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This session walks through how St. Joseph County implemented a snow and ice policy and incorporated liquids into its winter program.

Artículo digital., Phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, have not been well studied in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and likewise, are not well known in other regions of the Department of Magdalena, Colombia. To date only thirteen species of Lutzomyia have been recorded as occurring in the Department. The present note adds three species and includes an additional subgenus. Collections were made in the lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at elevations ranging from 117–130 m in the communities of Seywiaka, Las Tinajas and Calabazo. Eighty-four percent of the 885 phlebotomines sand flies collected were obtained from CDC light traps, 11 % from Shannon trap and 5 % from typical resting sites using an electric aspirator. The following nine species were identified from the collections: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. evansi, Lu. dysponeta, Lu. dubitans, Lu. shannoni, and Lu. micropyga. The most abundant species were Lu. gomezi and Lu. panamensis, which, respectively, accounted for 69 % and 14 % of the specimens. Of the nine species, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. dubitans and Lu. dysponeta represent new records for the Department of Magdalena. Also, a few female specimens were encountered of a species belonging to the Lu. osornoi series of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia, which represents the first record of this subgenus in the Caribbean region of Colombia., Los insectos relacionados con la transmisión de los patógenos causantes de las leishmaniasis han sido poco estudiados en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, incluido el departamento de Magdalena, donde a la fecha están registradas trece especies del género Lutzomyia. En la presente nota se informa el hallazgo de tres especies y un subgénero adicionales en la región. Se recolectaron 885 flebotomíneos en Seywiaka y las veredas Las Tinajas y Calabazo, estribaciones de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (117-130 m s.n.m.). El 84 % de los ejemplares se obtuvieron con trampa CDC, el 11 % con trampa Shannon y el 5 % fueron capturados, en reposo, con un dispositivo eléctrico de succión. Se identificaron nueve especies, Lu. gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. evansi, Lu. dysponeta, Lu. dubitans, Lu. shannoni, y Lu. micropyga, la más abundante fue Lu. gomezi (69 %), seguida por Lu. panamensis (14 %). También se recolectaron ejemplares de la serie Lu. osornoi del subgénero Helcocyrtomyia. Entre el material hallado sobresalen Lu. carpenteri, Lu. dubitans y Lu. dysponeta como primeros registros para el departamento del Magdalena, además de Lu. (Helcocyrtomyia) sp., que representa el primer informe del subgénero en el Caribe colombiano.

Introduction: Mitochondrial DNA has proven its utility for the study of insect evolution. Genes such as cytochrome b (Cytb) and the transfer gene for serine (SertRNA) can be used to compare closely related organisms. Objective: The phylogenetic utility of Cytb-SertRNA-IG1-ND1 was tested for polymorphisms, and secondary structure modeling in SertRNA was done to detect possible cryptic species in Anopheles neivai. Materials and methods: Specimens from Colombia, Guatemala, and the type locality in Panamá were collected and sequenced for specimen comparison based on DNA polymorphisms, and secondary structure modeling for the SertRNA gene. Results: Thirty-six sequences for A. neivai and A. pholidotus were obtained. Conclusions: Polymorphic variants were detected in A. neivai for Cytb-SertRNA-IG1- ND1. Despite this variation in A. neivai, cryptic species could not be detected. Resumen Introducción. El ADN mitocondrial ha demostrado su utilidad para el estudio de la evolución en los insectos. Existen algunos genes mitocondriales como el citocromo b (Cytb) y el gen de transferencia para el aminoácido serina (SertRNA) que pueden usarse en el diagnóstico de especies estrechamente relacionadas. Objetivo. Explorar la utilidad filogenética de la región Cytb-SertRNA-IG1-ND1 para detectar posibles especies crípticas en Anopheles neivai. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron especímenes en Colombia, Guatemala y en la localidad tipo en Panamá, los cuales se secuenciaron y se compararon mediante el polimorfismo de ADN en toda la región y mediante la simulación de estructuras secundarias del gen SertRNA. Resultados. Se obtuvieron las secuencias de especímenes de A. neivai (34) y A. pholidotus (2). Conclusiones. Se detectaron algunos polimorfismos para la regiónCytb-SertRNA-IG1-ND1 en A. neivai, pero no así especies crípticas.

López-Rubio, Andrés, Suaza-Vasco, Juan, Ruíz-Molina, Natalia, Cáceres, Lorenzo, Porter, Charles, Uribe, Sandra (2016): Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector An opheles neivai in Colombia. Zootaxa 4175 (4): 377-389, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4175.4.7

Los insectos relacionados con la transmisión de los patógenos causantes de las leishmaniasis han sido poco estudiados en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, incluido el departamento de Magdalena, donde a la fecha están registradas trece especies del género Lutzomyia. En la presente nota se informa el hallazgo de tres especies y un subgénero adicionales en la región. Se recolectaron 885 flebotomíneos en Seywiaka y las veredas Las Tinajas y Calabazo, estribaciones de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (117-130 m s.n.m.). El 84 % de los ejemplares se obtuvieron con trampa CDC, el 11 % con trampa Shannon y el 5 % fueron capturados, en reposo, con un dispositivo eléctrico de succión. Se identificaron nueve especies, Lu. gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. evansi, Lu. dysponeta, Lu. dubitans, Lu. shannoni, y Lu. micropyga, la más abundante fue Lu. gomezi (69 %), seguida por Lu. panamensis (14 %). También se recolectaron ejemplares de la serie Lu. osornoi del subgénero Helcocyrtomyia. Entre el material hallado sobresalen Lu. carpenteri, Lu. dubitans y Lu. dysponeta como primeros registros para el departamento del Magdalena, además de Lu. (Helcocyrtomyia) sp., que representa el primer informe del subgénero en el Caribe colombiano. Phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, have not been well studied in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and likewise, are not well known in other regions of the Department of Magdalena, Colombia. To date only thirteen species of Lutzomyia have been recorded as occurring in the Department. The present note adds three species and includes an additional subgenus. Collections were made in the lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at elevations ranging from 117-130 m in the communities of Seywiaka, Las Tinajas and Calabazo. Eighty-four percent of the 885 phlebotomines sand flies collected were obtained from CDC light traps, 11 % from Shannon trap and 5 % from typical resting sites using an electric aspirator. The following nine species were identified from the collections: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. evansi, Lu. dysponeta, Lu. dubitans, Lu. shannoni, and Lu. micropyga. The most abundant species were Lu. gomezi and Lu. panamensis, which, respectively, accounted for 69 % and 14 % of the specimens. Of the nine species, Lu. carpenteri, Lu. dubitans and Lu. dysponeta represent new records for the Department of Magdalena. Also, a few female specimens were encountered of a species belonging to the Lu. osornoi series of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia, which represents the first record of this subgenus in the Caribbean region of Colombia.

Se presenta una lista actualizada de especies de flebotomíneos en zonas cafeteras de la región andina colombiana. Con base en la revisión y verificación taxonómica, se registraron 53 especies presentes en 12 departamentos. Además de los registros obtenidos con base en un muestreo intensivo en cinco departamentos, se recopilaron los datos existentes en trabajos publicados y en la revision taxonómica de los especímenes de la zona pertenecientes a la colección entomológica del Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET). El listado comprende los géneros Brumptomyia (2 especies), Lutzomyia (50 especies) y Warileya (1 especie). Con base en este trabajo se confirmaron 11 nuevos registros de especies en la región cafetera colombiana, entre los cuales es relevante Lutzomyia panamensis , especie de importancia médica no registrada previamente en esta zona. En total, 18 especies de las registradas poseen hábitos antropofílicos o están relacionadas con la transmisión de Leishmania spp. An updated list of phlebotomine sand flies species in coffee growing areas in the Colombian Andean region is presented. Fifty three species were reported from 12 departments. In addition, species distribution in the region was derived from specimens obtained during intensive field work in five departments, from previously published studies and from the taxonomic revision of specimens in the entomological collection of the Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET). The list includes the genera Brumptomyia (2 species), Lutzomyia (50 species) and Warileya (1 species). The updated list contains eleven new records in the region under study, including Lutzomyia panamensis , a species of medical importance not recorded previously in this zone. Eighteen of the species are considered to be anthropophilic, and many of them have been implicated in the transmission of leishmaniasis.

El estudio de mosquitos de la subfamilia Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) en Colombia, ha sido limitado a pesar de su importancia en salud pública. El presente estudio determinó las especies de esta subfamilia colectadas en Guadua angustifolia en ecosistemas de influencia cafetera. Se resaltan tres tipos de criaderos: tocón, entrenudo perforado y recipiente. Se registraron nueve especies de las cuales dos son nuevos registros para Colombia (Orthopodomyia albicosta y Wyeomyia oblita), cinco son nuevos registros para los departamentos visitados (Culex secundus, Cx. antunesi, Limatus durhami, Trichoprosopon digitatum y Sabethes undosus) y dos (Trichoprosopon sp. del complejo Pallidiventer y Toxorhynchites sp.) se encuentran en proceso de estudio. Se determinó que existe relación entre las especies encontradas y el volumen de agua contenida y la altura sobre el nivel del suelo medida en los criaderos. De las especies reportadas, Tr. digitatum y Li. durhami están registradas en la literatura como posibles vectores de arbovirus. Toxorhynchites se destaca por agrupar especies cuyas larvas son depredadoras. Los resultados realzan la importancia de la guadua como criadero de diferentes mosquitos, incluyendo algunas especies importantes en salud pública. The study of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia, has been limited even though this subfamily is important in public health. This study aimed to determine the species of Culicinae breeding in stands of Guadua angustifolia in areas with coffee plantations. Three breeding sites were distinguished: guadua stumps, perforated internodes and containers. Nine mosquito species were identified which two are new records for Colombia (Orthopodomyia albicosta, Wyeomyia oblita), five new records for the departments (Culex secundus, Cx. antunesi, Limatus durhami, Trichoprosopon digitatum and Sabethes undosus). Two others are under current study (Trichoprosopon sp. part of the Pallidiventer complex, and Toxorhynchites sp.). There was a relationship between the species found and the water volume and height above ground, measured for each of the breeding sites. Two of the species, Tr. digitatum and Li. durhami, are reported in literature as potential vectors of arboviral agents; Toxorhynchites is grouped with species whose larvae are predators. The results support an important role for guadua as breeding sites for various mosquitoes, including some species of public health importance.

The preferred method of groundwater management in Texas is by locally formed groundwater conservation districts (GCDs). However, not all of Texas groundwater is managed by a district; some areas have not voted to form a GCD. There are 99 GCDs in Texas with 2 pending; only 174 of the 254 counties are covered by a GCD. GCDs are financed by ad valorem taxes, fees, and grants. Not all GCDs have ad valorem tax support. Revenues from the responding GCDs in this study range from $20,000 annually to $2,632,982. Some cannot open their offices daily. All need money for research to determine the actual amount of groundwater in their district, its sources, and its characteristics. Tax rates for the GCDs with ad valorem tax authority in this study run from $.005/$100 valuation to $.035/$100 valuation, meaning a $200,000 home in these districts would pay from $10 to $70 annually, not as much as a few cups of Starbucks coffee cost annually. All Texans agree water is life and groundwater is one of our most precious resources, therefore GCDs deserve more financial resources. The Texas Water Code provides a number of tools for GCDs to finance their operations including ad valorem taxation levies, issuance of bonds, notes, and promulgation of fees to name a few. However, in many of the GCDs who responded to the study, these tools are not practical to use. Since ad valorem taxation and bond authority must be granted by local voter approval, these tools are unavailable in some GCDs as well., Texas Water Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1 (2013)

Idiolispa Foerster (Ichneumonidae: Phygadeuontinae: Mesostenini) has been known previously only from the Holarctic Region but an undescribed species now is reported in tropical cloud forest (1800 m) on Monte Uyuca near the Escuela Agricola Panamericana at Zamorano, Honduras.

Six new species of Phycitiplex (P. obscurior, P. tricinctus, P. unicinctus, P. peralta, P. trichroma, and P. lepidus) are described from material taken by Malaise trap in a humid ravine at Santa Vera Cruz in the Subandean Desert (Monte) of La Rioja Province (Argentina). These are keyed along with several closely related described species. Except for P. eremnus from central Chile, this genus is known only from the semiarid Chaco and Subandean biogeographic provinces in the northern half of Argentina. The only available host record is of Phycitiplex doddi (Cushman) reared from larvae of Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), a phycitid moth that attacks prickly pear cacti.

Trachysphyrus uspallatae Porter Material Examined. 2 females, Argentina, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, San Pedro, 1600 m, 30- IV-2000, P. Fidalgo (FSCA, IMLA) This species was previously known only from Uspallata in Mendoza Province some 500 km distant in the southern Subandean Desert (Porter 1967). The specimens now recorded from La Rioja Province differ from the type series only in lacking white bands on gastric tergites 4-7., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Trachysphyrus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the albomarginatus species group from northwestern Argentina, pp. 1-9 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (55) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170133, {"references":["Porter, C. C. 1967. A revision of the South American species of the South American species of Trachysphyrus. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 10: 368 p."]}

Porter, Charles C. (2008): New Trachysphyrus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the albomarginatus species group from northwestern Argentina. Insecta Mundi 2008 (55): 1-9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5170133, {"references":["Cabrera, A. L., and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de America. Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, Serie de Biologia, Monografia 13: 120 p.","DeSantis, L. 1956. Anotaciones sobre Ichneumonoideos argentinos con descripcion de una especies nueva (Hymenoptera). Notas del Museo de La Plata 18(165): 303-312.","Porter, C. C. 1967. A revision of the South American species of the South American species of Trachysphyrus. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 10: 368 p.","Received September 29, 2008; accepted November 3, 2008."]}

Trachysphyrus riojanus Porter, new species (Fig. 2) Description. Female Holotype. Color: antenna black with a white band above on flagellomeres 6-9; head, mesosoma and gaster black with dull white and reddish staining on mandible, a white line on upper half of facial orbit and much of frontal orbit, a white line on upper half of hind orbit, dull white on pronotal collar; fore and mid leg with coxa and trochanter black, femur orange, tibia duller orange with faint dusky staining, tarsus dull orange with dusky on tips of segments 1-4 and 5 th segment mostly black; hind leg similar except with some white on tarsomeres 3 and 4; wings dark brown with metallic reflections. Length of forewing: 8.1 mm. Flagellum slender, cylindric with first segment 3.7 times as long as deep at apex. Clypeus subnasute, weakly and asymmetrically raised in profile, basal face gently curved and apical face strongly concave, 0.3 times as long as base, the faces very distinct in anterior view, separated towards middle by a low ridge. Malar space 0.6 times as long as basal width of mandible. Fore tibia stout but scarcely inflated. Mesoscutum with notauli sharp and narrow, reaching 0.9 times length of mesoscutum; surface shining with some weak transverse wrinkling along notauli and with very dense but largely noncoalescent small, sharp punctures which are a little larger and more discrete on lateral lobes and a little smaller and more crowded on central lobe. Mesopleuron dully shining, densely puncto-reticulate; sternaulus becoming broad and shallow on its apical 0.5 but traceable throughout. Wing venation with areolet large, intercubiti moderately convergent above, second abscissa of radius 0.8 times as long as first intercubitus. Propodeum with spiracle 1.7 times as long as wide; basal transcarina delicate but traceable throughout; apical transcarina faintly developed toward middle, stronger laterally where it is developed into broad, low subcuneate cristae. First gastric tergite with postpetiole strongly expanded, 1.1 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; dorsal longitudinal carinae distinct but not sharp on apex of petiole and base of postpetiole; surface smooth and polished with very weak micro-reticulation and small widely scattered punctures which are most numerous laterad. Second gastric tergite dully shining with small very numerous tiny crowded punctures that are mostly subadjacent to a little confluent and which emit short, overlapping setae. Ovipositor sheathed portion 0.80 times as long as fore wing, straight, compressed; nodus well developed with a tiny notch at summit, dorsal valve in profile steeply and directly tapering from notch to apex, 0.33 times as long as high at apex. Variation. Color: white band on flagellomeres 5-9; white markings on head often very faint. Length of fore wing: 6.4-8.7 mm. Flagellum with first segment 3.5-4.0 times as long as deep at apex. Malar space 0.8 times as long as basal width of mandible. Wing venation: second abscissa of radius 0.7-0.9 times as long as first intercubitus. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.70 times as long as fore wing; tip 0.30-0.34 times as high a notch as long from notch to apex. Type Material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, XII-2001, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Paratypes: 9 females, ARGENTINA, 3 females, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, 15-31-XII-2003, I-2002, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [AEIC, FSCA, IMLA]; 2 females, Salta Province, Tacuil, 2400 m, 16-31-XII-1968,1- 15-I-1969, Willink, Terán, Stange, Malaise trap [IMLA]; 3 females, Salta Province, Yacochuya 1950 m, ca. Cafayate, 16-30- IX-1968, 1-15-X-1969, 16-31-X-1968, 16-31-XII-1969, Willink, Terán, Stange, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Relationships. This species is distinctive in its long ovipositor with the nodus conspicuously elevated, sharp and almost percurrent notauli, dully shining second gastric tergite with tiny crowded punctures and densely overlapping setae, and entirely black gaster. Only T. blanchardi has the ovipositor equally long but this is an adaptive character of little phylogenetic significance and, as indicated in the key, T. riojanus has several distinctive features which suggest that it is not closely related to any other species of its group., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Trachysphyrus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the albomarginatus species group from northwestern Argentina, pp. 1-9 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (55) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170133

Phycitiplex trichroma Porter, new species (Fig. 5) Description. Female Holotype. Color: much as in P. peralta except with no white below on scape, white flagellar band on segments 4-7; only a small white spot on face, white on pronotal collar and again well below on front margin of pronotum, only a narrow white band on apex of postpetiole, a little white apico-laterally on tergite 2, no white on tergites 5-7; fore and mid legs red, their coxae marked also with black and white, their trochanters, trochantelli, and femora bright red, tibiae and tarsi duller with slight dusky staining; hind leg red with a large white blotch on coxa and tibia and tarsi rather dusky. Length of forewing 5.3 mm. Flagellum: first segment 6.6 times as long as deep at apex. Malar space 0.44 times as long as basal width of mandible. First gastric tergite: postpetiole rather weakly expanded, 1.2 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex and with well developed micro-reticulation that fades out only near apex as well as with scattered faint punctures of small to medium size. Second gastric tergite: dully shining with very fine micro-reticulation throughout and with numerous obscure, well spaced medium sized to small punctures. Ovipositor: decurved, compressed, sheathed portion 0.63 a times s long as forewing; nodus well defined, a little raised; dorsal valve in profile falling off directly from nodus to apex; tip 0.20 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, I-2002, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Relationships. This species may be recognized by its long, decurved ovipositor, relatively slender postpetiole, uniformly white upper metapleuron, and by its unusually long first flagellar segment (6.6 times as long as deep at apex). Specific name. From the Greek prefix tri- (three) and the Greek noun chroma (color). This name is treated as a Greek neuter noun in apposition., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147

Phycitiplex peralta Porter, new species (Fig. 4) Description. Female Holotype. Color: scape dull reddish brown with a white spot below near apex, flagellum black with a white band above on segments 6-9; head black with slight reddish staining toward clypeus and mandibles and with the following white: large blotch on basal 0.5 of mandible, most of clypeus, broad band throughout on orbits becoming very broad in and behind malar space but with a slight break just in front of malar space, and with a large blotch that covers most of face and is partly confluent with orbital white band above; mesosoma black with white broadly on anterior and humeral margins of pronotum, weakly on prepectus dorsad, dully on subalarum, faintly on upper end of mesepimeron, conspicuously on tegula and on basal 0.6 of scutellum, dull reddish white on upper metapleuron and on apex of lower metapleuron, propodeum with the usual white bars on each side of hind face from cristae to apex; gaster light red, faintly dusky on tergites 5 and following, with a very broad white band on apex of first tergite, a narrow white subapical band on tergite 2, a very broad apical band on tergite 4, and variably developed lateral bands on tergites 5-7; fore and mid leg as in P. tricinctus but with tarsi generally paler and without black on last tarsomere; hind leg with a small white spot above on base of coxa, more dusky on tibia and slightly so on tarsus. Length of forewing: 4.4 mm. Flagellum: first segment 5.1 times as long as deep at apex. Malar space 0.44 times as long as basal width of mandible. First gastric tergite: postpetiole strongly expanded, 2.0 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; dorsal carinae obsolete, surface of postpetiole shining, finely but rather strongly micro-reticulate on basal 0.6 and more weakly so toward apex and with a few very inconspicuous small, shallow punctures, especially laterad and on apical 0.3. Second gastric tergite: rather mat with fine, dense micro-reticulation and numerous small but well defined shallow punctures which are quite sparse near base but become subadjacent to adjacent rearward. Ovipositor decurved throughout, sheathed portion 0.40 times as long as forewing; nodus scarcely defined, its position indicated by a minute notch, with a long, straight taper between notch and apex, 0.14 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, 31-I-2004, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Relationships. In its decurved, relatively short ovipositor and strongly expanded postpetiole this species resembles P. charieis (Porter 1967) from which it differs by having a complete subapical white band and shallow but well defined punctures on the second gastric tergite. Specific name. This species is named for Sr. Daniel Peralta who owns a farm at Santa Vera Cruz and in recognition of his enthusiastic help in maintaining our Malaise traps at this locality. The name is treated as a masculine Latin noun in apposition., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147, {"references":["Porter, C. C. 1967. A Revision of the South American Species of Trachysphyrus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 10: 368 p."]}

Phycitiplex unicinctus Porter, new species (Fig. 3) Description. Female Holotype. Color: scape light reddish brown, flagellum black with a white band above on segments 5 (at apex) to 9; head and mesosoma with faint reddish staining on mandibles and around clypeus and with white markings as in P. tricinctus except no white on center of face, tegula not wholly white (brownish behind), no white blotch on mesopleural disc, scutellum white only on basal 0.6 with black toward apex, and dorsal metapleuron entirely black; gaster as in P. tricinctus but with a broad white apical band only on tergite 4 and with a little white in and briefly above lower hind corners of tergites 5 and 6; legs red but without white markings, blackish toward base anteriorly on fore and mid coxa, tibiae and tarsi dull red with weak dusky staining. Length of forewing: 4.6 mm. Flagellum: first segment 5.2 times as long as deep at apex. First gastric tergite: postpetiole moderately expanded, 1.5 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex, distinctly micro-reticulate and with many small and faint shallow punctures which are mostly sparser than subadjacent and emit short, slightly overlapping setae. Ovipositor straight, slender, strongly compressed, sheathed portion 0.50 times as long as forewing, nodus low and marked by a tiny notch, straight in profile between notch and apex, tip 0.26 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, 1-15-XI-2003, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Relationships. This species is distinctive in its sparse white markings (e.g., gaster with a white apical band on fourth tergite only), faintly punctate second gastric tergite, and long, straight ovipositor., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147

Key to the Subandean species of Phycitiplex 1. Hind face of propodeum entirely black; ovipositor 0.3-0.6 times as long as forewing.................. 2 — Hind face of propodeum with a broad white band on each side from crista, inclusive, to hind margin; ovipositor 0.6-0.8 times as long as forewing............................................................... 5 2(1). Front tibia stout and inflated; ventral valve of ovipositor on tip with well spaced vertical ridges; gaster with dorsally complete or nearly complete white apical bands on tergites 4-7................ ........................................................................................ Phycitiplex eugrammus (Porter) — Front tibia stout but not inflated; ventral valve of ovipositor on tip with inclivously oblique ridges; gaster with white on dorsum of tergite 4 but on 5-7 with white only ventro-laterally............ 3 3(2). Notauli weak, 0.5 times or less length of mesoscutum; mesoscutum with fine micro-reticulation, its punctures adjacent to confluent; scutellum wider than long; wing membrane with a large hairless area beneath pterostigma; gaster black except white on tergite 4.............................................................................................................................. Phycitiplex eremnus (Porter) — Notauli fine but traceable 0.7-0.8 times length of mesoscutum; mesoscutum shining with sharp, mostly subadjacent to adjacent punctures; scutellum as long as or longer than wide; wing membrane mostly setose beneath pterostigma; gaster black and red or sometimes black with white on much of tergite 4 and less extensively on 5............................................................... 4 4(3). Humeral margin of pronotum white; legs mostly red; malar space 0.80 times length of basal width of mandible; ovipositor 0.8 times as long as forewing Phycitiplex doddi (Cushman) — Humeral margin of pronotum black, sometimes with a little white anteriorly; legs mostly black; malar space 0.50-0.60 times as long as basal width of mandible; postpetiole shining with delicate micro-aciculation; ovipositor 0.6-0.7 times as long as forewing................................................................................................................................................... Phycitiplex obscurior Porter 5(1). Ovipositor straight....................................................................................................................... 6 — Ovipositor decurved..................................................................................................................... 7 6(5). Gaster with a white apical band on tergites 1-3 but without white on 4; white blotch in lower front quadrant of mesopleuron; upper metapleuron pure white; coxae red and white; postpetiole 1.8- 2.2 times as wide at apex as as long from spiracle to apex; tergite 2 with dense but not confluent, sharply defined, medium sized punctures.............................. Phycitiplex tricinctus Porter — Gaster with a white band only on tergite 4; no white markings on lower mesopleuron or on upper metapleuron; coxae red; postpetiole 1.5 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; tergite 2 with many small, faint punctures.......................... Phycitiplex unicinctus Porter 7(5). Postpetiole 1.6-2.0 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor 0.4-0.5 times as long as forewing........................................................................................................................ 8 — Postpetiole 1.2-1.7 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor 0.6 times as long as forewing................................................................................................................................ 9 8(7). Gaster with a complete subapical white band on tergite 2; second gastric tergite with numerous medium sized very shallow but well defined punctures............. Phycitiplex peralta Porter — Gaster often without white on tergite 2 or with a dorsally incomplete white band; tergite 2 with sparser, smaller, very obscure punctures.............................. Phycitiplex charieis (Porter) 9(7). Upper metapleuron pure white throughout; first flagellomere 6.6 times as long as deep at apex at apex; malar space 0.44 times as long as basal width of mandible............................................................................................................................................. Phycitiplex trichroma Porter — Upper metapleuron entirely black or sometimes obscurely stained with brownish white; first flagellomere 4.5-5.4 as times long as deep at apex; malar space 0.66-0.75 times as long as basal width of mandible........................................................................ Phycitiplex lepidus Porter, Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147

Phycitiplex obscurior Porter, new species (Fig. 1) Description. Female Holotype. Color: antenna blackish with a white band above on flagellar segments 6-9; head and mesosoma black with reddish on mandible and around clypeus, a narrow white band on facial and frontal orbits, a broad white band toward apex on vertical orbit and continued below to lower half of hind orbit, a tiny white spot in malar space, anterior margin of pronotum white only on collar, a little white anteriorly on humeral margin of pronotum, white spot on base of tegula, subalarum slightly tinged with whitish, and basal 0.6 of scutellum pure white; gaster red on first tergite, duller red on second tergite, mostly blackish on third tergite, fourth tergite black with a very broad white apical band, following tergites black with abbreviated white bands ventro-laterally on fifth and sixth; fore and mid leg with coxa black with a little white toward apex, trochanter black and white, trochantellus pale orange and whitish, femur and tibia light orange, the tarsus dull orange suffused with dusky; hind leg orange red on coxa, with trochanter black and white, trochantellus pale orange and whitish, femur and tibia light orange, and tarsus dull orange with weak blackish staining toward apices of segments 1-4 and blackish throughout on 5; wings hyaline with slight brownish staining. Length of forewing 4.6 mm. Flagellum long, slender, cylindric, first segment 5.0 times as long as deep at apex. Clypeus strongly nasute, basal face convexly raised in profile, the slightly shorter apical face steeply declivous and a little concave. Malar space 0.50 times as long as basal width of mandible. Fore tibia stout but not inflated. Pronotum: submarginal groove narrow but percurrent and foveolate; mesoscutum with notauli fine and sharp basally and shallower rearward but traceable 0.8 times the length of mesoscutum, surface shining with very many rather large subadjacent to adjacent or a little confluent strong, sharp punctures. Wing venation: areolet large with intercubiti strongly convergent above, second abscissa of radius 0.4 times as long as first intercubitus; second recurrent a little reclivous on lower half and slightly outcurved above. Propodeum: spiracle 3.0 times as long as wide; whole propodeum in profile strongly and smoothly sloping from base to apex, the apical face being confluent with the slightly shorter basal face; basal trans-carina fine and sharp throughout; apical trans-carina absent medially but developed laterally into low although sharp edged broadly crescentic cristae. First gastric tergite: petiole slender basad but toward apex widened into the short and broad postpetiole which is 1.2 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex; surface of postpetiole shining with delicate microaciculation which fades out toward apex and with a few widely scattered small to moderately large, inconspicuous punctures which are most conspicuous apically. Second gastric tergite: dully shining with very fine micro-reticulation, and a few sparse, inconspicuous punctures toward apex which emit short, mostly well spaced setae. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.65 times as long as forewing; nodus scarcely defined, its position indicated by a tiny notch; tip 0.20 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Variation. Color: may be back with no red areas and reduced white markings: no white on humeral margin of pronotum; scutellum black except tinged with brownish white on each side near base; no white on sixth gastric tergite; fore and mid legs light brownish; hind leg with coxa and trochanter black, trochantellus brownish, femur black with dull brownish orange laterally below and near base and apex. Length of forewing 4.1-4.8 mm. First flagellomere 4.8 times as long as deep at apex. Malar space up to 0.60 times as long as basal width of mandible. Wing venation: second abscissa of radius up to 0.6 as long as first intercubitus. Propodeum: spiracle 2.5 times as long as wide. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.3 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex. Ovipositor 0.68-0.72 times as long as forewing, its tip 0.16-0.18 times as high as notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, X-2001, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype [FSCA, IMLA]. Relationships. This species is related to the partially sympatric northwest and central Argentine P. doddi and to P. eremnus from central Chile. It differs from both these species in its longer notauli (0.7-0.8 times the length of mesoscutum) and additionally from P. doddi by its mostly black legs. Other distinguishing features are noted in the key and in the respective species descriptions., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147

Phycitiplex tricinctus Porter, new species (Fig. 2) Description. Female Holotype. Color: scape reddish with a little white on apex and flagellum black with a white band above on segments 6 (near apex) to 10; head and mesosoma black with some reddish on mandible and clypeus and with white as follows: large blotch on mandible, most of clypeus except apically, blotch on middle of face, broad orbital band throughout except for a slight break in malar space, broad anterior margin of pronotum, humeral margin of pronotum, tegula, most of scutellum, most of subalarum, large blotch in lower front quadrant of mesopleural disc, small spot on upper end of mesepimeron, upper division of metapleuron, and a broad band on each side of hind face of propodeum from cristae (inclusive) to hind margin; gaster light red with a wide white apical band covering about 0.8 of postpetiole, and broad white subapical bands on tergites 2 and 3; fore and mid legs: coxae mostly white, variegated with dull red and black, trochanter white with darker staining, femur red, tibia and tarsus duller red with dusky apicad on tarsomeres 1-4 and throughout on 5, hind leg red with a large white blotch above on base of coxa, tibia duller red with some dusky toward apex; tarsus mostly dusky; wings hyaline. Length of forewing: 4.5 mm. Flagellum long, slender, cylindric, its first segment 4.7 times as long as deep at apex. Clypeus strongly raised, in profile bluntly subpyramidal or nasute with apical face shorter than basal and strongly declivous. Malar space 0.66 times as long as basal width of mandible. Wing venation: areolet large with intercubiti very strongly converging above, second abscissa of radius 0.4 times as long as first intercubitus. First gastric tergite: postpetiole short and broad, 2.0 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex, dorsal carinae obsolete, surface smooth and polished with weak microaciculation that fades out apicad and with a few, widely scattered, shallow, medium sized punctures. Second gastric tergite: rather mat with abundant, quite small, shallow but well defined subadjacent to adjacent punctures emitting short, mostly a little overlapping setae. Ovipositor: straight, slender, strongly compressed; 0.32 times as long as forewing; nodus weakly defined by presence of a minute notch, profile of dorsal valve between notch and apex evenly tapering, slightly convex, tip 0.18 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Variation. Color: scape sometimes wholly black; white blotch on mesopleuron sometimes quite small; front trochanter may be extensively blackish; mid coxa sometimes red and white only; hind femur sometimes more or less dusky. Length of forewing 4.1-5.7 mm. Flagellum: first segment 4.7-6.3 times as long as deep at apex. Malar space 0.50-0.70 times as long as basal width of mandible. Wing venation: second abscissa of radius 0.3-0.4 times as long as first intercubitus. First gastric tergite with postpetiole 1.8-2.2 times as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.29-0.31 times as long as forewing; tip 0.16-0.24 times as high at notch as long from notch to apex. Type material. Holotype female, ARGENTINA, La Rioja Province, Sierra de Velasco, Santa Vera Cruz, 1700 m, 31-I-2004, P. Fidalgo, Malaise trap [IMLA]. Paratypes: 3 females, same locality as holotype, 13- I-2005, 31-I-2004, 5-II-2005 [FSCA, IMLA]. Relationships. This species may be recognized by its straight ovipositor, unusually broad postpetiole, sharply defined punctures on the second gastric tergite, and in having a white apical band on tergites 1- 3 only. Otherwise it is similar to other members of the P. charieis species cluster., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2008, New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2008 (56) on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170147

Porter, Charles C. (2008): New Phycitiplex Porter (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Subandean Desert in northwest Argentina. Insecta Mundi 2008 (56): 1-13, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5170147, {"references":["Cabrera, A. L., and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de America Latina, Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, Serie de Biologia. Monografia No. 13. Washington, D.C. 120 p.","Cushman, R. A. 1927. Miscellaneous Notes and Descriptions of Ichneumon-flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 72(2709): 1-22.","Porter, C. C. 1967. A Revision of the South American Species of Trachysphyrus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 10: 368 p.","Porter, C. C. 1975. Relaciones Zoogeograficas y Origen de la Fauna de Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) en la Provincia Biografica del Monte del Noroeste Argentino. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 31(15): 125-252.","Porter, C. C. 1986. A Revision of the euprepes Species Group of Cosmiocryptus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 94: 467-471.","Porter, C. C. 1987. A Revision of the Chilean Mesostenini. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 23(3): 1-164.","Received September 25, 2008; accepted November 3, 2008."]}

Porter, Charles C. (2008): A remarkable new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Costa Rica. Insecta Mundi 2008 (27): 1-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4532801, {"references":["Bohart, R. M., and L. A. Stange. 1965. A revision of the genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere. University of California Publications in Entomology. Vol. 40. 208 p.","Porter, C. C. 1975. New records for Zethus (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae) from Texas. Florida Entomologist. 58: 303-6.","Porter, C. C. 1978. Ecology and taxonomy of Lower Rio Grande Valley Zethus (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae). Florida Entomologist 61: 157-167.","Zavattari, E. 1912. Materalien fur eine Monografie der neotropischen Eumeniden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 78 (Abt. A), Heft 4: 1-272."]}

Habronyx punensis Porter, new species (Figure 4-6) Description. Female Holotype. Similar to H. citrinus from which it differs as follows. Color: second gastric tergite faintly blackish on dorsum toward middle; fourth tergite with black on much of its apical 0.5; fore and mid trochanters largely black with some orange above and apically; hind leg with trochantellus blackish with obscure orange staining, tibia rather dull orange on about its basal 0.3 but otherwise black, and first tarsomere dull orange with black on its apical 0.3; wings hyaline. Length of fore wing: 9.3 mm. First flagellomere 2.6 times as long as deep at apex. Front with a sharp carina running from median ocellus ventrad to between antennal scrobes. Vertex: line from hind ocellus to occipital carina about 0.4 times the width of ocellus. Mesopleural disc on its lower 0.5 with strong, medium sized to large not at all recticulately confluent punctures which are mostly subadjacent or a little sparser with smooth, shining interspaces. Wing venation: nervulus only 0.2 times its length postfurcal; discoidella traceable throughout but spectral, largely desclerotized. Hind leg with femur 5.8 times as long as deep, second tarsomere 2.6 times as long as deep. Gaster with postpetiole 1.4 times as long as wide at apex. Male Allotype. Differs from female as follows: Color: fore and mid trochanters more largely orange than in female; hind tibia orange with dusky staining on basal 0.4 and black on distal 0.6. Length of fore wing 8.6 mm. First flagellomere 3.0 times as long as deep at apex. Mesopleuron: lower 0.5 of disc with punctures a little larger and more crowded than in female but not reticulately coalescing. Wing venation: discoidella desclerotized and barely traceable on basal 0.5, a little better developed on distal 0.5. Second hind tarsomere 3.3 times as long as deep at apex. Type material. Holotype female, BOLIVIA, La Paz, Huaraco-Aroma, 23-III-1994, colectado en cultivos de quinua, sali�� de larvas de Noctuidae [FSCA]. Allotype male, BOLIVIA, La Paz, Murillo, Laboratorio de Entomolog��a en Cota Cota, 23-III-1994, colectado en cultivos de quinua, sali�� de larvas de Noctuidae [FSCA]. Relationships. This species is very similar to the Chilean H. citrinus but differs in its more nearly hyaline wings, more extensively black gaster and legs, presence of a sharp median carina on the front, strongly but not reticulately punctate mesopleural disc, more briefly postfurcal nervulus, and more weakly sclerotized or even in part spectral nervellus. Some of these characters may not hold up when more specimens are at hand to show a fuller range of variation. However it would be unusual for a single species to occur from central Chile all the way north into the Andean steppe of Bolivia, although many temperate South American genera are represented by closely related species in each area. For example, as described by Porter (1967), the ichneumonid genus Trachysphyrus Haliday has the Metallicus species group at 3000-4000 m in the highlands of Bolivia and Per��, while its presumed sister taxon, the Irinus species group, occurs in Neantarctic central Chile from Atacama to Malleco (27 th- 37 th parallel) and at altitudes of 300-3000 m, with most records from below 2300 m. Hosts. These specimens were reared from an unidentified noctuid moth larvae on Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Angiospermae: Chenopodiaceae). Habitat Notes. The type series was collected near La Paz, Bolivia at more than 3000m in the high Andean steppe or Puna Biogeographic Province as defined by Cabrera and Willink (1973). Chenopodium quinoa, host plant of the noctuid larva from which H. punensis was reared, is a desertic halophyte, native to the Andean highlands of Bolivia and Per��, where it is cultivated for its edible seeds and leaves. Specific Name. An adjective derived from the Quechua word puna by addition of the Latin locative suffix -ensis., Published as part of Porter, Charles C., 2007, Habronyx Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae) in Andean and Neantarctic South America with description of new species from Bolivia and Chile, pp. 1-8 in Insecta Mundi 2007 (20) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5172484, {"references":["Porter, C. C. 1967. A revision of the South American species of Trachysphyrus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 10: 368 p.","Cabrera, A. L., and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de America Latina. Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, Serie de Biologia. Monografia 13: 120 p."]}

Porter, Charles C. (2007): Habronyx Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae) in Andean and Neantarctic South America with description of new species from Bolivia and Chile. Insecta Mundi 2007 (20): 1-8, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5172484, {"references":["Cabrera, A. L., and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de America Latina. Organizacion de los Estados Americanos, Serie de Biologia. Monografia 13: 120 p.","Dasch, C. E. 1984. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico. Pt. 9. Subfamilies Theriinae and Anomaloninae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 36: 610 p.","Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History); London. 413 p.","Gauld, I. D. 1997. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica. Part 2. Subfamilies Anomaloninae, Ctenopelmatinae, Diplazontinae, Lycorininae, Phrudinae, Xoridinae, with an appendix on Rhyssinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 57: 485 p.","Porter, C. C. 1967. A revision of the South American species of Trachysphyrus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute10: 368 p.","Porter, C. C. 1987. A revision of the Chilean Mesostenini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 23(3): 164 p.","Porter, C. C. 1997. Guia de los generos de Ichneumonidae en la Region Neantartica del Sur de Sudamerica. Fundacion Miguel Lillo; Tucuman, Argentina. Opera Lilloana, No. 42: 234 p."]}

Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) chocoensis Porter & Wolff, sp.n. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6) MALE. Head: Vertex and adjoining lateral surface of head with broad, dark decumbent scales with bronze and blue­green iridescence; no erect scales present; patch of white scales occurs basolaterally; scales along ocular line white or with at least their distal margin white resulting in distinct white line along edge of compound eye. Ocular setae dark brown, including 2 long approximated interocular setae. Interocular space without scales, narrows to width equal to or slightly less than that of single ommatidium. Clypeus and frons without setae or scales; frons with dense covering of fine aculeae (pubescence) between postfrontal suture and antennal socket; clypeus with less dense covering of minute aculeae. Palpus two­segmented (0.16–0.19 mm, mean 0.18, n 6); segment 1 short, rather quadrate; segment 2 elongate; both covered with dark scales. Proboscis slightly expanded in distal 0.3; dorsal surface with dark scales with blue­green iridescence; ventral surface primarily with pale and white scales extending from base to about 0.7 length where they merge with prominent preapical patch of bright white scales at beginning of apical expansion; white scales end at about 0.8, replaced by dark scales to distal end. Proboscis (P) (1.46–1.55 mm, n 3) longer than antennae (flagellum [F] 1.27–1.34 mm, mean 1.31, n 4), mean P:F 1.13 (n 3), but shorter than forefemur (Fe­I), mean P:Fe­I 0.74 (n 3). Pedicel with 6 small setae dorsomesad. Flagellum moderately verticillate, whorls with 8–11 setae, longest setae about 0.35 flagellum length; flagellomere 1 with dorsomesad cluster of 7–12 scales; length of selected flagellomeres (Flm) derived from 3 specimens (6 antennae) as follows: Flm 5 0.08–0.09 mm, Flm 11 0.10–0.12 mm, Flm 12 0.12–0.15 mm, Flm 13 all 0.19 mm; mean Flm 13:Flm 5 2.31. Distal 2 flagellomeres not disproportionately longer than preceding flagellomeres. Thorax: Integument primarily light brown. Scutum with broad dark scales with bronze and blue­green iridescence, anterior promontary region with a few white scales and about 9 dark brown setae, no acrostichal or dorsocentral setae present. Supraalar and antealar areas have combined sum of 25–31 (mean 28, n 3) dark brown setae. Scutellum covered with broad scales concolorous with those of scutum, margin of median lobe with 4 large and about 3 small dark brown setae, lateral lobes with 4 large and 4 or 5 small dark brown setae. Mesopostnotum brown with medial cluster of 8–11 brown setae. Antepronotal lobes widely separated dorsally, with dark scales dorsally and silvery white scales on portion adjoining pleura; each lobe with 7–12 dark brown setae. Postpronotum without setae; covered primarily with silvery white scales, those along dorsal margin concolorous with scales of scutum. Pleuron with silvery white scales although anterior half of mesokatepisternum and posterior one­third of mesanepimeron bare. Paratergite, meron, and metapleuron entirely bare. Pleural chaetotaxy as follows: prespiracular, 1 dark seta; postspiracular setae absent; upper proepisternal, 2–4 yellow setae; lower mesokatepisternal, 4–7 yellow setae; upper mesokatepisternal setae absent; prealar, 3–4 dark, occasionally pale, setae; lower mesepimeral setae absent; upper mesepimeral, 6– 9 yellow setae. Legs: forecoxa with silvery white scales on anterior margin, otherwise bare; midcoxa and hindcoxa with silvery white scales. Trochanters primarily with silvery white scales although few on dorsal surface, small dark scales on upper distal margin of midtrochanter and hindtrochanter, scattered dark scales on upper surface of foretrochanter. Dorsal surface of femora with dark scales with bronze reflection and dark blue and greenish­blue iridescence depending upon angle of incident light. Posteroventral surface of forefemur covered with white scales over basal 0.3; white scaling gradually decreases to narrow posteroventral line at about 0.5, which extends distally and becomes slightly broader near distal end. Ventral surface of midfemur and hindfemur with white scaling over entire length. Forefemur slightly longer than foretibia (Ti­I) (mean Fe­I:Ti­I 1.08, n 3); forefemur somewhat shorter than midfemur (Fe­II) (mean Fe­I:Fe­II 0.87, n 3) but longer than hindfemur (Fe­III) (mean Fe­I:Fe­III 1.27, n 3); forefemur longer than proboscis (mean Fe­I:P 1.36, n 3). Dorsal surface of foretibia and foretarsomere 1 (Ta­I 1) concolorous with forefemur; scales on dorsal surface of Ta­I 2–5 dark, appearing dark blue at certain angles of incident light; foretibia with white scaling on posteroventral surface, diminished distally, seldom reaching distal end; ventral surface of Ta­I 1­5 primarily with dark scales with metallic reflection; ungues equal, simple, dark but pale basally. Midfemur distinctly longer than midtibia (Ti­II) (mean Fe­II:Ti­II 1.56, n 3), dorsal surface of midtibia, and midtarsomere 1 (Ta­II 1) concolorous with midfemur, posteroventral surface of midtibia and Ta­II 1 with broad white scaling over entire length. Midtarsomere 2 (Ta­II 2) entirely white scaled with exception of some grey to dark scales basally on anteroventral surface, seldom extending beyond 0.3 length of tarsomere; Ta­II 3–5 completely white scaled except for a few grey to dark scales at distal end of Ta­II 5. Ungues dissimilar; larger unguis stout, dark, curved to almost 90 ° angle, tip blunt, rounded; smaller unguis simple, dark. Hindfemur slightly longer than hindtibia (Ti­III) (mean Fe­III:Ti­III 1.05, n 3), hindtarsomere 1 (Ta­III 1) somewhat longer than hindfemur (mean Ta­III 1:Fe­III 1.13, n 3). Dorsal surface of hindtibia and Ta­III 1 & 2 concolorous with hindfemur, dorsal surface of Ta­ III 3–5 with dark scales with metallic reflection. Ventral surface of hindtibia with white scales limited to about basal 0.1, remainder primarily with pale scales with metallic reflection; ventral surface of Ta­III 1 with a few pale scales basally but predominately with dark scales having metallic reflection; ventral surface of Ta­III 2 with predominately pale scaling; ventral surface of Ta­III 3–5 with dark scales having metallic reflection. Ungues unequal; longer unguis very slender (0.07–0.08 mm) with fine tip, about 2 x length of shorter; both curved distally. Halteres with scabellum and pedicel pale (cream­colored), distal portion of pedicel and capitellum covered with dark scales with bronze and bluegreen iridescence. Wing: 2.10–2.40 mm, wing scales mostly decumbent and concolorous with scutum. Dorsal scales primarily spatulate, rather broad with rounded ends; R 2, R 3, R 4 + 5, M 1, and M 2 with typical broad spatulate scales over entire length. In addition to broad spatulate scales, R 1 has a row of smaller spatulate scales closely appressed to vein; 1 A with somewhat narrower spatulate scales, which are closely appressed to vein and extend over almost entire length of vein before ending near wing margin. Sparse row of relatively narrow scales (plume scales) occurs on dorsal surface of M and radial sector (Rs). Ventral wing scales similar to dorsal scales but with plume scales on following veins: M 3 + 4 except near distal end, distal 0.5–0.6 of CuA, and a few on basal 0.5 of R 4 + 5 and basal ~ 0.5 of R 1. Also, plume scales may be present on distal third of 1 A. CuA and 1 A without spatulate scales on ventral surface, thus only with distal plume scales. Ventral scales of M all spatulate. Vein R 2 about 4–5 times longer than vein R 2 + 3; vein 1 A ends somewhat before junction of mcu and CuA. Alula with 9 or 10 piliform setae. Abdomen: Abdominal terga primarily with dark scales similar in color to those of scutum; lateral margins with silvery white scales, which form an essentially straight line along abdomen; pale scales expand dorsally somewhat on tergum VII; sterna covered with silvery white scales. Tergum I covered with dark scales dorsally, lateral margins bare; diffuse group of about 20–25 prominent, amber­colored setae occur laterally on either side of meson. Laterotergite without scales. Distal margin of terga II–V with about 7–14 small pale setae; these setae more numerous along distal margin of terga VI and VII (~ 22); lateral margins of terga II–VI usually with 1–4 small pale setae. Distal margin of sterna II–V with about 10–20 small pale setae; distal margin of sterna VI and VII (~ 23) with more numerous and somewhat longer setae; sternum VII also with 2 or 3 setae medially and slightly basal to distal margin; lateral margins of sterna III–VII usually with 3–6 small pale setae. Tergum VIII and sternum VIII are included in description of genitalia. Genitalia (Fig. 1 C–G): Tergum VIII (ventral in position) narrow, 2.8–3.3 x as wide as long; covered with small spicules, which become minute and very numerous basally although basal 0.2–0.4 glabrous; distal margin somewhat concave; spatulate scales primarily along lateral margins. Tergum VIII with 72–90 (mean 78, n 6) relatively long setae with curved tips, longest about 1.4 x length of tergum VIII along median plane; setae located along and near distal margin but most numerous in mesal region where their presence is somewhat expanded basally to about 0.5 length of tergum VIII; a pair of tiny setae located about 0.33 from basal margin and laterad of median plane. Sternum VIII (dorsal in position) 2.0– 2.5 x as wide as long; distal margin somewhat convex; covered with small spicules, which become minute and very numerous basally although about basal 0.3 glabrous. Sternum VIII also covered with dark, decumbent spatulate scales and with 17–24 (mean 21, n 6) setae arranged primarily as single row along distal margin, longest setae similar in length to those on tergum VIII; pair of minute setae or punctures located sublaterad and about 0.4 from basal margin. Tergum and sternum IX fused laterally forming complete ring. Tergum IX bearing 3 or 4 stout but relatively short setae on either side of narrow median bridge, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Sternum IX narrow but with medial triangular­shaped expansion between base of gonocoxites; outer surface densely spiculate. Gonocoxite spiculate; elongate, expanded basally, distal 0.5 slender and slightly bowed; sternal surface with scattered setae; lateral margin from near base to apex with scales and scattered setae; long, recurved, yellowish setae along mesal margin of slender distal portion of gonocoxite from slightly above base of gonostylus to near apex; apex with dense cluster of long, slightly lanceolate, dark setae (about 0.4 length of gonocoxite). Three tergal setal groups: (1) proximal mesal group comprised of a dense cluster (golden in color) of 25–30 (mean 28, n 8) lanceolate setae (about 0.4 length of gonocoxite), most curved beyond mid­length; (2) a tight group of 9–15 (mean 12, n 8) slender, pale setae (similar in length to lanceolate setae) at distal edge of lanceolate setal cluster; (3) slightly laterad of lanceolate setal cluster is a diffuse group of 13–17 (mean 16, n 9) very slender dark setae, curved near tip. Gonostylus (Fig. 1 D) about 0.4 length of gonocoxite, arises on mesal surface of gonocoxite near mid­length, curved toward distal direction at about 0.3 length; glabrous but rugose near apex; broad over entire length but with short, acute tip. Aedeagus longer than wide; submedian tergal arms bend toward each other resembling an upside­down V, narrowly joined at midline to form a tergal bridge; apical tergal arms flared laterally and joined apically to form narrow apical tergal bridge (ATB), posterior margin of ATB minutely crenulate; median sternal plate located within apical tergal arms, apical portion coarsely denticulate. Proctiger (in lateral view) with broad basal sclerotization of tergum X, paraproct rounded apically with adjacent subapical lobe and with 4 or 5 cercal setae. FEMALE. Like male except for sexual characters as follows. Head: Proboscis slightly expanded in distal 0.3, ventral surface with white scales from base to slightly beyond 0.7 length of proboscis (ending near base of apical expansion), about distal 0.3 of proboscis with dark scales. Thorax: Integument tan to light brown. Legs: Posteroventral surface of forefemur with white scaling over basal ~ 0.3, rather narrow line of white scales continues to distal end. Posteroventral surface of foretibia with white scales over entire length or to 0.7 and with scattered white scales to distal end. Foretarsomeres 1–5 (Ta­I 1–5) with dark scaling, scales on posteroventral surface with bright metallic reflection. Foretarsomere 1 (Ta­I 1) often with a few white scales basally. Midfemur and midtibia with white scales over entire length on posteroventral surface, although white scales may become scattered or absent toward distal end of midtibia. Dorsal surface of midtarsomere 1 (Ta­II 1) primarily dark scaled with a few white scales at distal end; in some specimens, narrow irregular row of white scales extends over entire anterodorsal surface. Posteroventral surface of Ta­II 1 with metallic reflection; white scales limited primarily to basal 0.3 but scattered white and pale scales extend to distal end. Dorsal surface of Ta­II 2 (Fig. 6 B) with white scaling, which gradually expands distally to anterior and posterior surfaces; ventral surface with dark scales with metallic reflection. midtarsomeres 3–5 (Ta­II 3–5) primarily with white scales, dark scales limited to ventral surface; Ta­II 5 with a few dark scales dorsally at distal end. Ventral surface of hindfemur with white scales over entire length. Ventral surface of hindtibia primarily with dark scales, some specimens have white scales on basal 0.2. Dorsal surface of hindtarsomeres 1–5 (Ta­III 1–5) with dark scaling and metallic or blue iridescence depending upon angle of light. Presence of white scales on ventral surface of Ta­III 1 variable; a few scattered white scales may be present or white scales may extend as line to about 0.6. Scales on ventral surface of Ta­III 2–5 pale to dark with bright metallic reflection. Genitalia (Fig. 5 E­H): Tergum VIII wider than long (width 0.41 mm, length along median plane 0.17 mm), covered with minute spicules and spatulate scales, lateral margins rounded, distal margin somewhat convex. Setae primarily limited to distal 0.33 of tergum VIII, most numerous near distal margin, extending somewhat basally on median plane, in total about 38–47 setae; many setae near distal margin quite long, some slightly exceeding length of tergum VIII; interspersed among long setae are short setae about 0.20–0.25 length of long setae; pair of tiny setae situated sublaterally near basal margin. Sternum VIII wider than long (width 0.37–0.43 mm, length along median plane 0.11–0.12 mm), covered with minute spicules and spatulate scales; distal margin broadly concave with numerous strong setae, which expand posteriorly to form broad V­shaped cluster over median plane, in total about 52–53 setae; length of many setae similar to that of sternum VIII (0.12 mm) although longest nearly twice that length; lateral margins with very few scales or setae; pair of tiny setae located sublaterally near basal margin. Tergum IX narrow (width 0.21–0.22 mm, length 0.03 mm), covered with small spicules, distal margin slightly convex with slight emargination at center, 1 or 2 prominent setae on either side of midline. Insula wider than long, covered with moderately long spicules, apex rounded, about 12 small setae near distal margin, basomesal semicircular depression present with spicules along lateral edges. Postgenital lobe similar in length to cerci, covered with minute spicules, apex slightly emarginate at center, ventral surface with numerous short setae over distal 0.6, dorsal surface with about 7 longer setae on either side of midline; dorsal postgenital lobe length 0.09 mm, dorsal postgenital lobe index 1.85 –2.00 (see Reinert, 1974). Cercus rather flat, covered with minute spicules, apex rounded to somewhat truncate; dorsal surface with about 10–13 setae, longest 0.7–0.8 length of dorsal postgenital lobe. Three spherical spermathecal capsules, all somewhat different in diameter. PUPA (Fig. 1 A,B). Position and character of setae as figured; numbers of branches presented in Table 1. Overall color pattern of pupal exuviae remains similar among different individuals but variation occurs in intensity of pigmentation. Cephalothorax (CT): Tan with very pale to clear patches. Most notable pale areas on scutum include small spot at base of trumpet, two pale areas adjacent to antenna, and pale areas along dorsal margin of scutal protrusion associated with base of trumpet. Seta 1 ­CT strongly developed, long, double, often slightly bent or curved submedially or medially; 4 ­CT usually with 2 or 3 branches; 5 ­CT strongly developed, long, single. Mesothoracic wing mottled basally with 2 distinct pale areas, very pale distally. Metathoracic wing tan but mottled with pale areas; distinct clear spot on each lateral margin; narrow portion of metathoracic wing beyond pale spot (adjacent to lateral margin of abdominal segment I) quite darkly pigmented. Trumpet: Tan, darker basally and near distal end, medial portion very pale (almost white), distal end slightly flared and paler at tip (length 0.80–1.06 mm, mean 0.93 mm, n 8). Abdomen: Coloration varies from very light to dark tan. Abdominal tergum I mottled with pale spots corresponding to positions of seta 3 ­I, 4 ­I, and 6,7­I. Pale spot associated with seta 6,7­I large, often very prominent. Abdominal sternum I frequently with submesal puncture. Abdominal tergum II dark tan with pale areas/spots laterally and distally; seta 2,3­II within distal submesal pale area and seta 1,5­II at distal edge of this pale area; seta 4 ­II within pale spot and seta 6 ­II within extensive lateral pale area. Abdominal tergum III similar in pigmentation to abdominal tergum II but with distinct submesal pale area, which extends to distal margin, seta 1– 3 ­III within this pale area; seta 4 ­III within pale spot; seta 6 ­III within extensive lateral pale area. Areas of darker coloration, most prominent as mesal and submesal longitudinal lines, are progressively diminished from abdominal terga IV to VII. Abdominal terga II–V with sublateral pale area separated by narrow dark line from relatively broad pale area along lateral margin. Abdominal tergum VIII tan but with basomesal region darker. Seta 1 ­I usually with 13–17 branches, 1 ­II–VI prominent, multibranched; seta 2 ­II very small, basal or basolateral to 1 ­II, 2 ­III–VII very small, basomesal or mesal to 1 ­III–VII; seta 3 ­I rather strong, usually single, 3 ­II,III single, long (approx. 0.8 mm), 3 ­IV–VI about 0.3 length of 3 ­III, 3 ­IV,VI usually 2 ­branched, 3 ­V usually with 3 or 4 branches; seta 5 ­I double, infrequently triple; seta 5 ­II,III relatively small (approx. 0.2 mm), 5 ­II 3 ­branched, less frequently 2 ­ or 4 ­branched, 5 &sh

Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) chocoensis Porter & Wolff, sp.n. (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6) MALE. Head: Vertex and adjoining lateral surface of head with broad, dark decumbent scales with bronze and blue��green iridescence; no erect scales present; patch of white scales occurs basolaterally; scales along ocular line white or with at least their distal margin white resulting in distinct white line along edge of compound eye. Ocular setae dark brown, including 2 long approximated interocular setae. Interocular space without scales, narrows to width equal to or slightly less than that of single ommatidium. Clypeus and frons without setae or scales; frons with dense covering of fine aculeae (pubescence) between postfrontal suture and antennal socket; clypeus with less dense covering of minute aculeae. Palpus two��segmented (0.16���0.19 mm, mean 0.18, n 6); segment 1 short, rather quadrate; segment 2 elongate; both covered with dark scales. Proboscis slightly expanded in distal 0.3; dorsal surface with dark scales with blue��green iridescence; ventral surface primarily with pale and white scales extending from base to about 0.7 length where they merge with prominent preapical patch of bright white scales at beginning of apical expansion; white scales end at about 0.8, replaced by dark scales to distal end. Proboscis (P) (1.46���1.55 mm, n 3) longer than antennae (flagellum [F] 1.27���1.34 mm, mean 1.31, n 4), mean P:F 1.13 (n 3), but shorter than forefemur (Fe��I), mean P:Fe��I 0.74 (n 3). Pedicel with 6 small setae dorsomesad. Flagellum moderately verticillate, whorls with 8���11 setae, longest setae about 0.35 flagellum length; flagellomere 1 with dorsomesad cluster of 7���12 scales; length of selected flagellomeres (Flm) derived from 3 specimens (6 antennae) as follows: Flm 5 0.08���0.09 mm, Flm 11 0.10���0.12 mm, Flm 12 0.12���0.15 mm, Flm 13 all 0.19 mm; mean Flm 13:Flm 5 2.31. Distal 2 flagellomeres not disproportionately longer than preceding flagellomeres. Thorax: Integument primarily light brown. Scutum with broad dark scales with bronze and blue��green iridescence, anterior promontary region with a few white scales and about 9 dark brown setae, no acrostichal or dorsocentral setae present. Supraalar and antealar areas have combined sum of 25���31 (mean 28, n 3) dark brown setae. Scutellum covered with broad scales concolorous with those of scutum, margin of median lobe with 4 large and about 3 small dark brown setae, lateral lobes with 4 large and 4 or 5 small dark brown setae. Mesopostnotum brown with medial cluster of 8���11 brown setae. Antepronotal lobes widely separated dorsally, with dark scales dorsally and silvery white scales on portion adjoining pleura; each lobe with 7���12 dark brown setae. Postpronotum without setae; covered primarily with silvery white scales, those along dorsal margin concolorous with scales of scutum. Pleuron with silvery white scales although anterior half of mesokatepisternum and posterior one��third of mesanepimeron bare. Paratergite, meron, and metapleuron entirely bare. Pleural chaetotaxy as follows: prespiracular, 1 dark seta; postspiracular setae absent; upper proepisternal, 2���4 yellow setae; lower mesokatepisternal, 4���7 yellow setae; upper mesokatepisternal setae absent; prealar, 3���4 dark, occasionally pale, setae; lower mesepimeral setae absent; upper mesepimeral, 6��� 9 yellow setae. Legs: forecoxa with silvery white scales on anterior margin, otherwise bare; midcoxa and hindcoxa with silvery white scales. Trochanters primarily with silvery white scales although few on dorsal surface, small dark scales on upper distal margin of midtrochanter and hindtrochanter, scattered dark scales on upper surface of foretrochanter. Dorsal surface of femora with dark scales with bronze reflection and dark blue and greenish��blue iridescence depending upon angle of incident light. Posteroventral surface of forefemur covered with white scales over basal 0.3; white scaling gradually decreases to narrow posteroventral line at about 0.5, which extends distally and becomes slightly broader near distal end. Ventral surface of midfemur and hindfemur with white scaling over entire length. Forefemur slightly longer than foretibia (Ti��I) (mean Fe��I:Ti��I 1.08, n 3); forefemur somewhat shorter than midfemur (Fe��II) (mean Fe��I:Fe��II 0.87, n 3) but longer than hindfemur (Fe��III) (mean Fe��I:Fe��III 1.27, n 3); forefemur longer than proboscis (mean Fe��I:P 1.36, n 3). Dorsal surface of foretibia and foretarsomere 1 (Ta��I 1) concolorous with forefemur; scales on dorsal surface of Ta��I 2���5 dark, appearing dark blue at certain angles of incident light; foretibia with white scaling on posteroventral surface, diminished distally, seldom reaching distal end; ventral surface of Ta��I 1��5 primarily with dark scales with metallic reflection; ungues equal, simple, dark but pale basally. Midfemur distinctly longer than midtibia (Ti��II) (mean Fe��II:Ti��II 1.56, n 3), dorsal surface of midtibia, and midtarsomere 1 (Ta��II 1) concolorous with midfemur, posteroventral surface of midtibia and Ta��II 1 with broad white scaling over entire length. Midtarsomere 2 (Ta��II 2) entirely white scaled with exception of some grey to dark scales basally on anteroventral surface, seldom extending beyond 0.3 length of tarsomere; Ta��II 3���5 completely white scaled except for a few grey to dark scales at distal end of Ta��II 5. Ungues dissimilar; larger unguis stout, dark, curved to almost 90 �� angle, tip blunt, rounded; smaller unguis simple, dark. Hindfemur slightly longer than hindtibia (Ti��III) (mean Fe��III:Ti��III 1.05, n 3), hindtarsomere 1 (Ta��III 1) somewhat longer than hindfemur (mean Ta��III 1:Fe��III 1.13, n 3). Dorsal surface of hindtibia and Ta��III 1 & 2 concolorous with hindfemur, dorsal surface of Ta�� III 3���5 with dark scales with metallic reflection. Ventral surface of hindtibia with white scales limited to about basal 0.1, remainder primarily with pale scales with metallic reflection; ventral surface of Ta��III 1 with a few pale scales basally but predominately with dark scales having metallic reflection; ventral surface of Ta��III 2 with predominately pale scaling; ventral surface of Ta��III 3���5 with dark scales having metallic reflection. Ungues unequal; longer unguis very slender (0.07���0.08 mm) with fine tip, about 2 x length of shorter; both curved distally. Halteres with scabellum and pedicel pale (cream��colored), distal portion of pedicel and capitellum covered with dark scales with bronze and bluegreen iridescence. Wing: 2.10���2.40 mm, wing scales mostly decumbent and concolorous with scutum. Dorsal scales primarily spatulate, rather broad with rounded ends; R 2, R 3, R 4 + 5, M 1, and M 2 with typical broad spatulate scales over entire length. In addition to broad spatulate scales, R 1 has a row of smaller spatulate scales closely appressed to vein; 1 A with somewhat narrower spatulate scales, which are closely appressed to vein and extend over almost entire length of vein before ending near wing margin. Sparse row of relatively narrow scales (plume scales) occurs on dorsal surface of M and radial sector (Rs). Ventral wing scales similar to dorsal scales but with plume scales on following veins: M 3 + 4 except near distal end, distal 0.5���0.6 of CuA, and a few on basal 0.5 of R 4 + 5 and basal ~ 0.5 of R 1. Also, plume scales may be present on distal third of 1 A. CuA and 1 A without spatulate scales on ventral surface, thus only with distal plume scales. Ventral scales of M all spatulate. Vein R 2 about 4���5 times longer than vein R 2 + 3; vein 1 A ends somewhat before junction of mcu and CuA. Alula with 9 or 10 piliform setae. Abdomen: Abdominal terga primarily with dark scales similar in color to those of scutum; lateral margins with silvery white scales, which form an essentially straight line along abdomen; pale scales expand dorsally somewhat on tergum VII; sterna covered with silvery white scales. Tergum I covered with dark scales dorsally, lateral margins bare; diffuse group of about 20���25 prominent, amber��colored setae occur laterally on either side of meson. Laterotergite without scales. Distal margin of terga II���V with about 7���14 small pale setae; these setae more numerous along distal margin of terga VI and VII (~ 22); lateral margins of terga II���VI usually with 1���4 small pale setae. Distal margin of sterna II���V with about 10���20 small pale setae; distal margin of sterna VI and VII (~ 23) with more numerous and somewhat longer setae; sternum VII also with 2 or 3 setae medially and slightly basal to distal margin; lateral margins of sterna III���VII usually with 3���6 small pale setae. Tergum VIII and sternum VIII are included in description of genitalia. Genitalia (Fig. 1 C���G): Tergum VIII (ventral in position) narrow, 2.8���3.3 x as wide as long; covered with small spicules, which become minute and very numerous basally although basal 0.2���0.4 glabrous; distal margin somewhat concave; spatulate scales primarily along lateral margins. Tergum VIII with 72���90 (mean 78, n 6) relatively long setae with curved tips, longest about 1.4 x length of tergum VIII along median plane; setae located along and near distal margin but most numerous in mesal region where their presence is somewhat expanded basally to about 0.5 length of tergum VIII; a pair of tiny setae located about 0.33 from basal margin and laterad of median plane. Sternum VIII (dorsal in position) 2.0��� 2.5 x as wide as long; distal margin somewhat convex; covered with small spicules, which become minute and very numerous basally although about basal 0.3 glabrous. Sternum VIII also covered with dark, decumbent spatulate scales and with 17���24 (mean 21, n 6) setae arranged primarily as single row along distal margin, longest setae similar in length to those on tergum VIII; pair of minute setae or punctures located sublaterad and about 0.4 from basal margin. Tergum and sternum IX fused laterally forming complete ring. Tergum IX bearing 3 or 4 stout but relatively short setae on either side of narrow median bridge, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Sternum IX narrow but with medial triangular��shaped expansion between base of gonocoxites; outer surface densely spiculate. Gonocoxite spiculate; elongate, expanded basally, distal 0.5 slender and slightly bowed; sternal surface with scattered setae; lateral margin from near base to apex with scales and scattered setae; long, recurved, yellowish setae along mesal margin of slender distal portion of gonocoxite from slightly above base of gonostylus to near apex; apex with dense cluster of long, slightly lanceolate, dark setae (about 0.4 length of gonocoxite). Three tergal setal groups: (1) proximal mesal group comprised of a dense cluster (golden in color) of 25���30 (mean 28, n 8) lanceolate setae (about 0.4 length of gonocoxite), most curved beyond mid��length; (2) a tight group of 9���15 (mean 12, n 8) slender, pale setae (similar in length to lanceolate setae) at distal edge of lanceolate setal cluster; (3) slightly laterad of lanceolate setal cluster is a diffuse group of 13���17 (mean 16, n 9) very slender dark setae, curved near tip. Gonostylus (Fig. 1 D) about 0.4 length of gonocoxite, arises on mesal surface of gonocoxite near mid��length, curved toward distal direction at about 0.3 length; glabrous but rugose near apex; broad over entire length but with short, acute tip. Aedeagus longer than wide; submedian tergal arms bend toward each other resembling an upside��down V, narrowly joined at midline to form a tergal bridge; apical tergal arms flared laterally and joined apically to form narrow apical tergal bridge (ATB), posterior margin of ATB minutely crenulate; median sternal plate located within apical tergal arms, apical portion coarsely denticulate. Proctiger (in lateral view) with broad basal sclerotization of tergum X, paraproct rounded apically with adjacent subapical lobe and with 4 or 5 cercal setae. FEMALE. Like male except for sexual characters as follows. Head: Proboscis slightly expanded in distal 0.3, ventral surface with white scales from base to slightly beyond 0.7 length of proboscis (ending near base of apical expansion), about distal 0.3 of proboscis with dark scales. Thorax: Integument tan to light brown. Legs: Posteroventral surface of forefemur with white scaling over basal ~ 0.3, rather narrow line of white scales continues to distal end. Posteroventral surface of foretibia with white scales over entire length or to 0.7 and with scattered white scales to distal end. Foretarsomeres 1���5 (Ta��I 1���5) with dark scaling, scales on posteroventral surface with bright metallic reflection. Foretarsomere 1 (Ta��I 1) often with a few white scales basally. Midfemur and midtibia with white scales over entire length on posteroventral surface, although white scales may become scattered or absent toward distal end of midtibia. Dorsal surface of midtarsomere 1 (Ta��II 1) primarily dark scaled with a few white scales at distal end; in some specimens, narrow irregular row of white scales extends over entire anterodorsal surface. Posteroventral surface of Ta��II 1 with metallic reflection; white scales limited primarily to basal 0.3 but scattered white and pale scales extend to distal end. Dorsal surface of Ta��II 2 (Fig. 6 B) with white scaling, which gradually expands distally to anterior and posterior surfaces; ventral surface with dark scales with metallic reflection. midtarsomeres 3���5 (Ta��II 3���5) primarily with white scales, dark scales limited to ventral surface; Ta��II 5 with a few dark scales dorsally at distal end. Ventral surface of hindfemur with white scales over entire length. Ventral surface of hindtibia primarily with dark scales, some specimens have white scales on basal 0.2. Dorsal surface of hindtarsomeres 1���5 (Ta��III 1���5) with dark scaling and metallic or blue iridescence depending upon angle of light. Presence of white scales on ventral surface of Ta��III 1 variable; a few scattered white scales may be present or white scales may extend as line to about 0.6. Scales on ventral surface of Ta��III 2���5 pale to dark with bright metallic reflection. Genitalia (Fig. 5 E��H): Tergum VIII wider than long (width 0.41 mm, length along median plane 0.17 mm), covered with minute spicules and spatulate scales, lateral margins rounded, distal margin somewhat convex. Setae primarily limited to distal 0.33 of tergum VIII, most numerous near distal margin, extending somewhat basally on median plane, in total about 38���47 setae; many setae near distal margin quite long, some slightly exceeding length of tergum VIII; interspersed among long setae are short setae about 0.20���0.25 length of long setae; pair of tiny setae situated sublaterally near basal margin. Sternum VIII wider than long (width 0.37���0.43 mm, length along median plane 0.11���0.12 mm), covered with minute spicules and spatulate scales; distal margin broadly concave with numerous strong setae, which expand posteriorly to form broad V��shaped cluster over median plane, in total about 52���53 setae; length of many setae similar to that of sternum VIII (0.12 mm) although longest nearly twice that length; lateral margins with very few scales or setae; pair of tiny setae located sublaterally near basal margin. Tergum IX narrow (width 0.21���0.22 mm, length 0.03 mm), covered with small spicules, distal margin slightly convex with slight emargination at center, 1 or 2 prominent setae on either side of midline. Insula wider than long, covered with moderately long spicules, apex rounded, about 12 small setae near distal margin, basomesal semicircular depression present with spicules along lateral edges. Postgenital lobe similar in length to cerci, covered with minute spicules, apex slightly emarginate at center, ventral surface with numerous short setae over distal 0.6, dorsal surface with about 7 longer setae on either side of midline; dorsal postgenital lobe length 0.09 mm, dorsal postgenital lobe index 1.85 ���2.00 (see Reinert, 1974). Cercus rather flat, covered with minute spicules, apex rounded to somewhat truncate; dorsal surface with about 10���13 setae, longest 0.7���0.8 length of dorsal postgenital lobe. Three spherical spermathecal capsules, all somewhat different in diameter. PUPA (Fig. 1 A,B). Position and character of setae as figured; numbers of branches presented in Table 1. Overall color pattern of pupal exuviae remains similar among different individuals but variation occurs in intensity of pigmentation. Cephalothorax (CT): Tan with very pale to clear patches. Most notable pale areas on scutum include small spot at base of trumpet, two pale areas adjacent to antenna, and pale areas along dorsal margin of scutal protrusion associated with base of trumpet. Seta 1 ��CT strongly developed, long, double, often slightly bent or curved submedially or medially; 4 ��CT usually with 2 or 3 branches; 5 ��CT strongly developed, long, single. Mesothoracic wing mottled basally with 2 distinct pale areas, very pale distally. Metathoracic wing tan but mottled with pale areas; distinct clear spot on each lateral margin; narrow portion of metathoracic wing beyond pale spot (adjacent to lateral margin of abdominal segment I) quite darkly pigmented. Trumpet: Tan, darker basally and near distal end, medial portion very pale (almost white), distal end slightly flared and paler at tip (length 0.80���1.06 mm, mean 0.93 mm, n 8). Abdomen: Coloration varies from very light to dark tan. Abdominal tergum I mottled with pale spots corresponding to positions of seta 3 ��I, 4 ��I, and 6,7��I. Pale spot associated with seta 6,7��I large, often very prominent. Abdominal sternum I frequently with submesal puncture. Abdominal tergum II dark tan with pale areas/spots laterally and distally; seta 2,3��II within distal submesal pale area and seta 1,5��II at distal edge of this pale area; seta 4 ��II within pale spot and seta 6 ��II within extensive lateral pale area. Abdominal tergum III similar in pigmentation to abdominal tergum II but with distinct submesal pale area, which extends to distal margin, seta 1��� 3 ��III within this pale area; seta 4 ��III within pale spot; seta 6 ��III within extensive lateral pale area. Areas of darker coloration, most prominent as mesal and submesal longitudinal lines, are progressively diminished from abdominal terga IV to VII. Abdominal terga II���V with sublateral pale area separated by narrow dark line from relatively broad pale area along lateral margin. Abdominal tergum VIII tan but with basomesal region darker. Seta 1 ��I usually with 13���17 branches, 1 ��II���VI prominent, multibranched; seta 2 ��II very small, basal or basolateral to 1 ��II, 2 ��III���VII very small, basomesal or mesal to 1 ��III���VII; seta 3 ��I rather strong, usually single, 3 ��II,III single, long (approx. 0.8 mm), 3 ��IV���VI about 0.3 length of 3 ��III, 3 ��IV,VI usually 2 ��branched, 3 ��V usually with 3 or 4 branches; seta 5 ��I double, infrequently triple; seta 5 ��II,III relatively small (approx. 0.2 mm), 5 ��II 3 ��branched, less frequently 2 �� or 4 ��branched, 5 &sh, Published as part of Porter, Charles H., Wolff, Marta I. & E, 2004, A new species of Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia and a redescription of Wy. (Hystatomyia) intonca Dyar & Knab, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 477 on pages 3-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.157376, {"references":["Reinert, J. F. (1974) Terminology and preparation techniques of the female genitalia of aedine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 6, 46 - 56.","Haffer, J. (1974) Avian Speciation in Tropical South America. Publication of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 14, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 390 pp.","Gentry. A. H. (1982) Phytogeographic patterns as evidence for a Choco Refuge. In: G. T. Prance, (Ed.) Biological Diversification in the Tropics, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 112 - 136."]}

Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) intonca Dyar & Knab (Figs. 3���6) Wyeomyia intonca Dyar & Knab, 1910: 173. Holotype ��, Empire, Canal Zone, Panama (USNM); examined. Synonymy with Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) circumcincta Dyar & Knab by Lane, 1945: 146. Resurrected from synonymy and placed in subgenus Hystatomyia by Judd, 1998: 579. Hystatomyia intonca: Dyar, 1919: 141, Pl. V (Fig. �� G). Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) intonca: Dyar, 1923: 170 (Panama: list); Dyar & Shannon, 1924: 91 (Panama; list); Bonne & Bonne��Wepster, 1925: 59,76 (Canal Zone; A key). Prosopolepis (Hystatomyia) intonca: Dyar & Shannon, 1924: 482 (list); Dyar, 1925: 120, 124 (Panama; collection records; L bionomics; �� G key). Dendromyia intonca: Dyar, 1926: 43, 44 (L description, bionomics); del Ponte, 1939: 540 (A). Dendromyia (Hystatomyia) intonca: Dyar, 1928: 84, Pl. XVIII (Fig. �� G, L; ��, ��, L; L bionomics). Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) intonca: Edwards, 1932: 88 (Panama; list); Lane & Cerqueira, 1942: 606 (tentative synonym of circumcincta Dyar & Knab); Lane, 1945: 146 (synonym of circumcincta Dyar & Knab); Lane, 1953: 975 (synonym of circumcincta Dyar & Knab). Knight & Stone, 1977: 328 (synonym of circumcincta Dyar & Knab; info. on type). Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) sp. D =? intonca: Heinemann & Belkin, 1978: 124, 160, 166. 194 (Panama; collection records; L bionomics). Life stages as described for Wy. chocoensis with following exceptions: MALE. Head: Frons with prominent puncture slightly below postfrontal suture. Ventral surface of proboscis with bright white scales from base to about 0.6 length where white scaling expands slightly (preapical patch) to ventrolateral margin; white scaling ends at about 0.75, replaced by dark scales to distal end. In many specimens, white scales are absent or very reduced slightly basad of preapical patch of white scales. Proboscis (P) (1.37���1.58 mm, mean 1.50 mm, n 5) longer than antennae (flagellum [F] 1.13���1.35 mm, mean 1.27, n 5), mean P:F, 1.18 (n 5), but shorter than forefemur, mean P:Fe��I 0.79 (n 5). Pedicel with 4���8 small setae dorsomesad. Flagellomere 1 with a primarily dorsomesad cluster of 5���10 scales; among 5 specimens (10 antennae) flagellomere 5 (Flm 5) quite uniform in length (0.08 mm), flagellomeres 12 and 13 more variable (Flm 12 0.10���0.14 mm, mean, 0.12; Flm 13 0.16���0.20 mm, mean 0.19); mean Flm 13:Flm 5 2.29. Thorax: Integument brown. Supraalar and antealar areas have combined sum of 22���33 (mean 27, n 5) dark brown setae. Mesopostnotum brown with medial cluster of 6���9 (mode 8) pale, occasionally dark, setae. Prealar area with 3���5 yellow setae. Legs: Forefemur slightly longer than foretibia (mean Fe��I:Ti��I 1.04, n 5); forefemur somewhat shorter than midfemur (mean Fe�� I:Fe��II 0.89, n 5) but longer than hindfemur (mean Fe��I:Fe��III 1.25, n 5); forefemur longer than proboscis (mean Fe��I:P 1.26, n 5); ventral surface of forefemur with white scales over basal 0.2, white scaling tapers to rather narrow line at about 0.4 and continues as narrow line along posteroventral surface to apex; posteroventral surface of foretarsomere 1 (Ta��I 1) with white scales confined primarily to basal 0.5 and with darker scales with metallic reflection distally, in some specimens white scales extend as narrow line to distal end. Midfemur distinctly longer than midtibia (mean Fe��II:Ti��II 1.51, n 5); posteroventral surface of midtibia and basal 0.3���0.6 of midtarsomere 1 (Ta��II 1) with bright white scales; midtarsomere 2 (Ta��II 2) primarily with bright white scales, extent of basal dark scaling quite variable but more extensive on posteroventral surface (0.4���0.6 length of Ta��II 2) than on anteroventral surface (0.2���0.3 length of Ta��II 2), dorsal surface often with white scales over entire length, but may be diminished or even replaced by dark scales over basal 0.2. Ungues of midtarsomere 5 dissimilar; larger unguis stout, dark, curved sharply to about 90 �� angle, tip blunt with apical spur. Hindfemur slightly longer than hindtibia (mean Fe�� III:Ti��III 1.04, n 5), hindtarsomere 1 slightly longer than hindfemur (mean Ta��III 1:FeIII 1.08, n 5), ventral surface of Ta��III 1 often with narrow line of white scales to ~ 0.75 length or with scattered white scales to near distal end. Ungues of hindtarsomere 5 slender, unequal; longer unguis 0.08 mm, about 2 x length of shorter, with moderate to slight curvature; shorter unguis often strongly curved near base. Wing: 1.97���2.25 mm (mean 2.13 mm, n 5). Abdomen: Lateral margins of abdomen with creamy white scales, which form an essentially straight line along abdomen; sterna covered with creamy white scales. Distal margin of sterna II���V with about 7���12 small pale setae, more numerous and longer pale setae along distal margin of sterna VI (~ 19) and VII (~ 24). Genitalia (Fig. 3 C��G): Tergum VIII (ventral in position) narrow, 3.4���4.7 x as wide as long; covered with small spicules, which become minute and very numerous basally although basal 0.3���0.5 glabrous; distal margin straight, 3 irregular rows of long dark setae (range 38���41, mean 40, n 6) along and near distal margin, longest setae about 2.1���2.5 times length of tergum VIII along median plane. Sternum VIII (dorsal in position) with distal margin somewhat convex; setae (range 23���27, mean 25, n 6) dark, arranged primarily as single row along distal margin; a few scales along lateral margins pale, rest dark. Tergum IX bearing 3, rarely 2, stout but relatively short setae on either side of narrow median bridge, apices of setae bent slightly laterad. Sternum IX narrow but expanded medially, becoming bell��shaped between base of gonocoxites; appears to be fused basally to gonocoxites; with rather broad U��shaped mesal membranous area; quite densely spiculate. Gonocoxite elongate, expanded basally; sternal basal surface spiculate with rather sparse covering of scales, an irregular row of setae just proximal to basal mesal setal clusters of tergum. Distal 0.5 of gonocoxite slender, distinctly bowed; mesal surface with slender setae distally that merge with dense subapical/ apical cluster of dark setae (0.2���0.3 length of gonocoxite); setae on or near mesal margin curved distally toward median plane of genitalia. Tergal surface of gonocoxite with 4 prominent clusters of setae (3 occur close together in a basal mesal position): (1) basalmost cluster comprised of 10���13 (mean 11) unmodified, moderately developed pale setae; (2) adjacent to this cluster (slightly mesad and distal to it) is a group of 11���15 (mean 14) stout, rather long setae (~ 0.4 length of gonocoxite) with golden reflection, which terminate in curved spathe��like apex (a few smaller unmodified setae occur along edge of this cluster); (3) ventral (prerotation sense) and often slightly distal to these setae is a third group of 9 (rarely 10) somewhat longer (~ 0.5 length of gonocoxite), lanceolate��shaped setae with golden to copper reflection, these setae become slightly broader subapically before bending sharply and narrowing to a fine tip; (4) fourth prominent cluster of setae laterad to three basal mesal clusters, usually consists of 28���41 (mean, 34) unmodified pale setae, longest often extending slightly beyond tip of gonocoxite. Gonostylus (Fig. 3 D) arises basally on gonocoxite near mesal margin of lateral setal cluster; the glabrous and relatively transparent gonostylus extends mesally, then curves distally and becomes broader; expanded apical area about 3 x width of basal portion (stem). Aedeagus slightly longer than wide; submedian tergal arms bend toward each other resembling an upsidedown V, in some individuals the arms appear to be joined medially but in others they appear to remain slightly separated. Proctiger (in lateral view) with broad basal sclerotization of tergum X, paraproct with rounded apex and bearing 4���7 cercal setae. FEMALE. Like male except for sexual characters as follows. Head: Ventral surface of proboscis often entirely dark scaled with exception of small cluster of white scales (preapical patch) from 0.6���0.7 length of proboscis; less frequently a narrow line of white scales extends from base of proboscis to preapical patch. Thorax: Integument light brown to brown. Legs: Resembling male but with several differences. Dorsal surface of midtarsomere 1 (Ta��II 1) with dark scales, white scales limited to basal 0.3 of posteroventral surface, most numerous on basal 0.1; midtarsomeres 2���5 (Ta��II 2���5) (Fig. 6 A) with dark scales with metallic reflection, a few pale and white scales may be present near basal and/or distal end of Ta��II 2���4; Ta��II 5 with variable amount of pale scaling. Genitalia (Fig. 5 A��D): Tergum VIII wider than long (width 0.43���0.48 mm, length along median plane 0.17���0.19 mm, n 2); covered with minute spicules and spatulate scales; distal margin slightly concave; setae confined to distal 0.5, most numerous along and near distal margin, absent from lateral margins, in total about 46���54 setae. Distal margin of sternum VIII with numerous strong, straight to slightly curved setae, which expand basally to form a mesal V��shaped cluster; in total about 55���69 setae. Insula wider than long, covered with moderately long spicules; apex broadly rounded to rather truncate, irregular anterolateral row of 5 or 6 small setae on either side of midline; mesal semicircular depression or cavity opening onto basal margin, prominent spicules along lower edges of opening. Dorsal postgenital lobe length 0.11 mm, dorsal postgenital lobe index 1.83���1.87 (see Reinert, 1974). Cercus rather flat; covered with minute spicules; apex rather truncate; dorsal surface with 12���16 setae, longest 0.6��� 0.7 length of dorsal postgenital lobe. PUPA (Fig. 3 A,B). Position and character of setae as figured; numbers of branches presented in Table 3. Cephalothorax: Tan with very pale to clear patches, especially along dorsal margin of scutal protrusion at base of trumpet. Seta 4 ��CT usually with 3 or 4 branches. Metathoracic wing tan with pale markings comprised of submedial pale spot and a slightly pale spot on each lateral margin. Trumpet: Length 0.84���1.26 mm (mean 1.08 mm, n 8); tan, darkest basally, distal end not quite as dark and slightly flared, medial portion similar in color to distal end or slightly paler. Abdomen: Abdominal tergum I rather uniformly tan although seta 6,7��I and occasionally 4,5��I within a pale spot. Seta 1 ��I well developed, most often with 18 or 19 branches. Seta 3 ��I moderately developed, usually double; seta 3 ��IV���VI about one��third the length of 3 ��III, 3 ��IV with 3 or 4 branches, 3 ��V usually 4 ��branched, 3 ��VI 2���4 ��branched. Seta 5 ��I single, infrequently double; seta 5 ��II,III relatively small (approx. 0.2 mm), usually 4 ��branched; 5 ��IV���VI single, very long (approx. 1.1���1.2 mm). Puncture near seta 4 ��III���V, usually located distolaterad of seta 4 ��III,IV and basal mesal to seta 4 ��V. Paddle: Pale tan, somewhat darker along midrib. Male genital lobe: Large (length [l] 0.57���0.62 mm, mean 0.60 mm, n 8; width [w] 0.50���0.54 mm, mean 0.52 mm, n 8; mean l:w 1.14, range 1.11���1.16) with elliptical��shaped apex; distinctly broader than combined width of paddles. Cephalothorax Abdominal segments Seta no. CT I II III IV V VI VII VIII 0 ��� ��� 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Range followed in parenthesis by mode; based on 8 specimens (16 setae). 2 One exception from number in parenthesis. 3 Very small, occasionally with seta with 1 or 2 branches. Head Thorax Abdominal segments 1 Range followed in parenthesis by mode; based on 8 specimens (16 setae). 2 One exception from number in parenthesis. FOURTH��INSTAR LARVA (Fig. 4). Position and character of setae as figured; numbers of branches presented in Table 4. Head: Dorsomentum with 1 large central tooth and 9���11 pairs of smaller lateral teeth. Maxilla: Maxillary brush quite long, maxillary brush spicules similar in length to seta 4 ��Mx (0.23 mm). Seta 1 ��Mx short, stout (0.015 mm); seta 2 ��Mx very slender, approx. 0.025 mm in length, basal to 1 ��Mx. Mandible: Mandibular rake comprised of approximately 8 stout spicules, each about 0.12 mm in length. Antenna: Short (mean 0.29 mm, n 10), slender; seta 1 ��A 2 ��branched (rarely single), borne dorsally about 0.68 (mean of 10) length and usually not quite reaching tip of antenna. Thorax: Seta 14 ��P single, sometimes forked or 2 ��branched. Seta 2 ��M less than 0.5 length of 3 ��M, base of 2 ��M slightly narrower than base of 3 ��M; 7 ��M about 0.25���0.33 length of 5 ��M; 9,10��M long, similar in length. Abdomen: Seta 2 ��I laterad of 1 ��I, stout, often 2 ��branched; 2 ��II usually single, basal to 1 ��II; 2 ��III���VII distinctly mesad of 1 ��III���VII. Seta 3 ��I more than twice length of 2,4��I; 6 ��VII 4���6 ��branched, rather short; 10 ��VI usually 4 ��branched. Seta 11 ��I prominent, stellate, branches similar in length to those of 13 ��I. Segment VIII: Comb scales in 4 or 5 irregular rows (mean number of scales 69, range 58���76, n 9). Seta 2 ��VIII single, rather long, about 0.5 length of siphon. Siphon: Long, slender (mean length 1.17 mm, range 1.04���1.28 mm, n 12) usually somewhat curved distally, wider at base, lightly pigmented with subapical region of darker pigmentation and basal edge quite dark, surface smooth; siphon index 7.8���8.9 (mean 8.2, n 11). Pecten comprised of 5���8 (mode 6, n 12) spine��like spicules, somewhat fringed apically; basal spicule close to seta 1 ��S, often slightly distal to it. Seta 1 ��S usually with 3 or 4 branches; located basally at about 0.13 (mean of 12) of siphon���s length. Ventral accessory setae (1 a��S) unbranched, arranged in 2 rows; number of setae in 2 rows combined 12���16 (mean 14, n 12); length of distal��most seta usually slightly shorter than distance of seta to distal end of siphon. Dorsal accessory setae (2 a��S) unbranched, infrequently a distal seta is forked; arranged in 2 rows; number of setae in 2 rows combined 11���19 (mean 17, n 14); basal��most seta approximately same length as third and fourth setae from base; distal seta not extending to tip of siphon. Segment X: Saddle tan, similar in color to darkened subapical area of siphon; extending near to ventral surface, mean length of 0.22 mm (n 12) measured dorsally. Setae 1��� 3 ��X well developed; setae 1,3�� X 2 ��branched, all long; 2 ��X 3 ��branched, smallest (upper) branch about 0.4���0.8 length of middle branch, which is quite variable, and about 0.25���0.33 length of lower branch; seta 4 ��X 7���10 ��branched (mode 8,9, n 23), about 0.30 mm in length. BIONOMICS. Wyeomyia intonca originally was described from a male, which had been collected as a larva or pupa from a bromeliad on a fallen tree at the edge of Comacho river, Canal Zone, Panama (Dyar & Knab, 1909). In 1925 Dyar indicated larvae of Wy. intonca occur in Tillandsia, and in 1926 published a brief description of the larval stage from specimens found in ���wild pineapple, Ananas magdalenae (Andr��) Standl. ��� These plants were found in ���jungle, some three miles back of Fort Randolph on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus.��� Heinemann & Belkin (1977 a, b, 1978) reported collections of Wy. ? intonca (3 different forms designated D, G and H) from 15 bromeliad samples (Panama, 5; Costa Rica, 9; and Nicaragua, 1), which were primarily from forested areas at elevations of 100 m and 500��� 700 m. However, only Wy. (Hystatomyia) sp. D appears to correspond with Wy. intonca, and it was encountered only in Panama. Our collections, upon which the redescription is largely based, were from the northern Pacific Coast of Colombia, specifically Ensenada de Utria and southward to Jurubida. In this region, Wy. intonca was closely associated with coastal mangroves, which tended to be quite variable with respect to dominant tree species. Pi��uelo mangrove dominated by Pelliciera rhizophorae Tr. & Pl. (Pellicieraceae) and with numerous tank bromeliads (dominants include: Werauhia ringens [Griseb.] J.R. Grant, W. sanguinolenta [Linden ex Cogniaux & Marchal] J.R. Grant, and W. gladioliflora [H. Wendland] J.R. Grant) appeared to be a particularly suitable habitat for Wy. intonca. This mosquito also was abundant in red mangrove dominated by Rhizophora harrisonii Leechm. and R. mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae); dominant tank bromeliads include W. sanguinolenta, W. gladioliflora, W. kupperiana (Suess.) J.R. Grant, and Aechmea pubescens Baker. Within these mangroves, larvae of Wy. intonca were found in tank bromeliads located from 0.6 to 2.5 m above ground and were found primarily in larger plants, i.e., those with 0.5 to 1 + liters of water. Wyeomyia intonca was not encountered in bromeliads from forested areas adjacent to these mangroves, even though sampling was quite extensive. DISTRIBUTION. Collection records from Panama suggest the distribution of Wy. intonca extends from the Canal Zone to Colombia. At present, the known distribution of this mosquito in Colombia is limited to our collections from the northern Pacific Coast of the Department of Choc�� (Ensenada de Utria and southward to Jurubida). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sixty��seven specimens (22 ��, 4 ��, 10 ��G, 3 ��G, 4 Le, 15 Pe, 9 L), including 4 complete and 11 partial individual rearings. Holotype, ��, genitalia on microscope slide, PANAMA: DK, 5 ��09, Type No. 12744 U.S. N.M. (red tag). Non��types, PANAMA: Canal Zone, Gatun, Jan. 1928 (1 �� 1 ��G 1 LePe �� 11146 ��m with dissected genitalia), (C.H. Bath Coll.), (blue tag). COLOMBIA: Choc��, Ensenada de Utria (6 ��03.1'N 77 �� 21.5 'W), 18 ��II�� 1999 (3 �� 1 �� 1 ��G 2 LePe�� 1 Pe�� 1 L ��� CO 1143 �� 3, �� 4, �� 6, �� 101 with dissected genitalia, �� 102), 0���10 m, hbt: Werauhia sanguinolenta (Linden ex Cogniaux & Marchal) J.R. Grant, (Wolff & Porter); same locality, 18 ��II�� 1999 (1 L ��� CO 1144 �� 19), 0���10 m, hbt: Werauhia sanguinolenta (Linden ex Cogniaux & Marchal) J.R. Grant, (Wolff & Porter); same locality, 18 ��II�� 1999 (1 L ��� CO 1145 �� 8), 0���10 m, hbt: Guzmania scherzeriana Mez, (Wolff & Porter); same locality, 18 ��II�� 1999 (1 �� 1 ��G 1 Pe�� 1 L ��� CO 1147 �� 8, �� 103 adult on microscope slide with dissected genitalia), 0���10 m, hbt: Guzmania scherzeriana Mez, (Wolff & Porter); sam, Published as part of Porter, Charles H., Wolff, Marta I. & E, 2004, A new species of Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia and a redescription of Wy. (Hystatomyia) intonca Dyar & Knab, pp. 1-31 in Zootaxa 477 on pages 17-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.157376, {"references":["Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. [1910] Description of three new American mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings Entomological Society of Washington, 11 [1909], 173 - 174.","Lane, J. (1945) Os sabetineos da America. (Addenda e Corrigenda). Revista de Entomologia, 16, 132 - 157.","Judd, D. D. (1998) Review of a bromeliad-ovipositing lineage in Wyeomyia and the resurrection of Hystatomyia (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 572 - 589.","Dyar, H. G. (1919) A revision of the American Sabethini of the Sabethes group by the male genitalia. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 7, 114 - 142.","Dyar, H. G. (1923) The mosquitoes of Panama (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 11, 167 - 186.","Bonne, C. & Bonne-Wepster, J. (1925) Mosquitoes of Surinam, a study on Neotropical mosquitoes. Koninkijke Vereeniging het Koloniaal Instituut te Amsterdam Meddideeling No. 21, Afdeeling Tropische Hygiene No. 13. Druk De Bussy, Amsterdam, 558 pp.","Dyar, H. G. (1925) The mosquitoes of Panama (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 13, 101 - 195.","Dyar, H. G. (1926) The larva of Dendromyia intonca Dyar & Knab (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 14, 43 - 44.","del Ponte, E. (1939) Identificacion de Sabethini (Dip. Culicidae) por medio de tarjetas perforadas. Physis, 17, 535 - 541.","Dyar, H. G. (1928) The mosquitoes of the Americas. Part I. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 387, v, 1 - 616.","Edwards, F. W. (1932) Genera Insectorum. Diptera. Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. Desmet-Verteneul, Bruxelles, 258 pp.","Lane, J. & Cerqueira, N. L. (1942) Os sabetineos da America (Diptera, Culicidae). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 3, 473 - 849.","Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Vol. II. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 553 - 1112 pp.","Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Second edition. The Thomas Say Foundation 6, ix + 611 pp.","Heinemann, S. J. & Belkin, J. N. (1978) Collection records of the project \" Mosquitoes of Middle America \" 10. Panama, including Canal Zone (PA, GG). Mosquito Systematics, 10, 119 - 196.","Reinert, J. F. (1974) Terminology and preparation techniques of the female genitalia of aedine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 6, 46 - 56.","Heinemann, S. J. & Belkin, J. N. (1977 a) Collection records of the project \" Mosquitoes of Middle America \" 7. Costa Rica (CR). Mosquito Systematics, 9, 237 - 287.","Heinemann, S. J. & Belkin, J. N. (1977 b) Collection records of the project \" Mosquitoes of Middle America \" 8. Central America: Belize (BH), Guatemala (GUA), El Salvador (SAL), Honduras (HON), Nicaragua (NI, NIC). Mosquito Systematics, 9, 403 - 454."]}

Porter, Charles H., Wolff, Marta I., E (2004): A new species of Wyeomyia (Hystatomyia) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia and a redescription of Wy. (Hystatomyia) intonca Dyar & Knab. Zootaxa 477: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.157376

ObjectivesWe sought to determine the utility of combined heart failure (HF) device diagnostic information to predict clinical deterioration of HF in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction.BackgroundSome implantable devices continuously monitor HF device diagnostic information, but data are limited on the ability of combined HF device diagnostics to predict HF events.MethodsThe PARTNERS HF (Program to Access and Review Trending Information and Evaluate Correlation to Symptoms in Patients With Heart Failure) was a prospective, multicenter observational study in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. HF events were independently adjudicated. A combined HF device diagnostic algorithm was developed on an independent dataset. The algorithm was considered positive if a patient had 2 of the following abnormal criteria during a 1-month period: long atrial fibrillation duration, rapid ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation, high (≥60) fluid index, low patient activity, abnormal autonomics (high night heart rate or low heart rate variability), or notable device therapy (low CRT pacing or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks), or if they only had a very high (≥100) fluid index. We used univariate and multivariable analyses to determine predictors of subsequent HF events within a month.ResultsWe analyzed data from 694 CRT defibrillator patients who were followed for 11.7 ± 2 months. Ninety patients had 141 adjudicated HF hospitalizations with pulmonary congestion at least 60 days after implantation. Patients with a positive combined HF device diagnostics had a 5.5-fold increased risk of HF hospitalization with pulmonary signs or symptoms within the next month (hazard ratio: 5.5, 95% confidence interval: 3.4 to 8.8, p < 0.0001), and the risk remained high after adjusting for clinical variables (hazard ratio: 4.8, 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 8.1, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsMonthly review of HF device diagnostic data identifies patients at a higher risk of HF hospitalizations within the subsequent month. (PARTNERS HF: Program to Access and Review Trending Information and Evaluate Correlation to Symptoms in Patients With Heart Failure; NCT00279955).

Working off and on in fever hospitals since 1897 and for the last two years acting in charge of such institutions here and elsewhere, one has had numerous opportunities of seeing the various forms of diphtheria, and with the hope of learn- ing how far it is possible to make an accurate diagnosis from the clinical features alone, one has chosen a series of 100 cases in which the disease was limited to the upper air passages and 47 - to be first considered - in which the larynx was involved. The value of bacteriology one does not for a moment doubt and indeed practically in every case a bacteriological examination was made, but the cases notified for removal to hospital are, with few exceptions, diagnosed from the clinical signs alone. The difficulty of making a diagnosis from the clinical features is considerable, more especially outside hospital practice, mainly because in many cases a thorough examination is impossible. In hospital a medical man has practically no disadvantages to contend with. He has light, and he has liberty to go into every particular, both of which are often withheld from those outside.

To the question "Under what conditions and in what measure is an individual to be held responsible for his actions", the Criminal Law of practically all civilised countries has replied by maintaining what is known to Criminologists and others as the Classical Criterion or Solution founded more or less on the belief in Free Will. By some it is recognised that this Criterion or Solution is untenable, but by the majority it is thought that if it is not entirely satisfactory, it is at least workable, and that in the long run there is little injustice resulting from its application. It is observed that Society on the whole is well served by the Criminal Law erected upon its present basis, and that on that account no successful attack on its foundation is conceivable on the score that a few members of society may suffer apparent injustice from its administration. The general opinion prevails that any attempt at the discussion of the merits and demerits of the classical criterion , not to mention the substitution of another criterion therefor, is so much unprofitable dialectic speculation and waste of time. Amongst the civilized nations of the world, the British cannot justly complain if they are accused of adopting this attitude, for a search through our literature will reveal little discussion on the subject. It must be admitted that we have in Britain a few excellent works on the Principles of Criminal Law dealing with our own legal system in particular, and that no little attention has been, and is being, paid to the matter of the Responsibility of the Insane, but little is said of the actual basis of Responsibility. A very differen t state of affairs has existed and does exist on the Continent, and in the United States of America, where philosophers, doctors, jurists, and criminalists have given and are giving this most controversial question of Penal Responsibility their closest study, recognizing fully the difficulty and complexity attending it . As a result of their labours and researches, many have alleged that the Classical Solution is impossible in the light of modern scientific knowledge, and a few have evolved theories calculated to solve the whole problem of Penal Responsibility and to oust the Classical Criterion. In this study we shall pass in review these r i val Theories and we s h all endeavour to decide to what extent the claims for them are justifiable and we shall attempt to indicate wherein, in our opinion, the true solution of the question lies. The problem of greater magnitude - and alike unsolved - Criminality - shall not escape our attention, and we shall dare to voice the conviction that it is to the conjoined efforts of our scientists and jurists that we must look for any substantial contribution towards its solution. The positive inductive methods of Lombroso and his disciples, although now far from being regarded as scientifically infallible, nevertheless indicate whence the data f o r the solution must be sought, namely the criminal himself, and that by means of what has been called by Professor Garçon of the Faculty of Law in Paris "The Experimental Method".

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