinical and radiographic success rate at 3, 6, and 12 months' interval. Data were formulated in a predesigned format and were subjected to statistical analysis using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: There was no statistically significant difference observed among the restorative material groups to all the properties of FDI criteria. The overall success rates of restorative materials at 3, 6, and 12 months' interval were as follows: giomer – 100%, 100%, and 94.1%; nano-ionomer – 97%, 94%, and 85.3%; and LC-GIC – 100%, 94%, and 88.2%. Conclusion: The highest clinical success rate was found for the giomer group followed by LC-GIC group and the least for the nano-ionomer group, whereas the highest radiographic success rate was found for giomer as well as LC-GIC group and the least for nano-ionomer group.

Background The objective of this clinical study was to prospectively compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of BiodentineTM pulpotomies versus formocresol pulpotomies in children vital primary molars. Methods A randomized, split–mouth study design was used with a sample of 37 healthy children aged 4– to 8–year–old. A total of 56 pairs (112 teeth) of carious primary teeth, 1 pair per child, were selected for treatment. One tooth from each pair was randomly assigned to either the BiodentineTM pulpotomy group or the formocresol pulpotomy group. Children were followed–up at 3, 6 and 12 months for clinical evaluation and at 6 and 12 months for radiographic evaluation. Data were collected, tabulated and analyzed using Fisher exact and McNemar tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results At 12 months, the clinical success rates of both BiodentineTM and formocresol groups were 100%, while the radiographic success rates for BiodentineTM and formocresol groups were 100% and 98.1%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups (P=1). The only observed radiographic failure was furcal radiolucency in the formocresol group at 12–month interval. Pulp canal obliteration was radiographically observed in 10/56 (17.9%) and 7/56 (12.5%) cases in the BiodentineTM and formocresol groups, respectively. Conclusions Both BiodentineTM and formocresol pulpotomy techniques demonstrated favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes over a 12-month period without any significant difference. Trial registration Registered on NCT03779698. Date of Registration: 18 December 2018.

Introduction: Restoring Class II lesions in deciduous molars has always been a nightmare for the dentist. This survey was designed to understand the perception of dentists regarding the treatment choice. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the choice of material and influencing factors for the treatment of proximal lesions in primary molars. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional web-based survey enclosing nine closed-ended questions was conducted among 180 paediatric dentists and post-graduates of Gujarat. Data were obtained and evaluated at the statistical significance level ofP < 0.05. Results: For 65% of respondents' stainless steel crowns (SSCs) was preferred material for the treatment of cavitated Class II lesions followed by composite and for non-cavitated incipient proximal lesions silver diamine fluoride was preferred by 71% of respondents. Childs age and child's behaviour were the most influencing factors affecting the choice of material (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Different clinical situation requires a different choice of material. The present study enlightens current perception and preference regarding the material of choice in a different situation while restoring Class II lesions in primary molars. We concluded that SSC was the most suitable material of choice amongst a wide range of materials by paediatric. The older concept 'excavation for prevention' is still applied as compared to newer minimal invasive strategies. Many factors contribute to the treatment and material choice for restoring Class II lesions; thus, one ultimate material cannot be selected for all kinds of situations. Thus, it highlights the current trends followed among paediatric dentist.

Background: To establish mixture of zinc oxide and 10% sodium fluoride as a novel root canal obturating material for primary teeth. Aim: This study aims to evaluate clinical and radiographic success of a mixture of zinc oxide and 10% sodium fluoride as root canal obturating material. Settings and Design: This pilot study was conducted among 30 primary molars indicated for pulpectomy. Methods: Thirty grossly decayed primary molars of children aged 4–9 years were selected with signs or symptoms of irreversibly inflamed or degenerative pulp tissue. Single sitting pulpectomy was carried out in all the teeth with a mixture of zinc oxide powder with 10% sodium fluoride, and they were subsequently restored with preformed crown. Teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month intervals. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS Software Version 20.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA) and statistical significance was determined by Chi-square test; level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Overall clinical and radiographic success rate of combination of zinc oxide and sodium fluoride was 92.9% and 85.7%, respectively, at the end of 12 months. Furthermore, resorption rate of material matched resorption of tooth root. Excess filling material was also observed to resorb at the end of 3 months. Conclusion: These results suggest that combination of zinc oxide and sodium fluoride can be considered as suitable alternative root canal obturating materials for primary teeth with low cost to achieve acceptable therapeutic results.

Aim Crowns are applicable on primary teeth with extensive caries, cervical decalcification, developmental defects, interproximal caries extending beyond line angles, and following pulpotomy or pulpectomy. Background Until now, prefabricated crowns, i.e., stainless-steel crowns (SSCs), pre-veneered SSC, and all ceramic/porcelain/zirconia crowns have been available in a range of sizes to match the first and the second primary molar teeth. Case description This case report illustrates a clinical use of computer-aided design and manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM) for the fabrication of a crown for a decayed primary molar using a study model as a reference. The material used was a hybrid ceramic CAD/CAM block. Conclusion This approach has the advantage of the customization of the abutment tooth in contrast to the previously mentioned prefabricated options. How to cite this article Mourouzis P, Arhakis A, et al. Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Crown on Primary Molars: An Innovative Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):76-79.

Introduction: In this study we used combination of amoxicillin, metronidazole and clindamycin for treatment of 3 patients with infected primary molars until eruption of the first molars. Materials and Methods: A single session LSTR was done using combination of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and andclindamycin at the ratio of 1:1:1. Conclusions: After 12- to 13-month follow-ups, the combination can greatly help save hopeless infected primary molars before eruption of permanent first molars due to effective space maintenance.

Aim and Objectives To evaluate clinical and radiographic efficacy of a mix of O. sanctum (tulsi extract) and calcium hydroxide as an obturating material in primary molars and to compare these findings with commercially available iodoform with calcium hydroxide paste (metapex). Materials and Methods The present study was conducted on sixty children age group 4–7 years requiring multiple visit pulpectomy for their primary molars. The teeth selected were randomly divided into two groups. One group received Metapex and other group received Tulsi extract with calcium hydroxide as an obturating material. Clinical and radiographic evaluation were done between both the groups. Results There was no significant difference in the clinical and radiographic success rate between both the groups. Conclusion Tulsi extract with calcium hydroxide can be used as an obturating material in primary molars. How to cite this article Agarwal S, Gupta S, Tandon S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum and Calcium Hydroxide Mix as an Obturating Material in Deciduous Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):617–621.

Context Dental caries is the most common oral disease in preschool children. It is considered to be due to multifactorial etiology, affecting primary molars with various caries patterns. Aim The aim of the study was to determine prevalence and patterns of dental caries in primary molars of preschool children. Prevalence and patterns of dental caries were correlated with age and gender. Settings and design The study design adopted was analytical observational study. Materials and methods Caries examination was done using plain mouth mirror, probe, and tweezers with cotton pellets under standardized environment. Children's age was measured in years, and the age in years and months were merged with nearest round off number. Statistical analysis used Obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Test for significance was done with the help of Chi-square test. Results In Maxilla, max. rt 2nd molars (p value = 0.036), max rt 1st molars (p value = 0.035), max lt 1st primary molars (0.095), and max lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005) showed significantly different caries patterns at different ages of preschool children, while no significant differences were observed in caries patterns in male and female gender. In mandible, man. lt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.005), and man. rt 2nd primary molars (p value = 0.004) showed significantly different caries patterns in different ages of preschool children, while Mand. Lt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.389) and Mand. Rt 1st primary molars (p value = 0.272) showed nonsignificant differences in caries patterns with different ages of preschool children. A nonsignificant difference in caries patterns was noted in male and female gender. Conclusion Mandibular primary molars were more vulnerable for caries development when compared to maxillary primary molars in preschool children. The number of caries patterns present in mandibular and maxillary primary molars, were as follows: Mn. Rt 1st PM > Mn. 1st Lt PM & max lt 1st PM > max lt 2nd PM and max rt 1st PM > Mn. Rt 2nd PM > Mn. Lt 2nd PM > max rt 2nd PM. How to cite this article Srivastava VK. Prevalence and Pattern of Dental Caries and Their Asssociation with Age and Gender in Preschool Children: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):442-450.

This clinical trial focused on collating the instrumentation time and quality of root canal obturation in primary molars treated with three instrumentation techniques: adaptive, rotary, and manual. A triple-armed, randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 75 primary molars requiring pulpectomy treatment, divided into three groups (n = 25 per group). The teeth in Group 1 were instrumented with an adaptive technique (XP-endo Shaper, FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), Group 2 with pediatric rotary files (Kedo-S, D1 and E1), and Group 3 with a manual technique (hand K-files). The apical size of the final instrumentation was maintained at #30 for all groups. Instrumentation time and the grade of the root canal obturation were evaluated. Instrumentation duration was recorded, employing a digital stopwatch from the insertion of the first file until the completion of final irrigation. Obturation quality was assessed using radiographs. The criteria taken as a reference for obturation were: optimal (1 mm short of the apex), underfilled (2 mm short of the apex), or overfilled (beyond the apex). The use of an adaptive technique was associated with the lowest instrumentation time (p &lt, 0.0001) when used for instrumenting primary molars and with the highest root canal filling quality of the three groups. The application of the new concept of adaptive instrumentation for pulpectomy of primary molars was a favorable technique, considering the significant reduction in instrumentation time and better obturation.

Background: In continuation with the ultraconservative minimal intervention approach for carious lesions treatment, lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) is a novel concept of using antibacterial drugs to disinfect dentinal, pulpal, and periapical lesions. Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and microbiologic success rate of indirect pulp treatment (IPT) using a new technique minimal excavation and LSTR with triple antibiotic paste (TAP), for primary molars. Settings and Design: This was randomized controlled trial design. Materials and Methods: Forty-two healthy cooperative children aged 5–10 years having deep carious lesion in primary molars were randomly assigned to receive either traditional IPT with calcium hydroxide or minimal excavation and LSTR with TAP. Follow-up was done at 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 15–18 months intervals, and treatment success or failure was determined by a combination of clinical, microbiological, and radiographic findings. Statistical Analysis Used: Qualitative data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test was used for statistically significant differences between the bacterial counts (median values and percent reduction) between the two groups and the Wilcoxon sign rank test for the intragroup evaluation of bacterial counts. Results: LSTR with TAP was found to be as effective as traditional indirect pulp treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Minimal excavation and LSTR with TAP can be an effective treatment methodology for the management of deep carious lesions in primary molars.

Introduction: Microleakage is an important property that has been used in assessing the success of any restorative material used in restoring a tooth. Immediate application of a surface coating agent is suggested to protect glass ionomer cement against moisture contamination and dehydration during early setting. Aim: To compare marginal microleakage of two different Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)- Conventional GIC and Resin Modified GIC in primary anterior teeth using three surface coating materials. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted between January 2014 to October 2017 on freshly extracted 40 anterior primary teeth which were randomly assigned into two main groups (Fuji II GIC and Fuji II LC GIC) with four subgroups (control-no surface coating, A=GC Fují Varnish II, B=GC G-Coat Plus, C=Icon). A standardised Class V cavity preparation was prepared on the labial surface of each tooth. Specimens were coated with two layers of nail varnish, leaving a 1 mm window around the cavity margins and placed in a solution of Methylene blue Dye for 24 hour at 37°C. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction of the restorations and evaluated under stereomicroscope to check extent of dye penetration. The results were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p≤0.05). Results: It was found that maximum microleakage was seen in group 1 (Fuji II GIC) as compared to group 2 (Fuji II LC GIC) and it was non-significant (p=0.53). Ascending order for mean microleakage for Group 1 was as follows: Control >GC Fuji Varnish >Icon DMG >GC G-Coat and for Group 2: Control >GC Fuji Varnish >Icon DMG >GC G-Coat. Icon when compared with Gc coat and Varnish also showed non-significant (p=0.137) difference in Group 2. Conclusion: All three different surface coatings can seal glass ionomer restorations. The GC G-Coat Plus has the least microleakage on Resin-Modified GIC (RMGIC) compared to the other surface coatings. This would aid the clinicians to make appropriate decision regarding the choice of material to be used for restoration and coating in anterior primary teeth.

Objectives: To assess long-term survival of pulpotomized primary molars and factors related to the survival of the teeth. Materials and methods: This retrospective longitudinal study was based on electronic dental health records of children who attended public health service. Eligible children were

Background Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) and the Hall Technique (HT) are both minimally invasive, non-aerosol generating procedures (non-AGPs). They seem to have never been directly compared, nor has the HT been studied in a non-clinical setting. This study compared the HT and ART restorations placed in a school setting after 36 months. Methods Children (5–10 yo) who had a primary molar with a dentinal occluso-proximal, cavitated carious lesion were allocated to the ART (selective removal) or HT arms. Primary outcome: restoration survival over 36-months (using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, log rank test, and Cox regression). Secondary outcomes: (1) occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) (1, 2, 3, 4 weeks) and (2) child self-reported discomfort; (3) treatment acceptability (immediately following interventions); (4) Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), before treatment and after 6 months and (5) a post hoc analysis of time to tooth exfoliation (1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months). Results One-hundred and thirty-one children (ART = 65; HT = 66) were included (mean age = 8.1 ± 1.2). At 36 months, 112 (85.5%) children were followed-up. Primary outcome: restoration survival rates ART = 32.7% (SE = 0.08; 95% CI 0.17–0.47); HT = 93.4% (0.05; 0.72–0.99), p p = 0.018); (3) over 70% of children and parents showed a high acceptability for treatments, with crown aesthetics being a concern for around 23% of parents; (4) Child OHRQoL improved after 6 months; and (5) teeth treated with the HT exfoliated earlier than those in the ART group (p = 0.007). Conclusions Both ART and the HT were acceptable to child participants and their parents and all parents thought both restorations protected their child’s tooth. However, the crown appearance concerned almost a quarter of parents in the HT arm. Children experienced less discomfort in the ART group. Although both treatments can be performed in a non-clinical setting and have the advantage of being non-aerosol generating procedures (non-AGPs), the HT had almost three times higher survival rates (93.4%) for restoring primary molar occluso-proximal cavities compared to ART (32.7%). Trial registration This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02569047), 5th October 2015. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02569047?cond=Hall+Technique+Atraumatic+Rest orative+Treatment&draw=2&rank=2.

The high frequency of caries in primary teeth and its inadequate treatment are major public health problems during childhood. Nowadays, the Hall technique is one of the methods used for biological sealing in carious lesions in primary molars. Thus, the bacteria will be sealed from oral environment and the caries will be inactive. The objective of this article was to provide an updated search on the Hall technique description, indication, contraindication, advantages, concerns, success and failure, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and preference in pediatric dentistry, and to compare the Hall technique with traditional crown preparation and conventional treatment options for carious primary molars. A discussion of the recently published articles on the Hall technique reveals that the Hall technique is considered a promising restorative option with high acceptability and longevity; with low failure rate for managing carious primary molars compared to conventional treatment modalities used in primary care settings. Furthermore, the survival rate of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) is considered high, whether provided using Hall technique or traditional preparation by a pediatric dentist. Thus, the Hall technique can be an effective addition to the clinician’s range of treatment options for carious primary molars. However, it should be chosen in restricted cases.

WOS: 000526948300007 PubMed: 32246655 Objective: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of different restorative materials in primary molars with class II carious lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 class II carious lesions (with radiographic involvement of the outer half of dentin) in 30 patients were randomly divided into four groups and restored with a glass ionomer restorative system (Equia (TM)), two different bulk-fill composites (Sonicfill (TM) and X-tra fil (TM)), and a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550 (TM)). The restorations were clinically and radiographically evaluated at the baseline, and 3, 6, and 12 months according to the modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's Chi-square and McNemar tests. Results: After 1 year, 134 restorations were evaluated in 26 patients. Equia was statistically less successful than the other restorative materials in marginal adaptation and retention criteria (P < 0.05). However, no material was found to be superior to the others over the study period in marginal discoloration, color matching, secondary caries, anatomical form, and postoperative sensitivity (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The bulk-fill and conventional composites exhibited good clinical performance, and Equia exhibited minor changes over the 1-year trial period. Selcuk University Scientific Research Project UnitSelcuk University [15102006] This study was supported by the Selcuk University Scientific Research Project Unit (15102006).

Objective: Pulpotomy technique basically consists of removing the coronal pulp and fixing the radicular pulp with a medicament. It is the most widely accepted clinical procedure for treating primary teeth with coronal pulp inflammation caused by caries with no involvement of the radicular pulp. A baseline data for this work is mandatory. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University at 2014-2015 concerning the pulpotomized primary molars. The case sheets records for all children were collected; analyzed, and sorted according to the age groups, gender, tooth type, jaw, side, and the restorative materials used. SPSS version 17 was used for data analysis. Results: The highest percentage was for the age group of 6-9 years. Generally, boys were more than girls in the total sample. The higher percentage was found for pulpotomized primary 2nd molar than the primary 1st molar. There were more mandibular pulpotomized primary molars than maxillary, the right primary molars were pulpotomized more than the left primary molars, and the amalgam was the most used filling material. Conclusion: The percentage for age group 6-9 years was the highest, boys were more, pulpotomized 2nd primary molar was more than 1st primary molar, mandibular molars were higher than maxillary, right more than left, and the amalgam was the most common filling material used.

Objective: The objective of the study was to study root canal morphology of primary molars by clearing technique and to observe for any variations. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty extracted primary molars were divided into four groups (n = 30); Group I = maxillary first, Group II = maxillary second, Group III = mandibular first, and Group IV = mandibular second. The samples were subjected to decalcification, clearing, and dye penetration. The data regarding the root canal morphology of each sample were tabulated based on the number of root canals, curvature of the root canal, and root canal configuration. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: According to Vertucci's root canal configuration in Group I, mesiobuccal root exhibited 93.10% Type I, 6.90% Type II, and 6.90% Type IV; distobuccal root had 95.65% Type I and 4.35% Type IV; and palatal roots had 100% Type I canal configuration. In Group II, mesiobuccal root showed 90% Type I and 10% Type IV; distobuccal root had 100% Type I; palatal root exhibited 96.30% Type I and 3.70% Type III. In Group III, mesial root showed 20% Type I, 6.67% Type III, and 73.33% Type IV and distal root had 76.67% Type I and 23.33% Type IV. In Group IV, mesial root exhibited 100% Type IV and distal root had 43.33% Type I and 65.67% Type IV canal anatomy. Conclusion: Vertucci's Type I root canal configurations were most frequently observed.

Endodontic instruments play a vital role during root canal preparation. Biomechanical preparation in primary teeth is performed using the adult endodontic files. There are various disadvantages during use of adult endodontic files in primary teeth namely the length and taper of the files. Recently, an exclusive paediatric endodontic file system has been introduced for cleaning and shaping of primary root canals. This short communication describes the use of exclusive Kedo-SH manual and Kedo-S rotary file system in primary teeth.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Modified Portland Cement (MPC) as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars. Methods: A sample of 54 children 4 to 6 years old of age, who had at least one primary mandibular second molar that needed pulpotomy were randomly placed in MTA (n = 28) or MPC (n = 26) groups. After completing the pulpotomy procedures, the teeth received a stainless-steel crown. Clinical and radiographic successes/failures were blindly evaluated at 6 and 12 months, and Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the differences. Results: At 6- and 12-month follow-ups, MTA and MPC had 100% clinical success rate. Radiographic success rates of MTA were 92.9% at 6 months and 89.3% at 12 months. While the rate for MPC group was 88.5% at both intervals. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this investigation showed that treatment success rate with MPC was comparable to MTA pulpotomy. However, additional clinical research that considers long-term follow-ups is required to test the usefulness of MPC in the pulpotomy treatment of primary teeth.

Introduction Formocresol has been a popular pulpotomy medicament for many years. It is considered the “gold standard” in pediatric dentistry. However, concerns have been raised over its use in children. It has been reported that formocresol has toxic and mutagenic effects in cell culture, dental crypts, and precancerous epithelial cells. Therefore, additional biocompatible treatment alternatives are required to replace formocresol pulpotomy. Aims This study compared the clinical and radiographic success rates of ferric sulfate (FS) and bioactive tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine, Septodont) as pulpotomy agents in primary molar teeth over a period of 9 months. Materials and methods Fifty primary molar teeth, symptom free, requiring pulpotomy in children aged 4 to 8 years were treated with conventional pulpotomy procedures. Ferric sulfate 15.5% solution (applied for 15 second for 25 teeth) and Biodentine (for 25 teeth) were used as pulpotomy agents. Permanent restorations were stainless steel crowns in most cases, in both groups. Patients were recalled for follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months intervals. The data were statistically analysed using chi-square test. Results At 9 months, 96% clinical success rate was observed in the FS and 100% in the Biodentine group. Radiographic success rate in the FS group was 84%, whereas 92% in the Biodentine group at 9 months. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Conclusion Biodentine can be used as a pulpotomy agent but further long-term studies are required. How to cite this article Sirohi K, Marwaha M, Gupta A, Bansal K, Srivastava A. Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Success Rates of Pulpotomy in Primary Molars using Ferric Sulfate and Bioactive Tricalcium Silicate Cement: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):147-151.

Aim: This in vivo study was carried out to assess the clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomy in primary molars, following the use of formocresol (FC) versus sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5%. Materials and Methods: In the present study, pulpotomies were conducted on sixty primary molars of 5–8-year-old children who referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The selected teeth were equally distributed and randomly assigned into two groups of FC and NaOCl 5%. After taking the initial radiographs, standard pulpotomy was carried out using FC and NaOCl 5%; pulp chamber was filled with intermediate restorative material and restored with stainless steel crown cemented with glass ionomer cement. Results: The control (FC) and experimental (NaOCl 5%) groups demonstrated 96.3% clinical success at 3 and 6 months. The NaOCl group had 88.9% radiographic success at 3 months and 88.4% at 6 months. The FC group had 76.9% and 72% radiographic success at 3 and 6 months, respectively. No significant differences were found in clinical and radiological outcomes between two groups at 3 and 6 months (Pearson's test, Fishers exact test; P = 0.02 and P = 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, NaOCl demonstrated clinical and radiological success comparable to FC.

Aim: This paper highlights a non-invasive treatment option for primary molars, where decay is sealed under preformed stainless steel crowns (SSC). Summary: Restoring the carious primary molar in children using the “Hall Technique (HT)” is an internationally controversial but evidence-based new treatment modality. It started in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2007 where it is now considered the “Gold Standard” for managing the multi-surface asymptomatic carious primary molar. We review the literature and report a two year follow up of a case treated in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) where we restored all eight carious primary molars in a 3-year-old child by using the Hall Technique. This approach avoided the need for treatment under local analgesia general anesthesia in this very young child. It is relevant to general dental practitioners, with an interest in children’s dentistry in addition to specialists in pediatric dentistry. Key learning points: - SSCs placed using the HT are not suitable for all child patients with caries; - There are selection criteria that should be assessed before considering this technique; - There should be a clear radiolucent band between the carious lesion and pulp of the tooth intended to be restored with the HT; - There should be no signs or symptoms of pulpal pathosis; - All teeth treated with the HT should be followed up clinically and radiographically following the same protocols as conventional treatments.

Introduction The preservation of the integrity and health of primary teeth and their supporting tissues is of great importance in maintaining arch length space, mastication, speech, and esthetics. A pulpotomy is a common therapy performed on a primary tooth presenting reversible pulpitis or a traumatic pulp exposure, allowing its conservation on the arch until its loss. Aim The study aims to clinically and radiographically evaluate the rates of success and efficacy of Biodentine™ as pulpotomy medicament exclusively on deciduous molars with complete roots formation (stage 2). Materials and methods A total number of 75 primary molars in stage 2 of formation were selected to undergo pulpotomy treatment. All teeth were restored with a stainless-steel crown. The clinical success was evaluated at 1, 3, 6 and 12-month intervals. The radiographic follow-up evaluations were at 6 and 12 months. The resulting data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results Among the 75 teeth treated with Biodentine™, one tooth revealed abnormal mobility and tenderness to percussion at the end of the 1st month. PLS widening and the bone lesion was not seen in any of the 74 remaining cases. Forty teeth (54.1%) showed pulp canal obliteration (PCO), and none of the cases developed a draining sinus or had increased mobility. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, the clinical and radiographic success rates were 98.7% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Pulpotomies performed with Biodentine™ on stage 2 primary molars were generally very satisfactory and fulfilled all requirements, covering all needs. This innovative bioactive medicament seems to be a “heroic” material. The excellent outcomes of the present study are indicative that Biodentine™ is a promising biomaterial to promote pulp repair after pulpotomy in clinical practice. How to cite this article Nasrallah H, El Noueiri B, Pilipili C, Ayoub F. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluations of Biodentine™ Pulpotomies in Mature Primary Molars (Stage 2). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(6):496-504

Introduction: Pulpectomy is the treatment of choice for primary teeth with irreversible pulpitis or necrosis. Chemo-mechanical preparation is an important aspect of pulpectomy. Mechanical instrumentation can be accomplished by instrumentation with hand, rotary or reciprocating systems. Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) rotary files have inherent flexibility which preserves the original anatomy of root canals in primary teeth during instrumentation. Aim: To evaluate and compare the cleaning efficacy of two paediatric rotary files (Prime Pedo™, DXL-Pro™ with H files in root canals of primary molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 extracted primary maxillary and mandibular molars were selected for the study. The selected teeth had at least two-third of root length. Teeth with internal or external pathological root resorption or perforation in the furcation area were excluded from the study. Sixty intact root canals were selected for the study. India ink was injected in all the root canals using 30-gauge insulin syringe. The remaining traces of ink after instrumentation were evaluated for assessing the cleaning efficacy. The first set of root canals (n=20) were instrumented with Group I rotary files (Prime Pedo™). The second set of root canals (n=20) were instrumented with Group II (DXL-Pro™) rotary files and third set of root canals (n=20) were instrumented with H files. Teeth were decalcified and dehydrated. They were then cleared in methyl salicylate. The samples were observed under stereomicroscope at 10X magnification for residual ink at coronal, middle and apical third of root canal. The scores obtained were analysed using One-Way ANOVA test. Results: Prime Pedo (p

Цель исследования: сравнить эффективность восстановления временных моляров с помощью различных пломбировочных материалов и стандартных педиатрических коронок и выявить факторы, влияющие на успех лечения. В проспективное исследование включены 156 детей, у которых были пролечены 636 временных моляров как с применением анестезиологического пособия (седация с сохраненным сознанием или наркоз), так и без него. Проанализирована состоятельность пломб и стандартных педиатрических коронок с учетом диагноза, класса полости по Блэку, применения коффердама, а также условий лечения. Через четыре года наблюдения самую низкую эффективность показали СИЦ (66,1%), самую высокую – педиатрические стандартные коронки (93,0%) вне зависимости от применения анестезиологического пособия. Вторичный кариес у пломб из СИЦ возникал в 2 раза чаще, чем около пломб из компомера, и почти в 6 раз чаще, чем у композитных. Эффективность применения композитных материалов составила 90% для пациентов, пролеченных под наркозом, и не превышала 70% для лечения без анестезиологического пособия и в условиях седации. Разница в успешности лечения с применением компомеров между группами детей, лечившимися в разных условиях, также имелась, но была не столь выражена, как в случае с композитами (70,7%, 78,5% и 84,6% среди лечившихся «в кресле», под седацией и наркозом, соответственно). При этом использование коффердама не давало значимой разницы в частоте осложнений, хотя и меняло их структуру. Композитные материалы для лечения временных зубов рекомендуется использовать в условиях общего обезболивания, в то время как педиатрические стандартные коронки можно рассматривать как универсальный способ восстановления временных моляров, одинаково высокоэффективный при любых условиях лечения., The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of various dental fillings materials and stainless steel pediatric crowns (SSC) for primary molars restoration and to reveals failure associated factors. The prospective study involved 156 children with 636 primary molars treated both “in chair”, under conscious sedation or general anesthesia (GA). Analyzed failure risk factors included diagnosis, cavity class, use of rubber dam and treatment conditions. GIC showed lowest overall efficacy at 4-years follow-up (66,1%) while SSC were the most effective (93,0) regardless of GA use. Composite resin failure rate corresponded strongly with GA use (90% success under GA vs less than 70% in no GA-group). Compomers showed the same although less evident correlation (70,7%, 78,5% and 84,6% success rate in compliant, conscious sedation and GA groups, correspondently). Rubber dam use showed no significant influence on overall complications rate but changed the complications structure. Thus, composite resins are much more feasible in GA procedures while SCC proved to be universally effective primary molars restoration method., №4(67) (2019)

Introduction: Pulpotomy is the treatment to preserve radicular pulp in order to maintain the integrity of the teeth after caries or traumatic exposure. Pulpotomy medication has been studied for many years. Biodentine is a new material which has been studied recently and showed promising results. Aim: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes and compare the treatment success rate in primary molars using biodentine and formocresol during a 12 months period. Materials and Methods: A parallel-design, randomised control trial was performed in children aged 3 to 8 years old who had at least one primary molar that required pulpotomy treatment. Fifty teeth were selected from 38 children and randomly assigned into two groups which were formocresol (n=25) and biodentine (n=25) as pulpotomy agents. The final restoration for all teeth were stainless steel crown. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated at 6 and 12 months after the treatment. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis between two groups (significance level at p

Aim: To investigate the effect of Emdogain gel (EMD) in pulpotomized primary molars and its clinical and radiographic outcomes. Methods and Materials: In this study, 18 lower second primary molars of nine children were treated by pulpotomy. The teeth were randomly assigned to the EMD (experimental) and Formocresol (control) groups in each patient (split mouth). Following removal of the coronal pulp and haemostasis, the pulp stumps were covered with Emdogain gel in the experimental group followed by application of resin-modified glass ionomer cement over the gel. In the control group, Formocresol (FC) was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps. Lastly, the teeth in both groups were restored with stainless steel crowns. Results: Nine children referred with clinical failure before/at two months follow up. The radiographic evaluation revealed furcation involvement and extensive radicular radiolucency in molars treated with Emdogain gel. Conclusion: The present study showed the failure of enamel matrix derivative in pulpotomy of primary molars; therefore, we do not recommend using Emdogain as a pulpotomy agent for treatment of cariously exposed primary teeth

Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro microleakage of new flowable compomers in the class V cavities of primary teeth. Methods Thirty freshly extracted, non-carious, primary molars without visible defects were used in this study. Class V cavities (n = 60), with the occlusal and cervical margins located in the enamel, were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Group 1: restored with Twinky Star Flow (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany), Group 2: restored with Dyract Flow (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) and Group 3: restored with R&D Series Nova Compomer Flow (Imicryl, Konya, Turkey) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After a thermocycling regimen of 1000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, the samples were isolated, immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24 h at 37°C and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. The sections were evaluated for values of microleakage with a stereomicroscope. Results All materials showed microleakage but no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p>0.05). The highest microleakage score was observed in group II (1.65 ± 0.49) and group I (1.75 ± 0.44) at occlusal and gingival margins, respectively. Conclusions Flowable compomers showed insignificantly least amount of microleakage in class V cavities prepared on primary molars.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of ferric sulfate, glutaraldehyde, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars. Materials and Methods: This was a perspective randomized clinical trial. A total of 90 molars from 42 children aged 4–8 years were selected for pulpotomy procedure. Teeth were randomly divided into three equal groups of 30 teeth each. Teeth in Group I were intended to be treated with ferric sulfate, Group II were intended to be treated with buffered glutaraldehyde and Group III with MTA. All the molars were evaluated clinically at 24 h and both clinically and radio graphically at 1, 3, and 6 months. The observations were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: After 1 month, there was no clinical finding observed in all the three groups. At 3 months postoperative evaluation, 13.3% of teeth in Group I and 12.5% of teeth in Group II had mobility. At 6 months interval, pain and sinus formation each was noted in 9.1% of primary teeth in Group I while periodontal ligament widening was reported in 66.7% of teeth in Group I and 85.7% of teeth in Group II. Conclusion: MTA exhibited overall best results as pulpotomy agent for primary molars followed by 15.5% ferric sulfate, whereas 2% buffered glutaraldehyde was found to be least effective as a pulpotomy agent.

Introduction Vital pulp therapy is a major contributor in the preservation of primary dentition after caries affliction. Introduction of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has revolutionized such treatment. Aim The aim of our study was to evaluate and correlate the effects of MTA clinically and radiographically on pulpotomized primary molars till their exfoliation or extraction followed by histological evaluation. Study design This is an observational study. Materials and methods A total of 25 teeth were selected from 5- to 8-year-old children requiring pulp therapy on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criterion. The teeth were treated by conventional pulpotomy technique under aseptic conditions using MTA and were immediately restored with stainless steel crown. The teeth were assessed postoperatively till 36 months. The exfoliated or extracted teeth were examined histologically. Results The pulpotomized teeth were vital with no adverse clinical findings during the observation period. After 3 months, one tooth showed internal resorption, but the same was not observed after 12 months. Pulp canal obliteration was seen in three cases. At the end of the study, five teeth were exfoliated and one tooth was extracted for maintaining arch symmetry. The histological examination of extracted tooth revealed the presence of healthy pulp and the area of true calcification. Remaining exfoliated teeth presented dentin bridge formation. Statistics Frequencies and percentages were used for descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact tests were used to see the difference between clinical and radiological findings. The probability value was fixed at 5% level of significance. Conclusion The response of pulp in primary teeth to MTA was favorable in all cases from clinical and radiographic perspective, and histological evaluation confirmed the observation. How to cite this article Godhi B, Tyagi R. Success Rate of MTA Pulpotomy on Vital Pulp of Primary Molars: A 3-Year Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):222-227.

Background: One of the unfavorable outcomes of endodontic treatment in primary molars is furcal perforation. During treatment, bacterial infection at the site of perforation should be prevented for better prognosis. Aim: This study aims to compare sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Plus™ and Biodentine™ for the repair of furcal perforation in primary molars using spectrophotometry. Materials and Methods: Access opening was done for all ninety extracted teeth. Perforation was made in furcation area in all the teeth. The sample size consisted of ninety extracted teeth. They were divided into four groups, Group 1 ( n = 30) in which perforations were repaired with MTA Plus™, Group 2 ( n = 30) in which perforations were repaired with Biodentine™. The other two groups were considered as control groups, Group 3 ( n = 15) in which perforations were left unsealed (positive control) and Group 4 ( n = 15) without perforations (negative control). Dye extraction method was used to compare the sealing ability of MTA Plus™ and Biodentine™. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test to compare the mean between the different groups. Intergroup comparison was performed using post hoc Scheffe test. Results: The highest dye absorbance was seen in the positive control group with a mean value of 0.080 ± 0.033. The mean value of MTA Plus™ was 0.031 ± 0.026 and Biodentine™ was 0.024 ± 0.031. Conclusion: The mean value of dye absorption of MTA Plus™ was greater than Biodentine™ but it was statistically insignificant.

Introduction: There are many available Nickel Titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary systems that are used for canal cleaning and shaping of the permanent teeth. The new emerging concept in pediatric dentistry is the use of rotary files for canal instrumentation in primary teeth. In literature, there are no clinical studies comparing three different rotary systems in primary teeth. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the quality of obturation and instrumentation time using three rotary file systems in primary mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 primary mandibular molars were included in the study and were randomly allotted to one of the three groups. Group 1: ProTaper files; Group 2 Kedo-S files and Group 3: RaCe files. Standardized digital radiographs were taken to the assess quality of obturation as underfill, optimal fill and overfill. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 17.0. An intergroup comparison of the quality of obturation and instrumentation time was done using Chi-square test and ANOVA with the level of significance set at 0.05. Results: No significant difference was observed in the quality of obturation among the three groups (P = 0.661). However, a statistically significant was noted in the instrumentation time among the groups (P < 0.05). In Kedo-S files group 80% of the teeth were optimally filled followed by 60% in ProTaper files and 46.67 % in RaCe files group. The instrumentation time was least in RaCe files 31.67 secs followed by ProTaper files 45.93 secs and Kedo-S (78.53 secs). Conclusion: No significant difference was noted with respect to quality of obturation using S2 ProTaper files, Kedo-S files and RaCe files in primary teeth. There was a significant difference in instrumentation time among the three groups with least working time with RaCe files.