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INTRODUCTION: The field of Peyronie's disease is evolving and there is need for a state-of-the-art information in this area. AIM: To develop an evidence-based state-of-the-art consensus report on the management of Peyronie's disease. METHODS: To provide state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the prevalence, etiology, medical and surgicalmanagement of Peyronie's Disease, representing the opinion of leading experts developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. CONCLUSIONS: The real etiology of Peyronie's disease and the mechanisms of formation of the plaque still remain obscure. Although conservative management is obtaining a progressively larger consensus among the experts, surgical correction still remains the mainstay treatment for this condition.

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Development of sublines of Wistar-derived rats with high or low platelet serotonin levels is discussed.

Apoptosis is a form of physiological cell death, characterized by DNA fragmentation, which often depends on RNA and protein synthesis. Because cellular RNA is also degraded during apoptosis we studied the role of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase in this process. The product of the synthetase, 2-5A, stimulates endoribonuclease-L-mediated controlled RNA degradation. Here we show that apoptosis is induced in rat phenochromocytoma PC12 cells by tributyltin (TBT) at low concentrations (1 nM); already 5-10 min. after addition of this compound DNA fragmentation resulting in a stepladder-like gel pattern was observed. The level of mRNA coding for 2-5A synthetase was determined using a cloned cDNA from rats. Sequence analyses of the rat 2-5A synthetase (M(r) 40-46,000) revealed high homology to other members of class I synthetase cloned from mouse and human. Applying the rat cDNA as a probe we found that parallel with degradation of DNA the level of mRNA coding for 2-5A synthetase decreased already 7.5 min. after induction of apoptosis by TBT the amount of 2-5A synthetase mRNA was reduced by 60%. This finding indicates that this enzyme is among those mRNAs which are degraded during apoptosis and it suggests that 2-5A synthetase, which is involved in the antiviral response of cells and most likely in the control of cell growth and differentiation, does not play an active role during this process.

Determination of serotonin in peripheral rat tissues by ion-exchange chromatography-fluorometry. Validation by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A new method is described which is suitable for reliably analysing apoptotic fragmentation in small amounts of DNA. After isolation, DNA was labelled with biotin-4-dUTP using Klenow polymerase. Then DNA was size-separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, blot transferred and subsequently visualized by the streptavidin alkaline phosphatase-BCIP/NBT procedure. This non-radioactive method was used to detect apoptotic DNA in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, treated with tributyltin (1 nM). While only 30 ng of DNA is required for analysis of apoptotic DNA using the new blot technique, 100-fold more material is needed to identify the fragmentation of DNA after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and direct staining with ethidium bromide. In a further set of experiments, rat cortical cells were incubated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral glycoprotein of M(r) of 120 kDa (gp120) to induce apoptosis. More than 0.3 ng of gp 120/ml are required to detect apoptotic DNA by the direct procedure; only 0.1 ng gp120/ml or less were sufficient to document clear DNA fragmentation using the non-radioactive blotting technique described here. These results demonstrate that the new procedure can be used to analyse very small amounts of apoptotic DNA and shows that gp120-induced apoptosis can be measured at low concentrations of the viral protein.

Recently, there has been a remarkable convergence between performance art and history, with the ‘historical turn’ in performance art mirrored by a ‘performative turn’ within history. This raises the question: can performance itself be considered historical knowledge? This article pursues this question through the work of Stuart Brisley, the English multi-media artist well-known for his durational works from the late 1960s, some of which were also feats of physical endurance. Brisley’s oeuvre engages with a number of historical conflicts. It also radically questions the authenticity of the live event and its primacy in our understanding of both performance art and history. Drawing on unpublished testimony, this article considers the uses of history in Brisley’s work, focusing on the French Revolution. In particular, it assesses Brisley’s use of the 10-day week of the French revolutionary calendar as a durational framework for a series of works from the early 1970s to the present.

Introduction The field of Peyronie's disease is evolving and there is need for a state-of-the-art information in this area. Aim To develop an evidence-based state-of-the-art consensus report on the management of Peyronie's disease. Methods To provide state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the prevalence, etiology, medical and surgical management of Peyronie's Disease, representing the opinion of leading experts developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period. Main Outcome Measures Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. Conclusions The real etiology of Peyronie's disease and the mechanisms of formation of the plaque still remain obscure. Although conservative management is obtaining a progressively larger consensus among the experts, surgical correction still remains the mainstay treatment for this condition. Ralph D, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Mirone V, Perovic S, Sohn M, Usta M, and Levine L. The management of Peyronie's disease: Evidence-based 2010 guidelines.

Introduction Penile trauma is common with standard management options. Gender reassignment techniques are rapidly changing and penile augmentation remains a controversial topic. Consequently, there is need for a state-of-the-art information in this area. Aim This study aims to develop an evidence-based state-of-the-art consensus report on the management of penile trauma, gender, reassignment and penile augmentation. Methods The study provides state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the prevalence, etiology, medical and surgical management of penile trauma, gender reassignment and penile augmentation, representing the opinion of leading experts developed in a consensus process over a 2-year period. Main Outcome Measures Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. Conclusions Penile fracture should be managed surgically. Information should be readily available to patients to help them decide the surgical technique desired for gender reassignment and to justify any form of penile augmentation. Ralph D, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Mirone V, Perovic S, Sohn M, Usta M, and Levine L. Trauma, gender reassignment, and penile augmentation.

It is commonly assumed that the Terror marked the end of revolutionary experiments with antiquity. Sources from antiquity, however, remained powerful conceptual tools, especially for those revolutionaries seeking to examine the Revolution's failure and to imagine alternative political futures. This article is a comparative study of Sylvain Marechal's Voyages de Pythagore (1798) and Vincenzo Cuoco's Platone in Italia (1806). Both writers turned to antique sources in order to analyse how the Revolution could be corrected and performed again. Their search for indigenous sources of revolution and reflections on agency and voice would prove influential for subsequent revolutionary theories, including those of anarchism and ‘passive revolution’.