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International audience; The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable, influencing the direction of air-sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large-scale observations of pCO 2 are facilitated by Ships-of-Opportunity (SOOP-CO 2) equipped with underway measuring instruments that are becoming more autonomous. Here we performed a comparison between a FerryBox-integrated membrane-based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP-CO 2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time-and space-adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO 2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. We showed the strength of having a sensor-based network with a high spatial coverage that can be cross-checked against conventional SOOP-CO 2 methods. Validating membrane-based sensors and using the expanded coverage and higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO 2 variability in both open oceans and dynamic coastal seas.

The coastal area is the most productive and dynamic environment of the world ocean with significant resources and services for mankind. JERICO-NEXT emphasizes thatthe complexity of the coastal ocean cannot be well understood if interconnection between physics, biogeochemistry and biology is not guaranteed. Such an integration requires new technological developments allowing continuous monitoring of a larger set of parameters. The objective of JERICO-NEXT consists in strengthening and enlarging a solid and transparent European network in providing operational services for the timely, continuous and sustainable delivery of high quality environmental data and information products related to marine environment in European coastal seas.The best practice of technologies, methodologies and procedures is a vital step in ensuring efficiency and optimal returns from any kind of distributed, heterogeneous, multifaceted, coastal observing infrastructure operating on a transnational level like the JERICO network. The JERICO network is always striving to increase its suite of sensors to anticipate likely future demands. As part of this effort, it is now implementing a variety of sensors for a number of bio-geochemical measurements. While Task 2.4 of JERICO-NEXT dealt with the harmonization of these sensors and their underlying technologies,this report provides information on Best Practice in the utilization of sensors used for measuring nutrients (lead: CEFAS), biology-related optical properties (lead: SYKE), variables of the marine carbonate system (lead: NIVA),and for coastal profiling (lead: CNR). This deliverable will also inform on the outcome and results of the workshopsthat weredealing with its topic during the project. Published Contributors: Naomi Greenwood , Chris Read, Agathe Laes-Huon, Anne Daniel, Karel Bakker, Daniel Blandfort , Martina Gehrung , Pasi Ylöstalo , Lumi Haraguchi , Jani Ruohola , Bengt Karlson , Felipe Artigas , Fabrice Lizon , Melilotus Thyssen , Guillaume Wacquet , Manolis Ntoumas , Veronique Créach , Pierre Jaccard , Laurent Delauney , Jukka Seppälä , Andrew L. King, Kai Sørensen, Sabine Marty , Anna Wranne Willstrand , Lauri Laakso , Carolina Cantoni , Wilhelm Petersen, Yoana Voynova, Klas Ove Möller , Michela Martinelli , Refereed Current 14.A Nutrients Inorganic carbon Best Practice Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc)

The present deliverable gathers and reports on the outcomes of the four parts of the first JERICO-NEXT workshop on sensors for nutrients, biology-related optical properties, variables of the marine carbonate system, and for coastal profiling. It provides descriptions of such systems and the way they are run, and critically assesses their current level of development from the specific perspective of the operations carried out routinely by the JERICO observing network, and by extension, in the general European context., Ce document regroupe et rend compte des résultats des quatre parties du premier atelier JERICO-NEXT sur les capteurs pour : les nutriments, les propriétés optiques liées à la biologie, les paramètres du système carbonate marin et les systèmes de mesure en profil côtier. Il fournit des descriptions de ces systèmes et la manière dont ils sont gérés, et évalue de manière critique leur niveau actuel de développement à partir de la perspective spécifique des opérations effectuées régulièrement par le réseau d'observation de JERICO et, par extension, dans le contexte européen général.

The aim of Task 3.4 is to develop and test innovative methods for the molecular detection of phytoplankton, harmful algal blooms and pollutants through their effect on microbial communities. This will include the development of novel molecular sensors for the detection, quantification and identification of organisms, microbial markers of pollutant exposure or toxin concentrations in marine coastal waters. Bacterial species and genes which can be used as markers of high nutrient load or hydrocarbon contamination in the marine environment were identified through bacterial community analysis in contaminated environment and literature reviews. Assays using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for the quantification of these organisms were developed and tested through environmental sampling campaigns and laboratory exposure studies. The most promising markers and assays were selected for further study in conjunction with other biological and chemical sensors, and will be further tested through campaigns to be performed through WP4. Complementary technologies are being developed through this task to monitor toxic algae, combining an approach based on the detection of the organisms through an autonomous sensor, and the detection of toxins using a probe. The fully automated sensor module for autonomous monitoring of toxic algae includes a remote-controlled automated filtration system coupled to a semi-automated nucleic acid biosensor based on the specific binding of a molecular. This sensor will be adapted and optimised for long term unattended operation on Ferrybox systems through this task. In parallel, for the direct detection of algae toxins, the capabilities of an in situ optical biosensor were extended. This was done to reduce the device size, increase its efficiency, and potentially extend its performance to detect more than domoic acid, which was the toxin that the sensor was initially designed for. In this first phase of the project, the sensor was successfully redesigned and is planned to be tested in laboratory conditions prior to deployment at sea. For investigating plankton diversity and harmful algal blooms rDNA meta barcoding methods were developed and evaluated by analyzing samples collected using a Ferrybox system in the Baltic Sea area. Results based on 16S and 18S rDNA show that metabarcoding reveals a much higher diversity in phytoplankton compared to microscopy. However, metabarcoding only gives results on relative abundance of genes (OTU, Operational Taxonomical Units) in samples and does not give information about biomass. Microscopy gives cell numbers and biomass based on cell volumes. The two different approaches complement each other. Metabarcoding is being further evaluated through comparison with in situ imaging flow cytometry and microscopy in a study of harmful algal blooms on the Swedish Skagerrak coast. This progress report includes the work performed during the first two years of the project. During this first phase of the project, much of the focus has been on the development and improvements of the different types of sensors and biosensors before the sensor testing through laboratory and field campains, which will involve sensor tests in a common setting and integration of the results and responses from the different devices and tools. Published Refereed Current 14.2 Phytoplankton biomass and diversity Zooplankton biomass and diversity Guide

Information on recent biomass distribution and biogeography of photosynthetic marine protists with adequate temporal and spatial resolution is urgently needed to better understand consequences of environmental change for marine ecosystems. Here we introduce and review a molecular-based observation strategy for high resolution assessment of these protists in space and time. It is the result of extensive technology developments, adaptations and evaluations which are documented in a number of different publications and the results of recently accomplished field testing, which are introduced in this review. The observation strategy is organized at four different levels. At level 1, samples are collected at high spatio-temporal resolution using the remote-controlled automated filtration system AUTOFIM. Resulting samples can either be preserved for later laboratory analyses, or directly subjected to molecular surveillance of key species aboard the ship via an automated biosensor system or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (level 2). Preserved samples are analyzed at the next observational levels in the laboratory (level 3 and 4). This involves at level 3 molecular fingerprinting methods for a quick and reliable overview of differences in protist community composition. Finally, selected samples can be used to generate a detailed analysis of taxonomic protist composition via the latest Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS) at level 4. An overall integrated dataset of the results based on the different analyses provides comprehensive information on the diversity and biogeography of protists, including all related size classes. At the same time the cost effort of the observation is optimized in respect to analysis effort and time.

To meet the requirements of increasing environmental awareness in aquatic ecosystems, optical techniques offer a fast and reliable opportunity for a wide range of application providing spatio-temporal measurements. Within the work package 5 of NeXOS innovative, compact, and cost efficient multifunctional sensor systems for optical measurements of marine environmental parameters will be developed. Addressed parameters include phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic composition, total suspended matter and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as well as hazardous substances, e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Requiring comparable less effort, optical methods are a convenient and noninvasive way to derive information on the optical active substances in different water bodies. Various approaches and devices are available, either aiming on the determination of the water´s inherent optical properties or on measuring the fluorescence properties of the different constituents. This contribution summarizes the objectives and approaches within the optical sensor development of the NeXOS project with a special focus on an integrating cavity approach. This approach overcomes the two common problems occurring in classical absorption measurement of seawater: (i) usually low concentration of absorbing material in the water negatively affecting accurate measurements of untreated samples, and (ii) errors introduced by light scattering on particles, which require empirical corrections of the measurements to obtain good accuracy. An example for a device based on an integrating cavity is the point-source integrating cavity absorption meter (PSICAM). Because of its advantages, an adaptation of the PSICAM for continuous flow-through operation is of interest to provide high resolution measurements of absorption coefficients with good accuracy. The continuous observation system is planned to be used stand-alone or in combination with unattended systems, e.g. FerryBox. In this contribution, the setup and first field results of the flow-through-PSICAM (ft-PSICAM) are reviewed. Furthermore, absorption coefficients as proxies for chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter are evaluated. Within the optical sensor package of NeXOS, a further objective is the development of a matrix-fluorescence sensor with flexible wavelength configuration for the detection and characterization of dissolved substances, such as CDOM and PAHs. Here, objectives and first approaches will be presented with special focus on CDOM fluorescence as main linkage to the ft-PSICAM. Finally, future plans for both instruments as well as their combination will be presented. In summary, both approaches have the potential to be multi-parameter instruments for high-resolution measurements of environmental relevant parameters.

The main goal of work package 4 is to increase the performance of oceanographic observatories in Europe. One major point is the formulation and the evaluation of best practises of sensor calibration. This is an issue of great interest for institutions dealing with different (automated) observation systems. So, this report is providing information about the best practises for sensor calibration of different types of sensors. Each sensor type has typical characteristics, which have to be addressed when calibration routine has to be applied to the sensor. This is outlined in the next sections for the different sensor types. However, there are also several general advices for sensor calibration which are valid for any sensor when reliable sensor data are needed. Temperature and conductivity sensors cannot be calibrated in the field, so thoroughly lab calibration is necessary, i.e. the preparing and maintaining of temperature baths. For Chlorophyll sensors it is generally agreed that FChla measurements do not necessarily reflect true analytically measured [Chla], so this has to be taken into account when calibrating chlorophyll fluorescence sensors. No generally accepted method for fluorometer calibration exists, so also manufacturers have different conventions. Various solutions for primary fluorometer calibration include factory calibration, use of algae cultures, chemical standards dissolved in water or in various solvents, or solid standards. Calibration of chemical sensors relies strongly on proper handling of water samples and reagents and the preparing of standard solutions. Monitoring of more than one nutrient parameter with one device has to be carried out carefully. For oxygen sensors the according calibration routine relies on comparing lab analyses via Winkler titration which needs some experience to carry out including proper sampling. A wide range of different concentration levels and different temperature levels must be used for calibration of optical oxygen sensors.

The main goal of work package 4 is to increase the performance of oceanographic observatories in Europe. One major point is the formulation and the evaluation of best practises of sensor calibration. This is an issue of great interest for institutions dealing with different (automated) observation systems. So, this report is providing information about the best practises for sensor calibration of different types of sensors. Each sensor type has typical characteristics, which have to be addressed when calibration routine has to be applied to the sensor. This is outlined in the next sections for the different sensor types. However, there are also several general advices for sensor calibration which are valid for any sensor when reliable sensor data are needed. European Commission, FP7, Joint European Research Infrastructure network for Coastal Observatories (JERICO) Project, Grant Agreement n° 262584 Published Permission to deposit: Patrick Farcy, Coordinator JERICO Project (jerico@ifremer.fr) Refereed Current

The seas and oceans are an intrinsic part of the earth and climate systems. They cover 70% of our planet, provide 95% by volume of its biosphere, support more than 50% of global primary production and harbour an enormous diversity of life adapted to extremely broad-ranging environmental conditions. The oceans are a driver of our climate but are also affected by climate change and ocean acidification. They are under increasing pressure from human activities and pollution, and growing coastal populations. The combination of natural and human-induced changes taking place in our seas and oceans including, for example, rising temperatures, the melting of Arctic sea ice, ocean acidification, increasingly extreme weather events, transfer of non-indigenous marine species, changes in biodiversity and species distribution, and depletion of fisheries stocks, may have potentially profound impacts on our societies and economies in the medium-term. European research focused on the seas and oceans is central to addressing these challenges by delivering knowledge and tools to enable Europe to prepare for, and adapt to, these changes. Moreover The growth of new and existing industries such as marine renewable energy, marine biotechnology, fisheries and aquaculture and sustainable maritime transport must be supported by research and innovation, involving a range of actors to develop technologies and best practices in support of a thriving European maritime economy. A key issue is how will society be placed in the coming decades to tackle these threats and turn challenges into opportunities? The Rio Ocean declaration (16 June 2012) called for an “integrated approach addressing the interlinked issues of oceans, climate change, and security” and for countries to “Establish the scientific capacity for marine environmental assessment, monitoring, and prediction, including the implementation of……the global ocean observing system”. Routine and sustained ocean observations are crucial to further our understanding of the complex and vast oceanic environment and to supply scientific data and analyses sufficient to meet society’s needs. In particular for the coastal environment, needs are even higher as the natural variability is interlinked with the human induced and efforts to identify and distinguish the various components are crucial. Furthermore most economic activity is based at the coastal ocean. Europe spends €1.4 billion p.a. for marine data collection: €0.4 billion for satellite data and €1.0 billion for insitu observations, respectively. In the case of the latter, the traditional and expensive practice of vessel-based data-gathering is progressively giving way to monitoring via “observatories” - complexes of distributed, autonomous, real-time sensor systems. Burgeoning technology and pressing societal needs will soon make such observatories the backbone of European marine observing activity because of their ability to provide copious quantities of diversified data over large areas at reasonable costs. Around European coastal seas, the number of marine observing systems is quickly increasing under the pressure of both monitoring requirements and oceanographic research. Present demands for such systems include reliable, high-quality and comprehensive observations, automated platforms and sensors systems, as well as autonomy over long time periods. In-situ data collected, combined with remote sensing and models output, contribute to detect, understand and forecast the most crucial coastal processes over extensive areas within the various national and regional marine environments. Coastal observations are an important part of the marine research puzzle of activities and applications. However significant heterogeneity exists in Europe concerning technological design of observing systems, measured parameters, practices for maintenance and quality control, as well as quality standards for sensors and data exchange. Coastal observatories have been developed in Europe in a rather uncoordinated way. Usually based on national funding and priorities these observatories have very diverse design and architecture and have established very different practices for their operation and maintenance. For certain subsystems (e.g. FerryBox) past EU projects have established a network of operators through which experience and best practices have been shared but this is not the case for other observing platforms, and certainly not for integrated coastal observatories. Considering the importance of observing systems and the substantial investment made until now, an important task of JERICO is to describe best practices in all phases of the system (pre-deployment test, maintenance, calibration etc); to adopt common methodologies and protocols and to move towards the harmonisation of equipment which will help in reducing maintenance and calibration costs. These efforts are described and analysed in depth in this deliverable.

This report provides: 1. A review of the present status of the 16 Ferrybox systems currently operated by JERICO partners. 2. Access to detailed information on the Ferrybox systems on line at the FerryBox project web site (www.ferrybox.org) at the link http://www.ferrybox.org/routes/northern_europe/index.html.en. 3. A set of recommendations and guidance for setting up a new Ferrybox system, based on the experience of the current status of the operation of Ferrybox systems. Next steps are considered in an overview of potential advances resulting from the work of the JERICO project. 4. Part of the JERICO vision is the improved harmonisation of activities through the sharing of information and the standardisation of operating procedures connecting operations at sea and generation of real time data through to the archiving of fully quality controlled and documented data sets. Items following on from the 1st JERICO Workshop are discussed. 5. Ferrybox information is being used to review the current status of and best technical practice for operating Ferrybox systems as part of JERICO work packages WP4 (Harmonizing Operation and Maintenance Methods) and WP5 (Data Management and Distribution). For example, delayed-mode Ferrybox data activities will be routed through WP Task 5.2. This task will also manage the necessary interaction between JERICO and SeaDataNet II. JERICO needs to think how this will be developed in practice across the different user groups and the training required. 6. A task of the JERICO meeting in Crete (October 2012) should be to define a “roadmap” for fully developing the links between MyOcean and the potential providers of near real time data from Ferryboxes that are useful in the context of the activities of MyOcean.

agencies to maximise benefits from operational monitoring programmes (e.g. EuroGOOS, ECOOP GMES). As pressure upon national resources mount and growing awareness of environmental problems with a transboundary nature continues, for example at a catchment level in the Water Framework Directive and for a prospective European marine directive, the need for (international) collaborative regional initiatives have begun to be realised. As the first step towards establishing a wider regional initiative a European Marine Ecosystem Observatory (EMECO) has been established within the North Sea. To develop EMECO (www.cefas.co.uk/emeco) a bottom – up approach has been adopted based upon collaboration between agencies with statutory responsibilities for a range of environmental pressures from monitoring and assessment of nutrients and hazardous substances, wave monitoring to fish stock assessments. The monitoring programmes associated with such activities are by nature long-term and these programmes form key components of EMECO. However, there are a range of other programmes with either a relevant North Sea component (EU Ferry Box programme, International CPR programme, Smart-Buoy programme) or are part of wider initiatives (e.g. satellite remote sensing) that will also contribute to the observatory. It will also embrace initiatives to protect and conserve renewable and sustainable resources such as Marine Protected Areas and closed area for fisheries such as the Dutch Cod Box. The observatory will provide an opportunity to integrate research with monitoring and assessment programmes and to undertake reviews at a regional level to identify gaps in information and develop strategies to address shortcomings. Within the ecosystem approach, ICES is increasingly aware of the need to include ecosystem considerations in its fisheries assessment models in order to enhance their predictive properties. Moreover, ICES’ preparedness to carry out integrated assessments could be greatly enhanced by the scientific framework embedded in EMECO. This paper will describe the approach taken so far with EMECO, will explore the relationships and chances for collaboration with other initiatives (ECOOP GMES, EuroGOOS) and will examine how EMECO might contribute to ICES’ needs for environmental information in fisheries and ecosystem advice. Keywords: ecosystem observatory, monitoring, Ferry Box, Smart-Buoy, remote sensing

Change in pH in a sediment-water system and its influence on release of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd during the suspension of polluted sediments collected from Hamburg-Harbour and the downstream Elbe have been investigated. Heavy metals were released significantly from the anoxic polluted sediment with changes in pH and redox state. During the resuspension at stable pH (7.5) heavy metals in bottom sediment of the river Elbe were released slowly into the solution.

https://www.ester.ee/record=b4277169*est

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1731065~S1*est

Digiteeritud Euroopa Regionaalarengu Fondi rahastusel, projekti "Eesti teadus- ja õppekirjandus" (2014-2020.12.03.21-0848) raames., https://www.ester.ee/record=b3629220*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b1197089*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b4234723*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b2314608*est

von Wilhelm Petersen

Wilhelm Petersen, Ort und Datum von Besuch Petersens bei Keller

This progress report includes the work performed during the first two years of the project. During this first phase of the project, much of the focus has been on the development and improvements of the different types of sensors and biosensors before the sensor testing through laboratory and field campains, which will involve sensor tests in a common setting and integration of the results and responses from the different devices and tools.

The coastal area is the most productive and dynamic environment of the world ocean with significant resources and services for mankind. JERICO-NEXT emphasizes that the complexity of the coastal ocean cannot be well understood if interconnection between physics, biogeochemistry and biology is not guaranteed. Such an integration requires new technological developments allowing continuous monitoring of a larger set of parameters. The objective of JERICO-NEXT consists in strengthening and enlarging a solid and transparent European network in providing operational services for the timely, continuous and sustainable delivery of high quality environmental data and information products related to marine environment in European coastal seas. The best practice of technologies, methodologies and procedures is a vital step in ensuring efficiency and optimal returns from any kind of distributed, heterogeneous, multifaceted, coastal observing infrastructure operating on a transnational level like the JERICO network. The JERICO network is always striving to increase its suite of sensors to anticipate likely future demands. As part of this effort, it is now implementing a variety of sensors for a number of bio-geochemical measurements. While Task 2.4 of JERICO-NEXT dealt with the harmonization of these sensors and their underlying technologies, this report provides information on Best Practice in the utilization of sensors used for measuring nutrients (lead: CEFAS), biology-related optical properties (lead: SYKE), variables of the marine carbonate system (lead: NIVA), and for coastal profiling (lead: CNR). This deliverable will also inform on the outcome and results of the workshops that were dealing with its topic during the project.

The present deliverable gathers and reports on the outcomes of the four parts of the first JERICO-NEXT workshop on sensors for nutrients, biology-related optical properties, variables of the marine carbonate system, and for coastal profiling. It provides descriptions of such systems and the way they are run, and critically assesses their current level of development from the specific perspective of the operations carried out routinely by the JERICO observing network, and by extension, in the general European context., Ce document regroupe et rend compte des résultats des quatre parties du premier atelier JERICO-NEXT sur les capteurs pour : les nutriments, les propriétés optiques liées à la biologie, les paramètres du système carbonate marin et les systèmes de mesure en profil côtier. Il fournit des descriptions de ces systèmes et la manière dont ils sont gérés, et évalue de manière critique leur niveau actuel de développement à partir de la perspective spécifique des opérations effectuées régulièrement par le réseau d'observation de JERICO et, par extension, dans le contexte européen général.

The seas and oceans are an intrinsic part of the earth and climate systems. They cover 70% of our planet, provide 95% by volume of its biosphere, support more than 50% of global primary production and harbour an enormous diversity of life adapted to extremely broad-ranging environmental conditions. The oceans are a driver of our climate but are also affected by climate change and ocean acidification. They are under increasing pressure from human activities and pollution, and growing coastal populations. The combination of natural and human-induced changes taking place in our seas and oceans including, for example, rising temperatures, the melting of Arctic sea ice, ocean acidification, increasingly extreme weather events, transfer of non-indigenous marine species, changes in biodiversity and species distribution, and depletion of fisheries stocks, may have potentially profound impacts on our societies and economies in the medium-term. European research focused on the seas and oceans is central to addressing these challenges by delivering knowledge and tools to enable Europe to prepare for, and adapt to, these changes. Moreover The growth of new and existing industries such as marine renewable energy, marine biotechnology, fisheries and aquaculture and sustainable maritime transport must be supported by research and innovation, involving a range of actors to develop technologies and best practices in support of a thriving European maritime economy. A key issue is how will society be placed in the coming decades to tackle these threats and turn challenges into opportunities? The Rio Ocean declaration (16 June 2012) called for an “integrated approach addressing the interlinked issues of oceans, climate change, and security” and for countries to “Establish the scientific capacity for marine environmental assessment, monitoring, and prediction, including the implementation of……the global ocean observing system”. Routine and sustained ocean observations are crucial to further our understanding of the complex and vast oceanic environment and to supply scientific data and analyses sufficient to meet society’s needs. In particular for the coastal environment, needs are even higher as the natural variability is interlinked with the human induced and efforts to identify and distinguish the various components are crucial. Furthermore most economic activity is based at the coastal ocean. Europe spends €1.4 billion p.a. for marine data collection: €0.4 billion for satellite data and €1.0 billion for insitu observations, respectively. In the case of the latter, the traditional and expensive practice of vessel-based data-gathering is progressively giving way to monitoring via “observatories” - complexes of distributed, autonomous, real-time sensor systems. Burgeoning technology and pressing societal needs will soon make such observatories the backbone of European marine observing activity because of their ability to provide copious quantities of diversified data over large areas at reasonable costs. Around European coastal seas, the number of marine observing systems is quickly increasing under the pressure of both monitoring requirements and oceanographic research. Present demands for such systems include reliable, high-quality and comprehensive observations, automated platforms and sensors systems, as well as autonomy over long time periods. In-situ data collected, combined with remote sensing and models output, contribute to detect, understand and forecast the most crucial coastal processes over extensive areas within the various national and regional marine environments. Coastal observations are an important part of the marine research puzzle of activities and applications. However significant heterogeneity exists in Europe concerning technological design of observing systems, measured parameters, practices for maintenance and quality control, as well as quality standards for sensors and data exchange. Coastal observatories have been developed in Europe in a rather uncoordinated way. Usually based on national funding and priorities these observatories have very diverse design and architecture and have established very different practices for their operation and maintenance. For certain subsystems (e.g. FerryBox) past EU projects have established a network of operators through which experience and best practices have been shared but this is not the case for other observing platforms, and certainly not for integrated coastal observatories. Considering the importance of observing systems and the substantial investment made until now, an important task of JERICO is to describe best practices in all phases of the system (pre-deployment test, maintenance, calibration etc); to adopt common methodologies and protocols and to move towards the harmonisation of equipment which will help in reducing maintenance and calibration costs. These efforts are described and analysed in depth in this deliverable.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable because, together with the pCO2 in the atmosphere, it determines the direction of air–sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large-scale observations of pCO2 are facilitated by Ships-of-Opportunity (SOOP-CO2) equipped with underway measuring instruments. The need for expanding the observation capacity and the challenges involving the sustainability and maintenance of traditional equilibrator systems led the community toward developing simpler and more autonomous systems. Here we performed a comparison between a membrane-based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP-CO2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time- and space-adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. The membrane-based sensor was integrated with a FerryBox system on a ship with a high sampling frequency in the study area. We showed the strength of having a sensor-based network with a high spatial coverage that can be validated against conventional SOOP-CO2 methods. Proving the validity of membrane-based sensors in coastal and continental shelf seas and using the higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO2 variability in these dynamic environments. publishedVersion

The present deliverable gathers and reports on the outcomes of the four parts of the first JERICO-NEXT workshop on sensors for nutrients, biology-related optical properties, variables of the marine carbonate system, and for coastal profiling. It provides descriptions of such systems and the way they are run, and critically assesses their current level of development from the specific perspective of the operations carried out routinely by the JERICO observing network, and by extension, in the general European context. Published Refereed Current

https://www.ester.ee/record=b3536258*est