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Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is regarded nature’s treasure as it is salutary in various ways to the human health in ayurvedic and vedic scriptures. The TC stem creeping on neem tree (Azadirachta indica) are considered best for medicinal use. Present study was carried out to develop functional food as cookies by incorporating the TC stem powder. Functional cookies were prepared by incorporating 2%, 4%, 8%, 10% and 12% of TC stem powder and admissibility was decided on the basis of sensory evaluation to get the optimized cookies (TCC). Further physical parameters (L*, a* and b* color value and spread ratio) were analyzed. TC, TCC and control cookies without TC were evaluated for nutritional composition and antioxidant potential [antioxidant assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRAP) and nitric oxide (NO), total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content]. Results showed that with increase in TC addition from 0 to 12% in cookies there was decreases in the sensory parameters and maximum admissible concentration was up to 8% of TC, hence optimized at this level. Incorporation of TC in cookies resulted in increase in b(*) value, protein, moisture, total ash, iron, copper, zinc and antioxidant potential, whereas the fat content decreases. Developed cookies proved to be better than standard control cookies with respect to functional properties.

We have grown GaN nanorods on thin Mo metal foil using laser molecular beam epitaxy (LMBE) at growth temperature of 700 °C and studied the effect of pre-nitridation parameters of Mo surface on GaN nanorods structural and optical properties. It has been found that the tapering of GaN nanorods grown on Mo foil critically depends on the nitrogen plasma condition for pre-nitridation of Mo foil. The well-aligned and inverse-taper GaN nanorods were grown on nitridated Mo foil underlow nitrogen plasma flux condition. The grown GaN nanorods are having porosity at the top side and tapered at the bottom side. The density and length of inverse-taper GaN nanorodsare ∼2.9 ×109cm-2 and 280-400 nm, respectively. In case of GaN growth on pre-nitridated Mo foil under high nitrogen plasma flux condition, the tapered GaN nanorods inclined with respect to the Mo foil surface normal were obtained on Mo foil. The tapered GaN nanorods density (3.47×109 cm−2) and length (340-670 nm) are higher than the inverse-taper GaN nanorods. The Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed that the GaN nanorods possess nearly stress-free wurtzite GaN structure. The room temperature photo luminescence spectroscopy measurements disclosed that the near band edge emission luminescence intensity is 3.9 times higher for the inverse-taper GaN nanorods than the tapered GaN nanorods. The prominent defect-related luminescence peak maxima of 2.28 eV was obtained for tapered GaN nanorods whereas no defect related peak was observed for inverse-taper GaN nanorods. These observations revealed that the well-aligned inverse-tapered GaN nanorods possesses excellent optical properties compared to inclined dense tapered GaN nanorods.

The optical properties of laser-assisted molecular beam epitaxy grown homo-epitaxialGaN nanowall networks (NWNs) were investigated using power dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and compared with homo-epitaxial GaN thin film. The pore size and tip width of GaN NWN sample is ˜120–180 nm and 10–15 nm, respectively. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy study shows that the GaN NWNs have low optical light reflection and minimum Fabry-Perot cavity effect than GaN film. The room temperature PL spectroscopy reveals that the GaN NWNs possesses enhanced band gap of 3.51 eV with blue shift of 90 meV than the GaN film (3.42 eV). The excitation density dependent PL spectroscopy measurements reveal that the GaN NWNs nanowall and near band emission (NBE) peak position and its linewidth invariant. The intensity of NBE peak for GaN film and nanowalls varies linearly whereas NBE to defect related yellow luminescence peak intensity ratio shows a non-linear variation on the excitation density. The excitation density in PL measurements plays a key role when the sample quality compared on the basis of PL data.

Biotechnology is an incredible technology promising a better future worldwide and proved to be genera of great outcomes. Since its inception it has been projected to bring fantastic advances along with huge economic rewards, in short it promises more for less. Involvement of molecular biology in biotechnology lead its way into the various aspects of science based industries. Pharmacogenomics, drug discovery and drug delivery are the emerging tools in health industry which can only be possible due to the onset of biotechnology. Worldwide, pharmaceutical companies pursued research in the medicines and diagnostics by implementing biotechnology. Biotechnology is a major tool for improving human life by improving agriculture, human health and environment. Developing countries tend to have growing needs but scarce resources, therefore, such claims naturally appeal to those in power. The practical applications of Biotechnology extend from widely separated fields, creative minds, these ideas need to be researched and developed. Extent of scope in the field offer opportunities for great industrial growth. A novel product as a result of intensive research often leads to a business model. Past has seen several industries established by scientists to make a difference through their product by understanding the need of people and market potential. Entrepreneurial potential in biotechnology is governed by factors like development of technology as an only solution for the problem or the better solution for the currently available technologies. Critical testing and regulatory agency approval must be received prior to commercial production and marketing. Although the field has immense opportunity but the level of uncertainty and failure is also high. So, an efficient and well organized strategy should be followed to develop and deliver a successful business model for biotechnology. The paper presents an illustration about the business potential in biotechnology from incubation of an idea and its transformation into a value aided product or technology through various demanding and formative steps like financing, human resource and marketing.

Tinospora cordifolia is a medicinal plant regarded as treasure from nature as it is salutary in various ways to the human being. The present study was carried out by incorporating the Tinospora cordifolia stem powder into the cookies at the level of 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. Sensory studies of cookies indicated that 8% incorporation of TC was acceptable without causing any adverse effects. The addition of TC increases contents of iron, zinc, dietary fibers, proteins, and antioxidants such as phenolics (especially flavonoids) of the cookie. HPTLC fingerprinting demonstrated the presence of spots of the bioactive compounds of TC was noticed in optimized cookies. The peak of Rf value corresponds to 11 hydroxymustakone, N-formylannonain, and yangambin in the extract of TC and TCC. FTIR analysis confirms that the bioactive functional compounds (berberine) of TC are present within the TC cookies after baking. TGA analysis found that TC is thermostable up to 250 °C. When TC was combined to form cookies, then the stability was found to be around 220 °C. This study revealed that Tinospora cordifolia stem powder can be used to produce nutritionally improved cookies with acceptable sensory characteristics.

Organizations are using cloud in their business to survive and to gain cost efficiency. In this organization can utilize pay-per-use pattern of service and different methodologies. For ensuring the safety of data and information sensitive to the business, organizations must have the knowledge of type of cloud used. Cryptography can be seen as the solution for different organizations needs in the terms of security in data storage and accessing. This paper proposes a new method for Infrastructure as a service security and the solution which are already existing.

OBJECTIVE To study differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving first-line docetaxel-containing chemotherapy on prospective clinical studies (trial participants) versus those receiving this therapy outside of a clinical study (non-participants). PATIENTS AND METHODS Records from 247 consecutive chemotherapy-naive patients who were treated with docetaxel-containing chemotherapy for mCRPC at a single high-volume centre from 1998 to 2010 were reviewed. All patients received docetaxel either as clinical trial participants (n = 142; 11 separate studies) or as non-participants (n = 105). Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models predicted overall survival after chemotherapy initiation. RESULTS There was no significant difference between trial participation and non-participation with respect to patient age, type of primary treatment, tumour grade or clinical stage. Multivariable analyses showed a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.567; P = 0.027) among trial participants vs non-participants. CONCLUSIONS Patients that were treated with docetaxel for mCRPC showed a significantly longer overall survival when enrolled in a clinical trial. Improved survival in trial participants may reflect the better medical oversight typically seen in patients enrolled in trials, more regimented follow-up schedules, or a positive effect on caregivers’ attitudes because of greater contact with medical services. With the retrospective nature of this analysis and the small study population, prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings and to further investigate the relationship between clinical trial participation and outcomes. Keywords: prostate cancer, chemotherapy, clinical trial, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, docetaxel, overall survival INTRODUCTION Several proven chemotherapeutic options are available for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In addition to docetaxel, which remains the standard initial systemic therapy for mCRPC [1,2], three novel therapies (cabazitaxel, abiraterone and sipuleucel-T) have been shown to improve overall survival [3-10], even though a curative treatment option is still needed. Several alternative therapeutic targets and approaches such as additional androgen-modulating approaches, cancer vaccines, angiogenesis inhibitors, epigenetic therapies and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors are being developed for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer [9,11,12]. Clinical trials are widely recognized as the optimal way to evaluate the efficacy of new investigational treatment options or for comparing different established therapies [13]. However, the progress of clinical trials is limited by the accrual rates of patients that are willing to participate [14-16]. Several factors can affect patient motivation for trial enrolment [13,17-20]. Even if participation is not hindered by the limited availability of appropriate trials or socioeconomic and geographical factors restricting access to trials, concerns about the uncertainty associated with the experimental nature of trials and the process of randomization (in the case of randomized trials) have been documented to act as barriers for enrolment [13,18]. On the other hand, hope for personal benefit by accessing a potentially more effective therapy or for active contribution to research through altruistic motives (generating benefit for others who may have the same disease in the future) may lead to trial enrolment [13,17-19]. Several reports have suggested the existence of a ‘trial effect’, whereby participants may experience improved clinical outcomes simply by participation in a clinical trial itself [13,21]. However, in the case of advanced prostate cancer, there are insufficient data to show whether outcomes of patients with mCRPC receiving first-line docetaxel-containing chemotherapy on clinical trials are better than those of patients receiving docetaxel off-study. The demonstration of improved survival among clinical trial participants would constitute an important piece of evidence in support of enrolment in clinical trials on the basis of a potential direct benefit of trial participation in itself. In the present study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with mCRPC who received docetaxel-containing chemotherapy as trial participants or non-participants at a single high-volume academic medical centre.

Growth of high quality III-nitride films on high-k oxide/Si substrates is crucial for the fabrication of nitride based metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Here, we report the effect of nitridation of HfO2 surface on the physical properties of gallium nitride (GaN) films grown on HfO2 (5 nm)/p-Si(100) substrates using laser molecular beam epitaxy (LMBE) technique. The grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements showed the prominent GaN growth along (0002) direction. It is observed that the HfO2 nitridation significantly improves the surface coverage of GaN film with larger grains of size in the range 200 ~ 250 nm. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy exhibits a sharp, intense near band-edge emission line at 3.4 eV with negligible defect-related deep bands for the GaN film grown with HfO2 nitridation. Also, the current-voltage characteristics of Au/GaN Schottky contacts show a reduced leakage current for HfO2 nitridation. Thus, the surface nitridation of HfO2 is found vital to improve the quality of GaN films for the development of GaN-on-Si technology.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Previous studies have reported better outcomes in cancer patients that enrolled in clinical trials, suggesting that trial participation in itself might be beneficial. We investigated the potential positive effect of clinical trial participation on survival outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were treated with first-line docetaxel-containing chemotherapy. After accounting for potential baseline inequalities, participation in a clinical trial itself was associated with significantly longer overall survival in these patients.• To study differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving first-line docetaxel-containing chemotherapy on prospective clinical studies (trial participants) versus those receiving this therapy outside of a clinical study (non-participants).• Records from 247 consecutive chemotherapy-naive patients who were treated with docetaxel-containing chemotherapy for mCRPC at a single high-volume centre from 1998 to 2010 were reviewed. • All patients received docetaxel either as clinical trial participants (n= 142; 11 separate studies) or as non-participants (n= 105). • Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models predicted overall survival after chemotherapy initiation.• There was no significant difference between trial participation and non-participation with respect to patient age, type of primary treatment, tumour grade or clinical stage. • Multivariable analyses showed a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.567; P= 0.027) among trial participants vs non-participants.• Patients that were treated with docetaxel for mCRPC showed a significantly longer overall survival when enrolled in a clinical trial. • Improved survival in trial participants may reflect the better medical oversight typically seen in patients enrolled in trials, more regimented follow-up schedules, or a positive effect on caregivers' attitudes because of greater contact with medical services. • With the retrospective nature of this analysis and the small study population, prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings and to further investigate the relationship between clinical trial participation and outcomes.

148 Background: There is insufficient evidence to determine whether clinical trial participation can itself lead to improved clinical outcomes in patients with mCRPC treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. We compared clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with mCRPC receiving first-line docetaxel-containing therapy on a clinical study (trial participants) or outside of a clinical trial (non-participants). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 245 consecutive chemotherapy-naïve patients with mCRPC who received docetaxel-containing therapy between 1/1/1998 and 1/1/2010, either as trial participants (n=142; 11 separate studies) or as non-participants (n=103). Patient demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, treatment details and follow-up data were recorded. Results: In unadjusted analysis, trial participants were more likely to be white (83 vs 70%, p=0.005), to have better ECOG performance status (p=0.01), higher baseline hemoglobin (12.4 vs 11.6 g/dL, p=0.0003), higher albumin (4.3 vs 4.0 g/dL, p=0.009), lower creatinine (0.90 vs 1.04 mg/dL, p=0.01), and to have received a higher number of chemotherapy cycles (6.6 vs 5.1, p=0.001) than non-participants. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, median overall survival was significantly longer among trial participants vs non-participants (21.3 vs 17.1 months, p=0.024). In multivariable analysis, trial participation (HR 0.53, p=0.013), more chemotherapy cycles (HR 0.87; p=0.0002), baseline hemoglobin >12 g/dL (HR 0.67, p=0.016), lower ECOG score (HR 0.57, p=0.026) and lower baseline (log) PSA (HR 0.85, p=0.012) were all found to be independent predictors of survival. Conclusions: Clinical trial participation is an independent positive predictor of overall survival in men undergoing first-line docetaxel-containing chemotherapy for mCRPC. Improved survival in trial participants may reflect better medical oversight typically seen in patients enrolled in clinical trials, more regimented follow-up schedules, or a positive effect on caregivers’ attitudes due to greater contact with medical services.