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Background The statistics of mental health problems in the UK portrays a dark picture: 1 in 10 children have a diagnosable mental health disorder, approximately three children in every classroom (Green, McGinnity, Meltzer, Ford, & Goodman, 2009; Murphy & Fonagy, 2012). These mental health problems may have a long shadow later in life for children (Kelly-Irving et al., 2013; Kessler, Foster, Saunders, & Stang, 1995); they also affect children's families (Bogels & Brechman-Toussaint, 2006) as well as the overall economy (Prince et al., 2007). In addition to being associated with adverse life outcomes, these mental health problems can lead to self-harm and suicide (Fombonne, Wostear, Cooper, Harrington, & Rutter, 2001). Furthermore, studies have shown that the earlier these symptoms appear, the worse the outcome tends to be (Otto et al., 2001). It is of vital importance to identify children who are at greatest risk of developing mental health problems as early as possible because earlier intervention or prevention tends to be most effective (Colizzi, Lasalvia, & Ruggeri, 2020). One way to identify children at highest risk of developing mental health problems is to study their vulnerability to any mental health problems rather than focusing on the risk of a specific disease, taking into account both genetic and environmental risk factors. Recent research has provided empirical evidence for a general factor of psychopathology (p-factor), indicating that the range of psychopathology symptoms, from internalizing to externalizing problems, can be summarized by a common latent factor that explains a large part of the variance. This p-factor, capturing the vulnerability to mental health problems, emerges taking into account dimensionality of disorders (quantitative continuum of symptoms) as well as diagnoses, persistence and co-occurrence of the range of disorders (Allegrini et al., 2020; Caspi et al., 2014; Martel et al., 2017), both during childhood and adulthood. The p-factor is predictive of multiple negative outcomes, general wellbeing and impairment throughout life (Caspi & Moffitt, 2018). The p-factor is analogous to the g-factor (general cognitive ability, intelligence) indicating that a common factor characterizes a range of cognitive abilities, although there is some specificity for verbal, non-verbal and spatial abilities (Carroll, 1993). Similarly, there is some specificity for psychopathology symptoms after accounting for the p-factor (Allegrini et al., 2020; Selzam, Coleman, Caspi, Moffitt, & Plomin, 2018). An important factor to consider is what explains the wide individual differences in p-factor. Individual differences in mental health problems are explained by both genetic and environmental factors. Twin and family studies have shown that virtually all dimensions of psychopathology are explained by substantial genetic influence, with heritability estimates ranging from 30-80% (Knopik, Neiderhiser, DeFries, & Plomin, 2017). Behavioural genetic and genomic studies have also indicated substantial genetic correlations across dimensions of psychopathology, as well as across medical diagnoses, implying that shared genetic factors contribute to the co-occurrence of the range of dimensions of psychopathological traits and diagnosed mental health disorders (Allegrini et al., 2020; Knopik et al., 2017). The common p-factor is also found to be highly heritable (50-60%) during childhood and adolescence and highly heritable across raters (Allegrini et al., 2020). Great progress has been made in identifying specific genetic markers associated with a range of mental health problems (Visscher et al., 2017). Individually these markers are not very useful because their effect sizes are very small. However, markers can be aggregated in genome-wide polygenic scores (GPS) to predict psychopathology symptoms across development (Middeldorp & Wray, 2018). The predictive ability of GPS constructed from genome-wide association (GWA) studies of a range of mental health traits has been shown to be significant, but the predictive accuracy is still modest. The goal of the proposed study is to boost the predictive power of GPS by focusing on the p factor. Multivariate prediction models that leverage joint prediction of multiple GWA summary statistics have been shown to be effective in boosting power and predictive accuracy of GPS (Allegrini et al., 2020, 2019; Grotzinger et al., 2019; Maier et al., 2018; Turley et al., 2018). There are several multivariate methods available for researchers to use (Genomic SEM, MTAG, SMTpred). The predictive accuracy for the cognitive traits has been shown to be similar between these different methods (Allegrini et al., 2019). However, to our knowledge it has not been tested empirically for mental health outcomes, that is if the different multivariate methods differ for the prediction for psychopathology symptoms (and diagnoses of mental health problems) across development. The current project will investigate how the genetics of the p-factor can best be captured using methods leveraging GWA summary statistics -- both multi-trait GWA prediction (e.g. Genomic SEM; MTAG) and multi-polygenic score models (e.g. multiple regression; prediction models using the elastic net). We will test whether the way genomic p is constructed leads to differences in prediction in both the dimensional p- factor (continuous measures of psychopathology) and clinical outcomes (diagnoses by a psychiatrist; p-factor) during childhood and early adulthood. We will systematically test the multivariate prediction of GPS (using both multi-GPS and multi-trait GWA prediction) to the p-factor from childhood to emerging adulthood (using data from self-, parent-, teacher-ratings). This project will leverage the most recent GWA summary statistics of psychiatric problems in adulthood. In addition, the project will attempt to boost the power to predict the p factor by including GPS of nonpsychiatric traits, most notably educational attainment and intelligence. It has been shown both phenotypically and genetically that educational attainment and intelligence are predictors of psychiatric problems both during childhood and in adulthood (Harden et al., 2019; Plomin & Deary, 2015). We will test the extent to which polygenic scores derived from GWA summary statistics from intelligence, educational attainment and personality-related phenotypes like neuroticism and risk-taking will increase the prediction of the p-factor. We will test the prediction in both dimensional/quantitative measures of mental health as well as clinical outcomes of mental health using multivariate genomic prediction methods building on work by Mallard and colleagues (2019), which suggests that diagnostic criteria in adulthood are only moderately related to self-reported symptoms (Mallard et al., 2019). Here we will test the prediction of p- factor in self-, parent- and teacher ratings, as well as clinical diagnoses across childhood and adulthood. Finally, we will study the specificity of psychiatric problems after accounting for genomic p factor. There are symptom-specific genomic factors, or residual variance in psychopathology after controlling for multivariate GPS predictions (genomic p-factor) (Grotzinger et al., 2019). Here we will test how this symptom-specific variance could increase prediction of specific symptoms of psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing and neurodevelopmental disorders) during childhood and emerging adulthood, over and above the genomic p factor. Genomic SEM will be employed to fit the common pathway model to the multivariate data using summary statistics of adult psychiatric GWA, testing for both common and specific factors of psychopathology. Using the summary statistics derived from Genomic SEM, we will construct GPS to test the variance explained in the phenotypic p-factor and the specific psychopathology symptoms from childhood to emerging adulthood in two representative samples from the UK and Sweden. Our project will take a systematic look at how the genetics of p can best be aggregated to predict the predisposition to psychopathology from childhood to early adulthood. This prediction could potentially be useful in order to identify children at greatest risk who would benefit most from early prevention and intervention. Additionally, the future potential impact of this work would allow using the genomic p factor in studies as a control variable. When studies explore the environmental risk factors of psychopathology, genetic p allows to partially control for genetic confounding, thus getting a cleaner measure of non-genetic, environmental risk factors of adverse mental health.

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.Lithium is a first-line medication for bipolar disorder (BD), but only one in three patients respond optimally to the drug. Since evidence shows a strong clinical and genetic overlap between depression and bipolar disorder, we investigated whether a polygenic susceptibility to major depression is associated with response to lithium treatment in patients with BD. Weighted polygenic scores (PGSs) were computed for major depression (MD) at different GWAS p value thresholds using genetic data obtained from 2586 bipolar patients who received lithium treatment and took part in the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) study. Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies in MD (135,458 cases and 344,901 controls) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) were used for PGS weighting. Response to lithium treatment was defined by continuous scores and categorical outcome (responders versus non-responders) using measurements on the Alda scale. Associations between PGSs of MD and lithium treatment response were assessed using a linear and binary logistic regression modeling for the continuous and categorical outcomes, respectively. The analysis was performed for the entire cohort, and for European and Asian sub-samples. The PGSs for MD were significantly associated with lithium treatment response in multi-ethnic, European or Asian populations, at various p value thresholds. Bipolar patients with a low polygenic load for MD were more likely to respond well to lithium, compared to those patients with high polygenic load [lowest vs highest PGS quartiles, multi-ethnic sample: OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.18–2.01) and European sample: OR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.30–2.36)]. While our analysis in the Asian sample found equivalent effect size in the same direction: OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 0.61–4.90), this was not statistically significant. Using PGS decile comparison, we found a similar trend of association between a high genetic loading for MD and lower response to lithium. Our findings underscore the genetic contribution to lithium response in BD and support the emerging concept of a lithium-responsive biotype in BD.

Background Top‐down volitional command of eye movements may serve as a candidate endophenotype of ADHD, an important function underlying goal‐directed action in everyday life. In this twin study, we examined the relation between performance on a response inhibition eye‐tracking paradigm and parent‐rated ADHD traits in a population‐based twin sample. We hypothesized that altered eye movement control is associated with the severity of ADHD traits and that this association is attributable to genetic factors. Methods A total of 640 twins (320 pairs, 50% monozygotic) aged 9–14 years) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) participated. Twins performed the antisaccade task indexing inhibitory alterations as either direction errors (following exogenous cues rather than instructions) or premature anticipatory eye movements (failure to wait for cues). We calculated the associations of eye movement control and ADHD traits using linear regression mixed‐effects models and genetic and environmental influences with multivariate twin models. Results Premature anticipatory eye movements were positively associated with inattentive traits (β = .17; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.31), while controlling for hyperactive behaviors and other covariates. Both premature anticipatory eye movements and inattention were heritable (h 2 = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.56; h 2 = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.65; respectively), and their genetic correlation was small but statistically significant (r = .19, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.36). However, the genetic correlation did not remain significant after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, hyperactivity traits, IQ). No link was found between direction errors and ADHD traits. Conclusions This study indicates that there is a specific, genetically influenced, relation between top‐down eye movement control and the inattentive traits typical of ADHD.

Background We examined whether childhood conduct problems predicted a wide range of adverse outcomes in emerging adulthood and whether the association with internalizing problems remained after adjusting for general comorbidity and externalizing problems. Methods Participants were 18,649 twins from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. At age 9/12, parents rated their children on eight conduct problems. Adverse outcomes were retrieved from national registers in emerging adulthood (median follow‐up time = 9.2 years), including diagnoses of six psychiatric disorders, prescriptions of antidepressants, suicide attempts, criminality, high school ineligibility, and social welfare recipiency. We estimated risk for the separate outcomes and examined if conduct problems predicted an internalizing factor above and beyond a general comorbidity and an externalizing factor. We used twin analyses to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to these associations. Results On the average, each additional conduct symptom in childhood was associated with a 32% increased risk of the adverse outcomes in emerging adulthood (mean hazard ratio = 1.32; range = 1.16, 1.56). A latent childhood conduct problems factor predicted the internalizing factor in emerging adulthood (βboys = .24, standard error, SE = 0.03; βgirls = .17, SE = 0.03), above and beyond its association with the externalizing (βboys = 0.21, SE = 0.04; βgirls = 0.17, SE = 0.05) and general factors (βboys = 0.45, SE = 0.03; βgirls = 0.34, SE = 0.04). These associations were differentially influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions It is important to monitor boys and girls with conduct problems not only for future externalizing problems, but also for future internalizing problems. Prevention of specific outcomes, however, might require interventions at different levels.

Publisher's version, Multiplex families with a high prevalence of a psychiatric disorder are often examined to identify rare genetic variants with large effect sizes. In the present study, we analysed whether the risk for bipolar disorder (BD) in BD multiplex families is influenced by common genetic variants. Furthermore, we investigated whether this risk is conferred mainly by BD-specific risk variants or by variants also associated with the susceptibility to schizophrenia or major depression. In total, 395 individuals from 33 Andalusian BD multiplex families (166 BD, 78 major depressive disorder, 151 unaffected) as well as 438 subjects from an independent, BD case/control cohort (161 unrelated BD, 277 unrelated controls) were analysed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia (SCZ), and major depression were calculated and compared between the cohorts. Both the familial BD cases and unaffected family members had higher PRS for all three psychiatric disorders than the independent controls, with BD and SCZ being significant after correction for multiple testing, suggesting a high baseline risk for several psychiatric disorders in the families. Moreover, familial BD cases showed significantly higher BD PRS than unaffected family members and unrelated BD cases. A plausible hypothesis is that, in multiplex families with a general increase in risk for psychiatric disease, BD development is attributable to a high burden of common variants that confer a specific risk for BD. The present analyses demonstrated that common genetic risk variants for psychiatric disorders are likely to contribute to the high incidence of affective psychiatric disorders in the multiplex families. However, the PRS explained only part of the observed phenotypic variance, and rare variants might have also contributed to disease development., The study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), through the Integrated Network IntegraMent, under the auspices of the e:Med programme (grants 01ZX1314A to MMN and SC; 01ZX1314G to MR; 01ZX1614J to BMM) through grants 01EE1406C to MR and 01EE1409C to MR and SHW, and through ERA-NET NEURON, “SynSchiz—Linking synaptic dysfunction to disease mechanisms in schizophrenia—a multilevel investigation” (01EW1810 to MR) and BMBF grants 01EE1409C and 01EE1406C to MR and SHW; by the German Research Foundation (DFG grants FOR2107; RI908/11-2 to MR; NO246/10-2 to MMN; MU1315/8-2 to BMM; WI 3439/3-2 to SHW), by the Andalusian regional Health and Innovation Government (grants PI-0060-2017, RC-0006-2015 the Nicolas Monarde Programme for YDO and CTS-546) and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF grant 156791 to SC). MMN is a member of the DFG-funded cluster of excellence ImmunoSensation. The PGC has received major funding from the US National Institute of Mental Health and the US National Institute of Drug Abuse (U01 MH109528 and U01 MH1095320). We thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe, Inc. for their contribution to the MDD meta-analysis published in [14]. We thank the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) for providing summary results data for the present analyses. See the Supplementary Data for extended Acknowledgements.

Monitoring of computer networks is central to ensuring that they function as intended, with solutions based on SNMP being used since the inception of the protocol. SNMP is however increasingly being challenged by solutions that, instead of requiring a request-response message flow, simply send information to a central collector at predefined intervals. These solutions are often based on Protobuf and gRPC, which are supported and promoted by equipment manufacturers such as Cisco, Huawei, and Juniper. Two models exist for monitoring. The pull model used by SNMP where requests are sent out in order to retrieve data, has historically been widely used. The push model, where data is sent at predefined intervals without a preceding request, is used by the implementations using Protobuf and gRPC. There is a perceived need to understand which model more efficiently uses bandwidth and the monitored system’s memory and processing resources. The purpose of the thesis is to compare two monitoring solutions, one being SNMP, and one based on Protobuf and gRPC. This is done to determine if one solution makes more efficient use of bandwidth and the system resources available to the network equipment. This could aid those who operate networks or develop monitoring software in determining how to implement their solutions. The study is conducted as a case study, where two routers manufactured by Cisco and Huawei were used to gather data about the bandwidth, memory, and CPU utilisation of the two solutions. The results of the measurements show that when retrieving information about objects that have 1-byte values SNMP was the better performer. When objects with larger values were retrieved SNMP performed best until 26 objects were retrieved per message. Above this point the combination of Protobuf and gRPC performed better, resulting in fewer bytes being sent for a given number of objects. No impact on the memory and CPU utilisation in the routers was shown. Övervakning av nätverk är av yttersta vikt för att säkerställa att de fungerar som tänkt. Lösningar baserade på SNMP har använts sen protokollet kom till. SNMP utmanas mer och mer av lösningar som, istället för att använda ett meddelandeflöde baserat på fråga-svar, helt enkelt sänder information till en insamlande enhet i fördefinierade intervall. Dessa lösningar baseras ofta på Protobuf och gRPC, vilka stöds och propageras för av bland andra utrustningstillverkarna Cisco, Huawei, och Juniper. Två modeller för övervakning finns. Pull-modellen där frågor skickas ut för att hämta data, används av SNMP och har historiskt sett använts i stor skala. Push- modellen, där data skickas i fördefinierade intervall utan föregående fråga, används av lösningar som använder Protobuf och gRPC. Det finns ett behov av att förstå vilken modell som på ett mer effektivt sätt använder bandbredd och de övervakade systemens minnes- och processorresurser. Syftet med denna rapport är att jämföra två övervakningslösningar. SNMP är den ena lösningen, och den andra lösningen är baserad på Protobuf och gRPC. Detta i syfte att utröna om endera lösning på ett mer effektivt sätt använder bandbredd och systemresurser i nätverksutrustning. Detta kan hjälpa nätverksoperatörer och utvecklare av mjukvara för övervakning att avgöra hur dessa bör implementeras. För att besvara detta används en fallstudie, där två routrar tillverkade av Cisco och Huawei används för att samla in data om de två lösningarnas användning av bandbredd, minne, och processorkraft. Mätningarnas resultat visade att när objekt vars värde var 1 byte hämtades så presterade SNMP bättre. När objekt vars värden var större hämtades presterade SNMP bäst tills 26 objekt hämtades per meddelande. Därefter presterade kombinationen Protobuf och gRPC bättre, och krävde färre bytes för att skicka information om ett givet antal objekt. Ingen påverkan på minnes- eller processoranvändningen i routrarna påvisades av mätresultaten.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cpx-10.1177_2167702620961081 for Associations of Resting Heart Rate and Intelligence With General and Specific Psychopathology: A Prospective Population Study of 899,398 Swedish Men by Erik Pettersson, Paul Lichtenstein, Henrik Larsson, Brian M. D’Onofrio, Benjamin B. Lahey and Antti Latvala in Clinical Psychological Science

Background\ud \ud The prevalence of depression is higher in individuals with autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the observed comorbidities are unknown. Shared genetic etiology is a plausible explanation for the overlap, and in this study we tested whether genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is associated with risk for autoimmune diseases, is also associated with risk for depression.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud We fine-mapped the classical MHC (chr6: 29.6–33.1 Mb), imputing 216 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and 4 complement component 4 (C4) haplotypes in studies from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Major Depressive Disorder Working Group and the UK Biobank. The total sample size was 45,149 depression cases and 86,698 controls. We tested for association between depression status and imputed MHC variants, applying both a region-wide significance threshold (3.9 × 10−6) and a candidate threshold (1.6 × 10−4).\ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud No HLA alleles or C4 haplotypes were associated with depression at the region-wide threshold. HLA-B*08:01 was associated with modest protection for depression at the candidate threshold for testing in HLA genes in the meta-analysis (odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval = 0.97–0.99).\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud We found no evidence that an increased risk for depression was conferred by HLA alleles, which play a major role in the genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, or C4 haplotypes, which are strongly associated with schizophrenia. These results suggest that any HLA or C4 variants associated with depression either are rare or have very modest effect sizes.

Depression is more frequent among individuals exposed to traumatic events. Both trauma exposure and depression are heritable. However, the relationship between these traits, including the role of genetic risk factors, is complex and poorly understood. When modelling trauma exposure as an environmental influence on depression, both gene-environment correlations and gene-environment interactions have been observed. The UK Biobank concurrently assessed Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and self-reported lifetime exposure to traumatic events in 126,522 genotyped individuals of European ancestry. We contrasted genetic influences on MDD stratified by reported trauma exposure (final sample size range: 24,094-92,957). The SNP-based heritability of MDD with reported trauma exposure (24%) was greater than MDD without reported trauma exposure (12%). Simulations showed that this is not confounded by the strong, positive genetic correlation observed between MDD and reported trauma exposure. We also observed that the genetic correlation between MDD and waist circumference was only significant in individuals reporting trauma exposure (r g = 0.24, p = 1.8 × 10 -7 versus r g = -0.05, p = 0.39 in individuals not reporting trauma exposure, difference p = 2.3 × 10 -4 ). Our results suggest that the genetic contribution to MDD is greater when reported trauma is present, and that a complex relationship exists between reported trauma exposure, body composition, and MDD.

Modulära synthesizers blev en stor kommerciell succé in på 1960-talet som sedan in på 2010-talet skulle få uppmärksamhet på nytt, troligtvis i samband med en "Do it yourself-rörelse" (DIY-movement). En sampler är ett instrument som finns både självständigt och som styrspänningskontrollerad modul inom modulärsyntes. Vanligt är att vissa aspekter till uppspelning går att kontrollera med styrspänning, exempelvis uppspelningshastigheten. Något varken jag eller min handledare har sett tidigare är direktåtkomst med styrspänning till minnespekare i en ljudbuffer för samplermoduler. Därför implementerade jag The Buffer, en samplermodul i en virtuell modulärsyntesmiljö - VCV Rack. I arbetet undersökte jag två frågeställningar: kopplingen mellan inspänningen till modulen och det resulterande ljudet, samt även vilket maximalt minnesområde som går att adressera för styrspänningen så att pekarna sveper konsekutivt genom varje frame av ljudspåret. I den senare utforskade jag två möjliga svar, ett teoretiskt största möjliga, och ett med utgångspunkt i min implementation. Jag utförde även en användarstudie på mer subjektiv basis för en indikation på modulens användbarhet.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Depression is a leading cause of worldwide disability but there remains considerable uncertainty regarding its neural and behavioural associations. Here, using non-overlapping Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) datasets as a reference, we estimate polygenic risk scores for depression (depression-PRS) in a discovery (N = 10,674) and replication (N = 11,214) imaging sample from UK Biobank. We report 77 traits that are significantly associated with depression-PRS, in both discovery and replication analyses. Mendelian Randomisation analysis supports a potential causal effect of liability to depression on brain white matter microstructure (β: 0.125 to 0.868, pFDR, The present study is supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award “Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally” (STRADL) (Reference 104036/Z/14/Z) and MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder Award (Reference MC_PC_17209). Data acquisition and analyses were conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under approved project #4844. Participation of the UK Biobank subjects is gratefully appreciated. We also thank UK Biobank team for collecting and preparing data for analyses. Funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. The PGC has received major funding from the US National Institute of Mental Health (5 U01MH109528-03). We thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe for supporting this study. X.S. receives support from China Scholarship Council (No. 201506040037). H.C.W. is supported by a JMAS SIM fellowship from the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and by an ESAT College Fellowship from the University of Edinburgh. D.M.H. is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (Reference 213674/Z/18/Z) and a 2018 NARSAD Young Investigator Grant from the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (Reference 27404). W.D.H. is supported by a grant from Age UK (Disconnected Mind Project). A.M.M. is supported by the Sackler Trust. I.J.D. is a participant in UK Biobank.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are among the mechanisms allowing integration of genetic and environmental factors to shape cellular function. While many studies have investigated either environmental or genetic contributions to DNAm, few have assessed their integrated effects. Here we examine the relative contributions of prenatal environmental factors and genotype on DNA methylation in neonatal blood at variably methylated regions (VMRs) in 4 independent cohorts (overall n = 2365). We use Akaike’s information criterion to test which factors best explain variability of methylation in the cohort-specific VMRs: several prenatal environmental factors (E), genotypes in cis (G), or their additive (G + E) or interaction (GxE) effects. Genetic and environmental factors in combination best explain DNAm at the majority of VMRs. The CpGs best explained by either G, G + E or GxE are functionally distinct. The enrichment of genetic variants from GxE models in GWAS for complex disorders supports their importance for disease risk., We want to thank Susanne Sauer and Maik Ködel for their technical assistance and Jessica Keverne for language editing. We thank all mothers who took part in the on-going PREDO study. We are grateful to all the families in Norway who participate in the on-going MoBa cohort study. We thank the Drakenstein Child Health Study staff, and the clinical and administrative staff of the Western Cape Government Department of Health at Paarl Hospital and at the clinics for support of the Study. We also thank our collaborators and students. Finally, we thank all mothers and children enroled in the Drakenstein Child Health Study. We thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe, Inc. for their contribution to this study. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (E.K., H.L., K.R., and J.L.); University of Helsinki Research Funds (J.L., M.L.P., and H.L.), British Heart Foundation (RMR); Tommy’s (RMR); European Commission (EK, KR, Horizon 2020 Award SC1–2016-RTD-733280 RECAP); NorFace DIAL (E.K., KR PremLife); Foundation for Pediatric Research (E.K.); Juho Vainio Foundation (E.K.); Novo Nordisk Foundation (E.K.); Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation (E.K., K.R.); Sigrid Jusélius Foundation (E.K.); Finnish Medical Foundation (H.L.); Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation (H.L.); Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation (H.L., P.M.V.); the Clinical Graduate school in Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynaecology in University of Helsinki (P.M.V.). The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537–06A1). For this work, MoBa 1 and 2 were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES-49019) and the Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK (grant no 221097). This work was also partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700. The Drakenstein Child Health Study is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1017641); with additional support for this work from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (NICHD) under Award Number R21HD085849; and the Fogarty International Center (FIC). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support for H.J.Z., D.J.S. and N.K., and for research reported in this publication was by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC); N.K. receives support from the SAMRC under a Self-Initiated Research Grant. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC. This work was also funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research through the Research Consortium Integrated Network IntegraMent (grant 01ZX1314H) under the auspices of the e:Med Programme (NSM). The UCI cohort was supported by a European Research Area Network (ERA Net) Neuron grant (01EW1407A, CB) and National Institutes of Health grant (R01 HD-060628, CB) as well as NIH grant R01 MH-105538 (PDW). This work was also funded by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Child and Brain Development Program, Toronto, ON, Canada (KJOD).

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder is a clinically heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a polygenic architecture. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of risk-associated variants across the genome and have reported growing evidence of NETRIN1 pathway involvement. Stratifying disease risk by genetic variation within the NETRIN1 pathway may provide important routes for identification of disease mechanisms by focusing on a specific process, excluding heterogeneous risk-associated variation in other pathways. Here, we sought to investigate whether major depressive disorder polygenic risk scores derived from the NETRIN1 signaling pathway (NETRIN1-PRSs) and the whole genome, excluding NETRIN1 pathway genes (genomic-PRSs), were associated with white matter microstructure.METHODS: We used two diffusion tensor imaging measures, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), in the most up-to-date UK Biobank neuroimaging data release (FA: n = 6401; MD: n = 6390).RESULTS: We found significantly lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (β = -.035, pcorrected = .029) and significantly higher MD in a global measure of thalamic radiations (β = .029, pcorrected = .021), as well as higher MD in the superior (β = .034, pcorrected = .039) and inferior (β = .029, pcorrected = .043) longitudinal fasciculus and in the anterior (β = .025, pcorrected = .046) and superior (β = .027, pcorrected = .043) thalamic radiation associated with NETRIN1-PRS. Genomic-PRS was also associated with lower FA and higher MD in several tracts.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that variation in the NETRIN1 signaling pathway may confer risk for major depressive disorder through effects on a number of white matter tracts.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur arbetet med musik ser ut i fritidshem utifrån ett lärarperspektiv. Utgångspunkten i studien har arbetats fram genom fyra centrala forskningsfrågor som berör hur lärare i fritidshem uppfattar att musik kan användas som ett pedagogiskt verktyg, vilka faktorer som påverkar hur lärare använder musik i fritidshem, vad lärare har för insikt i elevers musikintresse samt vilka problem eller svårigheter som lärare ser i arbetet med musik i fritidshem.För att analysera resultatet på det insamlade datamaterialet har studien använt sig av tidigare forskning, litteratur samt ett vetenskapsteoretiskt perspektiv. Studiens teori utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet (Hwang och Nilsson, 2011) för att upprätta en analys, inom det sociokulturella perspektivet har appropriering (Säljö, 2000) varit ett viktigt inslag för att analysera resultatet, vilket kortfattat innebär innebär att ta till sig och bli förtrogen med sociokulturella redskap i olika sociala praktiker. De sociokulturella redskap som visar sig i föreliggande studie är exempelvis: instrument, digitala verktyg och lokaler.Studien kan visa att lärarna i fritidshem har olika arbetssätt och tankegångar kring arbetet med musik i fritidshem, men samtliga tillfrågade har någon form av agenda de utgår från i sitt personliga arbete med musik i verksamheten. Lärarna i fritidshem visar att de aktivt arbetar med att ta tillvara på elevers intresse när de spontant uttrycker en vilja att arbeta med musik i fritidshemmet. Studien visar även att arbetet med musik skiljer sig mycket i svårighetsgrad och hur pass väl utrustade lärarna är i form av kunskap och tillgång till material för att framhäva musik som ämne i fritidshemmet.Studien har som avsikt att belysa hur musik kan användas i fritidshem och varför det är viktigt att musik får ta plats i verksamheterna på samma sätt som andra ämnen i grundskolan.

© 2018 Arnau-Soler et al. This is an open access article distributed underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Individual response to stress is correlated with neuroticism and is an important predictor of both neuroticism and the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identification of the genetics underpinning individual differences in response to negative events (stress-sensitivity) may improve our understanding of the molecular pathways involved, and its association with stress-related illnesses. We sought to generate a proxy for stress-sensitivity through modelling the interaction between SNP allele and MDD status on neuroticism score in order to identify genetic variants that contribute to the higher neuroticism seen in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of depression compared to unaffected individuals. Meta-analysis of genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) in UK Biobank (N = 23,092) and Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (N = 7,155) identified no genome-wide significance SNP interactions. However, gene-based tests identified a genome-wide significant gene, ZNF366, a negative regulator of glucocorticoid receptor function implicated in alcohol dependence (p = 1.48×10 -7 ; Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold p < 2.79×10 -6 ). Using summary statistics from the stress-sensitivity term of the GWIS, SNP heritability for stress-sensitivity was estimated at 5.0%. In models fitting polygenic risk scores of both MDD and neuroticism derived from independent GWAS, we show that polygenic risk scores derived from the UK Biobank stress-sensitivity GWIS significantly improved the prediction of MDD in Generation Scotland. This study may improve interpretation of larger genome-wide association studies of MDD and other stress-related illnesses, and the understanding of the etiological mechanisms underpinning stress-sensitivity.

I Sverige påverkar industrin miljön och människor varje dag. I samhället idag finns det aktiviteter och händelser som påverkar varandra och alla människor. Kraven och förväntningar ökar på organisationer genom att de ska kunna bidra till ett hållbart samhälle med väl fungerande verksamheter och affärsmodeller. Kommunikation är en vital del av organisationen och den berör alla genom hela organisationen. Informationskvalitet och informationshantering ska uppfylla vissa krav då de ger förutsättningar till det bäst tänkbara beslutsfattande. Syftet med studien är att ta fram åtgärdsförslag om effektiv hantering av information kan leda till minskade störningar i materialflödet och minska nuvarande kostnader i form av omarbete.

© 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.IMPORTANCE The association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesitymay stem from shared immunometabolic mechanisms particularly evident in MDD with atypical features, characterized by increased appetite and/or weight (A/W) during an active episode. OBJECTIVE To determine whether subgroups of patients with MDD stratified according to the A/W criterion had a different degree of genetic overlap with obesity-related traits (body mass index [BMI] and levels of C-reactive protein [CRP] and leptin). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS This multicenter study assembled genome-wide genotypic and phenotypic measures from 14 data sets of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Data sets were drawn from case-control, cohort, and population-based studies, including 26 628 participants with established psychiatric diagnoses and genome-wide genotype data. Data on BMI were available for 15 237 participants. Data were retrieved and analyzed from September 28, 2015, through May 20, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Lifetime DSM-IV MDDwas diagnosed using structured diagnostic instruments. Patients with MDD were stratified into subgroups according to change in the DSM-IV A/W symptoms as decreased or increased. RESULTS Data included 11 837 participants with MDD and 14 791 control individuals, for a total of 26 628 participants (59.1% female and 40.9%male). Among participants with MDD, 5347 (45.2%) were classified in the decreased A/W and 1871 (15.8%) in the increased A/W subgroups. Common genetic variants explained approximately 10% of the heritability in the 2 subgroups. The increased A/W subgroup showed a strong and positive genetic correlation (SE) with BMI (0.53 [0.15]; P = 6.3 × 10-4), whereas the decreased A/W subgroup showed an inverse correlation (-0.28 [0.14]; P = .06). Furthermore, the decreased A/W subgroup had a higher polygenic risk for increased BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95%CI, 1.12-1.25; P = 1.6 × 10-10) and levels of CRP (OR, 1.08; 95%CI, 1.02-1.13; P = 7.3 × 10-3) and leptin (OR, 1.09; 95%CI, 1.06-1.12; P = 1.7 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The phenotypic associations between atypical depressive symptoms and obesity-related traits may arise from shared pathophysiologic mechanisms in patients with MDD. Development of treatments effectively targeting immunometabolic dysregulations may benefit patients with depression and obesity, both syndromes with important disability.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a notably complex illness with a lifetime prevalence of 14%.1 It is often chronic or recurrent and is thus accompanied by considerable morbidity, excess mortality, substantial costs, and heightened risk of suicide.2-7 MDD is a major cause of disability worldwide.8 We conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis in 130,664 MDD cases and 330,470 controls, and identified 44 independent loci that met criteria for statistical significance. We present extensive analyses of these results which provide new insights into the nature of MDD. The genetic findings were associated with clinical features of MDD, and implicated prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of MDD (regions exhibiting anatomical differences between MDD cases and controls). Genes that are targets of antidepressant medications were strongly enriched for MDD association signals (P=8.5×10−10), suggesting the relevance of these findings for improved pharmacotherapy of MDD. Sets of genes involved in gene splicing and in creating isoforms were also enriched for smaller MDD GWA P-values, and these gene sets have also been implicated in schizophrenia and autism. Genetic risk for MDD was correlated with that for many adult and childhood onset psychiatric disorders. Our analyses suggested important relations of genetic risk for MDD with educational attainment, body mass, and schizophrenia: the genetic basis of lower educational attainment and higher body mass were putatively causal for MDD whereas MDD and schizophrenia reflected a partly shared biological etiology. All humans carry lesser or greater numbers of genetic risk factors for MDD, and a continuous measure of risk underlies the observed clinical phenotype. MDD is not a distinct entity that neatly demarcates normalcy from pathology but rather a useful clinical construct associated with a range of adverse outcomes and the end result of a complex process of intertwined genetic and environmental effects. These findings help refine and define the fundamental basis of MDD.

Under de senaste årtiondena har den svenska skolan gått från att vara tämligenenspråkig och monokulturell till dagens mångkulturella och flerspråkliga skolmiljö(Skolverket 2016). Denna förändrande elevsammansättning medför andraförutsättningar för lärarna och då bland annat gällande att fördela ordet i klassrummettill en elevgrupp bestående av både elever med svenska som förstaspråk och elever medsvenska som andraspråk. Uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur en gymnasielärare i ensådan elevgrupp ställer frågor till eleverna och sedan följer upp deras svar. För att undersöka detta genomfördes två lektionsbesök som både observerades med stödav ett observationsschema och som spelades in både med diktafon och medvideokamera. Utifrån observationsschemat och inspelningarna analyserades sedanlektionerna efter en analysmetod där både lärarens sätt att ställa frågor och sätt att följaupp frågorna kategoriserades. Resultatet visade att läraren i viss utsträckning fördelar ordet i klassrummet baserat påom eleverna har svenska som förstaspråk (SVE) eller som andraspråk (SVA). De frågorsom ställde högst krav på den eleven som skulle svara, gick som regel till en elev medsvenska som förstaspråk. Dessutom valde läraren ofta att ställa sina frågor rakt ut iklassen vilket gjorde att några få elever, två SVE-elever och en SVA-elev, besvarade enstor del av den totala mängden frågor. Samtidigt var läraren mån om att ge positivåterkoppling på eleverna svar och såg till att ta sig tid att hjälpa eleverna fram till rättsvar på frågan både i fall där elevens svar var svårt att förstå rent språkligt eller därsvaret var felaktigt.

De senaste åren har allt fler människor flytt till Europa. Folk tvingas på flykt på grund av krig, katastrofer och elände. Detta kan knappast vara positivt för deras psykiska hälsa. Allmänsjuksköterskans roll kommer att prövas av detta och det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskan är medveten om olika tankesätt och omvårdnadsstrategier för att behandla den psykiska ohälsan. Inte minst när det visar att psykisk ohälsa har blivit en ökad trend för sjukskrivning bland den svenska befolkningen. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar och en rapport som behandlade psykisk ohälsa hos människor på flykt analyserades för att ingå i resultatet. Den första delen av resultatet beskriver förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa medan den andra delen redovisar upplevelser i tre teman och sju underteman. Resultatet visar att psykisk ohälsa bland människor på flykt är utbredd, även om det förekommer tydliga skillnader gällande psykiska diagnoser hos dem. Deras upplevelser handlar i stor utsträckning om faktorer som förstärker deras psykiska ohälsa och sätter dem i utanförskap. Det gör att de försöker värna om sig själva genom försvarsmekanismer som inte alltid är till det bättre, samtidigt som de upplever att det finns stöd i deras nya omgivning. Hos människorna själva finns en drivkraft om att kunna acklimatisera sig i det nya samhället även om hinder upplevs, såväl inom dem som runt om kring. Det är därför önskvärt att sjuksköterskan, med hjälp av kunskap om förekomst och upplevelser hos människor på flykt, utför en mellanmänsklig, god och förtroendeingivande vård som behandling för de människor som lider av psykisk ohälsa till följd av flykt. Background: There has been an increasing prevalence of mental illness among Swedes; in addition a lot more people have fled their home countries due to war and disaster. With them they carried traumatic experiences. What have these effects and occurrences had on their mental status? Aim: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and experience of mental illness among fleeing people. Method: A literature overview was performed to gather and analyse data from both qualitative and quantitative studies. A search for prevalence in quantitative data was used. Prevalence of mental illness is first presented in a compilation and then three themes with seven subthemes describing similarities and differences emerged in the analysis of qualitative and quantitative studies. Results: Prevalence of mental illness was more common among displaced people than the non-displaced with depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress as the most common diagnosis. Traumatic experiences were also a factor that could hinder the individuals from adopt in the new country. It also showed that there were effects that fortified the mental illness as well as their own defence mechanisms. However, the individuals also experienced support from people with similar experience as well as people in the society they now belong to. They also felt that they wanted to be acclimatized into their new country in order to create a new life. Conclusions: The nurse's role is of importance to create an interpersonal relationship and thus provide safety and trustworthiness to give patients’, persons who have fled, understanding and confidence in health care regarding their mental health.

Context. Social interaction between player avatars is one of the fundamentals of online multiplayer games, where text- and voice chat is used as standard methods for communication. To express emotions, players have the option to use emotes, which are text-based commands to play animations of the player’s avatar. Objectives. This study investigates if real-time facial capture could be preferred and more realistic, compared to typing emote commands to play facial animations when expressing emotions to other players. Methods. By using two methods for social interaction between players, a user study with 24 participants was conducted in a private conference room. An experiment was created where each participant tested the two methods to perform facial expressions, one consisting of typing emote commands, the other by performing with the calibrated participant’s face in real-time, with a web camera. Each participant performed and ranked the realism of each facial expression, in a survey for each method. A final survey could then determine the method that each participant had greater performance with and the method that was preferred the most. Results. The results showed that there was a difference of realism between facial expressions in both methods, where happiness was the most realistic. Disgust and sadness were however poorly rated when expressing these with the face. There was no difference of realism between the methods and which method participants preferred the most. There was however a difference in each participant’s performance with the two methods, where typing emote commands had higher performance. Conclusions. The results show that there is no difference of realism and preference, in typing emote commands to play facial animations and performing facial expressions in real-time with the face. There was, however, a difference in performing each method, where performing facial expressions with the face was the lowest. This confirms that the real-time facial capture technology needs improvements, to fully recognize and track the facial features of the human face.

Projektet undersökte olika verktyg och metoder som i skrivande stund används för att lära ut programmering. Den sammanfattar tidigare undersökningar och drar slutsatser kring hur lämpliga de är. Utifrån dessa slutsatser utformades en webbapplikation för undervisning. Rapporten redogör för hur webbapplikationen konstruerades, samt vilka metoder och verktyg som användes i dess utveckling. Detta ämne är högaktuellt idag då Sveriges regering ämnar införa programmering i grundskolan och då krävs både bra metoder och verktyg för detta., This project investigated different tools and methods used today in teaching programming. It summarizes earlier studies and draws conclusions about how suited they are for the job. The accompanying web application would be crafted based on the conclusions made. The report intends to describe how the web application was constructed, and which methods and tools were used during its development. The subject of the report is highly relevant today since the Swedish government is discussing the introduction of programming classes in the elementary school. Thus demanding both suitable methods and tools.

Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a promising measure of long-term hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Previous research has suggested an association between HCC and psychological variables, and initial studies of inter-individual variance in HCC have implicated genetic factors. However, whether HCC and psychological variables share genetic risk factors remains unclear. The aims of the present twin study were to: (i) assess the heritability of HCC; (ii) estimate the phenotypic and genetic correlation between HPA axis activity and the psychological variables perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism; using formal genetic twin models and molecular genetic methods, i.e. polygenic risk scores (PRS). HCC was measured in 671 adolescents and young adults. These included 115 monozygotic and 183 dizygotic twin-pairs. For 432 subjects PRS scores for plasma cortisol, major depression, and neuroticism were calculated using data from large genome wide association studies. The twin model revealed a heritability for HCC of 72%. No significant phenotypic or genetic correlation was found between HCC and the three psychological variables of interest. PRS did not explain variance in HCC. The present data suggest that HCC is highly heritable. However, the data do not support a strong biological link between HCC and any of the investigated psychological variables. Consortia CORtisolNETwork (CORNET) Consortium Jennifer L. Bolton21 Caroline Hayward23 Nese Direk24,25 Anna Anderson21 Jennifer Huffman23 James F. Wilson26 Harry Campbell26 Igor Rudan26 Alan Wright23 Nicholas Hastie23 Sarah H. Wild26 Fleur P. Velders24 Albert Hofman24 Andre G. Uitterlinden24,27 Jari Lahti28 Katri Räikkönen28 Eero Kajantie29 Elisabeth Widen30 Aarno Palotie30,31 Johan G. Eriksson29,32,33,34,35 Marika Kaakinen36 Marjo-Riitta Järvelin36,37,38,39 Nicholas J. Timpson40 George Davey Smith40 Susan M. Ring41 David M. Evans40 Beate St Pourcain41 Toshiko Tanaka42 Yuri Milaneschi42,43 Stefania Bandinelli44 Luigi Ferrucci42 Pim van der Harst45,46,47 Judith GM Rosmalen48 Stephen JL Bakker49 Niek Verweij45 Robin PF Dullaart49 Anubha Mahajan50 Cecilia M. Lindgren50 Andrew Morris50 Lars Lind51 Erik Ingelsson51 Laura N. Anderson52 Craig E. Pennell53 Stephen J. Lye52 Stephen G. Matthews54 Joel Eriksson55 Dan Mellstrom55 Claes Ohlsson55 Jackie F. Price26 Mark WJ Strachan21 Rebecca M. Reynolds21 Henning Tiemeier24,56,57 Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Stephan Ripke58,59,60 Manuel Mattheisen61,62,63 Abdel Abdellaoui64 Mark J. Adams65 Esben Agerbo66,8,67 Tracy M. Air68 Till FM Andlauer69,70 Silviu-Alin Bacanu71 Marie Bækvad-Hansen67,72 Aartjan TF Beekman43 David A. Bennett73 Klaus Berger74 Tim B. Bigdeli71,11 Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm67,72 Enda M. Byrne5 Na Cai75 Enrique Castelao76 Toni-Kim Clarke65 Jonathan RI Coleman77 Converge Consortium78 Nick Craddock79 Udo Dannlowski80,81 Gareth Davies82 Gail Davies83 Eco. J. C. de Geus64,84 Philip De Jager85 Ian J. Deary83 Franziska Degenhardt12,13 Erin C. Dunn86,87,88 Erik A. Ehli82 Thalia C. Eley77 Valentina Escott-Price89 Tõnu Esko58,90,91,92 Hilary K. Finucane93,94 Michael Gill95 Scott D. Gordon96 Jakob Grove61,62,67,97 Lynsey S. Hall65,98 Thomas F. Hansen99,100 Christine Søholm Hansen67,72 Thomas F. Hansen101 Andrew C. Heath102 Anjali K. Henders5 Stefan Herms12,13,15 Per Hoffmann12,13,15 Georg Homuth103 Carsten Horn104 Jouke- Jan Hottenga64 David Hougaard67,72 Hailiang Huang59,86,105 Marcus Ising106 Rick Jansen43 Eric Jorgenson107 Stefan Kloiber108,109 James A Knowles110 Warren W. Kretzschmar50 Jesper Krogh111 Zoltán Kutalik112,113 Maren Lang3 Glyn Lewis114 Yihan Li50 Donald J. MacIntyre115,116 Pamela AF Madden102 Jonathan Marchine117 Hamdi Mbarek118,64 Peter McGuffin77 Divya Mehta119 Andres Metspalu92,120 Christel M. Middeldorp64 Evelin Mihailov92,121 Lili Milani92 Grant W. Montgomery122 Sara Mostafavi123,124 Niamh Mullins77 Matthias Nauck125,126 Bernard Ng124 Merete Nordentoft67,127 Dale R. Nyholt128 Michael C. O’Donovan129 Paul F. O’Reilly77 Hogni Oskarsson130 Michael J. Owen129 Sara A. Paciga131 Carsten Bøcker Pedersen66,67,8 Marianne Giørtz Pedersen66,67,8 Nancy L. Pedersen132 Michele L. Pergadia133 Roseann E. Peterson11,71 Erik Pettersson134 Wouter J. Peyrot43 David J. Porteous135 Danielle Posthuma136,137 James B. Potash138 Jorge A. Quiroz139 John P. Rice102 Brien P. Riley71 Margarita Rivera77,140 Douglas M. Ruderfer141 Saira Saeed Mirza24 Robert Schoevers142 Ling Shen107 Jianxin Shi143 Engilbert Sigurdsson144 Grant CB Sinnamon145 Johannes H. Smit43 Daniel J. Smith146 Jordan W. Smoller86 Hreinn Stephansson147 Stacy Steinberg147 Jana Strohmaier3 Katherine E. Tansey148 Alexander Teumer149 Wesley Thompson100,135,150,151,152 Pippa A. Thomson135 Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson147 Jens Treutlein3 Maciej Trzaskowski153 Daniel Umbricht154 Sandra van der Auwera155 Gerard van Grootheest43 Albert M. van Hemert156 Alexander Viktorin132 Henry Völzke149 Yunpeng Wang67,100,151 Bradley T. Webb157 Myrna M. Weissman158,159 Jürgen Wellmann74 Gonneke Willemsen64 Hualin S. Xi160 Bernhard T. Baune68 Douglas H. R. Blackwood65 Dorret I. Boomsma64 Anders D. Børglum61,62,67 Henriette N. Buttenschøn62,67,161 Sven Cichon12,162,163,164 Enrico Domenici165 Jonathan Flint50,166 Hans J. Grabe155 Steven P. Hamilton167 Kenneth S. Kendler71 Qingqin S. Li168 Susanne Lucae106 Patrik K. Magnusson132 Andrew M. McIntosh65,83 Ole Mors67,169 Preben Bo Mortensen62,8,67 Bertram Müller-Myhsok69,70,170 Brenda WJH Penninx43 Roy H. Perlis87,171 Martin Preisig76 Catherine Schaefer107 Jordan W. Smoller87,88 Kari Stephansson147 Henning Tiemeier24,56,57 Rudolf Uher172 Thomas Werge100,150,173 Ashley R. Winslow174,175 Gerome Breen77,176 Douglas F. Levinson177 Cathryn M. Lewis77,178 Naomi R. Wray5,153 Patrick F. Sullivan134,179,180 23MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. 24Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 25Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School Of Medicine, Izmir, TR, Turkey. 26Centre for Population Health Sciences, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK. 27Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, NL, Netherlands. 28Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 29National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 30Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 31Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 32Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 33Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland. 34Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland. 35Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland. 36Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 37Department of Children and Yond People and Families, National Institute for Health and elfare, Oulu, Finland. 38Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 39Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. 40MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 41School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 42Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA. 43Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 44Geriatric Unit, ASF, Florence, Italy. 45University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands. 46University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands. 47Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands. 48University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Groningen, Netherlands. 49University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands. 50Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 51Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 52Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 53School of Women’s and Infant’s Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia. 54Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 55Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicin, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 56Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 57Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 58Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA. 59Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. 60Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany. 61Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 62iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 63iSPYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark. 64Dept of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 65Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 66Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 67iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark. 68Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. 69Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. 70Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany. 71Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. 72Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. 73Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA. 74Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, UK. 75Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. 76Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland. 77MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK. 78University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 79Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. 80Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. 81Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 82Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, USA. 83Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 84EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 85Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA. 86Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA. 87Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. 88Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. 89Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. 90Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, USA. 91Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. 92Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 93Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA. 94Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. 95Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 96Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. 97Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 98Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 99Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark. 100Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark. 101iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. 102Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. 103Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. 104Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. 105Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. 106Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. 107Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, USA. 108Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. 109Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 110Psychiatry & The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. 111Department of Endocrinology at Herlev University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 112Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. 113Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. 114Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK. 115Mental Health NHS 24, Glasgow, UK. 116Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 117Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 118EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 119School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. 120Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 121Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia. 122Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 123Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 124Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 125DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Matthias Nauck, Greifswald, Germany. 126Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. 127Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen Universtity Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 128Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. 129MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. 130Humus, Reykjavik, Iceland. 131Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, USA. 132Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 133Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA. 134Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 135Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 136Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 137Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 138Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. 139Solid GT, Boston, USA. 140Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. 141Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. 142Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. 143Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA. 144Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 145School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. 146Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 147deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland. 148College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. 149Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. 150iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark. 151KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 152Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA. 153Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 154Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. 155Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. 156Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. 157Virginia Institute of Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. 158Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. 159Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA. 160Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, USA. 161Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 162Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany. 163Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, CH, Switzerland. 164Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, CH, Switzerland. 165Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy. 166Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA. 167Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, USA. 168Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, USA. 169Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark. 170Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 171Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. 172Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. 173Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 174Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, USA. 175Orphan Disease Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. 176NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK. 177Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA. 178Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK. 179Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA. 180Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.

Distributed Denial of Service attacks are an ever prevalent challenge for system administra-tors today to overcome. The attack, which is all about restricting legitimate users access to a service, such as a web-page. Can cost companies and governments millions of dollars if not properly managed. This study aims to explore if there is any difference in performance between some of the most modern iterations of popular server operating systems today. Those server operating systems are: Windows Server 2016, Ubuntu 16 and FreeBSD 11. And submitting them to one of the most popular DDoS attacks at the time of writing, a so called HTTP-Get request. The webservers used are some of the most widely used today, Apache and Microsoft IIS. Each server will be submitted to attacks, and compared between one another. Different de-fence methods will also be tested and examined. Tests include shorter tests that is repeated multiple times for data validity, and one longer test for every condition in order to control if the results are similar. During these tests, the operating systems will measure CPU/RAM utilization, and a control computer will measure Round Trip Time. Windows Server 2016 using IIS and FreeBSD 11 perform similarly resource wise, but Win-dows Server 2016 with IIS had a better Round Trip Time performance. Windows Server 2016 with Apache performs worst in all measurements, while Ubuntu 16 performs in the middle, but has the most stable performance.

Projektet undersökte olika verktyg och metoder som i skrivande stund används för att lära ut programmering. Den sammanfattar tidigare undersökningar och drar slutsatser kring hur lämpliga de är. Utifrån dessa slutsatser utformades en webbapplikation för undervisning. Rapporten redogör för hur webbapplikationen konstruerades, samt vilka metoder och verktyg som användes i dess utveckling. Detta ämne är högaktuellt idag då Sveriges regering ämnar införa programmering i grundskolan och då krävs både bra metoder och verktyg för detta. This project investigated different tools and methods used today in teaching programming. It summarizes earlier studies and draws conclusions about how suited they are for the job. The accompanying web application would be crafted based on the conclusions made. The report intends to describe how the web application was constructed, and which methods and tools were used during its development. The subject of the report is highly relevant today since the Swedish government is discussing the introduction of programming classes in the elementary school. Thus demanding both suitable methods and tools.

Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.

The retail payment market can be seen as a high velocity market, where the rate of change is high. The future for the retail payment market is uncertain to a large extent. A relatively new phenomenon is the entrance of third party payment providers (hereafter; TPP) who are utilizing the incumbent banks account infrastructure in order access information or initiate payments. A legislation named PSD2 will increase the TPP’s possibilities to utilize the bank’s infrastructure. This makes it possible for TPP to offer new innovative solutions to the end customer. The incumbent actors on the retail payment market have not been successful in regards to innovation, which have given fintech companies room to grow, both in size and numbers. However, the incumbent actors do still possess a strong position, but are frequently challenged by new startups who also want to initiate payments. Historically, the entrance barrier to the retail payment market have been high and the incumbent actors have had an oligopoly position. It has resulted in a lack of competition and a low innovation rate. However, this is starting to change because of new initiatives from EU, where the aim is to increase competition and facilitate a well- functioning retail payment market. Therefore, the increased competition from fintech startups is a relatively new phenomenon and most actors in the retail payment market think it is a beneficial evolution, except few representatives from the incumbent players who are worried that their existing competitive advantages will be outdated. This study provides a picture of how the retail payment market can develop in the future. By determining the most critical trends, it becomes clear what is driving the retail payment market and how the dynamic between actors is changing. In order to get the necessary insights to fulfil the purpose, 18 interviews have been conducted with different stakeholders to the retail payment market. The variation of perspectives of the interviewees give this study a depth that in the end enhance the validity of the result. It is hard to predict the future in a market characterized by high velocity, hence, it is important to understand what trends have the strongest influence on the market. By analysing the interviews, six trends were identified as having a huge impact on the payment market. 1. Merchants are pushing EU to regulate to their favour 2. Access to the information created when conducting payments 3. Incumbent banks have a hard time adopting to new changes 4. New technical solutions enable more actors to create payment solutions with global coverage 5. Actors without payment as core business enter the market 6. New regulations, such as PSD2, aims to increase competition on the retail payment market. Two of these six trends have been identified to be particularly uncertain and having a huge impact on the development of the retail payment market. Furthermore, these two trends are characterised by a dichotomy and the development of them will influence the market in four distinctively different ways. The first dichotomy is whether it becomes easy to be compliant with new legislations, or not. The study shows that if it becomes a heavy burden being compliant with PSD2 and using the technical standard for XS2A, the market will be characterized by economies of scale. If it on the other hand becomes is easy being compliant with PSD2 and initiate payments through XS2A, the overhead costs will decrease and the benefits of scale shrink. The second dichotomy, is whether actors without payment as core business will enter the market, or not. If payments can be seamlessly integrated in other applications, for instance a shopping experience, it is likely that payments will be initiated by actors who does not have payment initiations as core business. However, if it becomes hard to initiate payments on the banks account infrastructure, the attractiveness of having payments as a value adding service fades.

Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases).To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD.Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014.Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts.A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 × 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 × 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 × 10-12 P .05) and MDD (4.02 × 10-9 P .05) in the 2 other cohorts.This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism. The variant is located in a known gene that has been associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in previous studies. In addition, the study shows that neuroticism is influenced by many genetic variants of small effect that are either common or tagged by common variants. These genetic variants also influence MDD. Future studies should confirm the role of the MAGI1 locus for neuroticism and further investigate the association of MAGI1 and the polygenic association to a range of other psychiatric disorders that are phenotypically correlated with neuroticism.

ImportanceNeuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases).ObjectivesTo identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD.Design, setting, and participantsGenome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014.Main outcomes and measuresNeuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts.ResultsA genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 × 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 × 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 × 10-12

Livet för unga elitidrottande gymnasieelever innebär dubbla karriärer med krav inom både skola och idrott. Skambenägenhet och rädsla för att misslyckas kopplas till prestation och har en koppling till psykisk ohälsa. Syftet med denna tvärsnittstudie var att undersöka hur dessa variabler korrelerar med varandra samt hur väl skambenägenhet och rädsla för att misslyckas kunde predicera psykisk ohälsa efter att kön kontrollerats för. Deltagarna i studien utgjordes av 149 elever på ett elitidrottsgymnasium. I enlighet med förväntningarna korrelerade skambenägenhet, rädsla för att misslyckas och psykisk ohälsa positivt. Resultaten tyder på att elitidrottande gymnasieelevers psykiska ohälsa ökade med ökad skambenägenhet och ökad rädsla för att misslyckas. Rädsla för att misslyckas predicerar signifikant psykisk ohälsa. Fler studier behövs för att tydliggöra hur sambandet mellan skambenägenhet, rädsla för att misslyckas och psykisk ohälsa hänger ihop. The life of elite high school students involves dual careers with demands in both the academic and sports field. Proneness to shame and fear of failure are related to performance and to mental illness. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to examine how these variables correlate and how well proneness to shame and fear of failure could predict mental illness after controlling for gender effects. The study consisted of 149 elite high school students. In line with expectations proneness to shame, fear of failure and mental illness had a positive correlation. Results indicate that mental illness of elite high school students increase as proneness to shame and fear of failure increase. Fear of failure could significantly predict mental illness. More studies in this area are necessary to clarify how proneness to shame, fear of failure and mental illness are related.

Mega- or meta-analytic studies (e.g. genome-wide association studies) are increasingly used in behavior genetics. An issue in such studies is that phenotypes are often measured by different instruments across study cohorts, requiring harmonization of measures so that more powerful fixed effect meta-analyses can be employed. Within the Genetics of Personality Consortium, we demonstrate for two clinically relevant personality traits, Neuroticism and Extraversion, how Item-Response Theory (IRT) can be applied to map item data from different inventories to the same underlying constructs. Personality item data were analyzed in >160,000 individuals from 23 cohorts across Europe, USA and Australia in which Neuroticism and Extraversion were assessed by nine different personality inventories. Results showed that harmonization was very successful for most personality inventories and moderately successful for some. Neuroticism and Extraversion inventories were largely measurement invariant across cohorts, in particular when comparing cohorts from countries where the same language is spoken. The IRT-based scores for Neuroticism and Extraversion were heritable (48 and 49 %, respectively, based on a meta-analysis of six twin cohorts, total N = 29,496 and 29,501 twin pairs, respectively) with a significant part of the heritability due to non-additive genetic factors. For Extraversion, these genetic factors qualitatively differ across sexes. We showed that our IRT method can lead to a large increase in sample size and therefore statistical power. The IRT approach may be applied to any mega- or meta-analytic study in which item-based behavioral measures need to be harmonized. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9654-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bakgrund: En vårdrelation tar sin utgångspunkt i patientens livsvärld, där individuella frågeställningar och behov kan identifieras med målet att frambringa upplevelsen av hälsa hos patienten. Våld och aggression riktat mot vårdpersonal är ett väl beskrivet fenomen i litteraturen och betraktas även som vanligt förekommande problem inom hälso- och sjukvården. Det våldsamma mötet genererar ofta hos vårdaren en känsla av att relationen har tagit skada, vilket i sin tur kan ha negativa konsekvenser för skapandet och upprätthållandet av en god vårdrelation. Syfte: Att studera de känslor som uppkommer hos vårdpersonalen i samband med aggression och deras eventuella inverkan på vårdrelationen. Metod: En litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultat presenteras vårdarens uppkomna känslor till följd av att ha utsatts för aggression. Vi identifierade fyra stycken kategorier: rädsla, ilska, utsatthet samt bristande tillit. Konsekvenserna av rädsla verkar leda till att vårdaren distanserar sig fysiskt och mentalt, vilket i förlängningen kan innebära bristande tillit från patienten till vårdaren. Upplevelsen av ilska kan påverka vårdarens förmåga att kontroller känsloyttringar, och därmed förmågan att behålla sin professionella hållning. Känslor som uppstår i mötet med aggression kan upplevas främmande och svåra att förstå, vilket skapar en känsla av utsatthet hos vårdaren. Bristande tillit till den egna förmågan riskerar leda till att den vårdande gemenskapen tar skada vilket, får negativa konsekvenser vårdrelationen. Slutsats: Känslorna som uppstår hos vårdaren i mötet med den aggressiva patienten riskerar att påverka vården patienten erhåller negativt. Möjlighet till reflektion genom handledning kan möjligen skapa förutsättningar att kanalisera och härbärgera känslorna och därmed minimerar risken att de påverkar vården av patienten negativt.

Sölvesborg är en stad under expansion, dit lockas folk av en lantlig idyll nära havet. Sölvesborgs kommun har som mål att öka invånarantalet från 16 000 till 20 000 fram till år 2020. Kommunen äger fastigheten Hydro vilken är centralt belägen i Sölvesborg i anslutning till tågstationen. Idag används fastigheten Hydro till en parkeringsyta och kommunen vill att fastigheten ska planeras om för att bli en ny central knytpunkt i Sölvesborg som binder ihop tågstationen och förlänger centrumstråket. Detta examensarbete leder till färdiga förslagshandlingar för fastigheten. Koncept och handlingar tas fram utefter analyser som gjorts kring hur staden är uppbyggd och vilka intressen som finns. Detta resulteras i en byggnad som har en större kommersiell del i markplan och plan 2 till plan 11 är tillägnade med fyra stycken lägenheter per plan. Ledordet för arkitekturen har varit att försöka skapa ett nytt landmärke för Sölvesborg, föra in den moderna arkitekturen i en större skala i ett gammalt småskaligt samhälle på ett naturligt sätt. Sölvesborg is a city under expansion, people are attracted by a rural idyll close to the sea and the municipality's goal is to increase the population from 16,000 to 20,000 until year 2020. The municipality owns the property Hydro which is located in the central parts of Sölvesborg adjacent to the train station. Today the property Hydro is used as a parking space, the municipality is interested to change the property. They want to make it to a new central hub in Sölvesborg, connecting the railway station and extend the center strip. Our work is to create concept drawings for the property Hydro, These concept drawings are based on analyzes regarding the context of the city and the city’s citizens. This has resulted in a building that has a larger commercial area in the ground floor and above the ground floor are ten floors with four apartments on each floor. The guiding principle for the design has been to try to create a new landmark for Sölvesborg, bringing in the modern architecture on a larger scale in the old small scale society in a natural way.

Många faktorer spelar in och påverkar köpbeslut som konsumenter gör i butik. Att sedan konkurrensen har ökat i dagligvaruhandeln har gjort att det finns ett bredare utbud och att varumärken på livsmedel spelar större och större roll. Varumärket Värmlandschark är ett relativt nytt varumärke som kommer att analyseras i denna uppsats. De två delfrågor som ligger till grund för analysen är; 1) Vilka dimensioner hos varumärket Värmlandschark påverkar konsumentens vilja att välja deras produkter framför en konkurrerande produkt?; 2) Hur fungerar Värmlandscharks produkter och marknadsföring som kommunikatörer av varumärket till konsumenten, d.v.s. företagets marknadskommunikation? Syftet är att skapa en bättre förståelse för de dimensioner som bidrar till Värmlandscharks varumärkesvärde, samt att försöka identifiera samband mellan de olika dimensionerna. I litteraturgenomgången beskrivs konsumentbaserat varumärkeskapital och de olika varumärkesdimensionerna; kännedom, uppfattad kvalitet, associationer, lojalitet och unikhet. Vid insamlandet av data så har tre fokusgrupper med sex deltagare i varje genomförts, där både kvantitativ och kvalitativ data har samlats in. Produkter och marknadsföring har använts för att ta del av konsumenters åsikter och attityder till dem. Slutsatser som dras är att kännedomen spelar stor roll för hur konsumenten uppfattar varumärket. En stark kännedom inger en trygghet som är viktig vid köp av livsmedelsprodukter. Dimensionen kan i sin tur stärka hur konsumenten uppfattar kvaliteten och vilka associationer som skapas till varumärket. Det finns förbättringsmöjligheter för hur Värmlandscharks produkter och marknadsföring kommunicerar och upplevs av konsumenten. Bl.a. så används förpackningen i stor utsträckning för att bedöma kvaliteten på produkten, här kan andra färger och mönster förhöja kundens uppfattade kvalitet. Vidare så beskrivs framtida studieområden såsom att undersöka varumärke-/prisbalansen för att identifiera en eventuell under- /överprissättning. There are many things that effect the consumers’ buying decision in store. The competiveness in the retailer business has gone up, which have created a wider offering and brand on grocery products takes a bigger role. The brand Värmlandschark is a relative new brand and is the subject for the analysis. Two questions have been the starting-point for this thesis; 1) Which dimensions for the brand Värmlandschark makes the consumer to choose their products before the competitors?; 2) How does Värmlandchark’s products and marketing work as communicators of the brand, i.e. the company’s market communication. The goal is to create a better understanding for the dimensions that contributes to Värmlandschark’s brand value, and to identify the relationships between them. In the literature chapter, customer-based brand equity is described along with the brand dimensions; awareness, perceived quality, associations, loyalty and uniqueness. Three focus groups with six participants in each have been conducted and both quantitative and qualitative data has been collected. Products and marketing have been used to find out consumer opinion and attitude towards them. Conclusions are made and one is that awareness plays a big role in how consumers’ perceive the brand. A strong awareness creates a safety that is important when buying grocery products. Furthermore the dimension can make the perceived quality and associations to the brand even stronger. There are ways for Värmlandschark to improve how their products and marketing communicates and are being perceived by the consumer. The packaging is being used as an indicator of product quality, by using different colors and style the perceived quality can be improved. Future research areas are being proposed such as the brand-/price balance to identify a possible over-/under pricing.

Tissue factor (TF), a 47 kDa glycoprotein, is the initiator of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and consequently of the upmost importance when damage to blood vessel occurs. The source of TF in circulation has been investigated. However, the source of TF is still not clear. One theory is that platelets express and increases the expression of TF after stimulation and the aim of our report was to investigate whether platelets really are a source for TF in circulation. Using specific primers for TF mRNA, platelets in plasma from healthy volunteers and from patients suffering from cardiac infarction were analyzed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gel electrophoresis was performed after amplification of TF mRNA to verify the results. The samples were negative for TF when using real-time PCR and the few positive all had cycle threshold (Ct) values above 35. The contamination by monocytes was analyzed by using real-time PCR, with primers for CD14 and showed low amounts. After analysis, our conclusion was that platelets do not express TF. Although some samples had positive real-time PCR, the Ct values were all above 35, meaning they had very few transcripts in the initial samples and that the biological importance is uncertain. Since contamination of CD14 positive cells were found in most samples it can’t be ruled out that the origin of the positive TF mRNA is from monocytes.

Många faktorer spelar in och påverkar köpbeslut som konsumenter gör i butik. Att sedan konkurrensen har ökat i dagligvaruhandeln har gjort att det finns ett bredare utbud och att varumärken på livsmedel spelar större och större roll. Varumärket Värmlandschark är ett relativt nytt varumärke som kommer att analyseras i denna uppsats. De två delfrågor som ligger till grund för analysen är; 1) Vilka dimensioner hos varumärket Värmlandschark påverkar konsumentens vilja att välja deras produkter framför en konkurrerande produkt?; 2) Hur fungerar Värmlandscharks produkter och marknadsföring som kommunikatörer av varumärket till konsumenten, d.v.s. företagets marknadskommunikation? Syftet är att skapa en bättre förståelse för de dimensioner som bidrar till Värmlandscharks varumärkesvärde, samt att försöka identifiera samband mellan de olika dimensionerna. I litteraturgenomgången beskrivs konsumentbaserat varumärkeskapital och de olika varumärkesdimensionerna; kännedom, uppfattad kvalitet, associationer, lojalitet och unikhet. Vid insamlandet av data så har tre fokusgrupper med sex deltagare i varje genomförts, där både kvantitativ och kvalitativ data har samlats in. Produkter och marknadsföring har använts för att ta del av konsumenters åsikter och attityder till dem. Slutsatser som dras är att kännedomen spelar stor roll för hur konsumenten uppfattar varumärket. En stark kännedom inger en trygghet som är viktig vid köp av livsmedelsprodukter. Dimensionen kan i sin tur stärka hur konsumenten uppfattar kvaliteten och vilka associationer som skapas till varumärket. Det finns förbättringsmöjligheter för hur Värmlandscharks produkter och marknadsföring kommunicerar och upplevs av konsumenten. Bl.a. så används förpackningen i stor utsträckning för att bedöma kvaliteten på produkten, här kan andra färger och mönster förhöja kundens uppfattade kvalitet. Vidare så beskrivs framtida studieområden såsom att undersöka varumärke-/prisbalansen för att identifiera en eventuell under- /överprissättning. There are many things that effect the consumers’ buying decision in store. The competiveness in the retailer business has gone up, which have created a wider offering and brand on grocery products takes a bigger role. The brand Värmlandschark is a relative new brand and is the subject for the analysis. Two questions have been the starting-point for this thesis; 1) Which dimensions for the brand Värmlandschark makes the consumer to choose their products before the competitors?; 2) How does Värmlandchark’s products and marketing work as communicators of the brand, i.e. the company’s market communication. The goal is to create a better understanding for the dimensions that contributes to Värmlandschark’s brand value, and to identify the relationships between them. In the literature chapter, customer-based brand equity is described along with the brand dimensions; awareness, perceived quality, associations, loyalty and uniqueness. Three focus groups with six participants in each have been conducted and both quantitative and qualitative data has been collected. Products and marketing have been used to find out consumer opinion and attitude towards them. Conclusions are made and one is that awareness plays a big role in how consumers’ perceive the brand. A strong awareness creates a safety that is important when buying grocery products. Furthermore the dimension can make the perceived quality and associations to the brand even stronger. There are ways for Värmlandschark to improve how their products and marketing communicates and are being perceived by the consumer. The packaging is being used as an indicator of product quality, by using different colors and style the perceived quality can be improved. Future research areas are being proposed such as the brand-/price balance to identify a possible over-/under pricing.

Cardo AB is an international corporate group that has performed major organizational changes the last few years. These changes utilize possible synergies that exist in a corporate group. One of the initiatives is that Cardo wants to develop a model for make-or-buy decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is stated as: The study’s purpose is to develop a generic model for make-or-buy decisions at Cardo. To develop the model, a theoretical study was conducted, where four main aspects were identified: core capability, risk, cost and relationship. For each aspect, a tool to define what the aspects consist of was identified. The aspects were combined together into a model, called model version 1. To enhance and adjust the model to suit Cardo’s situation, an empirical study was conducted. In the empirical study, it was investigated how different sites within Cardo are currently working with make-or-buy decisions. Moreover, in the empirical study it was also revealed how Cardo is dealing with each of the aspects identified in theory. The combination of theory and empirical study formed the enhanced model, called model version 2. The last step in the procedure was to let several end-users review the model and suggest improvements. After this step, the final model was formed, called model version 3.The model combines the best practices from Cardo with the latest theoretical aspects. Using this model will help Cardo deal with make-or-buy decisions in a structured way. The model highlights the importance of connecting business strategy with the core capabilities of Cardo and provides a tool to identify this connection. Furthermore, the model highlights risks connected to outsourcing and provides tools to identify these risks. The model also applies a total cost approach. To calculate the different costs, a model is presented that functions as a guide when quantifying costs. Lastly, the model shows the importance of developing a proper relationship with the supplier according to the strategic importance of the product.Cardo AB is an international corporate group that has performed major organizational changes the last few years. These changes utilize possible synergies that exist in a corporate group. One of the initiatives is that Cardo wants to develop a model for make-or-buy decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is stated as:The study’s purpose is to develop a generic model for make-or-buy decisions at Cardo.To develop the model, a theoretical study was conducted, where four main aspects were identified: core capability, risk, cost and relationship. For each aspect, a tool to define what the aspects consist of was identified. The aspects were combined together into a model, called model version 1. To enhance and adjust the model to suit Cardo’s situation, an empirical study was conducted. In the empirical study, it was investigated how different sites within Cardo are currently working with make-or-buy decisions. Moreover, in the empirical study it was also revealed how Cardo is dealing with each of the aspects identified in theory. The combination of theory and empirical study formed the enhanced model, called model version 2. The last step in the procedure was to let several end-users review the model and suggest improvements. After this step, the final model was formed, called model version 3.The model combines the best practices from Cardo with the latest theoretical aspects. Using this model will help Cardo deal with make-or-buy decisions in a structured way. The model highlights the importance of connecting business strategy with the core capabilities of Cardo and provides a tool to identify this connection. Furthermore, the model highlights risks connected to outsourcing and provides tools to identify these risks. The model also applies a total cost approach. To calculate the different costs, a model is presented that functions as a guide when quantifying costs. Lastly, the model shows the importance of developing a proper relationship with the supplier according to the strategic importance of the product.

Arbetet är en studie av höstrapsetablering med direktsådd och myllning av kultivator med frösålåda och är gjort i samarbete med Väderstad-Verken AB. I detta examensarbete har jag följt en försöksserie (R2-4143) där jag jämfört olika etableringsmetoder för höstraps. De metoder som studerats är plöjning med konventionell sådd, grund bearbetning och sådd, sådd med TopDown med frösålåda samt direktsådd med och utan förredskap. Försöksplatserna har legat i Skåne, Uppland och Östergötland. Jag har utfört fältmätningar från sådd till invintring. Jag har också intervjuat odlare som har sått med kultivator med påmonterad frösålåda för att se vad de tycker om metoden och hur mycket den skiljer från deras tidigare etableringsmetod. Sommaren 2008 var mycket torr och avlöstes av regn på hösten vilket gjorde att rapsfröet grodde lätt på de flesta platser i Sverige. På vissa platser kom det så stora mängder att rapssådden inte kunde genomföras. Etableringen i försöksserien R2-4143 blev överlag jämn och det som påverkade uppkomsten var halminblandningen i kombination med fröets kontakt med finjord. Plantuppkomsten på försöksplatserna har överlag varit god. Plöjda led och led som kultiverats med TopDown biodrill (frösålåda) har i medeltal givit en något bättre etablering sett över alla platserna. Enligt mätningarna under hösten ser det ut som att alla metoderna i försöksserie R2- 4143 kan fungera för att få ett bra bestånd. Det är svårt att utifrån ett års resultat avgöra vilken metod som ger bäst uppkomst. Det är årsmånen, typ av jord på fältet, markens fuktighet och förfrukten som bestämmer hur etableringen blir. De lantbrukare som myllat sin höstraps med kultivator, Carrier eller Seed Hawk var överlag nöjda med sin etablering. Kultivator med frösålåda är ett system som verkar fungera bra. Det som krävs är dock mer växtskydd i jämförelse med ett konventionellt system för att bli kvitt spillsäd och ogräs. TopDown fungerar bra på de flesta jordar och har bra flexibilitet vad gäller väderlek då det går att köra. TopDown med biodrill verkar vara ett system som fungerar bra och där lantbrukarna är nöjda med resultatet av sådden

Detta arbete har utförts tillsammans med Ipendo Systems AB i Linköping. Företaget utvecklar ett system för att administrera immateriella rättigheter som heter Ipendo Platform. Kunder som använder Ipendo Platform saknar idag ett sätt att visualisera och analysera den data som de har inlagda i systemet. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att från grunden ta fram och realisera en modul till Ipendo Platform som visualiserar och analyserar kunders immaterialrättighetsdata. Vidare har syftet också varit att integrera modulen mot Europeiska patentverkets publika databas så att konkurrensanalyser kan göras mellan olika företag. Då Ipendo Platform används av många olika intressenter ställer det höga krav på användbarhet och kvalitet. Ett prototypbaserat och iterativt arbetssätt med en nära relation mot kunden har därför används under utvecklingen. Resultatet av examensarbetet är en fristående modul till Ipendo Platform som visualiserar och utför analyser av immateriella rättigheter. Utöver modulen har det valda arbetssättet jämförts med några vanliga systemutvecklingsmetoder för att se vilka av dem som bäst lämpar sig att använda för att arbeta prototypbaserat med höga krav på användbarhet.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur not- och gehörsspelsmetodik ser ut och används på olika kulturskolor idag, samt utforska eventuella skillnader i metodikval mellan elgitarr- och trumpetpedagoger. Uppsatsen bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra instrumentallärare på olika kulturskolor i Sverige, två elgitarr- och två trumpetpedagoger i olika åldrar. Resultatet visar att det är större skillnader i metodikval mellan de yngre och de äldre lärarna än mellan elgitarr- och trumpetlärarna. Samtliga lärare menar att gehöret är det viktigaste elementet i samspel medan noter anses särskilt betydelsefullt för de elever som vill studera vidare inom musikområdet. Undersökningen visar att de båda metoderna berikar elevernas musikaliska utveckling på varsitt sätt och därför kan de fungera som komplementära metoder i instrumentalundervisningen.

Advancements in the field of biotechnology are expanding the scientific horizon and a promising era is envisioned with personalized medicine for improved health. The amount of genetic data is growing at an ever-escalating pace due to the availability of novel technologies that allow massively parallel sequencing and whole-genome genotyping, that are supported by the advancements in computer science and information technologies. As the amount of information stored in databases throughout the world is growing and our knowledge deepens, genetic signatures with significant importance are discovered. The surface of such a set in the data mining process may include causative- or marker single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), revealing predisposition to disease, or gene expression signatures, profiling a pathological state. When targeting a reduced set of signatures in a large number of samples for diagnostic- or fine-mapping purposes, efficient interrogation and scoring require appropriate preparations. These needs are met by miniaturized and parallelized platforms that allow a low sample and template consumption. This doctoral thesis describes an attempt to tackle some of these challenges by the design and implementation of a novel assay denoted Trinucleotide Threading (TnT). The method permits multiplex amplification of a medium size set of specific loci and was adapted to genotyping, gene expression profiling and digital allelotyping. Utilizing a reduced number of nucleotides permits specific amplification of targeted loci while preventing the generation of spurious amplification products. This method was applied to genotype 96 individuals for 75 SNPs. In addition, the accuracy of genotyping from minute amounts of genomic DNA was confirmed. This procedure was performed using a robotic workstation running custom-made scripts and a software tool was implemented to facilitate the assay design. Furthermore, a statistical model was derived from the molecular principles of the genotyping assay and an Expectation-Maximization algorithm was chosen to automatically call the generated genotypes. The TnT approach was also adapted to profiling signature gene sets for the Swedish Human Protein Atlas Program. Here 18 protein epitope signature tags (PrESTs) were targeted in eight different cell lines employed in the program and the results demonstrated high concordance rates with real-time PCR approaches. Finally, an assay for digital estimation of allele frequencies in large cohorts was set up by combining the TnT approach with a second-generation sequencing system. Allelotyping was performed by targeting 147 polymorphic loci in a genomic pool of 462 individuals. Subsequent interrogation was carried out on a state-of-the-art massively parallelized Pyrosequencing instrument. The experiment generated more than 200,000 reads and with bioinformatic support, clonally amplified fragments and the corresponding sequence reads were converted to a precise set of allele frequencies. QC 20100813

De senaste åren har riskkapitalbranschen visat en hög tillväxt, samtidigt som åsikterna kring i vilken utsträckning som riskkapitalbolagen tillför värde i sina portföljbolag går isär. Med utgångspunkt från intervjuer med entreprenörer undersöks deras upplevda nytta av riskkapitalbolag utöver kapital. Uppsatsen innehåller även en kvantitativ studie som visar att bolag med riskkapitalfinansiering har utvecklats bättre en liknande bolag utan riskkapital de senaste tre åren. Slutsatsen av studien är att riskkapitalbolag är framgångsrika i sin strävan att skapa ett mervärde i sina portföljbolag genom att de kompletterar entreprenörers kunskaper med övergripande strategiskt arbete och styrning.

En modern grafikprocessor är oerhört kraftfull och har en prestanda som potentiellt sett är många gånger högre än för en modern mikroprocessor. I takt med att grafikprocessorn blivit alltmer programmerbar har det blivit möjligt att använda den för beräkningstunga tillämpningar utanför dess normala användningsområde. Inom det här arbetet utreds vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som uppstår vid användandet av grafikprocessorer för generell programmering. Arbetet inriktas främst mot signal- och bildbehandlingstillämpningar men mycket av principerna är tillämpliga även inom andra områden. Ett ramverk för bildbehandling implementeras och några algoritmer inom bildanalys realiseras och utvärderas, bland annat stereoseende och beräkning av optiskt flöde. Resultaten visar på att vissa tillämpningar kan uppvisa en avsevärd prestandaökning i en grafikprocessor jämfört med i en mikroprocessor men att andra tillämpningar kan vara ineffektiva eller mycket svåra att implementera. The modern graphical processing unit, GPU, is an extremely powerful unit, potentially many times more powerful than a modern microprocessor. Due to its increasing programmability it has recently become possible to use it in computation intensive applications outside its normal usage. This work investigates the possibilities and limitations of general purpose programming on GPUs. The work mainly concentrates on signal and image processing although much of the principles are applicable to other areas as well. A framework for image processing on GPUs is implemented and a few computer vision algorithms are implemented and evaluated, among them stereo vision and optical flow. The results show that some applications can gain a substantial speedup when implemented correctly in the GPU but others can be inefficent or extremly hard to implement.

The thesis deals partly with methodology including construction of hardware and new pulse sequences in the field of electrophoretic NMR, and partly with practical use of ENMR and diffusion NMR in the investigation of charged colloidal systems. Several sources of artefacts are investigated, including gas production at the electrodes, electroosmosis and Joule heating effects that can cause convection. The electrophoretic double stimulated-echo pulse sequence is introduced to suppress these artefacts and to increase the feasible measuring range to higher electric fields and conductivities. The interaction between the non-ionic polymer poly(ethylene oxide) PEO and differently charged surfactants is investigated using the above mentioned methods. The investigated surfactants are the anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and potassium laurate (KC12), the cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the non-ionic octyl β-D-glucoside. ENMR is also used to investigate two different mixed micelle systems, with SDS as the charged surfactant component and dodecyl malono-bis-N-methylglucamide (C12BNMG) respectively tetra(ethylene oxide) dodecyl ether (C12EO4) as the nonionic surfactant component. A method to calculate the degree of counter-ion dissociation, αdissociation, as a function of composition is demonstrated. Finally diffusion NMR is used to compare transport dynamics in gel electrolyte systems based on two differently grafted polymers; one amphiphilic system containing polymethacrylate grafted partly with polyethylene oxide and partly with fluorocarbons and the corresponding nonamphiphilic system grafted with only polyethylene oxide. Both systems contain the electrolyte lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide salt dissolved in γ-butyrolactone. The results show that the system based on the amphiphilic polymer has better transport dynamics and therefore is more suited as material for battery