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Ditylenchus sarvarae sp. n. (See Figs. 1 & 2) Measurements. See Table 1. Description. Population from Bam, province of Kerman (4♀♀, 3♂♂): Female. Body almost straight to open ���C��� shape When heat relaxed. Lip region loW, measuring 7���9 ��m in diameter and 3���4 ��m in height. Head flattened, appearing almost smooth. Stoma opening pore-like at the centre of a small oral disc. Amphidial openings small and slit-like, posterior to lateral lips. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m Wide at midbody. Stylet delicate, With Well developed, rounded knobs, 2 ��m in Width. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) at 22���25% of stylet length. Pharyngeal procorpus cylindrical, Without a constriction at the junction With median bulb. Median bulb mostly oval in shape, 17���18 ��m long and 10���11 ��m in diameter, valve Well developed. Isthmus long, slender, encircled nearly at its midpoint by the nerve ring. Nerve ring located at 47���55% of neck length. Basal pharyngeal bulb spatulate. Hemizonid located opposite anterior part of pharyngeal basal bulb at 63��� 78% of neck length, about three cuticular annuli long. Excretory pore at basal bulb level, at 73���79% of neck length. Lateral fields With seven plain incisures, often difficult to see under the light microscope. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, Well developed. Ovary Without flexure toWards vulva. Anterior genital tract 200 ��m long, 15���20% of body length, With the apex of the germinal zone not reaching the pharyngeal bulb. Spermatheca broad, elongated, 35���38 ��m long, 6���10 ��m in diameter, filled With rounded sperm. Anterior part of uterus in the form of a quadricolumella, folloWed by a short, narroWer tract and ending in a sWollen posterior part near the vagina. Postvulval uterine sac Well developed, 1.8���2.8 times the vulval body diameter; 25���51% the vulva���anus distance. Tail conoid, ending in a finely pointed terminus. Phasmids conspicuous, 29���33 ��m distant from anus. Male. Smaller than female, but similar in shape, except in reproductive system. Lip region 3���4 ��m high, 7���8 ��m in diameter, slightly narroWer than the rest of the body. Lip region With 3 annuli. Stylet delicate, knobs small, rounded, 2.0���3.0 ��m in diameter. DGO 22���23% of stylet length. Median bulb oval, 18 ��m length and 11 ��m in diameter, respectively. Isthmus slender, elongate, 60���61 ��m long, encircled approximately in the middle by the nerve ring. Basal pharyngeal bulb spatulate, slightly abutting intestine. Lateral fields With seven smooth incisures. Testis Well developed, 544���888 ��m long, not reaching the basal bulb. Bursa leptoderan, slightly longer than tail in overall extension, starting anterior to the cloaca at a distance slightly more than one anal body diameter and extending 66���95% of tail length. Spicules ventrally arcuate, slightly cephalated anteriorly. Gubernaculum simple, 30���43% of spicule length. Locality and habitat. The material studied Was isolated from rhizosphere soil associated With alfalfa roots (Medicago sativa L.) in Bam, in the province of Kerman, Iran (N: 29��06���22���; E: 58��21���25���). Type material. TWo females and tWo males (holotype and paratypes) deposited in the National Collection of Nematodes (NCN) at the ARC-PPRI (Nematology Unit of Biosystematics). The other paratypes (tWo females and one male) Were deposited in the nematode collection of Nematology Laboratory of North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Diagnosis. Ditylenchus sarvarae sp. n. is characterized by body length (1000���1438 ��m in females and 780��� 933 ��m in males), stylet length (9���10 ��m), number of lateral lines (seven), post uterine sac length (55���62 ��m), tail length (73���89 ��m in females and 64���69 ��m in males), spicule length (22���25 ��m), leptoderan bursa (94���95% of tail length) and unique D2D3 sequence. Relationships. The neW species is morphologically similar to D. valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968 and D. destructor Thorne, 1945. Compared With D. valveus, it has a longer bursa (94���95% of tail length vs 23���47% of tail length) (Brzeski 1991). Compared With D. destructor, D. sarvarae sp. n. differs in shape of the tail terminus (sharply pointed vs rounded), number of lateral field insicures (7 vs 6) and a longer bursa (50���90% in D. destructor) (SWart et al. 2015). Compared With D. gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Li��banas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo 2011, the neW species differs in body length (1000���1438 ��m vs 1561���1932 ��m in females and 933���1152 ��m vs 1373���1716 ��m in males), female tail length (68���89 ��m vs 69���103 ��m), length of postuterine sac (55���62 ��m vs 81���150 ��m), number of lateral incisures line (7 vs 4) and bursa length (94���95% of tail length vs 50���90% of tail length) (Vovlas et al. 2011). In comparison With D. oncogenus Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Li��banas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo, 2015 the neW species differ in having more lateral field incisures (7 vs 6) and a longer bursa (62���67% of tail length in D. oncogenus) (Vovlas et al. 2015). Compared With D. gallaeformans Oliveira, Santini, Seni, Dietrich, Salazar, Subbotin, Mundo- Ocampo, Goldenberg & Barreto, 2013, it differs in having more lateral field incsicures (7 vs 4) and shorter bursa (94���95% of tail length vs 100% of tail length). In comparison With D. halictus Giblin-Davis, Erteld, Kanzaki, Ye, Zeng & Center, 2010, it differs in lateral field incisures (7 vs 6) and bursa length (94���95% of tail length vs 20���55% of tail length). The neW species shoWs differences With D. drepanocercus Goodey, 1953 in spicule length (22���26 ��m vs 10 ��m) and bursa length (94���95% of tail length vs 50% of tail length; according to Brzeski 1991). D. persicus and D. sarvarae differ in body length (vs 635-928 ��m in females and 670-715 ��m in males), stylet length (vs 5-7 ��m), post uterine sac length (69-139 vs 14-18 ��m), female tail length (68-98 vs 45-68 ��m), the number of lateral field incisures (7 vs 6) and spicule length (22-26 vs 15-17 ��m). Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor of the mother, Lady Sarvar Ourang, of the first author in grateful recognition of her efforts to raise him from childhood, and is also dedicated to all mothers in the World. DNA characterization. The sequence flanked by the tWo primers D2a and D2b of the D2���D3 segment of 28S region of D. sarvarae sp. n. contains 762 base pairs (bps). A Blast search demonstrated that this population has 125 base pair differences from the Chinese populations of D. destructor (EU400628, EU400624; EU400623; 83% identity). The Iranian population shoWs less similarity With other Ditylenchus sequnces deposited in the NCBI GenBank., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Iranpour, Fahime, Peneva, Vlada, Elshishka, Milka, Fourie, Hendrika & Swart, Antoinette, 2018, Ditylenchus sarvarae sp. n. (Tylenchina: Anguinidae) from Iran, pp. 197-206 in Zootaxa 4399 (2) on pages 198-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1206586, {"references":["Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes oF the Northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Thorne, G. (1945) Ditylenchus destructor n. sp., the potato root nematode and D. dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936, the teasel nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 12, 27 - 33.","Vovlas, N., Troccoli, A., Palomares-RiUs, J. E., De LUca, F., Liebanas, G., Landa, B. B., SUbbotin, S. A. & Castillo, P. (2011) Ditylenchus gigas n. sp. parasitizing broad bean: A new stem nematode singled oUt From the Ditylenchus dipsaci species complex Using a polyphasic approach with molecUlar phylogeny. Plant Pathology, 60, 762 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3059.2011.02430. x","Vovlas, N., Troccoli, A., Palomares-RiUs, J. E., De LUca, F., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Liebanas, G., Landa, B. B., SUbbotin, S. A. & Castillo, P. (2015) A new stem nematode, Ditylenchus oncogenus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida), parasitizing sowthistle From Adriatic coast dUnes in soUthern Italy. Journal of Helminthology, 90, 152 - 165.","Oliveira, R. D. L., Santin, A. M., Seni, D. J., Dietrich, A., Salazar, L. A., SUbbotin, S. A., MUndo-Ocampo, M., Goldenberg, R. & Barreto, R. W. (2013) Ditylenchus gallaeformans sp. n. (Tylenchida: AngUinidae) - a neotropical nematode with biocontrol potential against weedy Melastomataceae. Nematology, 15, 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002670","Giblin-Davis, R. M., Erteld, C., Kanzaki, N., Ye, W., Zeng, Y. & Center, B. (2010) Ditylenchus halictus n. sp. (Nematoda: AngUinida), an associate oF the sweat bee, Halicatus sexcinctus (Halictidae), From Germany. Nematology, 12, 891 - 904. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 138855410 X 494161","Goodey, T. (1953) On two new species oF nematodes associated with leaF-blotch in Evodia roxburghiana, an Indian evergreen tree. Thapar Comments, 95, 95 - 104."]}

Background Comprehensive biotic surveys, or 'all taxon biodiversity inventories' (ATBI), have traditionally been limited in scale or scope due to the complications surrounding specimen sorting and species identification. To circumvent these issues, several ATBI projects have successfully integrated DNA barcoding into their identification procedures and witnessed acceleration in their surveys and subsequent increase in project scope and scale. The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario partnered with the rare Charitable Research Reserve and delegates of the 6th International Barcode of Life Conference to complete its own rapid, barcode-assisted ATBI of an established land trust in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. New information The existing species inventory for the rare Charitable Research Reserve was rapidly expanded by integrating a DNA barcoding workflow with two surveying strategies - a comprehensive sampling scheme over four months, followed by a one-day bioblitz involving international taxonomic experts. The two surveys resulted in 25,287 and 3,502 specimens barcoded, respectively, as well as 127 human observations. This barcoded material, all vouchered at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario collection, covers 14 phyla, 29 classes, 117 orders, and 531 families of animals, plants, fungi, and lichens. Overall, the ATBI documented 1,102 new species records for the nature reserve, expanding the existing long-term inventory by 49%. In addition, 2,793 distinct Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were assigned to genus or higher level taxonomy, and represent additional species that will be added once their taxonomy is resolved. For the 3,502 specimens, the collection, sequence analysis, taxonomic assignment, data release and manuscript submission by 100+ co-authors all occurred in less than one week. This demonstrates the speed at which barcode-assisted inventories can be completed and the utility that barcoding provides in minimizing and guiding valuable taxonomic specialist time. The final product is more than a comprehensive biotic inventory - it is also a rich dataset of finescale occurrence and sequence data, all archived and cross-linked in the major biodiversity data repositories. This model of rapid generation and dissemination of essential biodiversity data could be followed to conduct regional assessments of biodiversity status and change, and potentially be employed for evaluating progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Fil: Telfer, Angela C.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Young, Monica R.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Quinn, Jenna. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Perez, Kate. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Sobel, Crystal N.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Sones, Jayme E.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Levesque Beaudin, Valerie. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Derbyshire, Rachael. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Fernandez Triana, Jose. No especifíca; Fil: Rougerie, Rodolphe. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Francia Fil: Thevanayagam, Abinah. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Boskovic, Adrian. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Borisenko, Alex V.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Cadel, Alex. University of Waterloo; Canadá Fil: Brown, Allison. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Pages, Anais. Université Montpellier II; Francia Fil: Castillo, Anibal H.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Nicolai, Annegret. Universite de Rennes I; Francia Fil: Mockford, Barb Mockford Glenn. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Bukowski Loináz, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Wilson, Bill. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Trojahn, Brock. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Lacroix, Carole Ann. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Brimblecombe, Chris. The University of Waikato; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Hay, Christoper. Western University; Canadá Fil: Ho, Christmas. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Steinke, Claudia. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Warne, Connor P.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Cortes, Cristina Garrido. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Engelking, Daniel. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Wright, Danielle. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Lijtmaer, Dario Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Gascoigne, David. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Martich, David Hernandez. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo.; República Dominicana Fil: Morningstar, Derek. No especifíca; Fil: Neumann, Dirk. Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen; Alemania Fil: Steinke, Dirk. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: DeBruin, Donna DeBruin Marco. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Dobias, Dylan. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Sears, Elizabeth. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Richard, Ellen. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Damstra, Emily. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Zakharov, Evgeny V.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Laberge, Frederic. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Collins, Gemma E.. The University of Waikato; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Blagoev, Gergin A.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Grainge, Gerrie. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Ansell, Graham. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Meredith, Greg. Grand River Conservation Authority; Canadá Fil: Hogg, Ian. The University of Waikato; Nueva Zelanda Fil: McKeown, Jaclyn. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Topan, Janet. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Bracey, Jason. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Guenther, Jerry. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Sills-Gilligan, Jesse. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Addesi, Joseph. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Persi, Joshua. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Layton, Kara K.S.. University of Western Australia; Australia Fil: D'Souza, Kareina. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Dorji, Kencho. National Biodiversity Centre; Bután Fil: Grundy, Kevin. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Nghidinwa, Kirsti. Ministry of Environment and Tourism; Namibia Fil: Ronnenberg, Kylee. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Lee, Kyung Min. University of Oulu; Finlandia Fil: Xie, Linxi. Western University; Canadá Fil: Lu, Liuqiong. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Penev, Lyubomir. Pensoft; Bulgaria Fil: Gonzalez, Mailyn. No especifíca; Fil: Rosati, Margaret E.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Kekkonen, Mari. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Kuzmina, Maria. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Iskandar, Marianne. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Mutanen, Marko. University of Oulu; Finlandia Fil: Fatahi, Maryam. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Pentinsaari, Mikko. University of Oulu; Finlandia Fil: Bauman, Miriam. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Nikolova, Nadya. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Ivanova, Natalia V.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Jones, Nathaniel. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Weerasuriya, Nimalka. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Monkhouse, Norman. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Lavinia Oblanca, Pablo Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Jannetta, Paul. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Hanisch, Priscila Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: McMullin, R. Troy. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Flores, Rafael Ojeda. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Mouttet, Raphaëlle. Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux; Francia Fil: Vender, Reid. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Labbee, Renee N.. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Forsyth, Robert. New Brunswick Museum; Canadá Fil: Lauder, Rob. London Homeopathy; Canadá Fil: Dickson, Ross. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Kroft, Ruth. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Miller, Scott E.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: MacDonald, Shannon. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Panthi, Sishir. Ministry Of Forests And Soil Conservation; Nepal Fil: Pedersen, Stephanie. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Sobek-Swant, Stephanie. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Naik, Suresh. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Lipinskaya, Tatsiana. National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Bielorrusia Fil: Eagalle, Thanushi. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Decaëns, Thibaud. Université Montpellier II; Francia Fil: Kosuth, Thibault. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Braukmann, Thomas. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Woodcock, Tom. Rare Charitable Research Reserve; Canadá Fil: Roslin, Tomas. University of Helsinki; Finlandia Fil: Zammit, Tony. Grand River Conservation Authority; Canadá Fil: Campbell, Victoria. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Vlad Dinca. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: Peneva, Vlada. Bulgarian Academy Of Sciences; Bulgaria Fil: Hebert, Paul David Neil. University of Guelph; Canadá Fil: deWaard, Jeremy R.. University of Guelph; Canadá

Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Mehrabi-Nasab, Abdolrahman, Mirzaei, Mahdieh, Peneva, Vlada (2013): Study of mononchids from Iran, with description of Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida). Zootaxa 3599 (6): 519-534, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.2

Mononchus truncatus Bastian, 1865 (Fig. 1, F���I) Material examined. Two females, in good preservation Measurements. See Table 2. Description Female: Body almost cylindrical, J shape after fixation. Cuticle smooth under LM, 3 ��m wide at mid body. Small transverse striae visible under SEM. Head region continuous with neck, having six lips bearing 6 + 4 papillae. Amphid openings oval, located anterior to the dorsal tooth, its aperture 4���6 ��m wide, located 15���17 ��m from anterior end. Buccal cavity elongate oblong, barrel-shaped, about 2.7 times as long as wide, with thick, cuticularised vertical walls, 1.6 ��m thick. Dorsal wall bearing a sharp, slightly pointed, 6.4 ��m long and 3.1 ��m wide dorsal tooth, directed forward, located in the anterior half of buccal cavity at 60 % from its base; two foramina present at the base of buccal cavity lying close to each other, 6���8 ��m long. Nerve ring located at middle of pharynx, at 33���35 % of neck length. Excretory pore opening located at 41���48 % of neck length. Cardia conoid, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Reproductive system amphidelphic. Ovary more or less straight, with flexure to the vulva and only one row of oocyte. Vagina extending inward for less than half of the body width; with parallel walls, pars refringens vaginae with two ovoid sclerotisations. Vulva a transverse slit, slightly protruding, located posterior to mid part of body. Advulval papillae absent. Rectum 1.1���1.2 times the anal body diameter. Tail uniformly ventrally curved, tapering to cylindrical shape in posterior part with 6.9���7.1 ��m diameters, bearing a minute hair on ventral part, Caudal glands in a group, spinneret opening terminal. Male. Not found. Locality. The material studied was recovered from soil sediments collected in Dalfard (Kerman province, Iran), south-eastern Iran (N: 29 �� 00��� 34.5 ���; E: 057�� 35 ��� 33.8 ���). Remarks. The morphometrics of the examined specimens conform well to the measurements of type / neotype specimens (Andr��ssy, 2011). In comparison with those studied by Farahmand et al., (2009 a) our specimens have a shorter body (1.5���1.7 vs 2���2.4 mm). Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Mylonchulus sigmaturus AY 284756 2 Mylonchulus sigmaturus AY 284757 0.01 3 Mylonchulus sigmaturus AY 284755 0.03 0.03 4 Mylonchulus rotundicaudatus AY 284751 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 2 5 Mylonchulus sigmaturus AB 361446 0.0 3 0.0 3 0.0 1 0.0 3 6 Mylonchulus oceanicus AB 361444 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 7 Mylonchulus brachyuris AB 361436 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 8 Mylonchulus arenicolus AF036596 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 9 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis AB 361441 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 10 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis AB 361439 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 11 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis AB 361440 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 12 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis AB 361442 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 13 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis AB 361438 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 Mylonchulus mulveyi AB 361449 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 15 Mylonchulus oceanicus AB 361443 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 16 Mylonchulus mulveyi AB 361448 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.05 17 Mylonchulus brachyuris AY 284754 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 18 Mylonchulus brachyuris AB 361437 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 19 Mylonchulus cf. hawaiiensis JQ 742964 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 20 Mylonchulus brachyuris AY 284752 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 Family species Reference Anantonchidae Anatonchus kafii Olia, Choudhary, Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 2004 Olia et al., 2004 A. tridentatus (De Man, 1876) De Coninck, 1939 Loof et al., 1990, Barooti, 1997 Miconchus studeri (Steiner, 1914) Andr��ssy, 1958 Barooti & Nowruzi, 2000 Mononchidae Clarkus papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Jairajpuri, 1970 Loof et al., 1990; Olia et al., 2004; Farahmand et al., 2009 b Coomansus parvus (De Man, 1880) Jairajpuri and Khan, 1977 Loof et al., 1990; Farahmand et al., 2009 b Mononchus aquaticus Coetzee, 1968 Farahmand et al., 2009 a M. pulcher Andr��ssy, 1993 Farahmand et al., 2009 a M. truncatus Bastian, 1865 Farahmand et al., 2009 a; Olia et al., 2004; Present paper Prionchulus iranicus Farahmand, Eskandari, Viciguerra, Orselli & Karegar, 2009 Farahmand et al., 2009 b P. muscorum (Dujardin, 1845) Wu & Hoeppli, 1929 Loof et al., 1990 P. punctatus Cobb, 1917 Loof et al., 1990 Mylonchulidae Mylonchulus brachyuris (B��tschli, 1873) Cobb, 1917 Loof et al., 1990; Farahmand et al., 2009 a M. cf. hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Goodey, 1951 Present paper M. kermaniensis sp. n. Present paper M. minor (Cobb, 1893) Cobb, 1916 Loof et al., 1990; Nowruzi & Barooti, 1997 M. nainitalensis Jairajpuri, 1970 Olia et al., 2004 M. paitensis Yeates, 1992 Farahmand et al., 2009 a M. sigmaturellus (Cobb, 1917) Mulvey, 1961 Loof et al., 1990; Nowruzi & Barooti, 1997 M. sigmaturus Cobb, 1917 Loof et al., 1990; Nowruzi & Barooti, 1997; Farahmand et al., 2009 a DNA characterization of M. cf. hawaiiensis. The sequence lengths flanked by the two primers SSU-F-04 and SSU-R- 26 of the 18 S regions of M. cf. hawaiiensis isolate are ~ 900 base pairs (bps) long. The Blast test revealed that this population has only 5 base pairs difference from the Japanese populations (AB 361438, AB 361439, AB 361440; AB 361442; 99 % identity) of M. hawaiiensis. In comparison to other nearest population studied also from Japan showed 8 (AB 361441; 99 % identity) base pairs differences. Pairwise Maximum Composite Likelihood distance among 18 S rDNA region of Mylonchulus species showed that M. hawaiiensis populations from Japan are not having much genetic variation. Within M. hawaiiensis population���s genetic variation is 0.01 (Table 3). The genetic variation between M. cf. hawaiiensis (JQ 742964) and M. mulveyi was 0.05 and the highest within Mylonchulus species (Table 3)., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Mehrabi-Nasab, Abdolrahman, Mirzaei, Mahdieh & Peneva, Vlada, 2013, Study of mononchids from Iran, with description of Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida), pp. 519-534 in Zootaxa 3599 (6) on pages 528-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220173, {"references":["Bastian, H. C. (1865) Monograph of the Anguillulidae or free nematoids, marine, land and freshwater; with descriptions of 100 new species. Transaction of the Linnean Society of London, 25, 73 - 184. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1865. tb 00179. x","Andrassy, I. (2011) Three new species of the genus Mononchus (Nematoda: Mononchida), and the \" real \" Mononchus truncatus Bastian, 1865. Journal of Natural History, 45, 303 - 326. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2010.524947","Farahmand, S., Eskandari, A., Orselli, L. & Karegar, A. (2009 a) Some known species of the genera Mononchus Bastian, 1865 and Mylonchulus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 (Nematoda: Mononchina) from Semnan province, Iran. Nematologia Mediterranea, 37, 145 - 154.","Olia, M., Choudhary, M., Ahmad, W. & Jairajpuri M. S. (2004) Nematodes of the order Mononchida from Iran with description of Anatonchus kafii sp. n. International Journal of Nematology, 14, 135 - 138.","De Man, J. G. (1876) Onderzoekingen over vrij in de aarde levende Nematoden. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche dierkundige Vereeniging, 2, 78 - 196.","De Coninck, L. A. P. (1939) Les nematodes libres de la grotte de Han (Han-sur-lesse, Belgique). Note de biospeleologie. Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 15, 1 - 40.","Loof, P. A. A., Barooti, S. & Kheiri, A. (1990) Predatory nematodes (Mononchina) from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 57, 99 - 114 (Persian text); 27 - 36 (English abstract).","Steiner, G. (1914) Freilebende Nematoden aus der Schweiz. 1. Teil einer vorlaufigen Mitteilung. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde, 9, 259 - 276.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Uber das System der Mononchiden (Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937: Nematoda). Annales Historiconaturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 50, 151 - 171.","Barooti, S. & Nowrouzi, R. (2000) Report of Miconchoides studeri Steiner, 1914 in the soil of Mazandaran province and report of Longidorus orientalis Loof, 1983 in the soil of Khouzestan province. Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Pp 190. (In Persian).","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1970) Studies on Mononchida of India. II. The genera Mononchus, Clarkus n. gen. and Prionchulus (Family Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937). Nematologica, 16, 213 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00225","Farahmand, S., Eskandari, A., Viciguerra, M. T., Orselli, L. & Karegar, A. (2009 b) New and known species of the family Mononchidae (Nematoda) from Iran. International Journal of Nematology, 19 (2), 137 - 143.","De Man, J. G. (1880) Die einheimischen, frei in der reinen Erde und im sussen Wasser lebenden Nematoden. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche dierkundige Vereeniging, 5, 1 - 104.","Jairajpuri, M. S. & Khan, W. U. (1977) Studies on Mononchida of India. IX. Further division of the genus Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 with the proposal of Coomansus n. gen. (Family Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937) and descriptions of two new species. Nematologica, 23, 89 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529277 X 00264","Coetzee, V. (1968) Southern African species of the genera Mononchus and Prionchulus (Mononchidae). Nematologica, 14, 63 - 76. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00651","Andrassy, I. (1993) A taxonomic survey of the family Mononchidae (Nematoda). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 39, 13 - 60.","Dujardin, F. (1845) Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux. Paris, France, Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, 654 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10123","Wu, H. W. & Hoeppli, R. J. C. (1929) Free-living nematodes from Fookien and Chekiang. Archiv fur Schiffs- und Tropen- Hygiene, 33, 35 - 43.","Cobb, N. A. (1917) The mononchs (Mononchus Bastian, 1866). A genus of free-living predatory nematodes. Contributions to a science of Nematology VI. Soil Science, 3, 431 - 486. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1097 / 00010694 - 191705000 - 00004","Butschli, O. (1873) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leipold-Carolinae Nat Curios, 36, 1 - 24.","Cassidy, G. H. (1931) Some mononchs of Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters' Record, 35, 305 - 339.","Goodey, T. (1951) Soil and freshwater nematodes. London, UK, Methuen, 390 pp.","Cobb, N. A. (1916) Subdivisions of Mononchus. Journal of Parasitology, 2, 195 - 196.","Nowruzi, R., & Barooti, S. (1997) Predatory and plant parasitic nematodes from Hormozgan province. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 64, 49 - 58 (In Persian); 14 - 16 (English abstract).","Yeates, G. W. (1992) Nematodes from New Caledonia. 1. Introduction and Mononchoidea. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 101 - 126.","Mulvey, R. H. (1961) The Mononchidae: a family of predaceous nematodes I. Genus Mylonchulus (Enoplida: Mononchidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 665 - 696. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 61 - 070"]}

Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp.n. (Figs. 3 & 4) Material examined. Six females, in good preservation. Measurements. See Table 2. Description Female: Body almost cylindrical, ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle smooth under LM, 3 ��m wide at mid body. Head region continuous with neck, having six lips bearing 6 + 4 papillae. Amphid openings oval, aperture 4���5 ��m wide, located 9���12 ��m from anterior end. Buccal cavity large, goblet -shaped, about 1.5���1.6 times as long as wide, with thick, cuticularised vertical walls, 2 ��m diameter. Dorsal wall bearing a sharp, 8���10 ��m long and 4���5 ��m wide dorsal tooth, directed forward, located in the anterior half of buccal cavity at 56���60 % from its base; two foramina present at the base of buccal cavity lying close to each other, 4���6 ��m long. Six transverse rows of rasplike denticles on subventral walls posterior to the dorsal tooth, the sixth row consisting of four denticles. Nerve ring at 40���47 % of neck length. Excretory pore opening not visible. Cardia conoid, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Reproductive system amphidelphic. Ovaries more or less straight, reflexed and with one row of oocytes. Oviduct long, 99���108 ��m long, 1.6���1.9 times corresponding body diameter. Uterus 74���89 ��m long, 2.1���2.3 corresponding body diameter. Vagina with parallel walls, less than half of corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two drop-like sclerotised pieces. Vulva a transverse slit with, protruding, located posterior to mid part of body. One prevulval papilla, located 11 ��m anterior to vulva and one postvulval papilla, located 26���30 ��m posterior to vulva present, observed in two specimens. Eggs 1.6���2.4 times the corresponding body diameter. Rectum 0.7���0.9 times the anal body diameter. Tail slightly sigmoid, sharply bent ventrad with digitate posterior portion slightly but clearly bent dorsad. Caudal pores not observed. Caudal glands grouped, spinneret bearing terminal opening. Male. Not found. Diagnosis. Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. nov. is characterized by its body 1.3���1.5 mm long, head region continuous, buccal capsule of medium size (24��� 27 x 15���18 ��m), six rows of rasp-like denticles, the sixth line of rasp-like denticles consisting of four denticles, amphidelphic reproductive system, female tail 37���49 ��m long (c= 27.9���38.9, c'= 1.2���1.7), slightly sigmoid, sharply bent ventrad with digitate posterior portion slightly but clearly bent dorsad, terminal opening of spinneret. M. cf. hawaiiensis M. kermaniensis sp. n. M. truncatus Locality Jiroft Kerman Dalfard Kerman Province Kerman Kerman Soil Habitat Palm date 6 �� Soil sediment N 10 �� 2 �� Character - Holotype Paratype - Tail length as % of total body length 4.4 �� 0.6 (3���5) 2.9 3.1 �� 0.4 (2.6���3.6) 12.4 ��� 11.8 Relationship. According to key of the genus Mylonchulus provided by Andr��ssy (1992) and modified by Ahmad and Jairajpuri (2010), the species M. sigmaturus Cobb, 1917, M. sigmaturellus Mulvey, 1961, M. agilis Doucet, 1980, M. paitensis Yeates, 1992, M. dentatus Jairajpuri, 1970 and M. sessus Jairajpuri, 1982 (considered as a synonym of M. sygmaturus by Andr��ssy, 1993) form a group characterized by a sigmoid tail, strongly bend ventrad with a digitate posterior portion slightly inclining dorsad and terminal opening of spinneret. Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. is the most similar to M. paitensis described from New Caledonia but can be differentiated from it by different number of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 5 rows), narrower (22���25 vs 25���29 ��m) and differently shaped (continuous vs wider than adjacent body) lip region, shorter buccal capsule (24���27 vs 28���29 ��m), elevated vulval region (vs not elevated), presence of advulval papillae vs absent and differently shaped tail (digitate portion dorsaly bent vs straight). Tabassum et al., (2001) and Farahmand et al., (2009 a) reported as M. paitensis some specimens from Pakistan and Iran, which are morphologically similar to the studied material, however, they are different in tail morphology, absence of vulval papillae and grouped caudal glands (vs in tandem). Further, the new species can be differentiated from the closely related M. sigmaturus by its differently shaped lip region (continuous vs set off), rasp-like denticles (six vs 7���8 rows), sixth line of rasp-like denticles (bearing four denticles vs bearing more four denticles), submedian teeth (small vs large), digitate portion of tail without caudal pores vs digitate portion of tail bearing caudal pores, higher c��� values (c���= 1.3���1.7 vs 0.8 ���1.0) and presence of advulval papillae vs absent; from M. sigmaturellus by its shorter body (1.3���1.5 vs 1.6���2.6 mm) and tail (37���49 vs 55���80 ��m), lower c��� values (c���= 1.3���1.7 vs c���= 2���2.5) and differently shaped lip region (continuous vs offset); from M. agilis the new species differs in shorter body (L= 1.3���1.5 vs 1.6 ���2.00 mm), number of rows of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 6���9 rows, sixth rows bearing four vs sixth rows bearing more denticles), narrower lip region (21.5���25 vs 30 ��m), lower c values (c= 27.9���38.9 vs 37.9���67.6), buccal cavity shape (broad vs funnel shape) and length (24���27 vs 28���30 ��m), vulval papillae (present vs absent) and males absent vs males present. In comparison with the M. dentatus the new species differs in number of rows of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 10���15), submedian teeth (small vs large). Finaly, the new species differs from M. sessus in the number of rows of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 7���8), anterior rows of denticles not prominent (vs prominent), larger submedian teeth (vs smaller), shorter rectum (19���25 vs 29���30 ��m) and longer tail (37���49 vs 25���33 ��m, c= 27.9���38.9 vs c= 47���55; c���= 1.3���1.7 vs 0.9). Type habitat and locality. The specimens were recovered from soil, Kerman (Kerman province), southeastern Iran (N: 30 �� 16 �� 48.97 ��; E: 57 ��04��0 1.27 ��) Type material. Female holotype and four female paratypes deposited in the nematode collection of Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. One paratype female deposited in the Laboratory of Nematology of University of Jaen (Spain). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the locality where the species has been recovered., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Mehrabi-Nasab, Abdolrahman, Mirzaei, Mahdieh & Peneva, Vlada, 2013, Study of mononchids from Iran, with description of Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida), pp. 519-534 in Zootaxa 3599 (6) on pages 524-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.2, http://zenodo.org/record/220173, {"references":["Andrassy, I. (1992) A taxonomic survey of the family Mylonchulidae (Nematoda). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 25, 11 - 35.","Ahmad, W. & Jairajpuri, M. S. (2010) Mononchida: The Predaceous Nematodes. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, Vol. 7. Brill Leiden-Boston, The Netherlands, 298 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / ej. 9789004174641. i- 298","Cobb, N. A. (1917) The mononchs (Mononchus Bastian, 1866). A genus of free-living predatory nematodes. Contributions to a science of Nematology VI. Soil Science, 3, 431 - 486. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1097 / 00010694 - 191705000 - 00004","Mulvey, R. H. (1961) The Mononchidae: a family of predaceous nematodes I. Genus Mylonchulus (Enoplida: Mononchidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 665 - 696. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 61 - 070","Doucet, M. E. (1980) Description of a new species of the genus Mylonchulus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Nematologia Mediterranea, 8 (1), 37 - 42.","Yeates, G. W. (1992) Nematodes from New Caledonia. 1. Introduction and Mononchoidea. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 101 - 126.","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1970) Studies on Mononchida of India. II. The genera Mononchus, Clarkus n. gen. and Prionchulus (Family Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937). Nematologica, 16, 213 - 221. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00225","Jairajpuri, D. S. (1982) Mylonchulus sessus n. sp. (Nematoda: Mononchida) from Brunei. Systematic Parasitology, 4, 185 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00019002","Andrassy, I. (1993) A taxonomic survey of the family Mononchidae (Nematoda). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 39, 13 - 60.","Tabassum, K. A., Shahina, F. and Shaukat S. S. (2001) Three new records of the order Mononchida (Enoplida: Nematoda) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 19, 41 - 47.","Farahmand, S., Eskandari, A., Orselli, L. & Karegar, A. (2009 a) Some known species of the genera Mononchus Bastian, 1865 and Mylonchulus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 (Nematoda: Mononchina) from Semnan province, Iran. Nematologia Mediterranea, 37, 145 - 154."]}

Xiphinema simile Lamberti, Choleva et Agostinelli, 1983 (Figs 2B, C, E, G, H, L, M, O, Q-S; 3 D-H; 4 F-K; 5 D-H; 9-11) Measurements. See Tables 2 -4 Description. Females. Body slender, slightly tapering towards both ends; C- to spiral-shaped. Th ickness of the cuticle at postlabial region 1 ��m; at dorsal side of the tail cuticle thickness increases gradually from 2 to 3.6 (3-4) ��m towards tail end. Lip region expanded, flatly rounded, 4 (4-5) ��m high. Amphidial opening 4-5 ��m wide, occupying 44-50% of the corresponding body width (n=4), located just below the demarcation line. Odontostyle with moderately developed basal collar, guiding ring not appearing single. Pharyngeal characters presented at Table 2. Genital system with two almost equally developed branches, uteri short (Table 3); vagina 13���16 ��m long or 46���56 % of the corresponding body diameter. Sperm cells observed in females from Kalimok and Orlyane populations. Ovaries contain symbiotic bacteria. Rectum 20.1 (18-22) ��m long. Tail conoid, dorsally convex, terminus rounded, in some specimens pointed; presence of slight dorsal constriction at the level of hyaline part. Males. Similar to female apart from body more curved at the posterior end and higher lip region (5-5.5 ��m). Spicules slightly curved, one adanal pair and 3 ventromedian supplements present, lateral guiding piece 6 ��m long Th e spicules of the specimen from Srebarna Reserve were not well developed and the testes were not observed while the specimen from Kalimok-Brashlen locality was apperantly functional with well developed testes filled with sperm. Tail longer than in female, especially in the specimen from Srebarna, conoid, dorsally convex with rounded terminus. Juveniles. Th e scatter diagram based on functional and replacement odontostyle, and body length reveal presence of three juvenile stages (Figs 11A & B). Remarks. According to Barsi and Lamberti (2002) the populations of X. simile found in different localities have shown a broad range of variability in body length with populations with more southern distribution being shorter. This study revealed one population of X. simile from Kamen brayg area with lower mean values for body and tail length, a - and c��� -ratios and higher c -ratio, as compared to other three populations. The comparisons with populations from different localities, showed that this population has similar body length with other Bulgarian (Lamberti et al. 1983, Peneva and Choleva 1992) and the Kenyan populations (Coomans and Heyns 1997), but still nematodes of this population had shorter tail length, higher c -ratios, and smaller c��� -ratios. The other populations studied were within the range of those reported from northern localities of the range (Barsi 1994, Li��kov�� and Brown 1996, Lamberti et al. 1999, Barsi and Lamberti 2002, Barsi and Lamberti 2004, Kumari 2006, Repasi et al. 2008). Measurements of juvenile stages and male specimens are presented for the first time for Bulgarian populations. Th e obtained values were equal or close to those reported by Barsi and Lamberti (2002) and Barsi and De Luca (2008). The frequency distribution graphs of functional and replacement odontostyle lengths represent four groups, corresponding to three juvenile stages and an adult stage and confirm the findings of other authors (Coomans and Heyns 1997, Barsi and Lamberti 2002, Barsi and Lamberti 2004, Kumari 2006) for the developmental pattern of X. simile. Xiphinema simile was found to occur together with X. parasimile (Orlyane locality) and X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 (Kalimok-Brashlen protected area)., Published as part of Lazarova, Stela, De Luca, Francesca & Peneva, Vlada, 2008, On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile, pp. 29-50 in ZooKeys 3 (3) on pages 41-48, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.3.26, http://zenodo.org/record/576416, {"references":["Lamberti F, Choleva B, Agostinelli A (1983) Longidoridae from Bulgaria (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with descriptions of three new species of Longidorus and two new species of Xiphinema. Nematologia mediterranea 11: 49 - 72.","Barsi L, Lamberti F (2002) Morphometrics of three putative species of the Xiphinema americanum group (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Nematologia mediterranea 30: 59 - 72.","Peneva V, Choleva B (1992) Nematodes of the family Longidoridae from forest nurseries in Bulgaria. II. Genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913. Khelmintologia 32: 47 - 66.","Coomans A, Heyns J (1997) Th ree species of the Xiphinema americanum - group (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Kenya. Nematologica 43: 259 - 274.","Barsi L (1994) Species of the Xiphinema americanum - group (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Nematologia mediterranea 22: 25 - 34.","Liskova M, Brown DJF (1996) Taxonomic validity and ecological relations of Xiphinema pachtaicum and X. simile (Nematoda, Dorylaimida), two members of the X. americanum group. Helminthologia 33: 137 - 142.","Lamberti F, Sabova M, De Luca F, Molinari S, Agostinelli A, Coiro MI, Valocka B (1999) Phenotypic variations and genetic characterization of Xiphinema populations from Slovakia (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Nematologia mediterranea 27: 261 - 275.","Barsi L, Lamberti F (2004) Xiphinema parasimile sp. n. from Serbia and X. simile, first record from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Nematoda, Dorylaimida). Nematologia mediterranea 32: 101 - 109.","Kumari S (2006) Xiphinema simile (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in the Czech Republic and a note on other Xiphinema species. Helminthologia 43 (1): 43 - 50.","Repasi V, Agostinelli A, Nagy P, Coiro MI, Hecker K, Lamberti F (2008) Distribution and morphological characterization of Xiphinema pachtaicum, X. simile and X. brevicollum from Hungary. Helminthologia 45: 96 - 102.","Barsi L, De Luca F (2008) Morphological and molecular characterisation of two putative Xiphinema americanum group species, X. parasimile and X. simile (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Serbia. Nematology 10: 15 - 25."]}

Xiphinema parasimile Barsi et Lamberti, 2004 (Figs 1; 2A, D, F, I-K, N, P, T; 3 A-C; 4 A-E; 5 A-C; 6-8) Measurements. See Tables 1-3; Description. Females. Body C to spiral shaped. Labial region 4-5 ��m high, setoff from the rest of the body. Amphids hardly visible, its opening 4 ��m in a paratype specimen (40 % of the corresponding body width); 5-5.5 ��m wide in specimens from Vinogradets and Orlyane (50-64 %). Odontostyle with poorly developed basal collar. Pharyngeal characters presented in Table 2. Reproductive system amphidelphic, symbiont bacteria present in the ovaries. Uteri short, ovejector and separate uteri present (Table 3); vagina 41.5 -52.2% of the corresponding body width (averages 48.4��1.4, n=5, paratype material; 46.4��3.4, n=17, Vi; 46.8��1.4, n=7, Or). Sperm cells observed in some of the females from Vinogradets. Tail conical, dorsally convex, ventrally almost straight or slightly concave with pointed terminus. Male. One specimen was found in Vinogradets population. Male similar to the female with posterior region more strongly curved. Lip region and tail shape as in females, a difference was observed within anal body width, which reflect the lower c��� value. Spicules slightly curved, lateral guiding piece 4 ��m long. Adanal supplement pair preceded by a row of five irregularly spaced supplements. Tail conoid, ventrally straight, dorsally convex with pointed terminus. Juveniles. The scatter diagram based on functional and replacement odontostyle, and body length revealed presence of four juvenile stages (Fig. 7). PCR-RFLP analysis. The amplification of the D1-D2 expansion domains of X. parasimile generated a unique band of about 0.8 kb. Th e restriction fragments of the amplified region of X. parasimile population from Vinogradets locality using several enzymes are presented in Fig. 8. Remarks. Metric data are within the ranges reported in the original description, with slightly lower average values for the female body length (1.78-1.82 vs 1.93-1.99 Terminology adopted by Loof and Coomans, 1972 * and Andr��ssy, 1998 ** mm). odontophore length (37.5-38.0 vs 40.7-41.6 ��m), and body width (26.5-27.1 vs 27.9-28.3 ��m) for the Bulgarian populations. Male of X. parasimile compared to X. simile males from Serbia and Bulgaria had posterior part of the body less curved and a shorter body (1.84 vs 1.98-2.13 mm), narrower lip region (8.5 vs 10-10.5 ��m), longer odontostyle (72 vs 63-69 ��m) and shorter lateral guiding piece (4 vs 6 ��m). The RFLP results showed that the Bulgarian population of X. parasimile has the same restriction profiles as that from Serbia (Barsi and De Luca 2008). The enzyme Ava II produced in the Bulgarian population two extra bands that were absent in X. parasimile from Serbia, suggesting the existence of differences in restriction sites in D1-D2 sequences. Furthermore, the enzyme Alu I always showed a band of 0.8 kb, corresponding to the undigested product, along with the expected restriction fragments suggesting microheterogeneity of the D1-D2 region of Bulgarian materials of X. parasimile (Powers et al. 1997, Hugall et al. 1999, Hung et al. 1999, Subbotin et al. 2000, Morales-Hojas et al. 2001, Elbadri et al. 2002, Otranto et al. 2003, De Luca et al. 2004)., Published as part of Lazarova, Stela, De Luca, Francesca & Peneva, Vlada, 2008, On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile, pp. 29-50 in ZooKeys 3 (3) on pages 31-41, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.3.26, http://zenodo.org/record/576416, {"references":["Barsi L, Lamberti F (2004) Xiphinema parasimile sp. n. from Serbia and X. simile, first record from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Nematoda, Dorylaimida). 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