Search

In this study, total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content (TPC, TFC and TAC), antioxidant activity (AA) and individual phenolic composition of potato peel and flesh from four potato varieties were investigated. On average, TPC, TFC and TAC in the peel were 1.59 times, 2.91 times and 1.46 times higher than in the flesh, respectively. As well, the AA measured by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS was 1.64 times, 2.19 times and 1.66 times higher than in the flesh, respectively. A total of thirteen individual phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, myricetrin, kaempferol, delphinidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, malvidin) and ascorbic acid were identified by HPLC. Phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid) and anthocyanidins (petunidin and peonidin) were predominant in both potato peels and flesh. In addition, a very high positive correlation was found between TPC, TFC and AA, suggesting that AA could be attributed to high polyphenol content. Potato peel could be used as an important source material in the production of functional food for consumers and food industry.

High demands for Dendrobium cut flowers, as well as the secondary metabolite products, have led to the over-exploitation of the orchid from its natural habitat. The use of in vitro hybrid orchid is one of the prominent strategies to meet the demand. Dendrobium Sabin Blue (a hybrid species between Dendrobium Blue Angel and Dendrobium Sanan Blue) orchid was used in this study to produce anthocyanin. This study aimed to improve in vitro production of anthocyanin (Petunidin) from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium Sabin Blue by using elicitors such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and melatonin. After four weeks of culture, results showed that all three elicitors had stimulated the production of petunidin. Although the insignificant or low petunidin content was achieved in elicited PLBs as compared to the mother plant, in vitro culture of PLBs can be considered as a more economical strategy than using mother plants.

Grains are important part of our diet and among them colored grains are getting more research interest among scientist due to their enhanced nutritional, antioxidant and health promoting properties. According to different studies anthocyanins like cyanidin, malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides were identified and quantified in different colored grains like rice, maize, barley and wheat mainly by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Antioxidant activity of these pigmented grains cereals are measured using DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and ABTS assays and it was found to be related to the total anthocyanin content. Currently researches are being conducted on baked and extruded products from colored cereals like bread, biscuit, muffins, pasta, noodles etc. Application of colored grains are limited in to food colorants and in small scale as functional food products due to the thermal stability related issue of the bioactive compounds in colored grains and this area should be taken more in to consideration to stabilize these compounds and to introduce these pigmented grain based products to consumers in large scale after proper market analysis.

Jambolan is an unexplored fruit rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, catechin, and gallic acid. Thus, the extraction of bioactive compounds allows adding value to the fruit. In this context, the present study reports the recovery and concentration of jambolan fruit extract by ultra and nanofiltration for the first time. Acidified water was used to extract polyphenols from the pulp and peel of jambolan. The extracts were concentrated using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes with nominal molecular weight cut-off ranging from 180 to 4000 g mol−1. Total monomeric anthocyanin, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Phenolic compounds were quantified, and anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). Concentration factors higher than 4.0 were obtained for anthocyanins, gallic acid, and catechin after nanofiltration of the extracts. Other compounds such as epicatechin, p-Coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were quantified in the concentrated extract, and the main anthocyanins identified were 3,5-diglucoside: petunidin, malvidin, and delphinidin. Therefore, jambolan extract showed a high potential to be used as a natural dye and antioxidant in food products.

It is shown that the selectivity of the separation of 15 anthocyanins from an extract of bilberries (3-galactosides, 3-glucosides and 3-arabinosides of the five main anthocyanins: cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) with eluents containing acetonitrile and 10 vol % HCOOH in water can be controlled by varying the concentration of acetonitrile and separation temperature. A gradient mode at a separation temperature of 25°C is proposed for the rapid separation of all components without the introduction of methanol into the mobile phase. The developed method is used to determine anthocyanins in a number of commercial fruit products of plants of the Vaccinium family: bilberries, bog bilberries, cranberries, and lingonberries. A chromatographic version for eliminating the absorbance of polymer anthocyanins in the determination of monomeric compounds in complex mixtures is proposed as an alternative to differential spectrophotometry.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has been the focus of dietary research in recent decades due to its ability to accumulate phenolic substances (anthocyanins) in tubers. In Russia, such varieties have been created for a number of regions, but in the Far East, the program to increase the content of anthocyanins in potato tubers has recently begun. In the presented study using liquid chromatography and second-order mass spectrometry methods, we profiled anthocyanins and quantified their accumulation for potato varieties of different origin (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Germany, the Netherlands), which had not previously been characterized by this feature. For the first time, four dietary Russian varieties with an increased content of anthocyanins have been identified. This work aimed to determine the profiles of anthocyanins and their content in tubers in the conditions of the Russian Far East. We used 22 varieties selected for early maturity, productivity, low starch content and different color of tubers and flowers. The anthocyanin profile was double-identified, by the retention time on a C18 reverse phase column with detection of absorbance at wavelength range 400-700 nm and ESI-MS/MS in positive ionization mode. Anthocyanins were quantified spectrophotometrically. The anthocyanins identified in the tubers were delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin. Delphinidin and cyanidin were found in mono- and diglycosylated forms. It was revealed that petunidin-3-glucoside is the most common anthocyanin which is present in almost all of the studied varieties. In tubers, depending on varietal specificity, there were from 1 to 5 anthocyanins of those found. Varieties with yellow skin and pink spots on the yellow tuber skin were characterized by a low content of anthocyanins. The pink and dark pink color of the skin positively correlates with the content of pelargonidin-3-glucoside, while petunidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside give a purple and blue-violet color to the skin of the tuber. The anthocyanin level was the highest in Phioletovii variety (310 mg/kg cyanidin-3-glucoside, 50 mg/kg malvidin, 30 mg/kg delphinidin), Vasilyok variety (150 mg/kg petunidin), and in Mayak (95 mg/kg pelargonidin) and Kuznechanka (78 mg/kg pelargonidin) varieties. In the Phioletovii variety, the cyanidin-3-glucoside prevailed. We recommend to involve varieties with pink, dark pink, purple and blue-purple tuber skin in selection for an increased content of anthocyanins.

Three O-methyl anthocyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosides were isolated from bilberry extract on a large-scale basis together with two non O-methyl analogues. Anthocyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosides were removed from bilberry extract together with parts of anthocyanidin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosides after treatment with β-galactosidase. The remaining arabinopyranosides were removed by applying acid catalytic hydrolysis. The amounts of anthocyanins recovered as flavylium trifluoroacetic acid salt were as follows: 630 mg for petunidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 423 mg for peonidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 588 mg for malvidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 877 mg for delphinidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 742 mg for cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in milk give rise to radicals and lead to lipid oxidation during storage, reducing the commercial value of milk. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of anthocyanins from purple corn pigment on the oxidation of UFA in milk. Milk samples were randomly divided into 2 groups: (1) the control (without purple corn pigment) and (2) treatment (0.3% purple corn pigment), using a completely randomized design. The milk samples were placed into plastic tubes and stored at 4°C for a period of 0, 1, 3, and 7 d. Individual anthocyanin composition and UFA were detected by HPLC-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The results indicated that pelargonidin (0.258 vs. 0.054 µg/mL), cyanidin (5.550 vs. 1.808 µg/mL), petunidin (0.464 vs. 0.107 µg/mL), delphinidin (2.061 vs. 0.123 µg/mL), and total anthocyanin (8.332 vs. 2.091 µg/mL) significantly decreased in response to increasing storage day. Of interest, purple corn pigment had a significant effect on most of the UFA (C14:1n-5, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C18:3n-6, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-3, and C20:4n-6), except for C17:1n-7 and C20:3n-6. Specifically, various stronger positive correlations were noted for anthocyanin composition and UFA (pelargonidin and petunidin with C14:1n-5, C17:1n-7, C18:2n-6, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-3, and C20:4n-6; and cyanidin and total anthocyanins with C14:1n-5, C16:1n-7, C17:1n-7). Collectively, the current study suggested that the addition of anthocyanins from purple corn pigment had the potential to maintain UFA concentrations in milk during the storage period.

Phenolics and carotenoids coexist in fruits and vegetables and could possess interaction effects after consumption. The present study aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the antioxidant interactions between anthocyanins and carotenoids using petunidin and lycopene as examples in hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced heart myofibroblast cell (H9c2) line model. The results revealed that petunidin and lycopene showed antioxidant effects and petunidin in a larger proportion mixed with lycopene, for example, petunidin: lycopene = 9:1 significantly protected against the loss of the cell viability (8.98 ± 1.03%) and intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, 27.07 ± 3.51%), catalase (CAT, 29.51 ± 6.12%), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, 20.33 ± 2.65%). Moreover, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of NAD(P)H quinone reductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) of the nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway were significantly induced in petunidin, lycopene, and synergistic combinations, suggesting that the antioxidant action was through activating the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway. This was further validated by Nrf2 siRNA, and the results that petunidin significantly induced more of NQO1 expression and lycopene more of HO-1 suggested that the synergism may be a result of concerted actions by the two compounds on these two different target genes of the Nrf2 pathway. The two compounds also significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt in synergistic combinations. Findings of the present study demonstrated that petunidin and lycopene exerted synergistic antioxidant effects when petunidin in a larger proportion in the combinations and contribute to the prevention of cellular redox homeostasis, which might provide a theoretical basis for phenolics and carotenoids playing beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, we revealed that the combined treatments of petunidin and lycopen inhibited H2 O2 -induced oxidative damage in myocardial cells. Moreover, the treatments contributed to the Nrf2 pathway and the restoration of cellular redox homeostasis might provide a theoretical basis for phenolics and carotenoids playing beneficial effects on the cardiovascular risk.

Currently, gastric cancer (GC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) constitute important causes of human deaths related to cancer worldwide. In the last years, several researches are focused on the role of dietary compounds in preventing cancers. The consumption of fruits with high antioxidants, mainly anthocyanins, represents a good option to reduce the risk of chronic human diseases. Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst.) berries, recognized by their remarkable antioxidant properties and high content of anthocyanins, appear as a new alternative to treat degenerative diseases of public interest. The present work was aimed to evaluate the impact of crude and anthocyanin-rich extracts from Calafate fruits on in vitro cell viability and migration capacity of gastric (AGC) and gallbladder (G415) human cancer cell lines, as related with their antioxidant properties. Crude and anthocyanin-rich extracts were obtained from fruits of Calafate grown under field conditions in the south of Chile. Antioxidants, phenols, anthocyanins, and anthocyanidins were determined. In vitro cell viability and migration of AGS and G415 human cancer cell lines at different concentrations of extracts (25–800 μg mL−1) were determined. Anthocyanin-rich extracts of Calafate berries showed comparable antioxidant activity (up to 1200 μg Trolox eq. g−1DW), slightly lower total phenolic content (12%), but higher total anthocyanin content (25%) compared to the crude extract. The major anthocyanidin molecule detected in both extracts was delphinidin, followed by malvidin, and low concentrations of petunidin, cyanidin, and peonidin. As expected, all of these compounds were detected in higher levels in anthocyanin-rich extracts (up to 2-fold). Noteworthy, our study revealed that Calafate fruit extracts strongly decrease in vitro viability and migration capacity of gastric carcinoma (AGC model) and gallbladder carcinoma (G415 model) human cell lines; however, the anthocyanin-rich extract displayed higher inhibitory effects (up to 70%) compared to crude extracts. These findings allow suggesting that the in vitro antiproliferative potential of Calafate fruit extract is strongly related to the anthocyanin concentration, especially delphinidin.

The ultrasonic extraction (UE) technology, possessed the advantages of effective, energy‐saving, and environmental‐friendly, was applied to extract the anthocyanin from Lycium ruthenicum (LR). The extraction parameters of UE were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Anthocyanin composition in LR fruits grown in China was systematically identified and quantified by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The result showed that PRG was the major anthocyanin, and delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin were the major anthocyanidins in LR fruits. There was the same anthocyanin composition of LR and great variation in anthocyanins content of LR from different areas in China. However, there was no significant difference between wild and cultivated LR in the same region. A clear separation of LR according to geographical origins was revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the discrimination model for the anthocyanin concentrations were developed using these two analysis methods. Furthermore, on‐line HPLC‐DPPH assay and scavenging activity of three kinds of radicals (DPPH·, ·OH, and O2-·) in vitro were well applied to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the LR anthocyanin extract (LRAE). And its results indicated the LRAE could be a credible antioxidant agent for applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine., Anthocyanin composition in Lycium ruthenicum fruits was systematically identified and quantified by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. The antioxidant activity of the LR anthocyanin extract was evaluated by on‐line HPLC‐DPPH assay and scavenging activity of three kinds of radicals in vitro.

Anthocyanins are positively charged molecules of plant origin belonging to the flavonoid group, found in various pigmented varieties of Solanum tuberosum. The 6 most common anthocyanins found in potatoes are derivatives of pelargonidin, malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, cyanidin and peonidin, in different concentrations. The distribution of anthocyanins in tubers is not uniform but differs between the skin and flesh, and it is associated with the distribution and intensity of colour. The anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in Solanum tuberosum may vary with the genotype, environmental conditions, storage and the way of cooking the tubers, such as steaming or frying. Various properties of anthocyanins that are beneficial for humans have been studied, such as antioxidant, antitumor and antiviral properties. Several studies have shown that anthocyanins activate antioxidant systems in the liver, prevent the growth of colon cancer tumour cells, among other cancers., Las antocianinas son moléculas de origen vegetal cargadas positivamente pertenecientes al grupo de los flavonoides, presentes en diversas variedades pigmentadas de Solanum tuberosum. Las 6 antocianinas más comunes en papa son derivadas de la pelargonidina, malvidina, petunidina, delfinidina, cianidina y peonidina, en diferentes concentraciones. La distribución de las antocianinas en los tubérculos no es uniforme, sino que difiere entre la piel y la pulpa y se asocia con la distribución e intensidad del color. El contenido de antocianinas y la actividad antioxidante en Solanum tuberosum, puede variar con el genotipo, las condiciones ambientales, el almacenaje y tipo de cocción del tubérculo, como vapor o fritura. Se han estudiado diversas propiedades benéficas de las antocianinas para el ser humano, como propiedades antioxidantes, antitumorales y antivirales. Varios estudios han demostrado que las antocianinas activan los sistemas antioxidantes en el hígado, previenen el crecimiento de células tumorales de cáncer de colon, entre otros cánceres.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the major important oil crops worldwide and is largely cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where long and strong solar-radiation is well-known. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed’s response to light stress are largely unknown. In the present study, the color of rapeseed seedlings changed from green to purple under high light (HL) stress conditions. Therefore, changes in anthocyanin metabolism and the transcriptome of rapeseed seedlings cultured under normal light (NL) and HL conditions were analyzed to dissect how rapeseed responds to HL at the molecular level. Results indicated that the contents of anthocyanins, especially glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin, which were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), increased by 9.6-, 4.2-, and 59.7-fold in rapeseed seedlings exposed to HL conditions, respectively. Next, RNA-sequencing analysis identified 7390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4393 up-regulated and 2997 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes related to the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway were enriched. For example, genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (BnDFR) and anthocyanin synthase (BnANS) were especially induced by HL conditions, which was also confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, two PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION 2 (BnPAP2) and GLABRA3 (BnGL3) genes encoding MYB-type and bHLH-type transcription factors, respectively, whose expression was also up-regulated by HL stress, were found to be associated with the changes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Many genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA)-biosynthetic pathway were also up-regulated under HL conditions. This finding, which is in agreement with the well-known positive regulatory role of JA in anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggests that the JA may also play a key role in the responses of rapeseed seedlings to HL. Collectively, these data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis-related and JA biosynthesis-related pathways mediate HL responses in rapeseed. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the mechanisms involved in the response of rapeseed to HL stress, and the identified key genes may potentially be used to improve HL tolerance of rapeseed cultivars through genetic engineering or breeding strategies.

One hypothesis for the origin of endemic species of tomato on the Galápagos islands postulates a hybridization of Solanum pimpinellifolium and S. habrochaites. S. galapagense accession LA1141 has purple fruit pigmentation which has previously been described in green-fruited wild tomatoes such as S. habrochaites. Characterization of LA1141 derived purple pigmentation provides a test of the hybridization hypothesis. Purple pigmentation was recovered in progenies derived from LA1141 and the anthocyanins malvidin 3(coumaroyl)rutinoside-5-glucoside, petunidin 3-(coumaroyl) rutinoside-5-glucoside, and petunidin 3-(caffeoyl)rutinoside-5-glucoside were abundant. Fruit color was evaluated in an introgression population and three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped and validated in subsequent populations. The loci atroviolacium on chromosome 7, Anthocyanin fruit on chromosome 10, and uniform ripening also on chromosome 10, underly these QTLs. Sequence analysis suggested that the LA1141 alleles of Aft and atv are unique relative to those previously described from S. chilense accession LA0458 and S. cheesmaniae accession LA0434, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the LA1141 Aft genomic sequence did not support a green-fruited origin and the locus clustered with members of the red-fruited tomato clade. The LA1141 allele of Aft is not the result of an ancient introgression and underlies a gain of anthocyanin pigmentation in the red-fruited clade.HighlightAnthocyanin fruit and atroviolacium confer purple pigmentation in Solanum galapagense LA1141 confirming a mechanism described for green-fruited tomatoes. LA1141 alleles cluster with red-fruited homologs suggesting an independent gain of pigmentation.

A blueberry anthocyanin extract was obtained from Brightwell blueberry fruits cultivated in eastern China and the extraction and purification conditions were optimized. The components of the anthocyanin extract were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization interface-mass spectrometer. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the blueberry fruit supernatant (BFS), blueberry anthocyanin crude extract (BCE), and blueberry anthocyanin rich extract (BRE) were evaluated. The extraction yield was 1.79 ± 0.0014 mg/g under the following optimal conditions: 1:20 solid-to-liquid ratio (v/w), 24 h, 34 °C, and 90% ethanol containing 0.21% (v/v) hydrochloric acid. With regard to purification, anthocyanin purity increased 19.1-fold. Nine fractions were identified as the glycosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin. The biological activities of the blueberry anthocyanin extract were improved through extraction and purification. Compared with BFS and BCE, BRE had a higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 0.51 mg/mL), ABTS antioxidant capacity (EC50 = 0.32 mg/mL), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (0.43 mmol Trolox/g). Furthermore, BRE (2 mg/mL) showed a maximum of 84.64 ± 0.35% reduction in the biofilm biomass of Listeria monocytogenes and the inhibition zone given by BRE against Escherichia coli was 16.04 ± 0.38 mm. BRE showed the highest antioxidant capacities and obvious antibacterial effects against food-related microorganisms than the other samples. Therefore, BRE can be used as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent and has potential health advantages and food industry applications.

Freesia hybrida is rich in flower colors with beautiful flower shapes and pleasant aroma. Flavonoids are vital to the color formation of its flowers. In this study, five Freesia cultivars with different flower colors were used to study on the level of accumulation of their flavonoids and expression of flavonoid-related genes and further explore new novel transcription factor (TF). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and VION ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine the flavonoids. Combined with transcriptome sequencing technology, the molecular mechanism of the flavonoid metabolism difference in Freesia was revealed. A total of 10 anthoxanthin components and 12 anthocyanin components were detected using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. All six common anthocyanin aglycones in high plants, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin, were detected in Freesia at first time in this study. In orange, yellow, and white cultivars, anthoxanthins gradually decreased with the opening of the petals, while in red and purple cultivars, anthoxanthins first increased and then decreased. No anthocyanin was detected in yellow and white cultivars, while anthocyanins increased with the opening of the petals and reached their maximum at the flowering stage (S3) in other three cultivars. The correlation analysis revealed that the color of Freesia petals was closely related to the composition and content of anthoxanthins and anthocyanins. Petals of five cultivars at S3 were then selected for transcriptome sequencing by using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform, and a total of 100,539 unigenes were obtained. There were totally 5,162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when the four colored cultivars were compared with the white cultivar at S3. Comparing all DEGs with gene ontology (GO), KEGG, and Pfam databases, it was found that the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly different. In addition, AP2, WRKY, and bHLH TF families ranked the top three among all differently expressed TFs in all DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of the structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Freesia. The results showed that metabolic process was affected significantly by structural genes in this pathway, such as CHS1, CHI2, DFR1, ANS1, 3GT1, and FLS1. Cluster analysis was performed by using all annotated WRKY and AP2 TFs and the above structural genes based on their relatively expression. Four novel candidate TFs of WRKY and AP2 family were screened. Their spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed that these four novel TFs may participate in the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis, thus controlling its color formation in Freesia petals.

In this research, the effects of drying method, storage temperature, and color protector glucose on anthocyanin preservation in the Lycium ruthenicum Murr. fruit were studied. Compared with hot-air drying, vacuum freeze-drying preserved about 5.8-fold more anthocyanins. The half-life of anthocyanins in the freeze-dried fruit samples with glucose was 3.6 days, 1.8 days, and 1.7 days at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 37 °C, respectively. On the other hand, the half-life values without glucose addition were 2.2 days, 2.3 days, and 2.1 days at each temperature, respectively, indicating that glucose protected anthocyanins at low temperature. The composition and contents of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in the freeze-dried Lycium ruthenicum Murr., stored for 20 days, were investigated with a HPLC-MS/MS setup. It was found that most anthocyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. are linked with coumaroyl glucose to form anthocyanins, while glycosylated and acetyl-glycosylated anthocyanins were also detected. Five anthocyanidins were detected: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and peonidin, and delphinidin accounts for about half of the total amount of anthocyanidins. It is much more economic to conserve anthocyanins in situ with freeze-drying methods and to store the fruits at low temperatures with glucose.

The grafting has been commonly used in viticulture, which joints the scion from a cultivar with the stem of a rootstock. Grafting has crucial impacts on various phenotypes of the cultivar including berry metabolome and berry coloring, however, the genetics and regulation mechanisms are largely unexplored. In this study, we analyzed the phenotypic, metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles at three stages (45, 75 and105 days after flowering) of the Crimson Seedless (Vitis vinifera, CS) cultivar grafted to four rootstocks (three heterografting: CS/101-14MG, CS/SO4, CS/110R and one self-grafting CS/CS) with an own-rooted grafting-free Crimson Seedless (CS) as a control. All the heterografting plants had a significant influence on berry reddening as early as ~45 days after flowering. The grafting of rootstocks promoted anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in grape berries. The metabolomic features showed that Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, Delphinidin 3-O-glucosid, Malvidin 3-O-glucoside, Peonidin 3-O-glucoside and Petunidin 3-O-glucoside were the pigments responsible for the purplish-red color peels. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the anthocyanins biosynthetic related genes from the upstream (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) to the downstream (anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and anthocyanidin synthase) were upregulated with the accumulations of anthocyanins in CS/101-14MG, CS/SO4 and CS/110R. At the same time, all these genes were also highly expressed and more anthocyanin was accumulated in CS/CS samples compared to CS samples, suggesting that self-grafting rootstocks might also have promoted berry reddening in grapevine. Our results provide global transcriptomic and metabolomic features in berry coloring regulation under different grafting conditions for improving the berry quality in grapevine production.

For various reasons, histologists in several parts of the world have tried to replace hematoxylin and eosin with locally available plant dyes of the anthocyanin family. Blue or violet nuclear stains have been created by combining an anthocyanin with iron or aluminum ions at low pH. Obtaining a pink or red cytoplasmic counterstain, however, has not been achieved previously, even with a red solution of anthocyanin, because the chemistry of the colorant does not allow bonding to cytoplasmic materials and collagen. We used two extracts from the petals of common mallow, Malva sylvestris, to create both a blue nuclear stain and a red counterstain. The two extracts contained two chemically distinct types of anthocyanins. The first extract contains vic-hydroxyls capable of complexing aluminum ions; its flavylium core is cationic. The second type lacks vic-hydroxyls on its core structure, but includes pendant glucosides that contain a malonic acid ester with a free carboxyl substituent. The precise identity of the first anthocyanin currently is unknown, but likely is one or more of the common anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin or petunidin, which complex readily with aluminum. The second anthocyanin is malonated malvidin, which does not complex with aluminum, but is anionic at the pH used here. The overall visual effect of applying the two anthocyanin extracts is remarkably similar to that of hemalum plus eosin.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of oil and food around the world, and the testa color affects its appearance and commercial value. However, few studies focused on the mechanism of pigment formation in peanut testa. In this study, cultivars Shanhua 15 with pink testa and Zhonghua 12 with red testa were used as materials to perform the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. A total of 198 flavonoid metabolites were detected, among which petunidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin O-acetylhexoside in Zhonghua12 were 15.23 and 14.72 times higher than those of Shanhua 15 at the R7 stage, revealing the anthocyanins underlying the red testa. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 6059 and 3153 differentially expressed genes between Shanhua 15 and Zhonghua 12 in different growth periods, respectively. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated CHS gene (arahy.CM90T6), F3 ′ H genes (arahy. 8F7PE4 and arahy. K8H9R8), and DFR genes (arahy. LDV9QN and arahy. X8EVF3) may be the key functional genes controlling the formation of pink and red testa in peanut. Transcription factors MYB (arahy.A2IWKV, arahy.US2SKM, arahy.SJGE27, arahy.H8DJRL, and arahy.PR7AYB), bHLH (arahy.26781N, arahy.HM1IVV, and arahy.MP3D3D), and WD40 (arahy.L6JJW9) in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin were significantly upregulated in Zhonghua 12 which may be the key regulatory genes in testa pigment formation. This is a comprehensive analysis on flavonoid metabolites and related genes expression in peanut testa, providing reference for revealing the regulatory mechanism of pigment accumulation in peanut testa.

A variable power of microwave extraction (VPME) method with two-stage input power is developed to improve the extraction rate and reduce the degradation of anthocyanins from blueberry powder. Microwave powers of 700–1100 W at the 1st stage, microwave powers of 100–500 W at the 2st stage, and transition temperatures of 30–46 °C as medium quantity from 1st stage to 2st stage were selected as influencing factors in the microwave extraction (MAE). Results indicate that high microwave power at the 1st stage of VPME may rupture the cell wall of blueberry to weaken the diffusion resistance of anthocyanins to improve its yield, and low microwave power at the 2st stage reduces the degradation of anthocyanin. The extraction kinetics of anthocyanins considering cell walls broken obeys the exponential function in microwave power of 700–1100 W. The highest anthocyanin acquistion rate of 84.82% and the lowest anthocyanin degradation rate of 8.13% from blueberry powder were achieved under microwave power of 800 W at the 1st stage, the transition temperature of 36 °C and microwave power of 280 W at the 2st stage. Five species of anthocyanin monomers including delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin were detected in the extracts from blueberry. The yield of anthocyanin extracted by the VPME was 17.75% higher than that of the microwave extraction of constant power. Microwave extraction with two-stage input power may improve the extraction rate of anthocyanins from blueberry powder with low degradation.

Plant based pigments have widely been used by human beings since ancient times. These pigments, being natural in origin, have better acceptability amongst the consumers and offer diversified applications worldwide. For identification of novel pigment sources, lesser known species need to be studied systematically. In the present report, a tropical fruit species viz. blood fruit was studied for its physicochemical parameters and anthocyanin content. Fruit pulp had total soluble solids of 17 °B with acidic pH (3.01) and total phenolic content of 13.44 mg GAE/100 g of fresh pulp. Pulp of fully ripe fruits contained 8.76 mg/g of total anthocyanins. Pelargonidin was the dominant anthocyanin, followed by Cyanidin, Peonidin and Petunidin. Considering these qualities, the species could be a potential candidate for food and dye industries.

Plants belonging to the genus Passiflora produce exuberant flowers with characteristic corona filaments that vary widely in size, morphology and color. This variability is thought to be an adaptation to different animal pollinators. In general, Passiflora flowers are pollinated by bees, hummingbirds and bats. The aim of this study was to identify the anthocyanins present in the corona filaments of two wild parent species, P. incarnata and P. coccinea, that are pollinated by bees and hummingbirds, respectively, and their artificial commercial hybrid P. ‘Lady Margaret’. The anthocyanin profiles of the corona filaments were characterized by ultra-high performance chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Monoglucosides of two anthocyanidins (cyanidin and pelargonidin) were found in P. coccinea corona filaments, whereas diglucosides of four anthocyanidins (cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin) were identified in P. incarnata corona. The P. ‘Lady Margaret’ hybrid contained both mono and diglucosides of the anthocyanidins identified in the parent species and also novel anthocyanin molecules not found in the parents. The use of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS was an efficient method to identify the anthocyanins present in the corona of Passiflora species. P. incarnata acquired its red flowers by suppression of the delphinidin pathway. The wide variety of anthocyanins found in the corona filaments of the P. ‘Lady Margaret’ interspecific hybrid indicated that it inherited the anthocyanidin pathways as well as the glycosylation pattern of both parent species.

Compositional differences in the polyphenolic profile and physicochemical parameters of grapes and corresponding wines of 'Plavac Mali' at five different harvest dates were evaluated by standard chemical analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Prolonged ripening enhanced the anthocyanin and flavonol concentration in skin tissue, with the exception of 3-O-glucosides of delphinidin, petunidin and quercetin, and 3-O-rutinoside of quercetin. Various trends in skin low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds were detected: increases in (+)-gallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin, and decreases in the others including (+)-catechin, (‑)‑epigallocatechin, and proanthocyanidins (B1, B2, B3, B4). Grape seeds reached stable concentration of low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds at the third harvest date, while prolonged ripening had a significant influence on (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin. In contrast, in the corresponding wines, the concentrations of anthocyanins had two peaks NDASH one at the third harvest date and one at the fifth harvest date NDASH with no significant difference between the two, except in peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Prolonged ripening caused a production of wines with high concentration of (+)-gallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin, and the lowest concentration of (‑)‑epigallocatechin. The results indicate the potential of 'Plavac Mali' for prolonged grape ripening, but negative aspects of the prolonged ripening practice should also be considered.

Bakery products with fruit fillings are growing fast. Blueberry-filled pastries are widely consumed in China. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two thermal processing procedures (stir-frying and baking) on flavonoid profile, antioxidant property, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation during preparation of blueberry-filled pastries. Stir-frying contributed the most to the variations in these values in blueberry filling. Anthocyanins (48%–53% reduction in total) were more susceptible to thermal processing than flavonols (11%–16%). Among anthocyanins, delphinidin glycosides (61%–67% reduction) were the most unstable, followed by malvidin (52%–58%), petunidin (40%–45%), and cyanidin (38%–41%). A high level of HMF (300 mg/kg) was formed during stir-frying. Except for anthocyanins, baking did not significantly influence HMF formation, flavonol degradation, and antioxidant property in the fillings. Stir-frying processing conditions rather than baking must be further investigated for nutrient retention and HMF inhibition.

The grain of 17 coloured barley F8 recombinant inbred lines from three backcross programs using three barley parental lines were studied. The main objectives were to characterise the anthocyanin profiles and antioxidant activities of these different lines of coloured barley grain when grown in southern Italy. HPLC and spectrophotometric analyses were performed. The overall profile of anthocyanins across the grain of these genotypes comprised 51.8% malvidin 3‐glucoside, 12.7% delphinidin 3‐glucoside, 5.0% cyanidin, ~2.5% both petunidin and peonidin 3‐glucoside, and ~1.4% both delphinidin 3‐rutinoside anthocyanidin 3‐glucoside, with the remaining 23% as unidentified anthocyanins. Principal component analysis showed that the antioxidant activities of the barley grain were significantly correlated with the levels of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the grain of some of these coloured barley RILs had the highest radical scavenging activities, which indicated their potential use in preparation of both food and nutraceuticals, for protective effects on human health, and in breeding programs.

This article describes the evaluation of the anthocyanins stability in yogurts with strawberry, sour cherry, and blueberry fruit preparation during 8-week storage period under refrigerated condition. The differences in anthocyanin degradation rate and color changes between stirred yogurts and fruit-on-the-bottom yogurts (fruit preparation was on-the-bottom of package) were compared. Anthocyanin content in fruit yogurts showed a significant decreased during the storage, especially for the first 2 weeks. There were differences in the rate of pigment degradation between yogurt obtained from a different species of fruit. The half-life of the pigments in stirred yogurt with the preparation of strawberry, sour cherry, and blueberry was found to be 5.5, 6.7, and 19.0 weeks, respectively. The addition of fruit preparation on the bottom of yogurt could be used to reduce the pigment degradation during storage. The half-life of anthocyanin in fruit-on-the-bottom yogurts was 39-63% higher than in the blending samples. A significant alteration in the pigment profile during storage of blueberry yoghurt was observed. The proportion of malvidin-glucosides and acylated anthocyanins increased with time of storage, with a concomitant decrease in proportion of petunidin, delphinidin and peonidin derivatives.

Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LR) represents an agricultural cash crop found in Northwest China and has been used in traditional folk medicine for a long time. However, detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses of LR anthocyanins, as well as their pharmacological research, remain scarce. In this work, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of six anthocyanidins and six anthocyanins from LR via UPLC-quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) analysis. Finally, five anthocyanidins and five anthocyanins were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Among these, 10 constituents (delphinidin-3-glu, cyanidin-3-glu, petunidin-3-glu, peonidin-3-glu, malvidin-3-glu, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin and malvidin) were detected and petunidin-3-glu proved to be the predominant species in LR. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanin extracts and petunidin-3-glu were investigated using a rat model involving gouty arthritis induced by monosodium urate. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), prostaglandin E2 (PE2), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzymes in serum, the paw COX-1 mRNA expression and paw volume could be determined to be significantly increased in rats suffering from gouty arthritis induced by monosodium urate. However, these indicators were found to be significantly reduced after treatment with anthocyanin extracts (200 mg/kg b.wt, p.o.) and petunidin-3-glu (40 mg/kg b.wt, p.o.). Taken in concert, our study shows that anthocyanin extracts and petunidin-3-glu may significantly reduce monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation. Use and administration of these compounds may be potentially valuable for the further development and clinical applicability of the active compounds in this plant.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LR) is a perennial shrub commonly used as a nutritional food and medicine. Herein, we identified 12 anthocyanins from LR, with petunidin derivatives constituting approximately 97% of the total anthocyanin content. Furthermore, the potential mechanism of anthocyanins exerting neuroprotective effects in d-galactose (d-gal)-treated rats was explored. Behavioral results showed that anthocyanins relieved d-gal-induced memory disorder. Additionally, anthocyanins reduced receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and suppressed oxidative stress caused by d-gal. Anthocyanins suppressed microgliosis and astrocytosis and reduced the overexpression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1-β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, anthocyanins lowered C-jun N-terminal kinase ( p-JNK), caspase-3 levels, and the B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bax/Bcl-2) ratio. Thus, anthocyanins from LR attenuated memory disfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration caused by d-gal, possibly through the RAGE/NF-κB/JNK pathway, representing a promising, safe candidate for prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.

Blueberries are rich in bioactive anthocyanins, which are associated with health benefits contributing to reducing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to improve the yield of anthocyanins extracted from rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fruits cultivated in Nanjing using ultrasound-assisted extraction and to identify the individual anthocyanins present in the extract. The extraction conditions of blueberry anthocyanins were optimized using response surface methodology. The Box–Behnken test was designed to investigate the effect of extraction using different ethanol concentrations, extraction time, and liquid-to-solid ratios. The optimum conditions of the extraction derived from the model were as follows: extraction time 24 h at 30°C using 72.50% ethanol which contains 0.02% v/v hydrochloric acid as a solvent and liquid-to-solid ratio 20 : 1 v/w. The extraction yield was 16.21 ± 0.44 mg/g under these optimum conditions. The 13 peaks of the anthocyanin extract from rabbiteye blueberry fruits in Nanjing were tentatively identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization interface-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS), which are the derivatives of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin that were glycosylated by glucose, galactose, or arabinose. This research provides a reliable scientific basis for efficacious extraction and identification of anthocyanins from blueberry fruits, which would be helpful for further investigation of the function and application of blueberry anthocyanins extract to human health.

Diet is an essential factor affecting the development of and risk for diabetes mellitus. In search of preventative and therapeutic strategies, the potential role of certain foods and their bioactive compounds to prevent the pathogenesis associated with metabolic diseases is to be considered. Human consumption of anthocyanins is among the highest of all flavonoids. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the consumption of anthocyanins lowers the risk of diabetes and diabetic complications. Anthocyanins are important natural bioactive pigments responsible for red to blue colour of fruits, leaves, seeds, stems and flowers, which are present in a variety of plant species particularly in berries and cherries. A large number of bioactive anthocyanins, such as cyanidin, malvidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and their metabolites have shown multiple biological activities with apparent effects on glucose absorption, glucose uptake, insulin secretion and sensitivity, on the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, gene expressions, inflammatory mediators, glucose transporters in progression of diabetes and associated complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and diabetic vascular diseases. The versatility of the anthocyanins provides a promising approach for diabetes management than synthetic drugs. Here we summarize the effect of several anthocyanins on many in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and also reveal the mechanisms which could prevent or reverse the underlying mechanisms of diabetic pathologies including promotion of antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.

Using the reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array and mass-spectrometric (in ESI mode) detection, a composition of Catharanthus roseum petals was established. After the acid hydrolysis, all five anthocyanidins were found to be different comparing to the ordinary anthocyanidins from Vitis vinifera fruits. The anthocyanins were elucidated to be 7-O-methyl derivatives of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin by the analysis of retention in RP HPLC, mass- and UV-visible spectra. The anthocyanins were characterized with UV-visible spectra, having the same fixtures as the set of non-methylated (in position 7) anthocyanin with hypsochromic (4 nm) of spectral maxima. The absorption bands for 7-methlcyanidin and 7-methylpeonidin aglycons and derivatives were indistinguishable while for the set of 7-methydelphinidin, 7-methypetunidin and 7-methylnalvidin (hirsutidin) a consecutive shift of absorption maxima by approximately 1 – 1.5 nm was found. The same was true for non-methylates at position 7 derivatives. The analysis of retention of anthocyanins of the flowers including the comparison with the retention of Mangifera indica skin anthocyanins, mass- and UV-visible spectra indicated that a minor set of anthocyanins included two sets of derivatives. The minor compounds were found to be 3-galactosides for samples under investigation, while the set of the major anthocyanins was represented by 3-rhamnosilgalactosides. Indeed, though through mass-spectra it was not possible to differentiate 3-rhamnosylgalatosides and 3-( p -coumaroylgalactosides) because of m/z coincidence, the retention difference between the two found anthocyanins sets as well as UV-visible spectra excluded the latter type of derivatives. Key words : anthocyanins, HPLC, 7-O-methyl derivatives of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin, 3-galactosides, 3-phamnosylgalactosides, UV-vis spectra, mass-spectrometric detection. (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.1.001 V.I. Deineka 1 , Y.Y. Kulchenko 1 , А .N. Sidorov 1 , I.P. Blinova 1 , S. М . Varushkina 1 , L. А . Deineka 1 , Anh Thi Ngoc Vu 2 1 Belgorod National Research University, Pobeda str., 85, Belgorod, 308015, Russian Federation 2 RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya str. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation

Anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murry (LRAs) were used to explore the anti-fatigue activities of LRAs at different concentrations in a mouse fatigue model. Eight biochemical indexes were determined in liver tissue, muscle tissue and serum. The results showed that the LRAs used in the experiment mainly contained delphinium, petunidin and malvidin. During 21 days of gavage, there was no significant difference in mouse body weight. The exercise time of the LRA-exposed mice increased. LRAs could increase serum glucose (Glu), liver/muscle glycogen and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduce the vitality of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the levels of lactic acid (LD) and serum urea nitrogen (BUN). This study indicated that LRAs can enhance exercise endurance, increase sugar reserves, scavenge free radicals and improve metabolism, thereby increasing anti-fatigue activities.

Pyranoanthocyanins are anthocyanin-derived pigments with higher stability to pH and storage. However, their slow formation and scarcity in nature hinder their industrial application. Pyranoanthocyanin formation can be accelerated by selecting anthocyanin substitutions, cofactor concentrations, and temperature. Limited information is available on the impacts of the chemical structure of the cofactor and anthocyanin, therefore, we evaluated their impacts on pyranoanthocyanin formation efficiency under conditions reported as favorable for the reaction. Different cofactors were evaluated including pyruvic acid, acetone, and hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acid) by incubating them with anthocyanins in a molar ratio of 1:30 (anthocyanin:cofactor), pH 3.1, and 45 °C. The impact of the anthocyanin aglycone was evaluated by incubating delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, or malvidin derivatives with the most efficient cofactor (caffeic acid) under identical conditions. Pigments were identified using UHPLC-PDA and tandem mass spectrometry, and pyranoanthocyanin formation was monitored for up to 72 h. Pyranoanthocyanin yields were the highest with caffeic acid (~17% at 72 h, p &lt, 0.05). When comparing anthocyanins, malvidin-3-O-glycosides yielded twice as many pyranoanthocyanins after 24 h (~20%, p &lt, 0.01) as cyanidin-3-O-glycosides. Petunidin- and delphinidin-3-O-glycosides yielded &lt, 2% pyranoanthocyanins. This study demonstrated the importance of anthocyanin and cofactor selection in pyranoanthocyanin production.

The progressive increase of environmental temperature as a consequence of climate change is a challenge for the wine industry. Elevated temperatures during grape ripening affect the development of grape skin color by inhibiting the synthesis of pigments and promoting their degradation, which causes an imbalance in the chromatic quality of must and red wine. The application of pectic oligosaccharides (POs) and abscisic acid (ABA) triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway and increases the color index in grapes. Since the at-harvest pigments and phenolic compounds are determinant for wine quality, this work addressed the pre-harvest application of POs and ABA as an in-field strategy for improving the quality of Syrah must and grapes grown in a warm climate. The color development, physicochemical parameters, phenolic content, and pigments in berries and must were evaluated. Results showed POs and ABA improved berry color development and anthocyanin content during ripening. Musts from POs-treated berries exhibited the highest phenols concentration and the most intense color, related to higher chroma values and anthocyanin content, particularly delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin 3-glucosides, while ABA improved must tonality by reducing the hue angle. In summary, POs and ABA application at veráison, differentially modulated the technological ripening of Syrah grapes and can be an alternative to conventional agrochemicals to preserve the quality of musts elaborated from grapes grown in warm climates, by increasing the content of phenolic compounds and enhancing berry skin color development through the differential accumulation of anthocyanins.

Clusters of metallic cations (Mg2+, Al3+, Ga3+, Sn2+, Cr3+ and Fe3+) jointed to anthocyanins in water media were studied for unraveling the color shifting of different complexes of these structures in the low ranges of pH. Anthocyanin jointed to metallic cation progresses the color expression range of anthocyanin in more different range of pH. In this verdict, it has been studied the metallic cations diffusing of deprotonating for the anthocyanin (B)-ring of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp) and petunidin (Pt) in two media of gas and water, transforming flavylium cations to the blue quinonoidal bases at lower range of pH applying the infrared method by approaching Beer Lambert law for getting the physico-chemical parameters of frequency, intensity, and absorbance of the compounds, respectively. In previous investigation, it has been indicated that the important factor for enhancing the absorbance in a positive non-linear fashion due to deviating from the Beer Lambert law is the self-association of anthocyanins of cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin of anthocyanin structures. The difference of heat of formation (∆HR) among clusters of metallic cations jointed to anthocyanins has been illustrated toward the double bonds and carbonyl groups by the chelation of (B)-ring for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin anthocyanins in two media of gas and water that explains the stability and color of [anthocyanin-metallic cations] cluster chelation of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp) and petunidin (Pt) colorful pigments in a weak acidic medium. By this work we exhibited that the color of the anthocyanin chelates is an important factor for estimating the efficiency of these types of food colorants.

The oxidation of two premium wines, Chianti Classico and Brunello di Montalcino, obtained from Sangiovese grapes in 2017 and 2018 vintages, is simulated through oxygen exposure by applying three consecutive saturation/consumption cycles. After each oxidation cycle, wines are analyzed for color intensity, hue, CIElab coordinates, polymeric pigments, monomeric anthocyanins, acetaldehyde, tannins, and flavans and compared to control wines. By increasing the oxygen supply, monomeric anthocyanins decrease faster in the younger wines, acetaldehyde is highly produced in the older ones, while the formation of polymeric pigments depends on the wine type. The color intensity, the yellow and blue tint increase in all wines. The effect of oxidation on main phenolic compounds is more affected by the wine age than the type. Oxidation also significantly affects wine sensory characteristics: the astringency intensity decreases, whereas the subqualities of silk and velvet increase. The percentage increase of the silky sensation is from four to sevenfold higher in young wines. The silkiness is correlated with some anthocyanins decrease [malvidin 3-(6II-acetyl)-monoglucoside, delphinidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3-monoglucoside, malvidin 3-monoglucoside]; the velvet sensation with polymeric pigments formation, acetaldehyde production, and malvidin 3-(6II-acetyl)-monoglucoside decrease. Moreover, after oxidation, aged wines are characterized by an enhanced balsamic odor and aroma.

Background Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) is not only a high-quality legume forage, but also a nectar-producing plant. Therefore, the flower color of sainfoin is an important agronomic trait, but the factors affecting its flower phenotype are still unclear. To gain insights into the regulatory networks associated with metabolic pathways of coloration compounds (flavonoids or anthocyanins) and identify the key genes, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, metabolome and transcriptome of WF and AF of sainfoin. Results Delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin derivatives were the main anthocyanin compounds in the AF of sainfoin. These substances were not detected in the WF of sainfoin. The transcriptomes of WF and AF in sainfoin at the S1 and S3 stages were obtained using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. Overall, 10,166 (4273 upregulated and 5893 downregulated) and 15,334 (8174 upregulated and 7160 downregulated) DEGs were identified in flowers at S1 and S3 stages, respectively (WF-VS-AF). KEGG pathway annotations showed that 6396 unigenes were annotated to 120 pathways and contained 866 DEGs at S1 stages, and 6396 unigenes were annotated to 131 pathways and included 1546 DEGs at the S3 stage. Nine DEGs belonging to the “flavonoid biosynthesis”and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathways involved in flower color formation were identified and verified by RT-qPCR analyses. Among these DEGs, 4CL3, FLS, ANS, CHS, DFR and CHI2 exhibited downregulated expression, and F3H exhibited upregulated expression in the WF compared to the AF, resulting in a decrease in anthocyanin synthesis and the formation of WF in sainfoin. Conclusions This study is the first to use transcriptome technology to study the mechanism of white flower formation in sainfoin. Our transcriptome data will be a great enrichment of the genetic information for sainfoin. In addition, the data presented herein will provide valuable molecular information for genetic breeding and provide insight into the future study of flower color polymorphisms in sainfoin.

The effect of cooking on the concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in 33 colored-fleshed potatoes genotypes was evaluated. The phenolic profiles, concentrations, and antioxidant activity were evaluated with a liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled to a mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Eleven anthocyanins were detected, in the case of red-fleshed genotypes, these were mainly acyl-glycosides derivatives of pelargonidin, whereas, in purple-fleshed genotypes, acyl-glycosides derivatives of petunidin were the most important. In the case of the purple-fleshed genotypes, the most important compound was petunidin-3-coumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside. Concentrations of total anthocyanins varied between 1.21 g kg&minus, 1 in fresh and 1.05 g kg&minus, 1 in cooked potato and the decreases due to cooking ranged between 3% and 59%. The genotypes that showed the highest levels of total phenols also presented the highest levels of antioxidant activity. These results are of relevance because they suggest anthocyanins are important contributors to the antioxidant activity of these potato genotypes, which is significant even after the drastic process of cooking.

Anggraini T, Syukri D, Manasikan TW, Nakano K. 2020. Anthocyanin profile of Syzygium oleana young leaves and fruits using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer: Identification of a new peonidin. Biodiversitas 21: 5893-5900. Anthocyanin is pigment present in many red, blue and purple colored plants that can be used as stable food-safe colorings and also offer health benefits as antioxidants. Syzygium oleana, with its dark purple fruit and red leaves, is one hitherto unexplored source of anthocyanin. This study is the first to establish the anthocyanin profile of S. oleana leaves and fruit exploiting the speed and accuracy of Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The anthocyanin compounds in the leaves and fruit of S. oleana were found to be derivatives of agliconpeonidin, cyanidin derivative, delphinidin. It was found that while both leaves and fruit of S. oleana contain the anthocyanin precursors cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and peonidin. Fruit contains the anthocyanin malvidin and a large amount of petunidin not present in the leaves. In detail: anthocyanin found in S. oleana leaves were Cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin with m/z 611, Delphinidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and unknown peonidin. Anthocyanin in S. oleana fruits was cyanidin with m/z 449.1, delphinidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, petunidin with m/z 476, Malvidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and an unknown peonidin. Fruit could be a better anthocyanin source and more effective as colorant than leaves, while leaves contain a stronger as yet unidentified antioxidant.

Primula vulgarisexhibits a wide range of flower colors and is a valuable ornamental plant. The combination of flavonols/anthocyanins and carotenoids provides various colorations ranging from yellow to violet-blue. However, the complex metabolic networks and molecular mechanisms underlying the different flower colors ofP. vulgarisremain unclear. Based on comprehensive analysis of morphological anatomy, metabolites, and gene expression in different-colored flowers ofP. vulgaris, the mechanisms relating color-determining compounds to gene expression profiles were revealed. In the case ofP. vulgarisflower color, hirsutin, rosinin, petunidin-, and cyanidin-type anthocyanins and the copigment herbacetin contributed to the blue coloration, whereas peonidin-, cyandin-, and delphinidin-type anthocyanins showed high accumulation levels in pink flowers. The color formation of blue and pink were mainly via the regulation ofF3′5′H(c53168),AOMT(c47583,c44905), and3GT(c50034). Yellow coloration was mainly due to gossypetin and carotenoid, which were regulated byF3H(c43100),F3 1(c53714),3GT(c53907) as well as many carotenoid biosynthetic pathway-related genes. Co-expression network and transient expression analysis suggested a potential direct link between flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways through MYB transcription factor regulation. This work reveals that transcription changes influence physiological characteristics, and biochemistry characteristics, and subsequently results in flower coloration inP. vulgaris.

Purple-fleshed sweetpotato (PFSP) accumulates high amounts of anthocyanins that are beneficial to human health. Although biosynthesis of such secondary metabolites has been well studied in aboveground organs of many plants, the mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation in underground tuberous roots of sweetpotato are less understood. To identify genes and metabolites involved in anthocyanin accumulation in sweetpotato, we performed comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of (PFSP) and white-fleshed sweetpotato (WFSP). Anthocyanin-targeted metabolome analysis revealed that delphinidin, petunidin, and rosinidin were the key metabolites conferring purple pigmentation in PFSP as they were highly enriched in PFSP but absent in WFSP. Transcriptomic analysis identified 358 genes that were potentially implicated in multiple pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Although most of the genes were previously known for their roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis, we identified 26 differentially expressed genes that are involved in Aux/IAA-ARF signaling. Gene-metabolite correlation analysis also revealed novel genes that are potentially involved in the anthocyanin accumulation in sweetpotato. Taken together, this study provides insights into the genes and metabolites underlying anthocyanin enrichment in underground tuberous roots of sweetpotato.

Application of probiotics in the food industry has been hampered by their sensitivity to challenging conditions that reduce their vitality in food matrices. A lot of attempts have been made to promote the growth of these probiotics in the aspect of nutrition demands. Among the other adverse conditions, oxygen stress can restrict the growth of probiotics and has not yet been paid enough attention to. In this study, the effect of a petunidin-based anthocyanin (ACN) on the growth of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III was investigated under oxygen stress. The growth of ST-III was analyzed through spot assay on agar plates as well as plating-based enumeration of the viable cells in the liquid culture. Results indicated that ACN could efficiently improve the growth of ST-III under oxygen stress, whereas no effect was observed in the absence of oxygen stress. Further investigations indicated that ACN reduced the oxido-reduction potential of the culture; meanwhile, it exerted a positive transcriptional regulation on the thioredoxin system of ST-III, leading to a decrease in reactive oxygen species accumulation within the cells. Moreover, ACN enabled the growth of ST-III in reconstituted skim milk and promoted the formation of milk clots. These results revealed the role of a petunidin-based ACN in oxygen stress relief and highlighted its potential in manufacture and preservation of L. plantarum-based dairy products.

Vaccinium myrtillus fruit (bilberry) is well known for its high richness in anthocyanins, which may be responsible for its preventive effects on several oxidative and carbonyl stress-related pathologies. However, limited data are available regarding the antioxidant and antiglycative contributions of its constituents. Spectrometric analyses were performed to evaluate anthocyanin content, radical scavenging and antiglycative properties of an anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberries. Additionally, original DPPH and methylglyoxal pre-column HPLC methods were instigated to allow straightforward identification of the main contributors to radical and carbonyl trapping effects. Finally, representative pure anthocyanins were evaluated using classical DPPH and antiglycation assays. Delphinidin, petunidin and cyanidin glycosides were identified as the most effective radical scavenging constituents in both HPLC and spectrometric DPPH evaluations. Potent antiglycative activities were also assessed for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin glucosides as attested by their respective IC50 values of 114.2 &plusmn, 7.8, 130.5 &plusmn, 2.8, and 132.4 &plusmn, 3.7 &micro, M. Interestingly, methylglyoxal spiking evaluation demonstrated that all bilberry anthocyanins exerted noticeable and comparable &alpha, dicarbonyl trapping effects. Anthocyanins can be regarded as potent antiglycoxidant agents that might account for some health benefits of bilberries consumption. Besides, significant differences in their contributions were successfully highlighted by the employed pre-column HPLC assays.

Vaccinium myrtillus fruit (bilberry) is well known for its high richness in anthocyanins, which may be responsible for its preventive effects on several oxidative and carbonyl stress-related pathologies. However, limited data are available regarding the antioxidant and antiglycative contributions of its constituents. Spectrometric analyses were performed to evaluate anthocyanin content, radical scavenging and antiglycative properties of an anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberries. Additionally, original DPPH and methylglyoxal pre-column HPLC methods were instigated to allow straightforward identification of the main contributors to radical and carbonyl trapping effects. Finally, representative pure anthocyanins were evaluated using classical DPPH and antiglycation assays. Delphinidin, petunidin and cyanidin glycosides were identified as the most effective radical scavenging constituents in both HPLC and spectrometric DPPH evaluations. Potent antiglycative activities were also assessed for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin glucosides as attested by their respective IC50 values of 114.2 ± 7.8, 130.5 ± 2.8, and 132.4 ± 3.7 µM. Interestingly, methylglyoxal spiking evaluation demonstrated that all bilberry anthocyanins exerted noticeable and comparable α-dicarbonyl trapping effects. Anthocyanins can be regarded as potent antiglycoxidant agents that might account for some health benefits of bilberries consumption. Besides, significant differences in their contributions were successfully highlighted by the employed pre-column HPLC assays.

Vine growing and wine production is gaining in popularity around the Baltic Sea Region. The first aim of the experiment was to determine the variability of the total phenolic and anthocyanin content (from 2010 to 2018) and of individual anthocyanin content (from 2016 to 2018) in the hybrid grape cultivars &lsquo, Hasansky Sladky&rsquo, &lsquo, Zilga&rsquo, and &lsquo, Rondo&rsquo, In field conditions &lsquo, had winter cold damage to canes in two years. Therefore, the second aim was to determine the effect of high polyethylene tunnel and field conditions on fruit total and individual anthocyanin content of &lsquo, from 2016 to 2018. Over nine years, the total phenolic content ranged from 192 to 671 mg 100 g&minus, 1 and anthocyanins from 30 to 405 mg 100 g&minus, 1 spectrophotometrically. The anthocyanin (delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside) content depended on cultivar properties and climatic parameters. Antioxidant activity was cultivar dependent and ranged from 40 to 88%. Polytunnel cultivation increased the content of total anthocyanins in &lsquo, from 447 to 1472 mg 100 g&minus, 1 (by chromatographically) in cooler year, but in warmer years it decreased from 3645 to 1618 mg 100 g&minus, 1. Individual anthocyanins showed the same tendency. Grapevine cultivar &lsquo, is recommended for tunnel growing in very cool climate conditions.

The effect of thermal treatment of blueberry was investigated using a designed grinding and continuous packaging system under oxygen–free conditions. The grinding, packaging, and heating at 90 °C for 30 min under anaerobic condition were compared to heating under aerobic conditions, showing complete inactivation of oxidative enzymes. Heating without oxygen retained anthocyanins and ascorbic acid whereas heating in atmospheric air does not. Delphinidin glycoside was mostly influenced by oxygen deficiency during heating, followed by petunidin and malvidin glycosides. The differences in oxygen sensitivity may be closely associated with the number of hydroxylation in the B ring. The result of anthocyanin led to higher antioxidant activity and redness values of purees heated without oxygen than purees heated with oxygen. Consequently, thermal processing under oxygen–free condition can prevent oxidation of anthocyanin, resulting in higher retention of color and nutritional values of blueberry products.

Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments, and based on their chemical structure (nature, position, and the number of sugar moieties attached; the number of hydroxyl groups; acylation of sugars with acids) about 635 different anthocyanins have been identified and reported from plants. Cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and malvidin are the commonly found anthocyanidins (aglycon forms of anthocyanins) in edible plants out of almost 25 anthocyanidins that are identified (based on the position of methoxyl and hydroxyl groups in the rings) in nature. Anthocyanins are known for numerous health benefits including anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory bowel disease, anti-cancer, etc. Obesity can be defined as excessive or abnormal adipose tissue and body mass, which increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. The manuscript summarizes the recent updates in the effects of anthocyanins supplementation on the health status of obese subjects, and briefly the results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Several studies confirmed that the consumption of anthocyanins-rich food improved obesity-associated dysbiosis in gut microbiota and inflammation in adipose tissue. Anthocyanin consumption prevents obesity in healthy subjects, and aids in maintaining or reducing the body weight of obese subjects, also improving the metabolism and energy balance. Though preclinical studies proved the beneficial effects of anthocyanins such as the fact that daily intake of anthocyanin rich fruits and vegetables might aid weight maintenance in every healthy individual, Juҫara pulp might control the inflammatory status of obesity, Queen garnet plum juice reduced the blood pressure and risk factors associated with metabolic disorders, and highbush organic blueberries improved the metabolism of obese individuals, we don’t have an established treatment procedure to prevent or manage the over-weight condition and its comorbidities. Thus, further studies on the optimum dose, duration, and mode of supplementation of anthocyanins are required to develop an anthocyanins-based clinical procedure.

Vaccinium myrtillus fruit (bilberry) is well known for its high richness in anthocyanins, which may be responsible for its preventive effects on several oxidative and carbonyl stress-related pathologies. However, limited data are available regarding the antioxidant and antiglycative contributions of its constituents. Spectrometric analyses were performed to evaluate anthocyanin content, radical scavenging and antiglycative properties of an anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberries. Additionally, original DPPH and methylglyoxal pre-column HPLC methods were instigated to allow straightforward identification of the main contributors to radical and carbonyl trapping effects. Finally, representative pure anthocyanins were evaluated using classical DPPH and antiglycation assays. Delphinidin, petunidin and cyanidin glycosides were identified as the most effective radical scavenging constituents in both HPLC and spectrometric DPPH evaluations. Potent antiglycative activities were also assessed for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin glucosides as attested by their respective IC50 values of 114.2 ± 7.8, 130.5 ± 2.8, and 132.4 ± 3.7 µM. Interestingly, methylglyoxal spiking evaluation demonstrated that all bilberry anthocyanins exerted noticeable and comparable α-dicarbonyl trapping effects. Anthocyanins can be regarded as potent antiglycoxidant agents that might account for some health benefits of bilberries consumption. Besides, significant differences in their contributions were successfully highlighted by the employed pre-column HPLC assays.