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In recent years, Artificial Intelligence has become more and more relevant in our society. Creating AI systems is almost always the prerogative of IT and AI experts. However, users may need to create intelligent solutions tailored to their specific needs. In this way, AI systems can be enhanced if new approaches are devised to allow non-technical users to be directly involved in the definition and personalization of AI technologies. End-User Development (EUD) can provide a solution to these problems, allowing people to create, customize, or adapt AI-based systems to their own needs. This paper presents a systematic literature review that aims to shed the light on the current landscape of EUD for AI systems, i.e., how users, even without skills in AI and/or programming, can customize the AI behavior to their needs. This study also discusses the current challenges of EUD for AI, the potential benefits, and the future implications of integrating EUD into the overall AI development process., Comment: This version did not undergo peer-review. A corrected version is published by Springer Nature in the Proceedings of 9th International Syposium on End-User Development (ISEUD 2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34433-6_2

This workshop aims at identifying, examining, structuring and sharing educational resources and approaches to support the process of teaching/learning Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Engineering. The broadening of the range of available interaction technologies and their applications, many times in safety and mission critical areas, to novel and less understood application domains, brings the question of how to address this ever-changing nature in university curricula usually static. Beyond, as these technologies are taught in diverse curricula (ranging from Human Factors and psychology to hardcore computer science), we are interested in what the best approaches and best practices are to integrate HCI Engineering topics in the curricula of programs in software engineering, computer science, human-computer interaction, psychology, design, etc. The workshop is proposed on behalf of the IFIP Working Groups 2.7/13.4 on User Interface Engineering and 13.1 on Education in HCI and HCI Curricula.

This panel wants to start a discussion about the importance of designing new ways of Contemporary Art digitization and digitalization to foster the creation of successful user experiences for its remote fruition., This panel wants to start a discussion about the importance of designing new ways of Contemporary Art digitization and digitalization to foster the creation of successful user experiences for its remote fruition.on.

Multisensory augmented reality enables content developers to generate more realistic, sensory rich user experiences. Applications and research related to multisensory augmented reality expands through several areas such as education, medicine, human-machine interactions, human-food interactions, marketing, and neuroscience. Aim of this workshop is to gather researchers and industry representatives who are involved in multisensory augmented reality research to discuss the current state-of-the-art in the field, define future research directions, form new collaborations, and come up with future publication plans. We believe that this workshop would enhance the participants’ experience of the Interact 2021 and encourage more participants to attend the main conference.

Music streaming platforms are currently among the main sources of music consumption, and the embedded recommender systems significantly influence what the users consume. There is an increasing interest to ensure that those platforms and systems are fair. Yet, we first need to understand what fairness means in such a context. Although artists are the main content providers for music platforms, there is a research gap concerning the artists’ perspective. To fill this gap, we conducted interviews with music artists to understand how they are affected by current platforms and what improvements they deem necessary. Using a Qualitative Content Analysis, we identify the aspects that the artists consider relevant for fair platforms. In this paper, we discuss the following aspects derived from the interviews: fragmented presentation, reaching an audience, transparency, influencing users’ listening behavior, popularity bias, artists’ repertoire size, quotas for local music, gender balance, and new music. For some topics, our findings do not indicate a clear direction about the best way how music platforms should act and function; for other topics, though, there is a clear consensus among our interviewees: for these, the artists have a clear idea of the actions that should be taken so that music platforms will be fair also for the artists. Please cite the following publication: @InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-85616-8_33, author="Ferraro, Andres and Serra, Xavierand Bauer, Christine", title="What Is Fair? Exploring the Artists' Perspective on the Fairness of Music Streaming Platforms", booktitle="Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2021", year="2021", publisher="Springer International Publishing", pages="562--584", isbn="978-3-030-85616-8" }

Music streaming platforms are currently among the main sources of music consumption, and the embedded recommender systems significantly influence what the users consume. There is an increasing interest to ensure that those platforms and systems are fair. Yet, we first need to understand what fairness means in such a context. Although artists are the main content providers for music platforms, there is a research gap concerning the artists' perspective. To fill this gap, we conducted interviews with music artists to understand how they are affected by current platforms and what improvements they deem necessary. Using a Qualitative Content Analysis, we identify the aspects that the artists consider relevant for fair platforms. In this paper, we discuss the following aspects derived from the interviews: fragmented presentation, reaching an audience, transparency, influencing users' listening behavior, popularity bias, artists' repertoire size, quotas for local music, gender balance, and new music. For some topics, our findings do not indicate a clear direction about the best way how music platforms should act and function; for other topics, though, there is a clear consensus among our interviewees: for these, the artists have a clear idea of the actions that should be taken so that music platforms will be fair also for the artists.

Software Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction look at the development process from different perspectives. They apparently use very different approaches, are inspired by different principles and address different needs. But, they definitively have the same goal: develop high quality software in the most effective way. The second edition of the workshop puts particular attention on efforts of the two communities in enhancing system quality. The research question discussed is: who, what, where, when, why, and how should we evaluate?

Our work on End-User Development primarily focuses on the needs of a specific community of users, namely professionals in diverse areas outside of computer science, such as engineers, physicians, geologists and physicist, who are not professional programmers. We refer to them as domain experts. We developed a participatory design methodology, called SSW (Software Shaping Workshop) methodology, aimed at designing software environments that support domain experts to become co-designers of their tools. The different stakeholders can contribute their own views on the problem to design, development and maintenance of an application, using their own languages and notations. We also proposed a model of the Interaction and Co-Evolution processes (ICE model) occurring between users and system. It extends a previous model of Human-Computer Interaction by considering an important phenomenon occurring during the use of interactive systems, called co-evolution of users and systems.

This paper describes a one-day INTERACT 2021 workshop on remote testing with users as participants. Remote user testing has been around since the mid-nineties, but the Covid-19 pandemic has boosted the interest in remote working in general and thus also remote testing. The workshop aim is to present and discuss the current state-of-the-art of remote testing methods and identify emerging trends. Subjects that will be discussed include, but are not restricted to: Remote testing methods and platforms; capturing of quantitative as well as qualitative data; moderated, unmoderated and remotely moderated tests; testing of physical products; and remote testing of participants with special needs.

To integrate UX practices in agile development is not straight forward. IT professionals struggle with integrating UX practices mainly due to lack of resources or knowledge. Additionally, it is hard to find the right timing for the UX activities and often the focus is on delivering functionality and not on understanding the users. Integrating the personas method in agile development has been suggested to extend the understanding of the real users by the IT professionals. However, studies show that the integration of personas can fail. Through interviews with IT professionals we investigate how to better the odds of a successful implementation of the persona method in agile development. The result shows that several factors have an impact on the implementation of the method. Personas is a suggested method to extend IT professionals' understanding of users and users’ needs. A common advantage expressed is that personas extend the IT professionals’ empathy for the users, but a disadvantage is that personas are typically defined at the start of a software project and gradually are forgotten, since there is little reference to the personas through the software development project. In this paper we report experiences of coaching IT professionals in defining agile user stories based on personas, called: Persona User Stories (PUS). The aim of these workshops, was to extend the usage of personas and thereby extend the IT professionals’ understanding of their users. In a research project with three companies, we coached teams of IT professionals in three-hour workshops with 76 participants in total. The workshops were conducted at each company using personas already defined by the IT professionals. The persona descriptions were based on three types of information: (a) assumptions, (b) secondary research, and (c) data specific to a project. Our findings show that personas based on assumptions result in the participants questioning the description of the personas and having difficulties in understanding the personas. For making the persona user stories (PUS), the participants used themselves more often as a reference when working with the assumption based personas, than the participants using the other two types of personas.

Personal data representations have been used to support acts of self-reflection, a topic that has received little attention in the context of long-distance relationships (LDRs). To explore a design space for reflective data representations in the LDR context, first-person methods have been employed together with nine generative sessions with people who had been or were in LDRs. Unlike previous work, the generative sessions were part of an autoethnographic exploration. The participants interpreted the first author’s visualizations, sketched their own visualizations, and imagined their data as data objects. The insights from those sense-making sessions were then analyzed in a card sorting activity between the first author and their partner where seven themes around communication of long-distance couples emerged. Furthermore, based on the data-object ideas and the various sense making sessions, design opportunities and challenges are drawn related to the transformative nature of relationships, negative reflection and aspects of privacy. In conclusion, personal data are seen as co-evolving with humans constantly transforming people’s impression of their romantic relationships in mundane environments.

This paper presents ‘participatory video tutorials’—a strategy developed to support the digital empowerment of young people living with cognitive disabilities. The support strategy complements and expands dominant perspectives on the target group, which is often seen as disabled and in need of assistive technology, by foregrounding the young participants’ digital abilities and facilitating them as active producers of digital content, which already plays a major role in their everyday social interactions. We present the background and framework for participatory video tutorials and the results from staging digital production with sixteen young participants. Empirically, the results contribute perspectives on this target group as producers (vs. users) with abilities (vs. disabilities). Methodologically, the results outline four principles (socio-technical belonging, technical accessibility, elasticity, and material reusability) that can assist HCI researchers, professionals, and caretakers in their efforts to support the target group in digital production. These principles are guidelines for a participatory staging, driven by the young people’s motivation for self-expression. The study and the results contribute an example and a strategy for how to work toward digital inclusion by engaging a marginalized target group in digital production.

Funding Information: We would like to thank Professor Andrea Gaggioli for providing valuable feedback during the writing of this paper. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. In response to an increasingly ageing world population, the World Health Organization has recently proposed a new framework – called Healthy Ageing – to better cater to older adults’ life needs and desires. This framework calls for transdisciplinary approaches to answer the challenges and opportunities posed by an ageing society. Following this framework, it is argued that the first step to accomplishing the goals of Healthy Ageing is to address the existing biases and stereotypes in the language used for addressing ageing issues. In this paper, we propose a series of linguistic guidelines that can help improve the lexicon used to talk about ageing in design research and practice, by countering many subconscious ageist biases and stereotypes. Ageism, especially in its implicit form, is a pervasive negative force that can affect not only design practitioners and researchers but also older adults, who often use ageist language to describe themselves. The proposed guidelines would also help the “false friends” of ageing people, who may be using apparently innocuous words, terminology, and remarks to refer to ageing, without perhaps realising the underlying ageist attitudes and stereotypes hidden in their used language. Overall, we aim to foster a change in design researchers’ and practitioners’ perspective on ageing, by paving the way for a transdisciplinary discourse on designing for ageing, which could then be further expanded and explored to eliminate ageism in design.

Alphanumeric passwords are still the most common form of user authentication despite well-known usability issues. These issues, including weak composition and poor memorability, have been well-established across different user groups, yet users with dyslexia have not been studied despite making up approximately 10% of the population. In this paper, we focus on understanding the user authentication experiences of people with dyslexia (PwD) in order to better understanding their attitudes towards a graphical password system that may provide a more inclusive experience. Through interactive interviews, participants were encouraged to try three different knowledge-based authentication systems (PIN, password, and graphical password) and then discuss their strategies behind code composition. We found that PwD employed potentially dangerous workarounds when composing passwords, in particular an over-reliance on pattern-based composition. We report on how PwD do not immediately see the benefits of graphical passwords, but upon experiencing the mechanism we see opportunities for more inclusive authentication.

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. Increasing use of online conferencing systems, particularly over the past year, has highlighted problems in these systems, especially their poor support for small group interactions within larger meetings. These include clumsy small group formation (e.g., issues around joining and leaving existing groups), the difficulty of getting the correct level of audio isolation between groups, poor provision for shared editing of documents, as well as fatiguing aspects of video conferencing caused by presentation format and the necessity of remaining on camera view. This paper describes the motivation, design and implementation of a prototype online conferencing system, called BubbleVideo. Building on both virtual world and pure video paradigms, it implements an extensive 2D world with shared documents, in which users appear through real-time video, presented in “bubbles” that can be moved around. Users are given the possibility of deciding whether to join a group by viewing a conversation “leakage”, which group members can share with outsiders.

To integrate UX practices in agile development is not straight forward. IT professionals struggle with integrating UX practices mainly due to lack of resources or knowledge. Additionally, it is hard to find the right timing for the UX activities and often the focus is on delivering functionality and not on understanding the users. Integrating the personas method in agile development has been suggested to extend the understanding of the real users by the IT professionals. However, studies show that the integration of personas can fail. Through interviews with IT professionals we investigate how to better the odds of a successful implementation of the persona method in agile development. The result shows that several factors have an impact on the implementation of the method. Personas is a suggested method to extend IT professionals' understanding of users and users’ needs. A common advantage expressed is that personas extend the IT professionals’ empathy for the users, but a disadvantage is that personas are typically defined at the start of a software project and gradually are forgotten, since there is little reference to the personas through the software development project. In this paper we report experiences of coaching IT professionals in defining agile user stories based on personas, called: Persona User Stories (PUS). The aim of these workshops, was to extend the usage of personas and thereby extend the IT professionals’ understanding of their users. In a research project with three companies, we coached teams of IT professionals in three-hour workshops with 76 participants in total. The workshops were conducted at each company using personas already defined by the IT professionals. The persona descriptions were based on three types of information: (a) assumptions, (b) secondary research, and (c) data specific to a project. Our findings show that personas based on assumptions result in the participants questioning the description of the personas and having difficulties in understanding the personas. For making the persona user stories (PUS), the participants used themselves more often as a reference when working with the assumption based personas, than the participants using the other two types of personas.

Architecture has been taking new turns with rapidly developing digital design and fabrication technologies. Consequently, establishing a link between physical and virtual design methods remains an open area for investigation. This paper explores the contemporary idea generation methods and the role of physical and digital design techniques in the initial design processes of architecture. We report our findings from interviews conducted with 14 participants consisting of experts and practitioners from the architecture field. Then, we discuss potential application areas of the results in the context of HCI research.

Electric stand-up scooters (e-scooters) are introduced in several cities worldwide, providing new means for people to travel around the city. While praised for their flexibility, e-scooters are also met with negative sentiments due to fatal accidents and chaotic parking. In this paper, we seek to understand the mobility of shared e-scooters and point to gaps in the user interaction between the digital and physical world. We carried out three data collections, including interviews, in situ observation, analysis of news media coverage. Our findings illustrate integration with alternate modes of transportation in urban context, and how technologies facilitate or hinder (micro-) mobility. We found that users of e-scooters primarily view these devices as an alternative to walking rather than other transportation forms. Additionally, we found that users’ and non-users’ needs, perspectives and experiences of e-scooters clash, in particular with regard to perceptions of sustainability. Based on these findings, we present three relevant perspectives of sustainability, extending the ongoing debate of sustainable HCI research. We contribute with an empirically supported understanding of the perception of mobility and sustainability for e-scooters in a Scandinavian urban context.

Publisher Copyright: © 2021, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. A human-centred approach to technology design for addressing sustainable development goals demands rethinking the way technological solutions are developed and deployed, taking into account situated design solutions and their impact on the social, economic and environmental aspects. For technology designers, this provides an opportunity to bridge the gap between the real and the ideal worlds. This workshop aims at building an agenda that defines challenges and opportunities for the design of interactive technologies, which promote fairness and prosperity on the planet, and contribute towards one or more of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Google Design Sprint (GDS) is becoming a valued tool for interaction design practitioners today. Although GDS has some similarities to User-Centred Design (UCD), it does not study user needs before generating solutions. On the other hand, UCD provides little guidance on producing design solutions. We saw the two processes would nicely complement each other. This paper reports development of an intensive two-week interaction design course where UCD was combined with GDS. The feedback from 22 higher education students indicates how UCD helped them to keep the focus on the important things, and how the detailed structure of GDS process guided them fast forward. In the fast-paced Design Sprint, students need dedicated time for reflection. The contributions of this work include the course structure for teaching a User-Centred Design Sprint process, student feedback on the new process, and recommendations for teaching such a course.

It is recognised that assistive technology plays an active role in empowering individuals who live with severe paralysis. Exoskeleton (exo) technology is a promising emerging assistive technology—a wearable robot designed to support the functions of the human body. However, an exoskeleton is a complex technology, and the successful design of exoskeletons depends heavily on the ability to integrate this type of robot in the environments of future users. In this paper, we present insights into user requirements produced through a qualitative study involving adults living with one of the most severe forms of paralysis: tetraplegia, or paralysis from the neck down. The study is based on two iterations of interviews conducted in the homes of future users. The study identifies key user requirements and contextual factors that are important for user acceptance of future exo design. We discuss how to integrate these findings in the design of an exo prototype of an exoskeleton arm targeted at people living with tetraplegia.

Asynchronous remote usability testing is a usability evaluation method where users and evaluators are separated both in time and space, and users are directly involved in producing the evaluation results. This paper reports from an action research project on introduction of asynchronous remote usability testing in the IT organization of a bank. The IT organization had extensive experience with traditional usability evaluation but was interested in introducing asynchronous remote usability testing into their repertoire of evaluation methods. The project was initiated with an intensive two-month collaboration followed by a six-month maturation phase. The process of introducing the method and the motivations of the IT organization for introducing the method are described in detail. The findings indicate that the conceptual understanding of usability evaluation and the engagement of the users are crucial for the outcome of the evaluation, and the tool and materials used for the evaluation was an obstacle for high-quality results.

We present IntraVox, a novel voice-based interaction system that supports users with complex needs by introducing a highly personalized, human voice command between smart home devices and sensors. Voice-enabled personal assistants (e.g., Amazon Alexa, Google Home) can be used to control smart home devices and increase the quality of life. However, people suffering from conditions such as dementia or learning disabilities and autism (LDA) can encounter verbal and memory problems in communicating with the assistants. IntraVox supports these users by verbally sending smart home control commands, based on the sensor data collected, to a voice-enabled personal assistant using a human voice. Over 12 months, we conducted 7 workshops and 9 interviews with 79 participants from multiple stakeholder categories - people with LDA, older and frail people, social and health care organisations. Results show that our solution has the potential to support people with complex needs and increase independence. Moreover, IntraVox could have the added value of reinforcing the learning of specific commands and making visible the inner workings of a home automation system, by giving users a clear cause-and-effect explanation of why certain events occur.

In interactive information-seeking, a user often performs many interrelated queries and interactions covering multiple aspects of a broad topic of interest. Especially in difficult information-seeking tasks the user may need to find what is in common among such multiple aspects. Therefore, the user may need to compare and combine results across queries. While methods to combine queries or rankings have been proposed, little attention has been paid to interactive support for combining multiple queries in exploratory search. We introduce an interactive information retrieval system for exploratory search with multiple simultaneous search queries that can be combined. The user is able to direct search in the multiple queries, and combine queries by two operations: intersection and difference, which reveal what is relevant to the user intent of two queries, and what is relevant to one but not the other. Search is directed by relevance feedback on visualized user intent models of each query. Operations on queries act directly on the intent models inferring a combined user intent model. Each combination yields a new result (ranking) and acts as a new search that can be interactively directed and further combined. User experiments on difficult information-seeking tasks show that our novel system with query operations yields more relevant top-ranked documents in a shorter time than a baseline multiple-query system. acceptedVersion

Voice Assistants (VAs) present promising opportunities for the development of applications for the work domain. While previous research is primarily focused on aiding groups and individuals to be more productive, studies exploring the use of VAs to train and develop collaboration skills are rather limited. In this paper, we examine whether VAs can be used to help individuals improve their collaboration skills through self-reflection. We developed ReflectPal, a Google Assistant application designed to facilitate reflection sessions regarding collaboration challenges. First, we identified a list of frequently occurring challenges in a specific collaboration work environment. Then we designed ReflectPal to address a subset of those challenges and tested it in a two-week in-situ deployment with 19 participants. We found that participants benefited from the structure that the practice provided, leading to deeper and more meaningful reflections than before. However, the study also highlighted the need to design applications that take motivational aspects into account to encourage frequent engagement in self-reflection for skill development. Reflecting on insights from our study, we discuss future design directions of VAs for facilitating self-reflection in a collaborative work context.

Touchscreens today represent the most versatile solution for configuring user interfaces. A toll for this versatility is the intangibility of the displayed virtual controls. The addition of haptic feedback can improve their manipulation by reinforcing or even substituting visual information. While haptic rendering of virtual buttons is advancing, tangible knobs seem yet to come, possibly due to the inherent difficulty to conceptualize rotation as an interaction primitive in absence of a physical control. To address this issue, we propose a hybrid solution consisting in an endless knob with programmable resistance to rotation. Compared to existing related devices, it minimizes costs, encumbrance and power consumption, making its installation also possible on portable equipment. After describing its design and main features, we present a test which assessed how haptic feedback rendered by the knob affects performance in a visual target-matching task: users had to select targets placed on a horizontal slider by dragging its cursor through knob rotation. Results show that haptic augmentation significantly improved target acquisition., + ID: 585524 + Serientitel: Lecture Notes in Computer Science + PeerReviewed

The use of social robots is making its way into public spacessuch as schools and museums. In this paper we investigate initiation ofinteraction between a museum guide robot and visitors. First, we conducteda lab experiment, based on a previous Japanese study, whichconfirmed that participants prefer the robot with appropriate greetingbehavior to the robot without. Thus, we concluded that the results obtainedin the original study can be applied in the Danish cultural context.Based on these findings, we conducted a field study in a Danish museumto evaluate whether the same principles apply in the wild and to investigatespatial behavior between robot and visitors in real world settings.

This paper contributes to HCI with a foundation for exploring ways in which an Internet of Things (IoT) solution can support the maintenance of public automated defibrillators (AEDs) sustainably. AED is a critical lifesaving technology installed in non-medical environments. The technology places enormous demands on public engagement for its use and maintenance. Insights into how medical technology is maintained in non-medical environments can complement current innovations in lifesaving technology. This ethnographic study investigates the complexity around an IoT solution to remedy breakdowns in the maintenance of AEDs in a Danish context. We conceptualize maintenance as infrastructuring and identify how the diverse field of actors around an AED entails technical but primarily social dimensions revealing a controversy of responsibility and accountability. This article recommends that when developing an IoT solution for maintaining AEDs, technical, social, political, and ethical dimensions should be considered to address responsibility and accountability issues.

In human robot interaction any input that might help the robot to understand the human behaviour is valuable, and the eyes and their movement undoubtedly hold valuable information. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm for intention recognition using eye tracking in human robot collaboration. We first explore how the Cascade Effect hypothesis and a LSTM-based machine learning model perform to classifyintent from gaze. Second, an algorithm is proposed, which can be usedin a real time interaction to infer intention from the human user with a small uncertainty. A data collection with 30 participants was conducted in virtual reality to train and test the algorithm. The algorithm allowsto detect the user intention up to 2 seconds before any user action with a success rat of up to 75%. These results open the possibility to study human robot interaction, where the robot can take the initiative based on the intention recognition.

Mainstream display technologies have progressed towards higher resolutions and contrast levels. However, for IoT applications, where displays are embedded in the environment, there are requirements to optimize displays for lower power consumption or minimal environmental impact, potentially sacrificing contrast or switching time. We approach this issue by considering the spatial design of UI components. As a first step, we explore switch type UI components (e.g., check box, toggle switch) and evaluate the performance of 4 alternative spatial designs at low contrast levels. As a contribution, we open the issue of spatial UI design for low contrast and demonstrate an approach for its evaluation.