78 results on '"Pestel, Nico"'
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2. Inzicht in arbeidsmarktknelpunten voor de uitvoering van het klimaatbeleid
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Weterings, Anet, Ivanova, Olga, Thissen, Mark, Bakens, Jessie, den Nijs, Sacha, Abbink, Henry, Bijlsma, Ineke, Dijksman, Sander, and Pestel, Nico
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SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth - Abstract
Het PBL heeft samen met het Researchcentrum voor Opleiding en de Arbeidsmarkt (ROA) een model ontwikkeld dat voor vijf jaar vooruit laat zien waar knelpunten op de arbeidsmarkt kunnen ontstaan bij de uitvoering van het klimaatbeleid. De inzichten uit het model helpen partijen zoals werkgevers, opleiders en de overheid te zien waar bijsturing nodig is om te voorkomen dat arbeidsmarktknelpunten het halen van het klimaatdoel belemmeren. Dit rapport beschrijft de opzet van het PBL-ROA-model en de resultaten van een analyse van de arbeidsmarktknelpunten.
- Published
- 2022
3. Inzicht in arbeidsmarktknelpunten voor de uitvoering van het klimaatbeleid: Opzet en uitkomsten van het PBL-ROA-model
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Weterings, A.B.R., Bakens, Jessie, Ivanova, Olga, den Nijs, Sacha, Thissen, Mark, Abbink, Henry, Bijlsma, Ineke, Dijksman, Sander, Pestel, Nico, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Labour market and training, and RS: GSBE MORSE
- Abstract
Een belangrijke randvoorwaarde voor het behalen van het klimaatdoel van het kabinet-Rutte IV is dat er voldoende geschikte arbeidskrachten beschikbaar zijn voor alle inspanningen die dit vraagt. Het kabinet wil de uitstoot van broeikasgassen in 2030 met ten minste 55 procent verminderen ten opzichte van het niveau in 1990. Om de daarvoor benodigde veranderingen in de energieproductie, energiegebruik, veeteelt en het landgebruik tot stand te brengen, zijn grootschalige investeringen nodig. Door die investeringen stijgt de vraag naar goederen en diensten zoals zonnepanelen, windparken, laadpalen, ander type stallen, energiezuinige apparaten en installaties, en daarmee naar de arbeidskrachten die deze kunnen maken, installeren en onderhouden. Als er onvoldoende van die arbeidskrachten zijn, kan dat het behalen van het klimaatdoel vertragen of zijn er extra investeringen nodig in bijvoorbeeld innovatie of onderwijs om het gebrek aan geschikte arbeidskrachten te compenseren.
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- 2022
4. Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns auf individuelle Beschäftigungsbewegungen und betriebliche Lohnstrukturen in den Jahren 2015 bis 2020
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Isphording, Ingo E., Caliendo, Marco, Mahlstedt, R., Pestel, Nico, Zimpelmann, Christian, RS: GSBE MORSE, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, and ROA / Labour market and training
- Abstract
Die vorliegende Studie im Auftrag der Mindestlohnkommission analysiert die Auswirkungen der Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns zum 1. Januar 2015 sowie der Anhebungen zum 1. Januar 2017 und 1. Januar 2019 auf die Zielgrößen Beschäftigungsbewegungen und betriebliche Lohnstrukturen bis einschließlich des Jahres 2020. Als Datenbasis dienen administrative Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, die die Betriebs- und Beschäftigtenebene miteinander verbinden und mit Indikatoren zur Mindestlohnbetroffenheit verknüpft werden. Dies erlaubt die Anwendung ökonometrischer Methoden, die einem Experimentalstandard möglichst nahekommen, so dass die erzielten Ergebnisse eine Interpretation im Sinne von Ursache-Wirkungs-Relationen erlauben. Dazu werden verschiedene Varianten des so genannten Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansatzes bzw. Eventstudien verwendet.
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- 2022
5. Contactintensiviteit en automatisering: welke beroepen zijn bijzonder kwetsbaar door een pandemie?
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Bakens, Jessie, Goedhart, Rogier, Pestel, Nico, RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Labour market and training, ROA / Human capital in the region, and RS: GSBE MORSE
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arbeidsmarkt ,automatisering ,skills ,covid effects ,covid effecten ,labour market ,automation - Abstract
In deze bijdrage onderzoeken we de mate waarin beroepen kwetsbaar zijn tijdens pandemieën en daardoor mogelijk sneller automatiseren dan voorheen gedacht. Daarvoor maken wij, in navolging van buitenlands onderzoek, een proximity-index voor beroepen op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt op basis van O*NET-data. Deze index geeft aan in welke mate het uitoefenen van beroepen door lockdownmaatregelen tijdelijk kan worden beperkt (omdat ze contactintensieve taken hebben), waarbij we rekening houden met het feit dat sommige contactintensieve beroepen ook tijdens een pandemie onontbeerlijk zijn (cruciale beroepen). Wij laten zien dat de beroepen die zowel een verhoogd risico op pandemiegerelateerde overheidsmaatregelen als een verhoogd automatiseringsrisico hebben, gekenmerkt worden door een laag opleidings- en vaardigheidsniveau van werkenden. Ook zijn dit beroepen waarvoor de werkgelegenheid al voor de pandemie aan het afnemen was en waarvoor in de komende jaren een verdere krimp in de werkgelegenheid wordt verwacht.
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- 2022
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6. From low emission zone to academic track: Environmental policy effects on educational achievement in elementary school
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Brehm, Johannes, Pestel, Nico, Schaffner, Sandra, and Schmitz, Laura
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Q52 ,education ,Q53 ,Low emission zone ,Germany ,ddc:330 ,J24 ,I21 ,air quality ,Q58 - Abstract
Low Emission Zones (LEZs) reduce local air pollution by restricting emission-intensive vehicles from accessing designated areas and have been shown to improve population health. Little is known about the effects of driving restriction policies on other areas of life. This paper studies the effects of LEZs on the educational achievements of elementary school students in Germany, measured by secondary-school transition rates. Using school-level data from North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW), Germany's largest federal state, we exploit the staggered adoption of LEZs since 2008 in a difference-indifferences framework. Our results imply that LEZs increased rates of transition to the academic track by 0.9-1.6 percentage points in NRW. Our findings on the district level for all of Germany confirm the external validity of these findings. Using geo-referenced data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we provide suggestive evidence that a reduction in the prevalence of respiratory infections is a vital channel through which LEZs affect schooling outcomes. Umweltzonen verringern die lokale Luftverschmutzung, indem sie emissionsintensive Fahrzeuge von der Zufahrt zu den ausgewiesenen Gebieten abhalten und nachweislich die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung verbessern. Über die Auswirkungen von Fahrverboten auf andere Lebensbereiche ist wenig bekannt. Dieses Papier untersucht die Auswirkungen von Umweltzonen auf die schulischen Leistungen von Grundschülern in Deutschland, gemessen an den Übergangsquoten in die weiterführenden Schulen. Unter Verwendung administrativer Schuhldaten aus Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW), dem größten deutschen Bundesland, nutzen wir die gestaffelte die gestaffelte Einführung von Umweltzonen seit 2008 in einem Differenz-in-Differenzen Ansatz. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Einführung von Umweltzonen die Übergangsraten auf das Gymansium in NRW um 0,9-1,6 Prozentpunkte erhöhen. Unsere Ergebnisse auf Kreisebene für ganz Deutschland bestätigen die externe Validität dieser Befunde. Analysen basieren auf dem georeferenzierten Sozio-ökonomischen Panel (SOEP) deuten zudem darauf hin, dass eine Verringerung der Prävalenz von Atemwegsinfektionen ein wichtiger Kanal ist, über den die Umweltzonen die schulischen Ergebnisse beeinflussen.
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- 2022
7. Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktwirkung der Covid-19-Pandemie: Ähnlicher Arbeitszeitausfall, aber bei Müttern höhere zusätzliche Belastung durch Kinderbetreuung
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Illing, Hannah, Oberfichtner, Michael, Pestel, Nico, Schmieder, Johannes, and Trenkle, Simon
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Pandemie ,Kurzarbeit ,Finanzkrise ,Arbeitsausfall ,Kinderbetreuung ,Mehrfachbelastung ,Zufriedenheit ,Arbeitsbelastung ,Beruf und Familie ,geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarkt ,Geschlechterverteilung ,ddc:330 ,Wirtschaftszweige ,Lebensqualität - Abstract
Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat im Frühjahr 2020 eine Rezession ausgelöst, von der - anders als in früheren Rezessionen - Frauen ähnlich stark betroffen waren wie Männer. Die Kita- und Schulschließungen führten außerdem zu sehr starken zusätzlichen Belastungen für Eltern. Mütter haben dabei deutlich mehr zusätzliche Zeit für Kinderbetreuung übernommen als Väter., IAB-Kurzbericht
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- 2022
8. Air pollution and the housing market: Evidence from Germany's Low Emission Zones
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Gruhl, Henri, Volkhausen, Nicolas, Pestel, Nico, and aus dem Moore, Nils
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Q51 ,Low emission zone ,I18 ,ddc:330 ,externalities ,house prices ,R21 ,policy evaluation - Abstract
This paper studies whether people's perception of improvements in local air quality are reflected in the housing market based on comprehensive data on real estate prices from Germany. Using a quasi-experimental research design, we exploit the staggered introduction of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) across German cities, lowering urban air pollution by limiting the access of high-emitting vehicles. We find that residents value the presence of LEZs, reflected by roughly 2% higher apartment rents. Estimates are similar, albeit smaller in magnitude, for properties for purchase. The results are driven by earlier LEZ implementations and LEZs in areas with relatively higher pre-intervention pollution levels. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, ob sich die Wahrnehmung von Verbesserungen der lokalen Luftqualität auf dem Wohnungsmarkt widerspiegelt. Dazu werden umfassende Daten zu Immobilienpreisen aus Deutschland herangezogen. Unter Verwendung eines quasi-experimentellen Forschungsdesigns nutzen wir die gestaffelte Einführung von Umweltzonen (LEZ) in deutschen Städten, die die Luftverschmutzung in den Städten durch die Beschränkung des Zugangs von Fahrzeugen mit hohem Schadstoffausstoß verringern. Wir stellen fest, dass die Bewohner das Vorhandensein von Umweltzonen schätzen, was sich in den etwa 2% höheren Wohnungsmieten widerspiegelt. Ähnliche Ergebnisse, wenn auch in etwas kleinerer Größenordnung, zeigen sich für Kaufimmobilien. Die Ergebnisse werden durch frühere LEZ-Implementierungen und LEZ in Gebieten mit relativ höheren Verschmutzungswerten vor der Intervention getrieben.
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- 2022
9. Why do relatively few economists work on climate change? A survey
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Pestel, Nico, Oswald, Andrew, ROA / Labour market and training, and RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research
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climate change ,q54 - "Climate ,Natural Disasters ,Global Warming" ,a11 - "Role of Economics ,Role of Economists" ,economics - Abstract
Climate change is sometimes viewed as the most serious problem facing modern society. The science behind anthropogenic global warming has been understood for more than half a century. Yet relatively few economists work on topics related to climate change. What explains this (apparent) lack of interest from economists? Here we report the results of a survey to try to understand economists’ views and actions. More than 90% of respondents state that they are concerned about climate change. Our survey then asks the respondents why they have not done research on the topic. The most frequent response (given by approximately 80% of economists) is that they do not feel they have enough time and resources to be able to work on climate change. We discuss possible explanations and concerns.
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- 2021
10. Killing Prescriptions Softly: Low Emission Zones and Child Health from Birth to School
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Klauber, Hannah, Holub, Felix, Koch, Nicolas, Pestel, Nico, Ritter, Nolan, and Rohlf, Alexander
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Q51 ,Q53 ,Low Emission Zone ,I18 ,children ,air pollution ,ddc:330 ,cohort study ,health ,policy evaluation ,Q58 - Abstract
We examine the persistence of the impact of early-life exposure to air pollution on children's health from birth to school enrollment using administrative public health insurance records covering one third of all children in Germany. For identification, we exploit air quality improvements caused by the implementation of Low Emission Zones, a policy imposing driving restrictions on high-emission vehicles. Our results indicate that children exposed to cleaner air around birth require less medication for at least five years. The initially latent health response materializes only gradually in lower medication usage, leaving important but subtle health benefits undetected in common measures of infant health.
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- 2021
11. Schools under mandatory testing can mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2
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Isphording, Ingo E., Diederichs, Marc, van Ewijk, Reyn, Pestel, Nico, ROA / Labour market and training, and RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research
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education ,I28 ,I18 ,schooling ,I12 ,Germany ,ddc:330 ,COVID-19 ,i18 - "Health: Government Policy ,Regulation ,Public Health" ,i28 - Education: Government Policy ,i12 - Health Production - Abstract
We use event-study models based on staggered summer vacations in Germany to estimate the effect of school re-openings after the summer of 2021 on the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Estimations are based on daily counts of confirmed coronavirus infections across all 401 German counties. Our results are consistent with mandatory testing contributing to containment of cases by uncovering otherwise undetected (asymptomatic) cases. Case numbers in school-aged children spike in the first week after the summer breaks but then turn not significantly different from zero. Case numbers in prime-aged age groups gradually decrease after school re-openings, arguably as a result of detected clusters through the school testing. The age group 60+ remains unaffected by the school re-openings. We conclude that the combination of mandatory testing and compulsory school attendance can provide an unbiased and near-complete surveillance of the pandemic. Thus, under certain conditions open schools can play a role in containing the spread of the virus. The trade-off between reducing contacts and losing an important monitoring device has to be taken seriously when re-considering school closures as a nonpharmaceutical intervention under the current circumstances.
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- 2021
12. Air Pollution Affects Decision-Making: Evidence from the Ballot Box
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Bellani, Luna, Ceolotto, Stefano, Elsner, Benjamin, and Pestel, Nico
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D70 ,D72 ,Q53 ,voting ,ddc:330 ,D91 ,pollution ,health care economics and organizations ,decisions - Abstract
Does poor air quality affect decision-making? We study this question based on elections, in which millions of people decide on the same issue on the same day in different locations. We use county-level data from 64 federal and state elections in Germany over a nineteen-year period and exploit plausibly exogenous variation in ambient air pollution within counties across election dates. Our results show that a high concentration of particulate matter (PM10) on an election day significantly affects voting behavior. An increase in the concentration of PM10 by 10μg/m3 – around two within-county standard deviations – reduces the vote share of the incumbent by 2 percentage points and increases the vote share of the established opposition by 2.8 percentage points. These are strong effects, equivalent to 4% and 7% of the respective mean vote shares. We generalize these findings by documenting similar effects with data from a weekly opinion poll and a large-scale panel survey. We provide further evidence that emotions are a likely mechanism: the survey data show that poor air quality leads to greater anxiety and unhappiness, which may reduce the support for the political status quo.
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- 2021
13. Job Search during a Pandemic Recession: Survey Evidence from the Netherlands
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Balgova, Maria, Trenkle, Simon, Zimpelmann, Christian, and Pestel, Nico
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job search ,J21 ,ddc:330 ,J68 ,COVID-19 ,survey ,J64 ,labor supply - Abstract
This paper studies job search behavior in the midst of a pandemic recession. We use long-running panel data from the Netherlands (LISS) and complement the core survey with our own COVID-specific module, conducted in June 2020, surveying job search effort of employed as well as unemployed respondents. We estimate an empirical model of job search over the business cycle over the period 2008-2019 to explore the gap between predicted and actual job search behavior in 2020. We find that job search during the pandemic recession differs strongly from previous downturns. The unemployed search significantly less than what we would normally observe during a recession of this size, while the employed search mildly more. Expectations about the duration of the pandemic seem to play a key role in explaining job search effort for the unemployed in 2020. Furthermore, employed subjects affected by changes in employment status due to COVID-19 are more likely to search for a job. Conversely, beliefs about infection risk do not seem to be related to job search in a systematic way.
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- 2021
14. Why Do Relatively Few Economists Work on Climate Change? A Survey
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Pestel, Nico and Oswald, Andrew J.
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climate change ,Q54 ,ddc:330 ,economics ,A11 - Abstract
Climate change is sometimes viewed as the most serious problem facing modern society. The science behind anthropogenic global warming has been understood for more than half a century. Yet relatively few economists work on topics related to climate change. What explains this (apparent) lack of interest from economists? Here we report the results of a survey to try to understand economists' views and actions. More than 90% of respondents state that they are concerned about climate change. Our survey then asks the respondents why they have not done research on the topic. The most frequent response (given by approximately 80% of economists) is that they do not feel they have enough time and resources to be able to work on climate change. We discuss possible explanations and concerns.
- Published
- 2021
15. Der eindämmende Effekt von Schulen auf die Verbreitung von SARS-CoV-2
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Isphording, Ingo Eduard, Diederichs, Marc, van Ewijk, Reyn, and Pestel, Nico
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I28 ,I18 ,Schulunterricht ,I12 ,ddc:330 ,COVID-19 ,Deutschland ,Bildung - Abstract
Schulen tragen nicht zu den im Moment steigenden Corona-Fallzahlen bei. Das Wiederöffnen der Schulen nach den deutschen Sommerferien trug vermutlich sogar dazu bei, dass die Inzidenzzahlen niedriger geblieben sind, als sie bei geschlossenen Schulen gewesen wären. Die obligatorischen Schnelltests in Schulen stellen ein wichtiges Mittel dar, Ausbrüche frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu isolieren, was zur Eindämmung der Pandemie beitragen kann.
- Published
- 2021
16. School Re-Openings after Summer Breaks in Germany Did Not Increase SARS-CoV-2 Cases
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Isphording, Ingo E., Lipfert, Marc, and Pestel, Nico
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education ,I28 ,I18 ,schooling ,I12 ,Germany ,ddc:330 ,COVID-19 - Abstract
This paper studies the effect of the end of school summer breaks on SARS-CoV-2 cases in Germany. We exploit variation in the staggered timing of summer breaks across federal states which allows us to implement an event study design. We base our analysis on official daily counts of confirmed coronavirus infections by age groups across all 401 German counties. We consider an event window of two weeks before and three weeks after the end of summer breaks. Over a large number of specifications, sub-group analyses and robustness checks, we do not find any evidence of a positive effect of school re-openings on case numbers. On the contrary, our preferred specification indicates that the end of summer breaks had a negative effect on the number of new confirmed cases. Three weeks after the end of summer breaks, cases have decreased by 0.55 cases per 100,000 inhabitants or 27 percent of a standard deviation. Our results are not explained by changes in mobility patterns around school re-openings arising from travel returnees. We conclude that school re-openings in Germany under strict hygiene measures combined with quarantine and containment measures have not increased the number of newly confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections.
- Published
- 2020
17. Der Mindestlohn birgt nach wie vor Beschäftigungsrisiken
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Bonin, Holger and Pestel, Nico
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Mindestlohn ,J38 ,J21 ,Beschäftigung ,ddc:330 ,Arbeitslosigkeit ,J31 ,Deutschland - Abstract
Die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in Deutschland im Jahr 2015 war im Vorfeld heftig umstritten. Die Diskussion entzündete sich vor allem an den erwarteten Beschäftigungsfolgen der Reform. Größere Beschäftigungsverluste sind allerdings fünf Jahre nach der Mindestlohnreform ausgeblieben. Es wäre allerdings falsch, daraus den Schluss zu ziehen, dass Deutschland einen starken Reallohnschock wie die Mindestlohneinführung problemlos verkraften kann. Eine solche Interpretation greift aus vier Gründen zu kurz: (1) Anpassungen der Unternehmen an den Mindestlohn vollziehen sich eher über eine Verringerung der Arbeitszeiten als über einen Abbau von Beschäftigung. (2) Negative Beschäftigungswirkungen des Mindestlohns materialisieren sich nicht voll, wenn dieser umgangen wird. (3) Die vom Mindestlohn betroffenen Betriebe verfügen über gewisse Handlungsspielräume, um die Zunahme der Personalkosten teilweise aufzufangen. (4) Die Einführung des Mindestlohns fiel mitten in eine lang anhaltende Boomphase der deutschen Wirtschaft, in der sich ein Lohnkostenschock leichter auf die Preise überwälzen lässt als im Abschwung. Der Mindestlohn ist als Mittel zur sozialen Existenzsicherung ungeeignet - eine regionale Ausdifferenzierung vor dem Hintergrund stark variierender Lebenshaltungskosten erscheint bei der Weiterentwicklung des Mindestlohns sinnvoll.
- Published
- 2020
18. Bilanz nach fünf Jahren: Was hat der gesetzliche Mindestlohn gebracht?
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Knabe, Andreas, Schöb, Ronnie, Thum, Marcel, Bruttel,Oliver, Börschlein, Benjamin, Mario, Bossler, Pakleppa, Felix, Bonin, Holger, Pestel, Nico, Fedorets, Alexandra, and Caliendo, Marco
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ddc:330 - Abstract
Seit dem 1. Januar 2015 gilt in Deutschland ein flächendeckender gesetzlicher Mindestlohn. Welche Beschäftigungseffekte lassen sich nach fünf Jahren feststellen? Hat der Mindestlohn Arbeitsplätze gekostet, und wie viel Arbeitsvolumen ist durch den Mindestlohn verdrängt worden? Welche Anpassungskanäle wurden von den Unternehmen genutzt, um Entlassungen zu vermeiden? Konnte die Zahl der Transferempfänger und das Armutsrisiko reduziert werden? Wird die Coronakrise zum Stresstest für den Mindestlohn? Unsere Autoren diskutieren über Antworten auf diese Fragen. Andreas Knabe, Universität Magdeburg, Ronnie Schöb, Freie Universität Berlin, und Marcel Thum, ifo Institut und TU Dresden, zeigen, dass ein großer Teil der bisher vorliegenden Evaluationsstudien zu den Wirkungen des Mindestlohns negative Beschäftigungseffekte finden, wobei diese primär bei den geringfügig Beschäftigten auftreten. Füge man diese Ergebnisse, die auf ein durch den Mindestlohn leicht gebremstes Jobwachstum hindeuten, mit den Erkenntnissen über die Reduzierungen der Arbeitsstunden zusammen und rechnet den Verlust an Arbeitsvolumen in Arbeitsplätze um, ergeben sich Beschäftigungsverluste im mittleren sechsstelligen Bereich. Nach Ansicht von Oliver Bruttel, Mindestlohnkommission, hat die Einführung des Mindestlohns kaum negative Beschäftigungseffekte. Den Betrieben steht aber eine Vielzahl an Anpassungskanälen, wie z.B. Veränderung der Arbeitszeit, der Preise oder der Produktivität, zur Verfügung, durch die sie die gestiegenen Lohnkosten ausgleichen können. Benjamin Börschlein und Mario Bossler Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Nürnberg, sehen ebenfalls nur sehr geringe negative Beschäftigungseffekte durch den Mindestlohn. Die Einführung des Mindestlohns konnte aber auch das Armutsrisiko nicht vermindert. Allerdings habe er zur Verringerung der Ungleichheit beigetragen und sollte als politisches Instrument verwendet werden, um diskriminierend niedrige Löhne zu verhindern. Nach Ansicht von Felix Pakleppa, Zentralverband Deutsches Baugewerbe, hat der gesetzliche Mindestlohn die Erwartungen nicht erfüllt. Es gebe kaum ein Gesetz, das für das Baugewerbe so überflüssig sei wie das Mindestlohngesetz, denn der Bau-Mindestlohn liege weit über dem Niveau des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns. Die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns habe für die Unternehmen des Baugewerbes erst einmal mehr Bürokratie verursacht. Holger Bonin und Nico Pestel, Institut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (IZA), Bonn, sehen nach wie vor Beschäftigungsrisiken durch den Mindestlohn. Die Arbeitgeber hätten zwar auf die Mindestlohneinführung kaum mit vermehrten Entlassungen reagiert, zeigten allerdings in der Tendenz mehr Zurückhaltung bei Neueinstellungen. Auch könnten sich negative Beschäftigungseffekte des Mindestlohns noch nicht voll ausgeprägt haben, da die Einführung mitten in eine lang anhaltende Boomphase der deutschen Wirtschaft fiel. Die Corona-Rezession werde zum Stresstest für den Mindestlohn. Mit Blick auf die Gewährleistung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse in Deutschlands schlagen die Autoren eine regionale Differenzierung bei der Weiterentwicklung des Mindestlohns vor. Alexandra Fedorets, DIW Berlin, sieht die Einführung des Mindestlohns insgesamt positiv. Sie habe Potenzial für die langfristige Verwirklichung einer "High-Road"-Strategie – mit höherer Produktivität, höherer Bezahlung, höheren Preisen und einer höheren Qualität von Waren und Dienstleistungen. Dies setze allerdings auch eine entsprechende Weiterqualifizierung von Arbeitskräften voraus. Marco Caliendo, Universität Potsdam, zeigt, dass mit der Einführung des Mindestlohns einiges erreicht, aber wesentliche Ziele verfehlt wurden. Die Löhne im unteren Bereich seien zwar gestiegen, ohne dass es zu einem größeren Abbau an Beschäftigung gekommen sei. Gleichzeitig sei der Mindestlohn in vielerlei Hinsicht nicht existenzsichernd und werde nicht vollumfänglich durchgesetzt. Für die Politik bestehe weiterhin Handlungsbedarf.
- Published
- 2020
19. Pandemic Meets Pollution: Poor Air Quality Increases Deaths by COVID-19
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Isphording, Ingo E. and Pestel, Nico
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Q53 ,I18 ,I12 ,Germany ,air pollution ,ddc:330 ,COVID-19 ,health - Abstract
We study the impact of short-term exposure to ambient air pollution on the spread and severity of Covid-19 in Germany. We combine data on county-by-day level on confirmed cases and deaths with information on local air quality and weather conditions and exploit short-term variation in the concentration of particulate matter (PM10) and ozone (O3). We apply fixed effects regressions controlling for global time-varying confounding factors and regional time-invariant confounding factors on the county level, as well as potentially confounding weather conditions and the regional stage of the pandemic. We find significant positive effects of PM10 concentration after the onset of the illness on Covid-19 deaths specifically for elderly patients (80+ years): higher levels of air pollution by one standard deviation 3 to 12 days after developing symptoms increase deaths by 30 percent (males) and 35 percent (females) of the mean. In addition, air pollution raises the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19. The timing of results supports mechanisms of air pollution affecting the severity of already realized infections. Air pollution appears not to affect the probability of infection itself.
- Published
- 2020
20. Indoor Air Quality and Cognitive Performance
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Künn, Steffen, Palacios Temprano, Juan Francisco, Pestel, Nico, RS: GSBE Theme Learning and Work, Macro, International & Labour Economics, and RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research
- Subjects
cognition ,chess ,d91 - "Intertemporal Consumer Choice ,Life Cycle Models and Saving" ,worker productivity ,J24 ,Q50 ,Z20 ,i10 - Health: General ,I1 ,ddc:330 ,D91 ,q50 - Environmental Economics: General ,j24 - "Human Capital ,Skills ,Occupational Choice ,Labor Productivity" ,indoor air quality - Abstract
This paper studies the causal impact of indoor air quality on the cognitive performance of individuals using data from official chess tournaments. We use a chess engine to evaluate the quality of moves made by individual players and merge this information with measures of air quality inside the tournament venue. The results show that poor indoor air quality hampers cognitive performance significantly. We find that an increase in the indoor concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by 10 μg/m3 increases a player's probability of making an erroneous move by 26.3%. The impact increases in both magnitude and statistical significance with rising time pressure. The effect of the indoor concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is smaller and only matters during phases of the game when decisions are taken under high time stress. Exploiting temporal as well as spatial variation in outdoor pollution, we provide evidence suggesting a short-term and transitory effect of fine particulate matter on cognition.
- Published
- 2019
21. Low Emission Zones for Better Health: Evidence from German Hospitals
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico and Wozny, Florian
- Subjects
Q52 ,Q53 ,Low Emission Zone ,I18 ,Low Emission Zone -- air pollution -- health -- Germany ,Germany ,air pollution ,ddc:330 ,health ,ddc:610 ,Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften - Abstract
This paper studies health effects from restricting the access of high-emission vehicles to inner cities by implementing Low Emission Zones. For identification, we exploit variation in the timing and the spatial distribution of the introduction of new Low Emission Zones across cities in Germany. We use detailed hospitalization data combined with geo-coded information on the coverage of Low Emission Zones. We find that Low Emission Zones significantly reduce levels of air pollution in urban areas and that these improvements in air quality translate into population health benefits. The number of diagnoses related to air pollution is significantly reduced for hospitals located within or in close proximity to a Low Emission Zone after it becomes effective. The results are mainly driven by reductions in chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases., CINCH working paper series, vol. 2019, no. 8
- Published
- 2019
22. The German statutory minimum wage and its effects on regional employment and unemployment
- Author
-
Bonin, Holger, Isphording, Ingo Eduard, Krause-Pilatus, Annabelle, Lichter, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Rinne, Ulf
- Subjects
unemployment ,J38 ,J21 ,minimum wage ,Germany ,employment ,ddc:330 ,J31 ,labor market regions - Abstract
This paper studies the effects of the introduction of Germany's statutory minimum wage in 2015 on employment and unemployment on the level of regional labor markets. Using variation in the regional exposure to the new wage floor, we employ a difference-in-differences approach that compares the evolution of employment and unemployment between regions with varying minimum wage bites. Overall, we find no statistically significant effect of the introduction of the German minimum wage on regular employment subject to social insurance, but a statistically significant negative effect on marginal employment. The reduction is not accompanied by a proportional increase in unemployment.
- Published
- 2019
23. Immigrant voters, taxation and the size of the welfare state
- Author
-
Chevalier, Arnaud, Elsner, Benjamin, Lichter, Andreas, and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
Taxation ,H25 ,ddc:330 ,J61 ,H20 ,Welfare state ,Migration ,Spending - Abstract
This paper studies the impact of immigration on public policy setting. As a natural experiment, we exploit the sudden arrival of eight million forced migrants in West Germany after World War II. These migrants were on average poorer than the West German population, but unlike most international migrants they had full voting rights and were eligible for social welfare. Using panel data for West German cities and applying difference-in-differences and an instrumental variables approach, we show that local governments responded to this migration shock with selective and persistent tax raises as well as shifts in spending. In response to the inflow, farm and business owners were taxed more while residential property and wage bill taxes were left unchanged. Moreover, high-inflow cities significantly raised welfare spending while reducing spending on infrastructure and housing. Election data suggest that these policy changes were partly driven by the political influence of the immigrants: in high-inflow regions, the major parties were more likely to nominate immigrants as candidates, and a pro-immigrant party received high vote shares. We further document that this episode of mass immigration had lasting effects on people's preferences for redistribution. In areas with larger inflows in the 1940s, people have substantially higher demand for redistribution more than 50 years later.
- Published
- 2018
24. Searching on Campus? Marriage Market Effects of the Student Gender Composition
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
marriage markets ,I23 ,higher education ,Germany ,education ,I24 ,J12 ,ddc:330 ,sex ratio ,D10 - Abstract
This paper studies marriage market effects of the student gender composition for university graduates using German Microcensus data and aggregate information on the student sex ratio by field of study for 41 different fields from 1977 to 2011. Experiencing a higher own-gender share of students during university education reduces overall marriage market opportunities for women but not for men. Moreover, when students of the own gender are relatively abundant, the probability of having a partner from the same field decreases for women, while men are more likely to marry down with respect to educational status.
- Published
- 2017
25. Ökonomische Bewertung verschiedener Reformoptionen im deutschen Steuer- und Transfersystem - Kurzexpertise 1. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie: Endbericht
- Author
-
Buhlmann, Florian, Camarero Garcia, Sebastian, Stichnoth, Holger, Bonin, Holger, Pestel, Nico, and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
ddc:330 - Abstract
Das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) hat das Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) und das Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (IZA) mit der Untersuchung aktueller Reformvorschläge im Bereich der Einkommensteuer und des Solidaritätszuschlags beauftragt. Die Simulationsrechnungen wurden mit einem Steuer-Transfer-Modell (Rechts-stand 2017) auf Basis der Faktisch Anonymisierten Daten aus der Lohn- und Einkommensteuerstatistik (FAST), Welle 2010, und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), Welle 2015, durchgeführt. Konkret wurden verschiedene Szenarien aus den Regierungsprogrammen von SPD und CDU/CSU berechnet. Daneben wird ein spezifischer Vorschlag der CSU (der sog. „Bayerntarif“), der CDU/CSU-Mittelstandsvereinigung, des DGB, sowie zum Vergleich eine vollständige Ab-schaffung des Mittelstandsbauchs durchgerechnet. Dabei orientieren sich die Szenarien so nah wie möglich an den jeweiligen Vorschlägen. Teilweise mussten jedoch zusätzliche Annahmen zu einzelnen Parametern getroffen werden. Zum Beispiel wird beim Regierungsprogramm der CDU/CSU die sofortige, vollständige Abschaffung des Solidaritätszuschlags und die Abflachung des Mittelstandsbauchs durch Senkung des Grenzsteuersatzes an der Knickstelle auf 20% angenommen. Dies wird bei der Beschreibung der Szenarien deutlich gemacht; im Folgenden werden die Szenarien nichtsdestotrotz unter dem Namen der entsprechenden Parteien oder Organisationen geführt. Die Entlastungswirkungen bei der Einkommensteuer und dem Solidaritätszuschlag betragen zwischen knapp 2 Mrd. Euro (DGB-Vorschlag) und 35 Mrd. Euro (Szenario basierend auf CDU/CSU-Regierungsprogramm inkl. Annahmen zu Steuerentlastung und Abschaffung des Solidaritätszuschlags). Sämtliche Szenarien führen zu einer Ausweitung des Arbeitsangebots. Der Um-fang liegt zwischen 94.000 (Bayerntarif mit Soli 5,5%) und 389.000 Vollzeitäquivalenten (CDU/CSU-Mittelstandsvereinigung). Für das SPD-Regierungspro-gramm ermitteln wir 114.000 Vollzeitäquivalente. Relativ zu der Entlastungs-wirkung, entfalten die Vorschläge des DGB und der SPD die stärksten Arbeitsangebotseffekte. Übersetzt sich das gestiegene Arbeitsangebot in zusätzliche Beschäftigung, kommt es zu einer teilweisen Gegenfinanzierung der Vorschläge. In den Simulationen wird angenommen, dass die Übersetzung eins zu eins erfolgt. Die Ergebnisse stellen also eine Obergrenze der zu erwartenden Gegenfinanzierungseffekte dar. Das verfügbare Einkommen der Haushalte steigt im Schnitt um zwischen 107 Euro (DGB) und 905 Euro (vollständiges Szenario aus dem CDU/CSU-Regierungsprogramm inkl. Annahmen zu Steuerentlastung und Abschaffung des Solidaritätszuschlags) pro Jahr. Unter Berücksichtigung der Arbeitsangebotsanpassung reicht die Spanne von 157 Euro bis 1.080 Euro. Für das SPD-Regierungs-programm sind Entlastungen von 168 Euro zu erwarten bzw. 220 Euro nach Arbeitsangebotsanpassung. Von der Abschaffung des Mittelstandsbauchs und den Vorschlägen aus CDU und CSU profitieren hohe Einkommen stärker als niedrige Einkommen. Auch relativ gesehen profitieren mittlere und hohe Einkommen stärker, bei den höchsten Einkommen wird die relative Entlastung jedoch wieder etwas geringer. Ab einem Gesamtbetrag der Einkünfte von 80.000 Euro (Mittelstands-bauch) bzw. 250.000 Euro (CDU/CSU-Regierungsprogramm). Auch in den Vor-schlägen von DGB und SPD wächst der Einkommensgewinn zunächst absolut und relativ mit den Einkommen. Ab einem Gesamtbetrag der Einkünfte von 150.000 Euro (DGB) bzw. 250.000 Euro (SPD) kommt es jedoch zu Rückgängen im verfügbaren Einkommen. Die Entlastungswirkung ist für Familien tendenziell größer als für Haushalte ohne Kinder. Lediglich in den Vorschlägen von DGB und SPD gewinnen Kinder-lose stärker hinzu als Haushalte mit einem Kind. Dies liegt nicht an der Kinder-zahl per se, sondern der unterschiedlichen Position der Haushalte in der Einkommensverteilung. Ab zwei Kindern sind auch in den Vorschlägen von DGB und SPD die Einkommenszuwächse für Familien größer als für Kinderlose.
- Published
- 2017
26. Mehr Ungleichheit durch kleinere Haushalte? Der Zusammenhang zwischen Veränderungen der Haushaltsstruktur und der Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland (Changes in household structure and income distribution in Germany)
- Author
-
Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Schneider, Hilmar
- Subjects
jel:J11 ,private Haushalte, Familienstruktur - Auswirkungen, Einkommensverteilung - Entwicklung, soziale Ungleichheit, Familiengröße, sozialer Wandel, demografischer Wandel, Haushaltseinkommen, Geburtenrückgang, Kinderzahl, Einkommenseffekte, Familieneinkommen ,jel:D63 ,jel:D31 ,jel:I30 - Abstract
"Income inequality in Germany has been increasing continuously during the past 20 years. In general, this is understood as an increase in inequality of wages due to changes in bargaining power of employees. However, the role of changing household structure is widely neglected. Societal trends like a decline in birth rate and an increase in the risk of divorce affect per capita incomes, which has repercussions for the income distribution even if wages remain constant. The aim of this paper is to quantify the proportion of changing household structures in the increase in inequality. We find that the rise in inequality was indeed more due to demographic trends rather than changes in wages. Moreover, a large part of this increase is compensated by the welfare state." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
- Published
- 2011
27. Verteilungswirkungen umweltpolitischer Maßnahmen und Instrumente
- Author
-
Jacob, Klaus, Guske, Anna-Lena, Weiland, Sabine, Range, Claire, Pestel, Nico, and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft::320 Politikwissenschaft ,Verteilungswirkungen - Abstract
This study develops a methodology to assess the distributional effects of environmental policy instru-ments and measures. This method takes into consideration the economic as well as social and envi-ronmental effects. As a first step, the state of the art of the conceptualization of distributional effects was resumed. This overview combines the state of the art in research as well as the current practice of policy impact assessment and the guidelines in this context. Based on this theoretical overview, the authors developed a method to analyze distributional effects. This analysis consists of three main steps: 1) scoping phase, 2) relevance test, 3) in-depth analysis. The result chain analysis constitutes the basis of the scoping phase to identify possible direct and indirect effects of a policy. For the effects that were identified as relevant, an in-depth analysis is undertaken. The first step of this analysis is an assessment of the distributional effects of the status quo. The analysis of the current state serves as a “business as usual” scenario, which can be used for a comparison with the suggested new policy in-strument. First, the in-depth analysis for both, the analysis of the status quo as well as the assessment of the policy instrument, consists of an analysis of the current state of the art based on a literature re-view. Secondly, the economic effects of the instrument are simulated with the micro-economic model IZAΨMOD. This method was applied in five case studies. The instruments examined are: 1) Abolishment of the commuting allowance, 2) A revision of the speed limits on highways, country roads, and in built-up areas, 3) Incentives for promoting energy-focused building refurbishment, 4) A replacement program for cooling appliances in combination with a counselling programme on household energy saving, and 5) a modification of the taxation of the private use of company cars.
- Published
- 2016
28. Ist eine Glättung des Mittelstandsbauchs finanzierbar? Eine Mikrosimulationsstudie
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico, Schnabel, Reinhold, Siegloch, Sebastian, Sommer, Eric, and Spermann, Alexander
- Subjects
Einkommensteuertarif ,C63 ,H24 ,Beschäftigungseffekte ,ddc:330 ,Spitzensteuersatz ,Mikrosimulation ,Steuerreform - Abstract
Eine steuerliche Entlastung der Mittelschicht durch eine Abflachung des Einkommensteuertarifs wird immer wieder von der Politik gefordert. Wir führen eine Mikrosimulation einer solchen Reform durch und analysieren die Effekte auf Fiskus, Beschäftigung und Ungleichheit. Die zu erwartenden massiven Steuerausfälle machen flankierende Maßnahmen erforderlich. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass es kaum politisch und rechtlich umsetzbare Reformen gibt, die den Aufkommensverlust wettmachen könnten und gleichzeitig die ursprüngliche Zielsetzung der Reform nicht gefährden würden.
- Published
- 2016
29. Minority Salience and Political Extremism
- Author
-
Colussi, Tommaso, Isphording, Ingo Eduard, and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
J15 ,D72 ,Muslims ,voting ,conflict ,D91 ,ddc:330 ,Right-Wing Extremism ,Behavioral Political Economy ,D74 ,humanities ,Salience ,minority salience - Abstract
We investigate how changes in the salience of a minority group affect the majority group's voting behavior. Specifically, we focus on Muslim communities and their increased salience in daily life during Ramadan. To estimate a causal effect, we exploit exogenous variation in the distance of German federal and state elections to the month of Ramadan over the 1980-2013 period. Our findings reveal an increased polarization of the electorate: vote shares for both right- and left-wing extremist parties increasein municipalities where mosques are located when the election date is closer to Ramadan. We use individual-level survey data to provide evidence on potential mechanisms. During Ramadan respondents perceive the share of foreign-born people living in their country as larger and reveal more negative attitudes towards Muslims. We complement these findings with evidence on increased numbers of violent attacks against Muslim communities shortly after Ramadan.
- Published
- 2016
30. Searching on the Campus? Marriage Market Effects of the Student Gender Composition by Field of Study
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
I24 ,J12 ,ddc:330 ,D10 - Abstract
This paper examines the effect of the student sex ratio on marriage market outcomes of university graduates in Germany. Using Microcensus data combined with administrative information on the gender composition of students, I exploit substantial variation in gender imbalances by field of study experienced by individuals holding a tertiary degree at the time of education. The main findings show that a higher share of the own gender among fellow students negatively affects marriage market opportunities for women and significantly decreases the probability of living with a partner from the same field for both men and women. Moreover, when the own gender is abundant men are more likely to marry down with respect to educational status, while women rather have a partner with the same level of education.
- Published
- 2016
31. Labour Supply after Inheritances and the Role of Expectations
- Author
-
Doorley, Karina and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
wealth ,L26 ,J22 ,Germany ,ddc:330 ,labour supply ,inheritance ,D31 ,self-employment - Abstract
This paper examines the effect of wealth on labour market behaviour. Providing convincing evidence on this relationship is challenging since wealth and labour supply may be endogenously determined. We overcome this by looking at wealth shocks in the form of inheritances, distinguishing between unanticipated and anticipated inheritances. We provide a theoretical framework which outlines how an individual's labour market behaviour may be expected to react to a wealth shock under different circumstances including perfect/imperfect anticipation and a credit constrained environment. We test our model predictions using rich household and individual level micro-data for Germany. We find that women decrease their hours of work in response to an inheritance. Both men and women are more likely to stay self-employed after a large inheritance and male entrepreneurs are also more likely to recruit. The effect of inheritances on the self-employed is amplified for those who are credit constrained. The magnitude of these effects is similar for anticipated and unanticipated inheritances but the timing varies, with effects visible before the event in the case of anticipated inheritances.
- Published
- 2016
32. Shifting taxes from labor to consumption: More employment and more inequality
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
inequality ,C63 ,H23 ,330 Wirtschaft ,Germany ,ddc:330 ,microsimulation ,income and payroll taxes ,consumption taxes ,D31 ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of shifting taxes from labor income to consumption on labor supply and the distribution of income in Germany. We simulate stepwise increases in the value-added tax (VAT) rate, which are compensated by revenue-neutral reductions in income-related taxes. We differentiate between the personal income tax (PIT) and social security contributions (SSC). Based on a dual data base and a microsimulation model of household labor supply behavior, we find a regressive impact of such a tax shift in the short run. When accounting for labor supply adjustments, the adverse distributional impact persists for PIT reductions, while the overall effects on inequality and progressivity become lower when payroll taxes are reduced. This is partly due to increases in aggregate labor supply, resulting from higher work incentives.
- Published
- 2015
33. Marital sorting, inequality and the role of female labor supply: Evidence from East and West Germany
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
330 Wirtschaft ,J22 ,Germany ,J12 ,ddc:330 ,marital sorting ,earnings inequality ,D63 ,D31 ,labor supply - Abstract
This paper examines to what extent marital sorting affects cross-sectional earnings inequality in Germany over the past three decades, while explicitly taking into account labor supply choices. Using rich micro data, the observed distribution of couples' earnings is compared to a counterfactual of randomly matched spouses. Hypothetical earnings are predicted based on a structural model of household labor supply. For West Germany, a positive effect of marital sorting on inequality is found after adjusting for labor supply behavior, while the effect is limited when earnings are taken as given. This means that there is positive sorting in earnings potential which is veiled by relatively low female labor force participation. In East Germany, the impact of marital sorting on inequality is highly disequalizing irrespective of adjusting for labor supply choices. This is mainly due to the fact that East German women are much more attached to the labor market.
- Published
- 2015
34. Productivity Effects of Air Pollution: Evidence from Professional Soccer
- Author
-
Lichter, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
Q51 ,Q53 ,productivity ,Germany ,air pollution ,ddc:330 ,J24 ,sports data ,human activities ,soccer - Abstract
In this paper, we estimate the causal effect of ambient air pollution on individuals' productivity by using panel data on the universe of professional soccer players in Germany over the period 1999-2011. Combining this data with hourly information on the concentration of particulate matter in spatial proximity to each stadium at the time of kickoff, we exploit exogenous variation in the players' exposure to air pollution due to match scheduling rules that are beyond the control of teams and players. Our analysis shows negative and non-linear effects of air pollution on short-run productivity. We further find that the effect increases with age and is stronger in case players face an additional physical burden.
- Published
- 2015
35. The Impact of Short- and Long-Term Participation Tax Rates on Labor Supply
- Author
-
Bartels, Charlotte and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
labor force participation,work incentives,welfare,unemployment insurance,income taxation ,Income Taxation ,Labor Force Participation ,J65 ,H24 ,J22 ,Welfare ,Work Incentives ,unemployment insurance ,work incentives ,jel:J65 ,jel:H31 ,welfare ,welfare, work incentives, labor force participation, unemployment insurance, income taxation ,jel:H24 ,jel:J22 ,labor force participation ,income taxation ,300 Sozialwissenschaften::330 Wirtschaft::336 Öffentliche Finanzen ,Unemployment Insurance ,Labor force participation, work incentives, welfare, unemployment insurance, income taxation ,ddc:330 ,H31 - Abstract
Generous income support programs as provided by European welfare states have often been blamed to hamper employment. This paper investigates the importance of incentives inherent in the tax-benefit system for the individual decision to take up work. Using German microdata over the period 1993- 2010 we find that recent reforms in Germany increased work incentives at the extensive margin measured by the Participation Tax Rate (PTR), particularly for low- income individuals. Work incentives are even higher if the time horizon is extended to more than one year, pointing at an overestimation of the disincentives by standard measures. Regression analysis reveals that a decrease in the PTR increases the likelihood of taking up work significantly.
- Published
- 2015
36. Forschungsprojekt: Analyse der Verteilung von Einkommen und Vermögen in Deutschland. Projektbericht an das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales
- Author
-
Boockmann, Bernhard, Kleimann, Rolf, Meythaler, Nicole, Nasgowitz, Arne, Nielen, Sebastian, Späth, Jochen, Bessomo, Anna Abate, Lim, Katharina, Röhrs, Johanna, Stemmler, Henry, Wegendt, Simon, Wentz, Jana, Pestel, Nico, Sommer, Eric, Biewen, Martin, Blömer, Maximilian, Dolls, Mathias, Löffler, Max, Markefke, Theresa, Peichl, Andreas, Stichnoth, Holger, Ungerer, Martin, and Arndt, Christian
- Subjects
ddc:330 - Abstract
[Zur Orientierung] Wie der Projekttitel „Analyse der Verteilung von Einkommen und Vermögen in Deutschland“ bereits deutlich macht, gliedert sich der Forschungsauftrag in zwei Themenbereiche: das Einkommen und das Vermögen. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden zunächst eine Aktualisierung und behutsame Weiterentwicklung früherer Analysen - hier ist vor allem die entsprechende Vorstudie zum Vierten Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht zu nennen - vorgenommen. Dabei galt es, die Kontinuität und Anschlussfähigkeit zu den bereits vorliegenden Auswertungen zu wahren. Im Weiteren wurden im Vergleich zur Vorstudie neue Aspekte aufgegriffen, beispielsweise die Erweiterung des Vermögensbegriffs oder die Einbeziehung des Konsums beim Thema Reichtum. Die durchgeführten Analysen basieren fast ausschließlich auf Mikrodaten, d.h. auf durch Befragungen gewonnene Daten zu einzelnen Personen oder Haushalten. Lediglich bei Thema Vermögen wurde an einzelnen Stellen auf Makrodaten in Form fertiger Indexgrößen oder Angaben zu den Vermögensbeständen in der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung zurückgegriffen. Als Datenquellen fanden im Wesentlichen das Sozio-oekonomische Panel (SOEP), die Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS) und die European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) Verwendung, wobei wir die Ergebnisse der EU-SILC nur aus Gründen der Vollständigkeit in Tabellenform mitliefern. Alle genannten Datengrundlagen wurden bereits im Vorläuferbericht verwendet. Neu hinzugekommen ist der „Household Finance and Consumption Survey” (HFCS), ein umfragebasierter Datensatz, der Finanz- und Konsumdaten auf Haushaltsebene für die Länder der Eurozone beinhaltet. Im Kapitel 2 werden die Datenquellen mit Blick auf die für die Aufgabenstellung relevanten Merkmale vorgestellt. Das Datenkapitel endet mit Ausführungen zur statistischen Signifikanz der dargestellten Ergebnisse. Dieser Abschnitt weist auf eine der wesentlichen Weiterentwicklungen der vorliegenden Arbeit hin: In allen Darstellungen werden Konfidenzbereiche für die jeweiligen Indikatoren mit ausgewiesen, um den Leserinnen und Lesern eine Einschätzung der statistischen Zuverlässigkeit der Schätzergebnisse zu erlauben. [...] Lebenslagen in Deutschland - Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung.
- Published
- 2015
37. Earnings Inequality
- Author
-
Peichl, Andreas and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
equality of opportunity, labor supply, wages, earnings inequality ,jel:D63 ,jel:D33 ,jel:D31 ,jel:J31 ,jel:J21 - Abstract
Inequality has increased considerably in many Western countries over the past decades. When dealing with economic inequality as a research subject the question "inequality of what among whom" arises. Analyses of inequality are typically concerned with the distribution of wages, earnings or income and have been performed by different strands in the literature, mainly in public and in labor economics. We summarize these strands with a special focus on earnings which itself is the product of hourly wages and labor supply in terms of hours and weeks worked. In addition to inequality in labor market outcomes, we additionally pay special attention to equality of opportunity.
- Published
- 2014
38. Kein Mindestlohn ohne unabhängige wissenschaftliche Evaluation
- Author
-
Arni, Patrick, Eichhorst, Werner, Pestel, Nico, Spermann, Alexander, and Zimmermann, Klaus F.
- Subjects
jel:J38 ,Mindestlohn, Deutschland, internationaler Vergleich ,jel:J31 - Abstract
Die deutsche Bundesregierung plant die Einführung eines flächendeckenden Mindestlohns. Dieser Beitrag fasst die vorliegenden nationalen und internationalen Erfahrungen mit Mindestlöhnen zusammen. Er analysiert dabei die Konsequenzen für Beschäftigung und Einkommensverteilung und legt eine Abschätzung der zu erwartenden Wirkungen in Deutschland vor. Eine systematische und unabhängige wissenschaftliche Begleitforschung und Evaluation wird erforderlich sein, um mögliche dauerhafte Folgeschäden für den Arbeitsmarkt transparent zu machen. Dies lässt Politik und Wählern eine faire Option für eine Kurskorrektur.
- Published
- 2014
39. Kein Mindestlohn ohne unabhängige wissenschaftliche Evaluation
- Author
-
Arni, Patrick, Eichhorst, Werner, Pestel, Nico, Spermann, Alexander, and Zimmermann, Klaus F.
- Subjects
Mindestlohn ,J38 ,ddc:330 ,J31 ,internationaler Vergleich ,Deutschland - Abstract
Die deutsche Bundesregierung plant die Einführung eines flächendeckenden Mindestlohns. Dieser Beitrag fasst die vorliegenden nationalen und internationalen Erfahrungen mit Mindestlöhnen zusammen. Er analysiert dabei die Konsequenzen für Beschäftigung und Einkommensverteilung und legt eine Abschätzung der zu erwartenden Wirkungen in Deutschland vor. Eine systematische und unabhängige wissenschaftliche Begleitforschung und Evaluation wird erforderlich sein, um mögliche dauerhafte Folgeschäden für den Arbeitsmarkt transparent zu machen. Dies lässt Politik und Wählern eine faire Option für eine Kurskorrektur.
- Published
- 2014
40. Earnings inequality
- Author
-
Peichl, Andreas and Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
equality of opportunity ,J21 ,ddc:330 ,wages ,J31 ,earnings inequality ,D63 ,D31 ,labor supply ,D33 - Abstract
Inequality has increased considerably in many Western countries over the past decades. When dealing with economic inequality as a research subject the question "inequality of what among whom" arises. Analyses of inequality are typically concerned with the distribution of wages, earnings or income and have been performed by different strands in the literature, mainly in public and in labor economics. We summarize these strands with a special focus on earnings which itself is the product of hourly wages and labor supply in terms of hours and weeks worked. In addition to inequality in labor market outcomes, we additionally pay special attention to equality of opportunity.
- Published
- 2014
41. Tax policy and income inequality in the US, 1979-2007
- Author
-
Bargain, Olivier, Dolls, Mathias, Immervoll, Herwig, Neumann, Dirk, Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Siegloch, Sebastian
- Subjects
Inequality ,H23 ,Tax policy ,Redistribution ,Partisan Politics ,ddc:330 ,P16 ,H31 ,H53 ,Political Economy - Abstract
We assess the effects of U.S. tax policy reforms on inequality by applying a new decomposition method allowing us to disentangle the policy effect from changing market incomes. Over the period 1979-2007, the cumulative policy effect aggravated inequality by increasing the income share of the top 20% in contrast to the middle class' share. The tax policy effect accounts for up to 29% of the total change in inequality; its contribution increases up to 41% if we take into account behavioral responses. While Republican policymakers increased inequality especially at the top, Democrats increased the income share of the bottom 80%.
- Published
- 2014
42. Documentation Izaψmod V3.0: The IZA Policy Simulation Model
- Author
-
Loeffler, Max, Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, Siegloch, Sebastian, and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
jel:J22 ,microsimulation, tax and benefit systems, labor supply, labor demand, Germany ,jel:J23 ,jel:H20 ,jel:D58 - Abstract
This paper describes IZAΨMOD, the policy microsimulation model of the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). The model uses household microdata from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and firm data from the German linked employer-employee dataset LIAB. IZAΨMOD consists of three components: First, a static module simulates the effects of a tax-benefit reform on the budget of the individual household. This includes taxes on income and consumption, social security contributions, public transfers. Secondly, behavioral labor supply responses are estimated. The third component distinguishes our model from most other microsimulation tools. A demand module takes into account possible restrictions of labor demand and identifies the partial equilibrium of the labor market after the supply reactions.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Tax policy and income inequality in the US, 1979-2007
- Author
-
Bargain, Olivier, Dolls, Mathias, Immervoll, Herwig, Neumann, Dirk, Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Siegloch, Sebastian
- Subjects
jel:P16 ,Tax policy,Inequality,Redistribution,Partisan Politics,Political Economy ,jel:H23 ,jel:H31 ,jel:H53 - Abstract
We assess the effects of U.S. tax policy reforms on inequality by applying a new decomposition method allowing us to disentangle the policy effect from changing market incomes. Over the period 1979-2007, the cumulative policy effect aggravated inequality by increasing the income share of the top 20% in contrast to the middle class' share. The tax policy effect accounts for up to 29% of the total change in inequality; its contribution increases up to 41% if we take into account behavioral responses. While Republican policymakers increased inequality especially at the top, Democrats increased the income share of the bottom 80%.
- Published
- 2014
44. Beyond Inequality Accounting: Marital Sorting and Couple Labor Supply
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
History ,jel:J22 ,jel:J12 ,Polymers and Plastics ,jel:D63 ,jel:D31 ,earnings inequality, sorting, labor supply, Germany ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Abstract
This paper examines to what extent non-random sorting of spouses affects earnings inequality while explicitly disentangling effects from increasing assortativeness in couple formation from changing patterns of couples' labor supply behavior. Using German micro data, earnings distributions of observed and randomly matched couples are compared to each other. Earnings of hypothetical couples are adjusted for changes in hours worked given the differences in the household context using predictions based on a structural model of labor supply. The main finding is that the impact of marital sorting on earnings inequality has been underestimated in previous approaches. Predicting hours worked for hypothetical couples reveals a strong disequalizing impact of nonrandom sorting on inequality which is stable since the 1980s. Taking labor supply choices as given would suggest a smaller effect. This suggests that increasing earnings correlation among couples is to a considerable extent driven by changing patterns of labor market behavior rather than changes in the assortativeness in couple formation.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Documentation IZAΨMOD v3.0: The IZA Policy Simulation Model
- Author
-
Loeffler, Max, Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, Siegloch, Sebastian, and Sommer, Eric
- Subjects
tax and benefit systems ,J22 ,Germany ,J23 ,ddc:330 ,microsimulation ,H20 ,D58 ,labor supply ,labor demand - Abstract
This paper describes IZAΨMOD, the policy microsimulation model of the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). The model uses household microdata from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and firm data from the German linked employer-employee dataset LIAB. IZAΨMOD consists of three components: First, a static module simulates the effects of a tax-benefit reform on the budget of the individual household. This includes taxes on income and consumption, social security contributions, public transfers. Secondly, behavioral labor supply responses are estimated. The third component distinguishes our model from most other microsimulation tools. A demand module takes into account possible restrictions of labor demand and identifies the partial equilibrium of the labor market after the supply reactions.
- Published
- 2014
46. Beyond inequality accounting: Marital sorting and couple labor supply
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
J22 ,Germany ,J12 ,ddc:330 ,earnings inequality ,D63 ,D31 ,labor supply ,sorting - Abstract
This paper examines to what extent non-random sorting of spouses affects earnings inequality while explicitly disentangling effects from increasing assortativeness in couple formation from changing patterns of couples' labor supply behavior. Using German micro data, earnings distributions of observed and randomly matched couples are compared to each other. Earnings of hypothetical couples are adjusted for changes in hours worked given the differences in the household context using predictions based on a structural model of labor supply. The main finding is that the impact of marital sorting on earnings inequality has been underestimated in previous approaches. Predicting hours worked for hypothetical couples reveals a strong disequalizing impact of nonrandom sorting on inequality which is stable since the 1980s. Taking labor supply choices as given would suggest a smaller effect. This suggests that increasing earnings correlation among couples is to a considerable extent driven by changing patterns of labor market behavior rather than changes in the assortativeness in couple formation.
- Published
- 2014
47. Green Jobs: Erlebt Deutschland sein grünes Beschäftigungswunder?
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
jel:J23 ,Green Jobs, Green Economy, Arbeitsmarkt, Beschäftigung, Deutschland ,jel:Q48 ,jel:Q58 ,jel:J08 - Abstract
Die Politik hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die deutsche Volkswirtschaft langfristig zu einer Green Economy zu wandeln. Das beinhaltet nicht nur die zunehmende Umstellung der Energieversorgung auf erneuerbare Quellen, sondern soll auch zusätzliche Arbeitsplätze – Green Jobs – schaffen. Aus Sicht der Arbeitsmarktforschung stellt sich die Frage, ob diese Strategie erfolgreich ist. Für eine Evaluierung sind eine klare Definition von Green Jobs sowie hochwertige Mikrodaten unabdingbar. In diesem Beitrag wird die gegenwärtige Daten- und Faktenlage im Hinblick auf Green Jobs in Deutschland dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass das Konzept „grüner Arbeitsplätze“ wenig trennscharf ist und sich das Datenangebot als sehr unbefriedigend darstellt. Bestehende Untersuchungen, die allerdings aus methodischen Gründen mit großer Unsicherheit behaftet sind, kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass grüne Beschäftigung mit weniger als 5% der Erwerbstätigen – trotz aller Euphorie – nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts darstellt. Daher ist es fraglich, ob tatsächlich große Brutto-Beschäftigungszuwächse im grünen Sektor zu erwarten sind. Die Frage, ob Deutschland sein „grünes Beschäftigungswunder“ erlebt, bleibt (noch) offen.
- Published
- 2013
48. Inequality in Germany: The Role of Household Context and the Concept of Economic Resources
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
ddc:330 - Abstract
Economic inequality has increased considerably in many Western countries and has recently received increasing attention. The gap between rich and poor is now one of the main issues on the policy agendas and is potentially harmful for public welfare when it exceeds a certain threshold. That is why many policy makers are concerned with increasing levels of inequality. Economists should, therefore, provide an objective basis for decision making with regard to redistributive policies. This dissertation contributes to the literature on economic inequality with a special focus on Germany. Conducting analysis of inequality requires a decision on the exact research subject. This is concerned with the underlying concept of economic resources as well as the extent to which the household context is involved. The studies presented in this thesis differ with respect to both dimensions. The main results are briefly summarized here. Chapter 2 addresses the literature on the dispersion of individual earnings and deals with a very specific case of a wage gap by testing for an earnings premium for German members of parliament (MPs) in 2006. The analysis is based on a unique dataset of German MPs and representative German microdata. After controlling for observable characteristics as well as accounting for election probabilities and campaigning costs, we find a positive earnings premium for MPs which is statistically and economically significant. The results are consistent with the citizen candidate model when comparing politicians to citizens occupying executive positions. However, it shrinks to zero when restricting the control group to top level executives. Hence, answering the question whether the pay of MPs is appropriate is not straightforward and, in turn, depends on the appropriateness of the underlying control group. Chapter 3 extends the analysis of earnings inequality beyond the individual level and considers the household context and studies the role of marital sorting on inequality of couple earnings while taking into account labor supply behavior of spouses. I measure the effect of non-random sorting of spouses on inequality across couple households in West Germany from 1986 to 2010 by matching couples randomly to each other and predicting counterfactual labor supply choices. This allows me to quantify the pure effect of sorting in earnings potential rather than observed earnings. Using German microdata as well as a behavioral microsimulation model, I find that the impact of observed sorting on earnings inequality among couples turned from slightly equalizing to slightly disequalizing in recent years, but is generally rather neutral with regard to inequality. However, after adjusting for labor supply choices, I find that sorting in productivity has a much stronger impact on earnings inequality. This is mainly due to positive correlation in earnings potential and increases in female employment that are more concentrated in the upper part of the distribution. From a policy maker's perspective, this result implies a trade-off between policy measures promoting female labor force participation on the one hand and redistributive policies on the other hand. Chapter 4 quantifies the effect of changes in household composition, especially decreasing household size, on the distribution of total household income and pays special attention to the role of the tax and transfer system in Germany. Changes in household formation are associated with income inequality, since economies of scales in household consumption are more and more lost. The case of Germany is of special interest in this respect since the demographic development is, among other things, characterized by a sharp fall in average household size. Using German microdata, we find that the growth of the income gap between 1991 and 2007 is indeed strongly related to changes in household composition. The result for income inequality before taxes and transfers is much larger than the result for inequality indisposable incomes. This means, that the tax-benefit system largely compensates for inequality due to changes in household composition. Hence, the welfare state implicitly provides incentives affecting individual and household choices with respectto living arrangements. Finally, chapter 5 extends the analysis to the stock dimension of economic resources and looks at the joint distribution of household income and wealth at the top and introduces a family of multidimensional measures of affluence. The analysis is concerned with the role of both income and wealth for the top of the distribution. The proposed multidimensional affluence measures allow for the analysis of the extent, intensity and breadth of affluence within a common framework. We illustrate this by analyzing the role of income and wealth as dimensions of multidimensional well-being in Germany and the US in 2007, as well as for the US over the period 1989-2007. Using comparable microdata, we find that, in general, both dimensions are equally important for multidimensional a uence. However, we find distinct country differences with the country ranking depending on the measure. While in Germany wealth predominantly contributes to the intensity of affluence, income is more important in the US.
- Published
- 2013
49. Green Jobs: Erlebt Deutschland sein grünes Beschäftigungswunder?
- Author
-
Pestel, Nico
- Subjects
Beschäftigung ,J23 ,Green Jobs ,ddc:330 ,Arbeitsmarkt ,Q48 ,Green Economy ,Deutschland ,J08 ,Q58 - Abstract
Die Politik hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die deutsche Volkswirtschaft langfristig zu einer Green Economy zu wandeln. Das beinhaltet nicht nur die zunehmende Umstellung der Energieversorgung auf erneuerbare Quellen, sondern soll auch zusätzliche Arbeitsplätze Green Jobs schaffen. Aus Sicht der Arbeitsmarktforschung stellt sich die Frage, ob diese Strategie erfolgreich ist. Für eine Evaluierung sind eine klare Definition von Green Jobs sowie hochwertige Mikrodaten unabdingbar. In diesem Beitrag wird die gegenwärtige Daten- und Faktenlage im Hinblick auf Green Jobs in Deutschland dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass das Konzept grüner Arbeitsplätze wenig trennscharf ist und sich das Datenangebot als sehr unbefriedigend darstellt. Bestehende Untersuchungen, die allerdings aus methodischen Gründen mit großer Unsicherheit behaftet sind, kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass grüne Beschäftigung mit weniger als 5% der Erwerbstätigen trotz aller Euphorie nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts darstellt. Daher ist es fraglich, ob tatsächlich große Brutto-Beschäftigungszuwächse im grünen Sektor zu erwarten sind. Die Frage, ob Deutschland sein grünes Beschäftigungswunder erlebt, bleibt (noch) offen.
- Published
- 2013
50. Partisan Tax Policy and Income Inequality in the U.S., 1979-2007
- Author
-
Bargain, Olivier, Dolls, Mathias, Immervoll, Herwig, Neumann, Dirk, Peichl, Andreas, Pestel, Nico, and Siegloch, Sebastian
- Subjects
jel:P16 ,jel:H23 ,partisan politics, redistribution, inequality, tax policy, political economy ,jel:H31 ,jel:H53 - Abstract
We assess the effects of U.S. tax policy reforms on inequality by applying a new decomposition method that allows us to disentangle the direct policy effect from the effect of changing market incomes. Over the whole period 1979-2007 the cumulative tax policy effect aggravated income inequality by increasing the income share of the top 20% in contrast to the middle class' share. The tax policy effect accounts for up to 29% of the total change in inequality; its contribution increases up to 41% if we take into account behavioral responses. Using our unique policy effect measure and variation in tax policies across U.S. states and time, we also identify the redistributive intention of policymakers. The estimated effect of partisan politics on the U.S. income distribution is statistically significant and economically important. Republican policymakers increased inequality especially at the top whereas Democrats increased the income share of the bottom 80% of the distribution.
- Published
- 2013
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