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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-wes-10.1177_09500170231155783 for Technological Change, Tasks and Class Inequality in Europe by Carlos J Gil-Hernández, Guillem Vidal and Sergio Torrejón Perez in Work, Employment and Society

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-wes-10.1177_09500170231155783 for Technological Change, Tasks and Class Inequality in Europe by Carlos J Gil-Hernández, Guillem Vidal and Sergio Torrejón Perez in Work, Employment and Society

System identification, also known as learning forward models, transfer functions, system dynamics, etc., has a long tradition both in science and engineering in different fields. Particularly, it is a recurring theme in Reinforcement Learning research, where forward models approximate the state transition function of a Markov Decision Process by learning a mapping function from current state and action to the next state. This problem is commonly defined as a Supervised Learning problem in a direct way. This common approach faces several difficulties due to the inherent complexities of the dynamics to learn, for example, delayed effects, high non-linearity, non-stationarity, partial observability and, more important, error accumulation when using bootstrapped predictions (predictions based on past predictions), over large time horizons. Here we explore the use of Reinforcement Learning in this problem. We elaborate on why and how this problem fits naturally and sound as a Reinforcement Learning problem, and present some experimental results that demonstrate RL is a promising technique to solve these kind of problems., Accepted in Neurips Deep Reinforcement Learning Workshop 2022: https://openreview.net/forum?id=fGcbpWQIJZV

A finite-difference hybrid numerical method for the solution of the isothermal fluctuating hydrodynamic equations is proposed. The primary focus is to ensure the positivity-preserving property of the numerical scheme, which is critical for its functionality and reliability especially when simulating fluctuating vapour systems. Both cases of single- and two-phase flows are considered by exploiting the van der Waals' square-gradient approximation to model the fluid (often referred to as “diffuse-interface” model). The accuracy and robustness of the proposed scheme is verified against several benchmark theoretical predictions for the statistical properties of density, velocity fluctuations and liquid-vapour interface, including the static structure factor of the density field and the spectrum of the capillary waves excited by thermal fluctuations at interface. Finally, the hybrid scheme is applied to the challenging bubble nucleation process, and is shown to capture the salient features of the phenomenon, namely nucleation rate and subsequent bubble-growth dynamics.

Additional file 2: Table 1. ENHANCE project Public and Patient Involvement: GRIPP2 short form.

Additional file 1.. PRISMA-P 2015 Checklist: ENHANCE Project.

Additional file 3.. Sample Search Strategy for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Sample Search Strategy for Randomized Controlled Trials.

Este proyecto busca analizar las redes de colaboración asociadas a las actividades de invención en América Latina, con un especial enfoque en el caso de Uruguay. Se utilizan dos bases de datos de patentes: los registros en la Oficina de Patentes y Marcas de Estados Unidos y los registros de la Dirección Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial del Uruguay. A partir de esta información se realiza un análisis de las actividades de invención entre 1970 y 2018, presentando una caracterización de los actores más relevantes en la región (inventores, empresas, centros de investigación, etc.), analizando su distribución territorial, sus especializaciones sectoriales y su evolución temporal. Posteriormente, se construyen y analizan las redes de colaboración asociadas a la invención, haciendo énfasis en tres aspectos. Primero, en el papel que desempeñan diferentes tipos de actores y la interacción entre ellos: el sector público frente a las empresas privadas, las instituciones académicas frente a las del sector productivo y los agentes nacionales frente a los extranjeros. Segundo, se estudian los vínculos de colaboración en el interior de los países, entre los distintos países de la región y aquellos hacia el exterior. En este punto, el proyecto reconstruyó y analizó varios tipos de redes de colaboración: redes de países, redes de ciudades, redes de organizaciones (empresas y centros de investigación) y redes de personas (inventores). Finalmente, se estiman los factores determinantes y efectos de las redes de colaboración sobre los resultados de la innovación en distintas escalas. Como principales resultados, el proyecto deja dos bases de datos organizadas y libres de ambigüedades que permiten múltiples abordajes para su análisis. Además, el proyecto presenta pruebas empíricas sobre las patentes y las redes de colaboración durante los últimos cincuenta años en los países de América Latina, con un especial enfoque en el caso de Uruguay, . Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación

Effective training of today's large language models (LLMs) depends on large batches and long sequences for throughput and accuracy. To handle variable-length sequences on hardware accelerators, it is common practice to introduce padding tokens, so that all sequences in a batch have the same length. We show in this paper that the variation in sequence lengths in common NLP datasets is such that up to 50% of all tokens can be padding. In less common, but not extreme, cases (e.g. GLUE-cola with sequence length 128), the ratio is up to 89%. Existing methods to address the resulting inefficiency are complicated by the need to avoid cross-contamination in self-attention, by a reduction in accuracy when sequence ordering information is lost, or by customized kernel implementations only valid for specific accelerators. This paper introduces a new formalization of sequence packing in the context of the well-studied bin packing problem, and presents new algorithms based on this formulation which, for example, confer a 2x speedup for phase 2 pre-training in BERT. We show how existing models can be adapted to ensure mathematical equivalence between the original and packed models, meaning that packed models can be trained with existing pre-training and fine-tuning practices., Significantly new version with different authors and much more content. Much larger variety in experiments and exhaustive SOTA analysis

This document describes the design for the services, functionalities and specifications of the INDUCAR product leading to a full operational inductive system to be retrofitted in an existing e-Car. The INDUCAR – Inductive Charging for e-Cars – consists of an inductive charging system to recharge the e-Cars battery with a solution bringing an important level of automation. It has been determined that the INDUCAR will be implemented in the Barcelona Demonstrator in three existing Renault Zoe that belong to the fleet of the AMB – Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. The Renault Zoe will be retrofitted with the inductive charging solution taking into account in its design the mechanical and electrical integration. The INDUCAR design defines the functional integration for the whole charge process and provides the system internal functionalities inherent to it.

The broad objective of this thesis is to design finite-volume schemes for a family of energy-dissipating systems. All the systems studied in this thesis share a common property: they are driven by an energy that decreases as the system evolves. Such decrease is produced by a dissipation mechanism, which ensures that the system eventually reaches a steady state where the energy is minimised. The numerical schemes presented here are designed to discretely preserve the dissipation of the energy, leading to more accurate and cost-effective simulations. Most of the material in this thesis is based on the publications [16, 54, 65, 66, 243]. The research content is structured in three parts. First, Part II presents well-balanced first-, second- and high-order finite-volume schemes for a general class of hydrodynamic systems with linear and nonlinear damping. These well-balanced schemes preserve stationary states at machine precision, while discretely preserving the dissipation of the discrete free energy for first- and second-order accuracy. Second, Part III focuses on finite-volume schemes for the Cahn-Hilliard equation that unconditionally and discretely satisfy the boundedness of the phase eld and the free-energy dissipation. In addition, our Cahn-Hilliard scheme is employed as an image inpainting filter before passing damaged images into a classification neural network, leading to a significant improvement of damaged-image prediction. Third, Part IV introduces nite-volume schemes to solve stochastic gradient-flow equations. Such equations are of crucial importance within the framework of fluctuating hydrodynamics and dynamic density functional theory. The main advantages of these schemes are the preservation of non-negative densities in the presence of noise and the accurate reproduction of the statistical properties of the physical systems. All these fi nite-volume schemes are complemented with prototypical examples from relevant applications, which highlight the bene fit of our algorithms to elucidate some of the unknown analytical results. Open Access

Antecedentes: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es una de las principales causas de discapacidad en países de bajos y medianos ingresos (PBMI). La tecnología ofrece mejoría en la función motora y calidad de vida. Objetivo: Medir la eficacia de intervenciones tecnológicas en comparación a rehabilitación física convencional para mejorar la función motora de los miembros superiores (MMSS) posterior a un ACV en PBMI. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados publicados en PubMed, Global Index Medicus y Physiotherapy Evidence Database sobre tecnologías en rehabilitación posterior a ACV. Los desenlaces de eficacia incluyeron la función motora de MMSS, el rendimiento en actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y la calidad de vida. Para el metaanálisis se estimó el promedio de la diferencia (MD) entre el grupo intervención y control, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se encontraron 27 estudios con 1287 participantes entre 8 tipos de intervenciones tecnológicas como telerehabilitación, robots, realidad virtual, entre otras. En el metaanálisis se encontró un efecto significativo de la realidad virtual inmersiva para la funcionalidad del MMSS mediante la escala Fugl Meyer (MD 5,57; IC 95% 4,90-6,24) y en la independencia de AVD mediante la Escala de Independencia Funcional (MD 4,82; IC 95% 2,45-7,19). Además, se encontró efecto de la telerehabilitación mediante el índice de Barthel modificado (MD 3,28; IC 95% 0,86-5,70). Conclusiones: La realidad virtual inmersiva y la telerehabilitación resultan intervenciones eficaces frente a la rehabilitación convencional en PBMI. Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in low-and middle- income countries (LMIC). Technology has the potential to improve motor function and quality of life. Objective: To measure the efficacy of technological interventions in comparison to conventional physical rehabilitation for improving post stroke upper limb motor function in LMIC. Methods: We performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials published in PubMed, Global Index Medicus and Physiotherapy Evidence Database; that enrolled people who suffered a stroke and received technological interventions for upper limb rehabilitation. Effectiveness outcomes included were upper limb motor function, performance for activities of daily living, and quality of life. For the meta-analysis, the mean difference (MD) between the intervention and control group was estimated, with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Twenty seven studies were found with a total of 1287 participants. Eight types of technological interventions were found such as telerehabilitation, robots, virtual reality, among others. In the meta-analysis, a significant effect was found in immersive virtual reality for the function of the upper limb using Fugl-Meyer Scale (MD 5,57; 95% CI 4,90-6,24), and on the performance of daily activities using the Functional Independence Measure (MD 4,82; 95% CI 2,45-7,19), as well as a significant difference between telerehabilitation versus conventional therapy using the modified Barthel index (MD 3,28, 95% CI 0,86-5,70). Conclusions: Immersive virtual reality and telerehabilitation are effective interventions compared to conventional rehabilitation in LMIC.

This paper assesses the potential impact of the early 2020 COVID confinement measures on EU labour markets, on the basis of an analysis of the restrictions on economic activity imposed in three EU Member States (Italy, Spain and Germany). Following the legislative measures adopted, we classify all economic sectors into different categories according to the likely impact of the COVID crisis, and compare the share of employment that is likely to be strongly affected in each country. Once this is done, we apply these categories of sectors to recent data on EU employment and estimate the groups of workers that would be more or less affected by the economic lockdown measures. Finally, we use all this information to speculate about possible mid-term developments and broader socio-economic implications of the COVID crisis in Europe., JRC.B.4-Human Capital and Employment

En el presente trabajo realizaremos un análisis de los costos de un accidente de trabajo y su relación de horas hombre perdidos. La investigación se realizó en los gabinetes de la facultad de ingeniería de minas de la UNAP, en los meses de octubre y noviembre del 2019. El objetivo de la presente investigación es realizar una evaluación de los costos de un accidente de trabajo y su relación con horas hombre perdidos. Los materiales que se utilizaron son Artículos científicos, Estadísticas de accidentes de trabajo (MINEM) y del (MTPE), Tesis de pre-grado y post-grado, Páginas web, Decretos ley, decretos supremos, etc.; computadora, cuadernos, lapiceros y útiles de escritorio. En el presente trabajo de investigación desarrollaremos el método cualitativo cuantitativo. Y como resultado obtenemos que los costos de los accidentes de trabajo de un caso práctico de la empresa han alcanzado la suma de s/. 290,722.6 soles. En conclusión, llegamos a decir y que esta suma representa el 6.4 % de la renta anual de dicha empresa, incluso esto podría significar más según sea la ocurrencia del accidente, superando un 60.80 % de lo que se invierte en las medidas de control para accidentes de trabajo por tanto es de suma importancia reforzar y/o implementar un adecuado sistema de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Examen de Suficiencia de Competencia Profesional

This report aims to shed light on some of the key drivers which are worth taking into account when assessing the effect of new technologies on the future of work and skills. It combines a synthesis of the most recent and robust scientific evidence available with original JRC research on issues which have been often overlooked by existing studies. In particular, the report provides new insights on the interplay between automation and work organisation, the extent and nature of platform work, and the patterns of occupational changes across EU regions. The first chapter discusses the impact of technology on employment. It overviews the most recent estimates on technology-induced job creation and destruction, and provides new insights on the role of workplace organisation in shaping the effect of new technologies on labour markets. The second chapter discusses how skills needs are shifting towards digital and non-cognitive skills, showing evidence of an increasing shortage of these skills in the EU, which education systems are not fully tackling yet. The third chapter reviews the opportunities and challenges related to the recent upwards trend in new forms of employment in the EU, focusing on the results of the second wave of the COLLEEM survey on platform work in the EU. The final chapter presents results from a new JRC-Eurofound study on the patterns of occupational change in EU regions in the last 15 years which shows that low-wage jobs have increasingly concentrated in peripheral regions while higher-wage jobs are becoming more and more concentrated in capital regions, leading to increasing territorial disparities, both across and within EU Member States., JRC.B.7-Knowledge for Finance, Innovation and Growth

Agradecimentos: Funding information Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, and Fundacao de Amparo da Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Grant/Award Number: 2017/16451-2; Fondo para la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Grant/Award Number: PICT-2014-1810; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Grant/Award Number: PIP-112-200901-00132; Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Grant/Award Number: PI-UNLP N787. The authors thank the Hermes Pardini Institute for allowing the use of their CT-scan facilities. Luciano Santos and Rodrigo Oliveira were instrumental in handling the fossil specimens. Two anonymous reviewers contributed greatly to improving the manuscript Abstract: Objectives Platyrrhines constitute a diverse clade, with the modern Atelidae exhibiting the most variation in cranial and endocast morphology. The processes responsible for this diversification are not well understood. Here, we present a geometric morphometric study describing variation in cranial and endocranial shape of 14 species of Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, and Lagothrix and two extinct taxa, Cartelles and Caipora. Methods We examined cranial and endocranial shape variation among species using images reconstructed from CT scans and geometric morphometric techniques based on three-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks. Principal components analyses were used to explore variation, including the Procrustes shape coordinates, summing the logarithm of the Centroid Size, the common allometric component, and residual shape components. Results Differences in endocranial shape are related to a relative increase or decrease in the volume of the neocortex region with respect to brainstem and cerebellum regions. The relative position of the brainstem varies from a posterior position in Alouatta to a more ventral position in Ateles. The shape of both the cranium and endocast of Caipora is within the observed variation of Brachyteles. Cartelles occupies the most differentiated position relative to the extant taxa, especially in regards to its endocranial shape. Conclusions The pattern of variation in the extant species in endocranial shape is similar to the variation observed in previous cranial studies, with Alouatta as an outlier. The similarities between Caipora and Brachyteles were unexpected and intriguing given the frugivorous adaptations inferred from the fossil's dentition. Our study shows the importance of considering both extant and fossil species when studying diversification of complex traits CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

En el extremo NW de Suramérica, departamento de Vichada, Colombia; se observa una estructura circular alrededor de la cual el rio del mismo nombre, junto con otros drenajes adyacentes, contornean una estructura radial; esta expresión topográfica fue reconocida a partir de imágenes LANDSAT, donde se observa principalmente una geomorfología plana; sin embargo, en las inmediaciones del municipio de Palmarito, se observan altos topográficos (6-10 m), los cuales son el único relieve sobresaliente (montículos), que, por sus características litológicas, texturales y la ausencia de rasgos estructurales como fallas no se puede relacionar con orígenes sedimentarios convencionales El análisis preliminar realizado a partir de imágenes de sensores remotos permite inferir la presencia de un cráter de impacto complejo, con un levantamiento de pico central y dos anillos de 40 y 70 km de diámetro; dado el tamaño de la anomalía topográfica y de ser comprobado la existencia de esta estructura; se formalizaría el primer cráter de impacto detectado en Colombia, y el más grande de Suramérica. Sin embargo, el área estudiada presenta condiciones climáticas dinámicas, que causaron la erosión parcial de la estructura mediante fenómenos eólicos, fluviales y movimientos en masa, que atenuaron la expresión topográfica, y sumado a esto, la densa vegetación ha enmascarado las pocas evidencias superficiales remanentes. En la fase de reconocimiento geológico, se determinaron dos características particulares en el terreno: 1) Una serie de montículos de 4 a 8 m de altos, compuestos de bloques de diferentes tamaños con distribución aleatoria y embebidos en una matriz arcillosa; además, presentan una configuración espacial de tipo semicircular. 2) Un conjunto de depresiones denominadas “carcavas”, fueron ubicadas en el sector sur del área de estudio y se caracterizan por tener formas elipsoidales, que se orientación en un patrón tipo radial; al proyectar hacia el centro de la estructura, las líneas de prolongación se cruzan en la misma región; evidenciando que la fuente causante de esta deformación es común para todas las carcavas. La zona de intercepción corresponde a un área de 3 km de diámetro alrededor de un punto ubicado en la vereda Jamurí, con coordenadas 4° 34’ 12” N, 69° 10’ 26.4” W; este sector se estima como el punto de impacto del meteorito, el cual genero propagación de ondas sísmicas, que perturbaron el terreno, generando subsidencia en estas zonas de fragilidad. Se adquirió un total de 153 km (56873 estaciones) de información magnética distribuidos en 4 perfiles, 12 sondeos eléctricos verticales (SEVs) y se reprocesaron dos perfiles gravimétricos de 88 km de longitud (499 estaciones). Anomalías positivas de Bouguer, presentan amplitudes entre 0.2 y 1.5 mGals, asociados a altos del basamento que corresponden a los anillos de la estructura, mientras que anomalías gravimétricas negativas con amplitudes entre 0.9 y 0.2 mGals, se asocian a una cuenca concéntrica cuyo espesor es de 400 m en el anillo externo, hasta 1.4 km en las zonas más profundas. Anomalías magnéticas positivas presentan amplitudes entre 100 y 300 nT y permiten inferir la presencia de un basamento precámbrico cristalino intensamente fallado, una capa de fundido y diques mineralizados que pudieron ser emplazados a lo largo de zonas de fallas. A partir de la integración de información de sensores remotos, caracterización geológica (superficial y de pozo), información geofísica terrestre (gravimetría, magnetometría y resistividad eléctrica); se concluye que la génesis de la huella circular y las flexiones de los principales ríos (río Vichada, río Tuparro, caño Arreita y caño Ariba), está más acorde con la hipótesis del impacto de un asteroide de gran tamaño. Abstract: In northwestern South America (Vichada, Colombia), a circular structure is observed, surrounded by the Vichada river and other local drainages. This topographic structure was recognized from LANDSAT images containing a predominantly flat geomorphology. Nevertheless, near Palmarito, some topographic highs are observed (6- 10 m height). These mounds are the only outstanding relief in the area, and their origin can not be related to conventional sedimentary processes, due to their lithological and textural features, as for the lack of structural evidences (such as faults). The preliminary analysis performed from remote sensing images, allowed the interpretation of a complex impact crater, with a central peak uplift and two rings of 40 km and 70 km of diameter, respectively. Because of the size of the anomaly, and if the existence of the structure is proven, it would be possible to formalize the first impact crater detected in Colombia and the largest in South America. However, the weather conditions of the studied area, have caused the partial erosion of the structure trough eolic and fluvial phenomena, and mass land movements affecting their topographic expression. Additionally, the dense vegetation has hidden the few remaining superficial evidences. During the geological recognition phase, two particular features were recognized in the field: the first, a series of mounds of 4 to 8 m height, consisting of randomly distributed blocks of different sizes within a clayey matrix, also, they present a semicircular spatial distribution; the second, a set of depressions (caves) located south of the studied area characterized by ellipsoidal forms disposed radially, that, if projected towards the center of the structure the exes cross in the same region, so we can infer that the cause of such forms have the same origin. The intersection zone corresponds to a 3 km diameter area, around a point located in Jamurí (4° 34’ 12” N, 69° 10’ 26.4” W), this sector is estimated to be point of the ancient impact, that caused the propagation of seismic waves that disturbed the land area, generating subsidence zone. 153 km of magnetic data were acquired (56.873 stations) distributed in 4 profiles. Also, 12 vertical electric sounding were taken and two gravimetric profiles of 88 km length were reprocessed (499 stations). The positive Bouguer anomalies, present amplitudes of 0,2 and 1,5 mGals and are associated to basement highs corresponding to the structure rings. On the other hand, negative anomalies with amplitudes of 0,9 and 0,2 mGals are associated to a concentric basin, of 400 m thick in the external ring and 1,4 km thick in deeper areas. Positive magnetic anomalies, present amplitudes between 100 and 300 nT and allowed to infer the presence of a Precambrian crystalline basement highly faulted, a sheet of melt and a mineralized dyke that could have been emplaced along fault zones. From the integrated analysis of remote sensing images, geological characterization (from surface and subsurface) and geophysical data (gravimetry, magnetometry and electric resistivity), we can conclude that the origin of the observed circular morphology and the deviations of the main drainage in the Vichada department (Colombia) can be related to the impact of a big meteorite in the studied area. Maestría

El noreste del Neuquén, en particular la región ocupada por la sierra del Auca Mahuida y áreas aledañas, presenta una escasa frecuencia de estudios arqueológicos. El objetivo general de este trabajo es estimar la intensidady características de la ocupación humana en esta región a lo largo del Holoceno. Nuestros resultados, producto de cuatro campañas y del trabajo de laboratorio, indican que hay importantes diferencias entre las áreas que conforman la región de estudio en función del registro arqueológico recuperado. La mayor intensidadde ocupación se observa en el Bajo del Añelo, mientras que la sierra Auca Mahuida y la cuenca superior del río Colorado presentan una menor frecuencia de restos de ocupación. Las diferencias espaciales en la evidencia arqueológica y la frecuencia de sitios, sumadas a la variabilidad ambiental observada, sugieren un uso estacional y complementario de los espacios altos de la sierra y los bajos de la cuenca del río Colorado y del Bajo del Añelo. En este sentido, la disponibilidad de agua, las bajas temperaturas invernales y la variación estacional en la disponibilidad del guanaco probablemente tuvieron una gran influencia en la dinámica inferida para las poblaciones humanas prehistóricas de la región de estudio. The northeast of Neuquén, in particular the region occupied by the Sierra del Auca Mahuida and surrounding areas, presents few archaeological studies. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the intensity and characteristics of human occupation in this region throughout the Holocene. The results of four periods of fieldwork and laboratory analyses indicate that there are important differences in the recovered archaeological evidence among the areas of the study region. The highest intensity of occupation is observed in the Bajo del Añelo, while the Sierra Auca Mahuida and the Colorado River basin show a lower frequency of occupation. The spatial differences in the archaeological evidence and the frequency of sites, together with the environmental variability observed in the region, suggest a seasonal and complementary use of the highlands of the Sierra and the lowlands of the Colorado River and Bajo del Añelo. In this sense, water availability, low winter temperatures, and seasonal variation in guanaco availability probably had a great influence on the dynamics inferred for prehistoric human populations in the study region. Fil: Rindel, Diego Damián. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Cienicas Naturales y Museo. División Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Romero Villanueva Badin, Guadalupe. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Gobbo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Arqueología; Argentina Fil: Feely, Anabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Museo Etnográfico "Juan B. Ambrosetti"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Agradecimentos: This research was supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil (grants 2016/01343-7, 2016/06054-3, 2015/11985-3), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil (grants #302049/2015-0, #152885/2016-1), and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil . We thank P. L. Costa for his constructive comments about the manuscript, and A. B. Martins and L. D. Fernandes, who provided expertise that greatly assisted the research, all contributing with their insights and comments about the research results Abstract: Understanding the emergence of biodiversity patterns in nature is a central problem in biology. Theoretical models of speciation have addressed this question in the macroecological scale, but little has been done to connect microevolutionary processes with macroevolutionary patterns. Knowledge of the evolutionary history allows the study of patterns underlying the processes being modeled, revealing their signatures and the role of speciation and extinction in shaping macroevolutionary patterns. In this paper we introduce two algorithms to record the evolutionary history of populations and species in individual-based models of speciation, from which genealogies and phylogenies can be constructed. The first algorithm relies on saving ancestor-descendant relationships, generating a matrix that contains the times to the most recent common ancestor between all pairs of individuals at every generation (the Most Recent Common Ancestor Time matrix, MRCAT). The second algorithm directly records all speciation and extinction events throughout the evolutionary process, generating a matrix with the true phylogeny of species (the Sequential Speciation and Extinction Events, SSEE). We illustrate the use of these algorithms in a spatially explicit individual-based model of speciation. We compare the trees generated via MRCAT and SSEE algorithms with trees inferred by methods that use only genetic distance between individuals of extant species, commonly used in empirical studies and applied here to simulated genetic data. Comparisons between trees are performed with metrics describing the overall topology, branch length distribution and imbalance degree. We observe that both MRCAT and distance-based trees differ from the true phylogeny, with the first being closer to the true tree than the second FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES Aberto

Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico del síndrome pronador clásicamente ha requerido de un abordaje abierto en la fosa cubital que deja una gran cicatriz, técnicas endoscópicas iniciales requerían abordajes de 4 cm en promedio y no lograban en todos los casos una liberación de todas las estructuras. El propósito de este estudio es describir una nueva técnica endoscópica mínimamente invasiva que permite descomprimir el nervio mediano de forma segura y completa con una cicatriz de menor tamaño y menos visible. Métodos: Desarrollo y descripción de una nueva técnica de descompresión del nervio mediano en el tercio proximal del antebrazo mediante una incisión mínima en la fosa cubital bajo guía endoscópica en especímenes cadavéricos, estudiando tamaño de la incisión, anatomía endoscópica, corredores seguros y sitios de descompresión. Resultados: Se presentan las ventajas y limitaciones de la técnica, requerimientos técnicos y técnica quirúrgica detallada para la liberación en los puntos de compresión más comunes del nervio mediano en el antebrazo. Discusión: La liberación endoscópica del nervio mediano ofrece como principal ventaja evitar una cicatriz de gran tamaño en un área visible, requiere de un adecuado conocimiento de la anatomía endoscópica, es una técnica nueva cuyo desarrollo inició hace menos de 5 años y debido a su menor morbilidad puede permitir una recuperación más rápida de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Es posible realizar una descompresión completa del nervio mediano en el codo bajo guía endoscópica con un abordaje mínimo y seguro con menor comorbilidad para el paciente. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para evaluar resultados funcionales. Palabras Clave: Cirugía endoscópica, Nervio Mediano, Síndrome pronador, abordaje quirúrgico. Abstract. ntroduction: The surgical treatment of pronator syndrome has classically required an open approach in the ulnar fossa that leaves a large scar, initial endoscopic techniques required 4 cm approaches on average and did not achieve in all cases the release of all structures. The purpose of this study is to describe a new minimally invasive endoscopic technique, It allows to decompress the median nerve safely and completely with a smaller and less visible scar. Methods: Development and description of a new median nerve decompression technique in the proximal third of the forearm through a minimal incision in the ulnar fossa with endoscopic assistance in cadaveric specimens, studying incision size, endoscopic anatomy, safe zones and decompression sites. Results: The advantages and limitations of the technique, technical requirements and detailed surgical technique for the release in the most common compression sites of the median nerve in the forearm are presented. Discussion: The main advantage of the endoscopic release of the median nerve is to avoid a large scar in a visible area, it requires a good knowledge of endoscopic anatomy, it is a new technique whose development began less than 5 years ago and due to its lower morbidity, patients could recover faster. Conclusions: It is possible to perform a complete endoscopic decompression of the median nerve in the elbow with a minimum approach. Prospective studies are required to evaluate functional results. Otra

Cada vez son más las empresas conscientes de la importancia de la RSC, para el éxito de su negocio en el corto y largo plazo y que esta debe ser parte de la estrategia empresarial y mostrarse acorde con las prioridades y la cultura de la compañía. La banca cooperativa ha sido capaz de demostrar durante más de un siglo su fortaleza y utilidad, y conserva elementos intrínsecos a su naturaleza que la acercan a ciertos postulados de la RSC. Esto las sitúa en la mejor posición para impulsar y liderar el desarrollo de la RSC, en un sector tan clave como el bancario, lo que la convierte en una gran aliada y potente palanca de cambio en términos de responsabilidad social. A esta situación hay que añadir el hecho de que, a pesar de la abundante investigación en torno a la RSC, es escasa la que existe en relación con la banca cooperativa. Ante todas estas circunstancias, se plantea como objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral, realizar un análisis en profundidad de la situación de la RSC en la banca cooperativa, que nos permita avanzar en términos teóricos en este campo, a través de una investigación cualitativa y rigurosa. Este objetivo general se puede desglosar en una serie de objetivos específicos, que son: 1) en primer lugar, hallar las implicaciones teóricas y conexiones que mantiene la RSC con la banca cooperativa. 2) detectar si existen diferentes modelos de gestión de la RSC dentro de la banca cooperativa. 3) encontrar las principales diferencias entre estos modelos, y a partir de ahí encontrar las principales debilidades y fortalezas tanto a nivel individual como generalizado en la gestión de la RSC. 4) finalmente proponer líneas de mejora que junto a las fortalezas previamente detectadas y resaltadas sirvan para sugerir un modelo óptimo de gestión de RSC vinculado a la banca cooperativa. Para llevar a cabo todas estas propuestas, se ha utilizado la metodología cualitativa del estudio de caso. Esta metodología será implementada sobre tres casos de estudio seleccionados (Grupo cooperativo Cajamar, Rabobank y Desjardins) que representan modelos de banca cooperativa en sus países de pertenencia (España, Países Bajos y Canadá). La estructura de esta tesis doctoral se compone de un marco teórico donde se hará un extenso recorrido por la RSC, la banca cooperativa y la relación que existe entre ambas. A continuación, se desarrolla el marco empírico, que se inicia con un capítulo que explica en profundidad la metodología empleada en esta investigación, tras este se dedica un capítulo a cada caso de estudio, y se finaliza este bloque con un capítulo que sirve para hacer una comparación entre todos ellos. Por último, esta tesis culmina con el bloque de conclusiones donde se ponen de relieve los objetivos conseguidos y se especifican las principales limitaciones de este estudio y las líneas de investigación propuestas de interés para abordar en el futuro. Every day more enterprises are aware of the importance of corporate social responsibility CSR for their business short and long term success. They display an awareness of it’s need to be part of the corporate strategy and be shown as a priority and as part of the company’s culture. For more than a century, cooperative banking has been capable of showing its strength and utility, preserving inherent elements that bring it closer to certain CSR principles, in a key sector, which makes it a great ally with powerful changing leverage in terms of social responsibility. However, even though there is substantial research related to CSR, there is scarce information on its relation to cooperative banking. For the aforementioned, I propose to analyze in depth the situation of CSR in cooperative banking as the general aim of this doctoral thesis, so as to move forward in this field in theoretical terms through a rigorous qualitative study. The main goal of this thesis can be outlined through a number of specific objectives as follows: 1) find the theoretical implications and connections of CSR with cooperative banking; 2) detect if there are diverse management models of CSR within cooperative banking; 3) find the main differences among these models, studying their weaknesses and strengths, both at individual and generalized levels, in the management of CSR; 4) finally, propose improvements that, along with the observed and highlighted strengths, serve to suggest an ideal management model of CSR associated with cooperative banking. To conduct these objectives, case study qualitative methodology was applied. This methodology was implemented in three selected case studies (Grupo Cooperativo Cajamar, Rabobank and Desjardins) that represent cooperative banking models in their home countries (Spain, Netherlands and Canada). The structure of this doctoral thesis consists of a theoretical framework, in which CSR, cooperative banking and their relation will be extensively analyzed. Then, an empirical framework starting with a chapter in which the methodology used in this thesis is explained in depth, a chapter for each case study, and concluding with a chapter comparing case studies. The conclusions are presented in the final chapter of this thesis, underlining the achieved objectives, specifying the principal limitations of the study and proposing other research lines to address in the future.

In this paper, we present an automated feature engineering based approach to dramatically reduce false positives in fraud prediction. False positives plague the fraud prediction industry. It is estimated that only 1 in 5 declared as fraud are actually fraud and roughly 1 in every 6 customers have had a valid transaction declined in the past year. To address this problem, we use the Deep Feature Synthesis algorithm to automatically derive behavioral features based on the historical data of the card associated with a transaction. We generate 237 features (>100 behavioral patterns) for each transaction, and use a random forest to learn a classifier. We tested our machine learning model on data from a large multinational bank and compared it to their existing solution. On an unseen data of 1.852 million transactions, we were able to reduce the false positives by 54% and provide a savings of 190K euros. We also assess how to deploy this solution, and whether it necessitates streaming computation for real time scoring. We found that our solution can maintain similar benefits even when historical features are computed once every 7 days.

Electrical interconnections between Latin American countries are a reliable and secure source of energy supply that have had a comprehensive assessment, pointing to a new vision that considers taking the greatest advantage in electric markets in which transactions can be carried out and show a Joint and unified development. This has led to a globalization capable of establishing good relations between governments, bearing in mind that the energy issue is a central point for the development and quality of life of Latin American countries. This research article is presented as a technical consultation document, which allows to know the different structures of some electric sectors, and of the wholesale market of electrical energy of countries of Latin America. And it is the result of an investigation that allowed the accomplishment of a comparative analysis and as well the description of the fundamental aspects as: market model, of costs and tariffs and regulatory frameworks; In order to establish improvements that identify more viable options in those markets considered to be few efficient. Las interconexiones eléctricas entre países de América Latina son una fuente confiable y segura de suministro energético que han tenido una evaluación integral, apuntando a una nueva visión que considera tomar la mayor ventaja posible en los mercados eléctricos en los cuales las transacciones pueden realizarse y mostrar un desarrollo conjunto y unificado. Esto ha dado lugar a una globalización capaz de establecer buenas relaciones entre gobiernos, teniendo en cuenta que el tema energético es un punto central para el desarrollo y calidad de vida de los países de Latinoamérica. Este artículo de investigación se presenta a manera de documento técnico de consulta, el cual permite conocer las distintas estructuras de algunos sectores eléctricos, y del mercado mayorista de países de América Latina, el cual es el resultado de una investigación que permitió la realización de un análisis comparativo y a su vez la descripción de los aspectos fundamentales como: modelo de mercado, de costos y tarifas y marcos regulatorios; con el fin de establecer mejoras que identifiquen opciones más viables en aquellos mercados considerados pocos eficientes.

149 páginas. Doctorado en Optimización. El problema de asignación de personal aparece en diversas industrias. La asignación eficiente de personal a trabajos, proyectos, herramientas, horarios, entre otros, tiene un impacto directo en términos monetarios para el negocio. El problema de asignación multidimensional (PAM) es la extensión natural del problema de asignación y puede ser utilizado en aplicaciones donde se requiere la asignación de personal. El caso más estudiado de PAM es el problema de asignación en tres dimensiones, sin embargo en años recientes han sido propuestas algunas heurísticas de búsqueda local y algoritmos meméticos para el caso general. En este trabajo de tesis se realiza un estudio profundo de PAM comenzando con un resumen del estado del arte de algoritmos, heurísticas y metaheurísticas para su resolución. Se describen algunos algoritmos y se propone uno nuevo que resuelve instancias de tamaño medio para PAM. Se propone la generalización de las conocidas heurísticas de variación de dimensión como una búsqueda local generalizada que proporciona un nuevo estado del arte de búsquedas locales para PAM. Adicionalmente, se propone un algoritmo memético con una estructura sencilla pero efectiva y que es competitivo con el mejor algoritmo memético conocido para PAM. Finalmente, se presenta un caso particular de problema de asignación de personal: el Problema de Asignación de Horarios (PAH). El PAH considera la asignación de personal a uno, dos o más conjuntos de objetos, por ejemplo puede ser requerida la asignación de profesores a cursos a periodos de tiempo a salones, para determinados grupos de estudiantes. Primero, se presenta el PAH así como una breve descripción de su estado del arte. Luego, se propone una nueva forma de modelar este problema a través de la resolución de PAM y se aplica sobre el PAH en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, unidad Azcapotzalco (UAM-A). Se describen las consideraciones particulares del PAH en la UAM-A y proponemos una nueva solución para éste. Nuestra solución se basa en la resolución de múltiples PA3 a través de los algoritmos y heurísticas propuestos. Personnel assignment problems appear in several industries. The e cient assignment of personnel to jobs, projects, tools, time slots, etcetera, has a direct impact in terms monetary for the business. The Multidimensional Assignment Problem (MAP) is a natural extension of the well-known assignment problem and can be used on applications where the assignment of personnel is required. The most studied case of the MAP is the three dimensional assignment problem, though in recent years some local search heuristics and memetic algorithms have been proposed for the general case. Let X1; : : : ;Xs be a collection of s 3 disjoint sets, consider all combinations that belong to the Cartesian product X = X1 Xs such that each vector x 2 X, where x = (x1; : : : ; xs) with xi 2 Xi 8 1 i s, has associated a weight w(x). A feasible assignment is a collection A = (x1; : : : ; xn) of n vectors if xi k 6= xj k for each i 6= j and 1 k s. The weight of an assignment A is given by w(A) = Pn i=1 w(xi). A MAP in s dimensions is denoted as sAP. The objective of sAP is to nd an assignment of minimal weight. In this thesis we make an in depth study of MAP beginning with the state-ofthe- art algorithms, heuristics, and metaheuristics for solving it. We describe some algorithms and we propose a new one for solving optimally medium size instances of MAP. We propose the generalization of the called dimensionwise variation heuristics for MAP and a new generalized local search heuristic that provides new state-of-theart local searches for MAP. We also propose a new simple memetic algorithm that is competitive against the state-of-the-art memetic algorithm for MAP. In the last part of this thesis, we study a particular case of personnel assignment problem: the School Timetabling Problem (STP). The STP considers the assignment of personnel to other two or more sets, for example the assignment of professors to courses to time slots to rooms can be required. First, we provide a brief description of the state-of-the-art for STP. Then, we introduce a new approach for modeling this problem through the resolution of several MAP and we apply our solution on a real life case of study: STP at the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana campus Azcapotzalco (UAM-A). We provide the particular aspects for STP at UAM-A and we provide a new solution for this problem. Our approach is based on solving several 3AP considering the introduced model and our proposed techniques. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (Comecyt). Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México)

Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are widespread in the environment. Some Aspergillus species, most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, may lead to a variety of allergic reactions and life-threatening systemic infections in humans. Invasive aspergillosis occurs primarily in patients with severe immunodeficiency, and has dramatically increased in recent years. There are several factors at play that contribute to aspergillosis, including both fungus and host-related factors such as strain virulence and host pulmonary structure/immune status, respectively. The environmental tenacity of Aspergilllus, its dominance in diverse microbial communities/habitats, and its ability to navigate the ecophysiological and biophysical challenges of host infection are attributable, in large part, to a robust stress-tolerance biology and exceptional capacity to generate cell-available energy. Aspects of its stress metabolism, ecology, interactions with diverse animal hosts, clinical presentations and treatment regimens have been well-studied over the past years. Here, we synthesize these findings in relation to the way in which some Aspergillus species have become successful opportunistic pathogens of human- and other animal hosts. We focus on the biophysical capabilities of Aspergillus pathogens, key aspects of their ecophysiology and the flexibility to undergo a sexual cycle or form cryptic species. Additionally, recent advances in diagnosis of the disease are discussed as well as implications in relation to questions that have yet to be resolved.

El presente trabajo desarrolla una Modelo Basado en Agentes con el cual se busca estudiar la red de innovación de un sector económico intensivo en recursos humanos altamente capacitados, caracterizado por agentes que enfrentan una restricción a la incorporación de nuevo capital y tienen la posibilidad de elegir que proporción de su capital disponible dedica a cada uno de los dos bienes. Estos agentes disponen de un menú de tres estrategias para buscar innovar, y de esa forma incrementar su productividad. El ajuste de estas estrategias se realiza de forma endógena y deriva en un proceso que determina la estructura de la red de innovación. La consideración de las políticas públicas en el sistema lleva a concluir que el efecto de las políticas depende fuertemente de la población específica a la que se dirijan. Estos resultados se manifiestan tanto en el desempeño del sistema, como en la estructura de red que emerge de la evolución del mismo.

Objectives: The early groups of hunter-gatherers who peopled South America faced significant ecological changes in their trophic niche for a relatively short period after the initial peopling. In particular, the incorporation of cultigens during the Holocene led to a wider trophic niche and probably to an increased carrying capacity of the environment. Here, we study the relationship between the incorporation of domestic resources during the Holocene and the demographic dynamics of human populations at a regional scale in South America. Material and methods: We employ mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), radiocarbon data and Bayesian methods to estimate differences in population size, human occupation and explore the demographic changes of human populations in three regions (i.e., South-Central Andes, Northwest, and South Patagonia). We also use archaeological evidence to infer the main diet changes in these regions. Results: The absolute population size during the later Late Holocene was fifteen times larger in the South-Central Andes than in Northwest Patagonia, and two times larger in the latter region than in South Patagonia. The South-Central Andes display the earlier and more abrupt population growth, beginning about 9000 years BP, whereas Northwest Patagonia exhibits a more slow growth, beginning about 7000–7500 years BP. South Patagonia represents a later and slower population increase. Discussion: In this work we uncovered a well-supported pattern of the demographic change in the populations from South-Central Andes and Patagonia, obtained on the basis of different data and quantitative approaches, which suggests that the incorporation of domestic resources was paramount for the demographic expansion of these populations during the Holocene., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

The fracture behaviour of individual grain boundaries has been studied in order to understand the mechanisms controlling stress corrosion cracking in nuclear reactors. In particular, the role of oxidation in facilitating crack initiation and propagation has been reviewed. Nickel alloys from pressurized water reactors (PWRs) have been tested in simulated primary water conditions to induce grain boundary oxidation. Microcantilevers containing an oxidized grain boundary plane have been prepared and tested for fracture. The brittle nature of the oxide was demonstrated and the required stress to fracture measured.

Over the last few years, TEM has become a powerful technique to study cracks and specially crack tips. However, the number of publications including TEM results has not grown as it was expected. The main reason for this might be difficulties in the sample preparation. In this work we present a novel FIB sample preparation technique which has proved to be an ideal tool for preparing cross sectional samples containing crack tips. The morphology of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) has been investigated in Alloy 600 subjected to constant load and slow strain rate tests in simulated primary circuit pressurized water reactor conditions. Cracks were observed to nucleate at high-angle grain boundaries and propagate to depths of a few tens of micrometer along such boundaries, still in the initiation stage. Electron diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been used to identify the different corrosion products and precipitates. Elemental mapping was employed to reveal changes in composition in the crack tip area. Major observations at cracks and grain boundaries include: the presence of different oxides in different locations, differences in grain boundary oxides and open crack/free surface oxides. These observations suggest that IGSCC involves oxygen diffusion through a porous oxide region along grain boundaries to the bare metal. This is a novel concept that offers an alternative to previous mechanisms proposed in the literature e.g. H embrittlement, slip-dissolution, etc., for which no supporting evidence has been found.

La Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar malestar psicológico (distrés) en pacientes con cáncer. Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron: a) analizar, utilizando Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), la estructura de la escala poniendo a prueba dos modelos: el modelo bifactorial original y un modelo jerárquico -dos escalas y su combinación-; y b) determinar, mediante curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), el punto de corte óptimo del HADS para la identificación de distrés clínicamente significativo. Una muestra heterogénea de 892 pacientes oncológicos completó el HADS y la versión de 18 ítems del Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18). El AFC apoyó el uso de la puntuación total del HADS (HADS-T) como medida de la respuesta de distrés general en el contexto oncológico. El análisis de curvas ROC señaló al HADST como un instrumento eficaz para discriminar entre pacientes oncológicos con y sin presencia de distrés clínico (AUC = 0,95 [IC 95%: 0,94-0,97]). Puntos de corte en HADS-T entre 13 y 16 (ambos inclusive) presentaron una combinación adecuada de sensibilidad y especificidad. Un análisis adicional sugirió como punto de corte óptimo HADS-T > 16.

Objectives One of the biggest challenges in the study of complex morphologies is to adequately describe shape variation. Here, we assess how the random sampling of surface points automatically obtained performs, when compared with observer-guided sampling procedures, and also evaluate the effect of sliding surface points by bending energy and minimum Procrustes distance. Material and methods Three datasets comprising structures with disparate levels of complexity and intrasample variation are as follows: mouse molars, mouse brains, and primate endocasts. Different configurations of 3D coordinates on curves and surfaces were digitized from MRI images and CT scans using semi and fully automated procedures. Shape variables were obtained by Generalized Procrustes Superpositions before and after sliding the pseudolandmarks. Multivariate analyses were used to summarize and compare shape variation. Results For the primate endocast, the semiautomated and automated strategies yield similar ordinations of specimens. Conversely, the semiautomated strategy better discriminates molar shapes between mouse groups. Shape differences among specimens are not adequately represented by the PCs calculated with surface pseudolandmarks. This is improved when the points are converted into semilandmarks by a sliding criterion. Discussion Surface semilandmarks automatically obtained from 3D models are promising although they should be used with some caution in complex structures. This approach can be taken as complementary of semiautomated procedures which perform better for assessing shape variation in localized traits previously selected while automated procedures are suitable in studies aimed at comparing overall variation in shape and when there is no previous information about highly variable anatomical regions. Fil: Gonzalez, Paula N.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- la Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina Fil: Barbeito Andrés, Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- la Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; Argentina Fil: D'addona, Lucas Andrés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina Fil: Bernal, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

This survey summarizes and illustrates the main qualitative properties of hydrodynamics models for collective behavior. These models include a velocity consensus term together with attractive-repulsive potentials leading to non-trivial flock profiles. The connection between the underlying particle systems to the swarming hydrodynamic equations is performed through kinetic theory modelling arguments. We focus on Lagrangian schemes for the hydrodynamic systems showing the different qualitative behavior of the systems and its capability of keeping properties of the original particle models. We illustrate known results concerning large time profiles and blow-up in finite time of the hydrodynamic systems to validate the numerical scheme. We finally explore unknown situations making use of the numerical scheme showcasing a number of conjectures based on the numerical results., Comment: 36 pages, 67 figures

Ecological factors can be important to shape the patterns of morphological variation among human populations. Particularly, diet plays a fundamental role in craniofacial variation due to both the effect of the nutritional status—mostly dependent on the type and amount of nutrients consumed—on skeletal growth and the localized effects of masticatory forces. We examine these two dimensions of diet and evaluate their influence on morphological diversification of human populations from southern South America during the late Holocene. Cranial morphology was measured as 3D coordinates defining the face, base and vault. Size, form, and shape variables were obtained for 474 adult individuals coming from 12 samples. Diet composition was inferred from carious lesions and δ13C data, whereas bite forces were estimated using traits of main jaw muscles. The spatial structure of the morphological and ecological variables was measured using correlograms. The influence of diet composition and bite force on morphometric variation was estimated by a spatial regression model. Cranial variation and diet composition display a geographical structure, while no geographical pattern was observed in bite forces. Cranial variation in size and form is significantly associated with diet composition, suggesting a strong effect of systemic factors on cranial growth. Conversely, bite forces do not contribute significantly to the pattern of morphological variation among the samples analyzed. Overall, these results show that an association between diet composition and hardness cannot be assumed, and highlight the complex relationship between morphological diversification and diet in human populations. Fil: Menendez, Lumila Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina Fil: Bernal, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina Fil: Novellino, Paula Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas J.Cornelio Moyano - ; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina

Los humanos modernos han sido caracterizados por una morfología craneana extremadamente lobulada, considerada como una respuesta al aumento significativo en el tamaño del cerebro, que los diferencia de manera marcada del resto de los Primates. Otras especies, como algunos clados de platirrinos, cambiaron independientemente a lo largo de su historia evolutiva y alcanzaron valores elevados de tamaño relativo del cerebro. Este aumento del tamaño del cerebro ofrece una oportunidad para estudiar a escala macroevolutiva en qué medida existió una convergencia en la evolución de la morfología craneana externa de los Primates y qué cambios son particulares del linaje humano. En este trabajo estudiamos los cambios globales en la morfología craneofacial de varias especies de Primates de los infraórdenes Lemuriformes, Platyrrhini y Catarrhini y su relación con los cambios en el tamaño del cerebro empleando técnicas morfométricas, filogenéticas y comparativas. Un análisis de componentes principales mostró que existe una superposición en la distribución en el espacio de forma de Homo sapiens principalmente con los géneros Ateles, Saimiri y Cebus de Platyrrhini. Los análisis comparativos mostraron la falta de estructura filogenética en el eje de mayor variación morfométrica y su asociación con los cambios en el tamaño relativo del cerebro. Esto sugiere la existencia de convergencia evolutiva en la morfología externa del cráneo y señala al cambio relativo en el tamaño del cerebro como un factor intrínseco importante para comprender la variación morfológica en todo el orden Primates. Modern humans have been characterized by extremely lobulated cranial morphology, considered a response to the significant increase in brain size, which markedly differs from the rest of the Primates. Other Primate species, such as some platyrrhine clades, evolved independently along their evolutionary history to reach high values of relative brain size. The increase in relative brain size in these Primate clades offers an opportunity to study, at a macroevolutionary scale, to what extent there was a convergence in the evolution of external cranial morphology in Primates and what changes are specific to the human species. We study global changes in craniofacial morphology in several species of Lemuriformes, Platyrrhini and Catarrhini infraorders of Primates, and their relationship with changes in brain size, using morphometric, phylogenetic and comparative techniques. A principal component analysis showed that there is an overlap in the distribution on the shape space of Homo sapiens mainly with Ateles, Saimiri and Cebus Platyrrhini genera. The comparative analyses showed the lack of phylogenetic structure in the axis of greatest morphometric variation, and its association with the changes in relative brain size. This suggests the existence of evolutionary convergence in the external morphology of the skull and points to the change in the relative size of the brain as an intrinsic factor important for understanding morphological change in the Primate order. Fil: Rocatti, Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina Fil: Pucciarelli, Hector Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina Fil: Muñe, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es explorar la precisión y replicabilidad de las técnicas de morfometría geométrica para la descripción del patrón de variación en las modificaciones artificiales del cráneo. Nuestra aproximación exhibe su gran capacidad descriptiva y la posibilidad de transformar la variación morfológica cualitativa en información cuantitativa continua. La variación descripta es continua en el morfoespacio de las modificaciones craneanas, demostrando que los casos estudiados no conforman grupos naturalmente discretos., The main objective of this paper is to explore the accuracy and repeatability of geometric morphometric techniques to describe the pattern of variation in artificial modifications of the skull. Our approach demonstrates a great descriptive capacity and the posibility of transforming quantitative morphological variation into continuous qualitative information. The variation described is continuous in the morpho-space of the cranial modifications, showing that the studied cases don not conform to naturally discrete groups., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Caviomorph rodents represent an excellent model to explore morphological diversification on a macroevolutionary scale, as they are ecologically and morphologically diverse. We analysed cranial shape variation using geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Most variation involved the shape of the rostrum, basicranium, and cranial vault, and clearly matched the phylogenetic structure. At the same time, a strong allometric pattern was associated with the length of the rostrum and cranial vault, size of the auditory bulla, and depth of the zygomatic arch. After accounting for size influence, and taking phylogenetic structure into account, shape variation was significantly associated with habitat. Our results highlight the presence of complex relationships between morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological dimensions in the diversification of the caviomorph cranium. Fil: Alvarez, Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Cienicas Naturales y Museo. División Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Verzi, Diego Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Zoología de Vertebrados; Argentina

The use of anonymity-based infrastructures and anonymisers is a plausible solution to mitigate privacy problems on the Internet. Tor (short for The onion router) is a popular low-latency anonymity system that can be installed as an end-user application on a wide range of operating systems to redirect the traffic through a series of anonymising proxy circuits. The construction of these circuits determines both the latency and the anonymity degree of the Tor anonymity system. While some circuit construction strategies lead to delays which are tolerated for activities like Web browsing, they can make the system vulnerable to linking attacks. We evaluate in this paper three classical strategies for the construction of Tor circuits, with respect to their de-anonymisation risk and latency performance. We then develop a new circuit selection algorithm that considerably reduces the success probability of linking attacks while keeping a good degree of performance. We finally conduct experiments on a real-world Tor deployment over PlanetLab. Our experimental results confirm the validity of our strategy and its performance increase for Web browsing., Comment: 34

One of the central topics in evolutionary biology is understanding the processes responsible for phenotypic diversification related to ecological factors. New World monkeys are an excellent reference system to investigate processes of diversification at macroevolutionary scales. Here, we investigate the cranial shape diversification related to body size and ecology during the phylogenetic branching process of platyrrhines. To investigate this diversification, we used geometric morphometric techniques, a molecular phylogenetic tree, ecological data and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our statistical analyses demonstrated that the phylogenetic branching process is the most important dimension to understand cranial shape variation among extant platyrrhines and suggested that the main shape divergence among the four principal platyrrhine clades probably occurred during the initial branching process. The phylogenetic conservatism, which is the retention of ancestral traits over time within the four principal platyrrhine clades, could be the most important characteristic of platyrrhine cranial shape diversification. Different factors might have driven early shape divergence and posterior relative conservatism, including genetic drift, stabilizing selection, genetic constraints owing to pleiotropy, developmental or functional constraint, lack of genetic variation, among others. Understanding the processes driving the diversification among platyrrhines will probably require further palaeontological, phylogenetic and comparative studies. Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Klaczko, J.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Rocatti, Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina Fil: dos Reis, S.F.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil

Modern humans have occupied different regions of the world for the past 80,000 years. America was the last continent to which they arrived during this process of expansion. This paper reviews and discusses current knowledge regarding the dispersion, divergence and diversification of American populations using molecular, archaeological and morphometric evidence. Molecular evidence supports a divergence from Central Asia ca. 15,000 years ago and a serial founder effect during human dispersion into America. In addition, morphometric studies suggest that environmental variables such as diet played an important role on the phenotypic diversification among these populations during the Holocene. However, further investigations will require the use of nuclear molecular markers, older skeletal samples, as well as discussing the causes of molecular and morphometric variation and the importance of ecological variation. These investigations will enable a more complex picture of the diversification of Native Americans. Los humanos modernos han ocupado progresivamente diferentes regiones del mundo durante los últimos 80.000 años. América fue el último continente al que llegaron durante su expansión. En este trabajo se revisará y discutirá el conocimiento de la dispersión, divergencia y diversificación de las poblaciones americanas empleando evidencia molecular, arqueológica y morfométrica. La primera muestra una divergencia a partir de grupos del Centro de Asia 15.000 años atrás y posteriormente un efecto fundador serial durante la dispersión de las poblaciones en América. Asimismo, los estudios morfométricos sugieren que estas poblaciones se diversificaron fenotípicamente en relación a variables ecológicas como la dieta durante el Holoceno. Futuras investigaciones requerirán el empleo de marcadores moleculares nucleares, muestras con una mayor antigüedad, una discusión sobre las causas de la variación morfométrica y molecular, y el análisis de la importancia de la variación ecológica. Estas investigaciones permitirán tener un panorama más rico acerca de la diversificación de los aborígenes americanos. Os seres humanos modernos ocuparam diferentes regiões no mundo nos últimos 80.000 anos. América foi o último continente aonde chegaram durante esse processo de dispersão. Neste trabalho, vou revisar e discutir o conhecimento atual sobre a dispersão, divergência e diversificação das populações americanas usando evidências moleculares, arqueológicas e morfométricas. As evidências moleculares apoiam uma divergência dos grupos americanos a partir das populações da Ásia Central já a 15.000 anos atrás, e um efeito fundador serial durante a dispersão humana na América. Além disso, os estudos morfométricos sugerem que as variáveis ambientais, tais como – por exemplo - a dieta, tiveram um papel importante na diversificação fenotípica entre estas populações durante o Holoceno tardio. No entanto, novos estudos utilizando marcadores moleculares nucleares e mais amostras esqueléticas são necessários, assim como também tomar em consideração as causas da variação molecular e morfométrica e a importância das variáveis ecológicas. Essas investigações vão proporcionar um quadro mais rico sobre a diversidade dos nativos americanos. Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. CONICET. Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología. Buenos Aires, Argentina Para acceder al artículo utilice el link: http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/runa/article/view/730

Tradicionalmente se ha abordado el estudio de la variación morfológica mediante técnicas estadísticas uni y multivariadas aplicadas principalmente a proporciones calculadas sobre distancias lineales entre puntos anatómicos (landmarks). Más recientemente, se ha propuesto el empleo de coordenadas cartesianas superpuestas (coordenadas Procrustes) de landmarks y de puntos sobre contornos y superficies (semilandmarks). El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados obtenidos a partir del empleo de estas aproximaciones en estudios morfométricos de poblaciones humanas. Para esto estudiamos cráneos de individuos adultos de ambos sexos provenientes de diferentes muestras de Argentina (n=130) empleando coordenadas Procrustes en 3D, proporciones y métodos multivariados. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio de tres propiedades morfométricas: tamaño, shape y form. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las técnicas basadas en coordenadas Procrustes son las más eficientes para estudiar variación en shape entre poblaciones. The study of morphological variation has been traditionally approached through univariate and multivariate statistical techniques applied to proportions of linear distances between anatomical points (landmarks). More recently, it has been proposed the use of superimposed Cartesian coordinates (Procrustes coordinates) of landmarks and/or points on contours and surfaces (semilandmarks). The aim of this study is to compare the results obtained from these approaches in morphometric studies of human coming from different samples of Argentina (N=130) were measured using 3D Procrustes coordinates, proportions and multivariate methods. The results obtained were compared through the study of three morphometric properties: size, shape and form. These results shown that the techniques based on Procrustes coordinates prove to be more effi cient to study the variation in shape between populations. Fil: Menendez, Lumila Paula. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina

Los humanos modernos han ocupado progresivamente diferentes regiones del mundo durante los últimos 80.000 años. América fue el último continente al que llegaron durante su expansión. En este trabajo se revisará y discutirá el conocimiento de la dispersión, divergencia y diversificación de las poblaciones americanas empleando evidencia molecular, arqueológica y morfométrica. La primera muestra una divergencia a partir de grupos del Centro de Asia 15.000 años atrás y posteriormente un efecto fundador serial durante la dispersión de las poblaciones en América. Asimismo, los estudios morfométricos sugieren que estas poblaciones se diversificaron fenotípicamente en relación a variables ecológicas como la dieta durante el Holoceno. Futuras investigaciones requerirán el empleo de marcadores moleculares nucleares, muestras con una mayor antigüedad, una discusión sobre las causas de la variación morfométrica y molecular, y el análisis de la importancia de la variación ecológica. Estas investigaciones permitirán tener un panorama más rico acerca de la diversificación de los aborígenes americanos. Modern humans have occupied different regions of the world for the past 80,000 years. America was the last continent to which they arrived during this process of expansion. This paper reviews and discusses current knowledge regarding the dispersion, divergence and diversification of American populations using molecular, archaeological and morphometric evidence. Molecular evidence supports a divergence from Central Asia ca. 15,000 years ago and a serial founder effect during human dispersion into America. In addition, morphometric studies suggest that environmental variables such as diet played an important role on the phenotypic diversification among these populations during the Holocene. However, further investigations will require the use of nuclear molecular markers, older skeletal samples, as well as discussing the causes of molecular and morphometric variation and the importance of ecological variation. These investigations will enable a more complex picture of the diversification of Native Americans. Fil: Perez, Sergio Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Cienicas Naturales y Museo. División Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina

The SOAP (Study of Open Access Publishing) project has run a large-scale survey of the attitudes of researchers on, and the experiences with, open access publishing. Around forty thousands answers were collected across disciplines and around the world, showing an overwhelming support for the idea of open access, while highlighting funding and (perceived) quality as the main barriers to publishing in open access journals. This article serves as an introduction to the survey and presents this and other highlights from a preliminary analysis of the survey responses. To allow a maximal re-use of the information collected by this survey, the data are hereby released under a CC0 waiver, so to allow libraries, publishers, funding agencies and academics to further analyse risks and opportunities, drivers and barriers, in the transition to open access publishing., Data manual available at http://bit.ly/gI8nct Compressed CSV data file available at http://bit.ly/gSmm71 Alternative data formats: CSV http://bit.ly/ejuvKO XLS http://bit.ly/e6gE7o XLSX http://bit.ly/gTjyvy

Editorial aspects of Open Access scientific journals are analyzed. Business models in these types of publications are also examined. A 2,838 journals sample from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is analyzed. Editors, subject, commercial interest, business models, copyright policies and impact factor are studied in detail. This work has been carried out in the context of the SOAP Project (Study of Open Access Publishing), financed by the European funded by the European Commission under FP7 (Seventh Framework Programme), running from March 2009 to February 2011.

The SOAP (Study of Open Access Publishing) project has compiled data on the present offer for open access publishing in online peer-reviewed journals. Starting from the Directory of Open Access Journals, several sources of data are considered, including inspection of journal web site and direct inquiries within the publishing industry. Several results are derived and discussed, together with their correlations: the number of open access journals and articles; their subject area; the starting date of open access journals; the size and business models of open access publishers; the licensing models; the presence of an impact factor; the uptake of hybrid open access., Comment: Submitted to PLoS ONE

ispartof: Proceedings van het XXIste Belgisch Wegencongres ispartof: Belgisch Wegencongres location:Gent date:22 Sep - 25 Sep 2009 status: published