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Postural adjustments involve displacements of the center of mass (COM), controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), to maintain equilibrium whilst standing. Postural adjustments can be anticipatory (APAs) or compensatory (CPAs), and are triggered to counteract predictable perturbations.Is the new smartphone application, Momentum, a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of body balance, by measuring APAs and CPAs using accelerometer readings?20 young adults were exposed to external predictable perturbations induced at the shoulder level, whilst standing. COM linear acceleration was recorded by Momentum (extracting data from a smartphone's accelerometer) and a 3D motion capture system.The key results demonstrated a very high, significant correlation (r ≥ 0.7, p 0.05) between the two device settings in the APA parametersThese experiments show that Momentum is a valid method for measuring COM acceleration under predictable perturbations and is reliable for compensatory events.

The school is a privileged space for the introduction of eating and hygiene habits that are potentially favorable to oral health literacy. However, despite several interventions for this purpose, oral diseases remain a global public health problem. One of the reasons is the implementation failure. Objective: This study intends to map the implementation of interventions aimed at oral health literacy aimed at children enrolled in kindergarten and in the first year. Methods: We intend to carry out a scoping review following the recommendations contained in the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis for scoping reviews. The following data sources will be accessed: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Eric, CINAHL/EBSCO, and Redalyc. The terms used will be related to the implementation of an intervention to promote oral health literacy in preschool and in the first school cycle. Primary studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish from 1996 will be included, focusing on literacy in oral health and with at least one of the proposed pillars for Health Promoting Schools. The references of the identified articles will be examined to verify possible studies that were not captured in the searched databases. Gray literature will also be consulted. For the extraction of texts, the RE-AIM framework adapted for systematic reviews will be used. The results will be described quantitatively and qualitatively through percentage and thematic analysis, respectively. Expected results: It is expected to map the implementation of interventions aimed at literacy in oral health in the context of the health promoting school and, with that, identify possibilities for improvements.

When designing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE), the wall shear stress (WSS), due to the fluid flow inside the scaffold, is an important factor to consider as it influences the cellular process involved in new tissue formation. The present work analyzed the average WSS in Schwartz diamond (SD) and gyroid (SG) scaffolds with different surface topologies and mesh elements using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It was found that scaffold meshes with a smooth surface topology with tetrahedral elements had WSS levels 35% higher than the equivalent scaffold with a non-smooth surface topology with hexahedral elements. The present work also investigated the possibility of implementing the optimization algorithm simulated annealing to aid in the design of BTE scaffolds with a specific average WSS, with the outputs showing that the algorithm was able to reach WSS levels in the vicinity of 5 mPa (physiological range) within the established limit of 100 iterations. This proved the efficacy of combining CFD and optimization methods in the design of BTE scaffolds.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term riders’ subjective responses to a standardized bikefitting method on their bicycles. Eighty-six amateur mountain bikers had their riding posture and bicycle components ergonomically adjusted through a 3D kinematic bikefitting method. Validated subjective scales (Feeling, OMNI, and Numerical Rating Pain Scale) were used to assess their overall riding comfort and fatigue along with localized pain for six body parts. Data were collected just before intervention (baseline or pre), immediately after (or post), and 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after the bikefit session. A Student’s t-test comparing before bikefit and after 120 days showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in localized pain for all six body parts and riding comfort along with a large effect size effect (d = 1.18) for riding comfort. Although initially reduced, fatigue scores gradually increased over the months, showing a high correlation (r = 0.946) with increased monthly training volume. In conclusion, overall riding discomfort and pain were significantly decreased after a standardized kinematic bikefit session even after 120 days post intervention. However, fatigue scores began to rise after 30 days, showing a high correlation with increasing monthly training volume.

Since the dawn of mobile communication systems, reducing the cell size has been one option to increase the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in both links. The impact of this reduction can be perfectly understood by considering Shannon’s law. This work studies in detail the performance of Home eNBs (HeNBs), nodes with a smaller coverage area. After a detailed theoretical study of the SINR, a simulation approach is used to extract performance results in small cell indoor scenarios. Results corresponding to the goodput, delay and packet loss ratio are analyzed. Based on an improved version of LTE-Sim, the proportional fair, frame level scheduler (FLS) and exponential rule are tested in an indoor environment. With the saturation conditions taken into consideration, the FLS performs better than the other schedulers. This work shows that with the considered applications, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the transmitter power of HeNBs without compromising the small cell network performance., This work was supported by Foundation for Science and Technology/Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (FCT/MCTES) through national funds and, when applicable, co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020, COST CA 15104 Inclusive Radio Communication Networks for 5G and Beyond (IRACON), Optical Radio Convergence Infrastructure for Communications and Power Delivering (ORCIP, 22141-01/SAICT/2016), TeamUp5G and CONQUEST (CMU/ECE/0030/2017). The TeamUp5G project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie project number 813391.

To investigate the effects of bike fitting compared to qualitative-based riding posture recommendations on comfort, fatigue, and pain in amateur cyclists. This was a randomised controlled parallel trial of 162 amateur cyclists divided into two groups: bike fitting group (BFG)–participants received a bike fitting session based on 3D kinematic assessments; and a control group (QG)–participants who received a handout containing qualitative-based cycling posture recommendations. Primary outcomes were perceived comfort (FEEL Scale), perceived fatigue (OMNI Scale), and perceived pain (numeric rating pain scale, NRPS). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, when the interventions were delivered, and after 15 days. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using student t-tests between pre and post intervention on both groups. All dependent variables from BFG displayed significant statistical difference between both groups post-intervention (p < 0.05). FEEL Scale and OMNI Scale results showed the highest changes of all variables under analysis (mean differences of 3.12 and 3.95 points, respectively); while the body parts with more reduction in riding pain were Groin and Back (mean differences of 1.68 and 1.35, respectively). In conclusion, 3D kinematic bikefit demonstrated superior improvements over riding pain, comfort and fatigue compared to qualitative riding posture recommendations.

Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.

ObjectiveTo analyse rider’s subjective responses after a standardised bicycle ergonomic adjustment method.MethodsExperimental study of 160 healthy, amateur mountain bikers analysed previously and 30 days after a bike-fitting session. The main outcome measures were subjective comfort level (Feeling Scale, FEEL), fatigue (OMINI Scale) and pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS).ResultsAll variables demonstrated statistical significance between groups pre and post bike-fit session (pConclusionsOverall discomfort, fatigue and pain in healthy mountain biker adults improved according to all three scales. The major improvements in pain levels were detected on the knee, hands, back and neck compared with presession values. Groin and ankle pain had smaller improvements but were still significant. Future clinical trials should address the bias effects of this experimental study.

Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica na Área de Energia, Refrigeração e Climatização Submitted by Isabel Melo (imelo@sa.isel.pt) on 2021-09-17T08:19:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 19149151 bytes, checksum: fb128484f3a7439b9c7c9cf5a544eee1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-17T08:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 19149151 bytes, checksum: fb128484f3a7439b9c7c9cf5a544eee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-07-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: Kinematic analysis aimed toward scientific investigation or professional purposes is commonly unaffordable and complex to use. Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify concurrent validation between a cycling-specific 3D camera and the gold-standard 3D general camera systems. Methods: Overall, 11 healthy amateur male triathletes were filmed riding their bicycles with Vicon 3D cameras and the Retul 3D cameras for bike fitting analysis simultaneously. All 18 kinematic measurements given by the bike fitting system were compared with the same data given by Vicon cameras through Pearson correlation (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error measurements (SEM), and Bland–Altman (BA) analysis. Confidence intervals of 95% are given. Results: A very high correlation between cameras was found on six of 18 measurements. All other presented a high correlation between cameras (between 0.7 and 0.9). In total, six variables indicate a SEM of less than one degree between systems. Only two variables indicate a SEM higher than two degrees between camera systems. Overall, four measures indicate bias tendency according to BA. Conclusions: The cycling-specific led-emitting 3D camera system tested revealed a high or very high degree of correlation with the gold-standard 3D camera system used in laboratory motion capture. In total, 14 measurements of this equipment could be used in sports medicine clinical practice and even by researchers of cycling studies.

BACKGROUND Many resistance studies state that they used the traditional method of resistance training in the intervention. However, there is a wide difference on the characteristics of the training protocols used even though they are labeled as "the traditional method". There is no clear definition and characteristics for the traditional method of resistance training. OBJECTIVE To describe the most common definitions and references, and also the main characteristics of the training variables of the studies using the traditional training method for strengthening. DATABASE Searches were carried out in Pubmed, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION We included randomized controlled trials that included a strengthening program using the "traditional method" and that evaluated hypertrophy and/or maximum strength in healthy individuals. RESULT The initial search resulted in 26,057 studies, but only 39 studies were eligible and included in this review. The common characteristics of the traditional training protocol were frequency of 3 sessions/week, 3 sets of 9 repetitions, with weight = 75% 1RM. The movement time was 2±1 seconds for the concentric and for the eccentric phases. Resting time between sets was 2±1 minutes. The concepts used to define the method as traditional and the characteristics of the intervention protocols were different. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was the most cited reference. CONCLUSIONS The "traditional method of resistance training" can be defined as: "Three (±1) sets of 9±6 repetitions of concentric and eccentric exercises using an external load of 75±20% of one maximum repetition, completed 3±1 times/week.

Transport investment is frequently advocated as having the double virtue of achieving both economic growth and territorial cohesion. The idea is that improving the accessibility of lagging regions to cities, increases the attractiveness of those regions for people and businesses. However, transport is only one of the factors affecting local development and there is no consensus on its net effect on population growth. The large scale of public funding allocated to motorway investment since the country joined the European Union in 1986 makes Portugal an ideal case study to examine the potential effect of improved road accessibility on the development of lagging rural areas. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between rural population change and road accessibility to the urban hierarchy (i.e. cities of different sizes) between 1991 and 2011. Regression analyses show that rural population growth is negatively associated with road distance and road travel time to the urban hierarchy, notably to medium-sized cities (i.e. 20,000-99,999 inhabitants). This suggests that medium-size cities play an important role in supporting population growth in their rural hinterlands. Robustness tests confirmed the validity of these findings. There is no evidence of nonlinearities in the magnitude of the effect between accessible and remote rural areas, which may be partially related to the relatively small size of the country. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This work aims at studying the indoor deployment of small cells, also known as femtocells, to provide coverage to a 5 × 5 grid geometry. The number of deployed HeNBs is 4, 5, or 6. An updated version of LTE-Sim is considered to extract values for Exponential Effective SINR Mapping (EESM), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), maximum number of supported users, goodput and delay. Results reveal that the use of four HeNBs corresponds to the highest values of EESM. For the considered geometry, 3GPP suggested a maximum of five HeNBs. However, this deployment shows worser performance compared to the topology with four HeNBs. The geometry with six HeNBs is the one with the best overall performance results for the 5 × 5 grid of apartments., COST CA 15104 IRACON, ORCIP (22141-01/SAICT/2016), TeamUp5G and CONQUEST (CMU/ECE/0030/2017)

Olhares sobre o envelhecimento. Estudos interdisciplinares, 37-50. Volume I

O presente trabalho tem como objeto a natureza dos crimes de coação sexual e de violação contra adultos, procedendo, para tal, a uma análise crítica à revisão penal de 2015 – decorrente das injunções das normas da popularizada “Convenção de Istambul” –, com especial enfoque na adoção do n.º 2 do artigo 178.º do Código Penal, o qual veio colocar uma reserva em relação à natureza semipública destes crimes. Foi dada particular atenção à solução híbrida que lhe é inerente, atendendo-se ainda, a seu respeito, às reações doutrinárias, do foro da política criminal, e, inclusivamente, da própria sociedade civil, assim como ao seu impacto em termos de operacionalização. Foi ainda estabelecido um paralelo com o crime de violência doméstica, por haver, em termos legislativos, pontos de contacto relevantes, no que concerne à acima referida natureza de tais crimes. Concluiu-se que – com a crescente intolerância social face a estes mesmos ilícitos criminais, a par de um debate, na esfera das ideias, longe ainda de estar encerrado – parecem estar reunidas as condições para uma publicização sem limites, na senda do verificado com o referido crime de violência doméstica. This work deals with the nature of the crimes of sexual coercion and rape and it does so via a critical analysis of the 2015 penal reform – derived from the injunctions brought upon by the norms of the well-known “Istanbul Convention” – with a special focus on the adoption of no. 2 of article 178 of the Penal Code, which originated a reservation regarding the semipublic nature of those crimes. Particular attention was given to its hybrid solution, as well as to its corresponding doctrinal, criminal policy and civil society reactions, and, finally, to its impact upon operationalisation aspects. A further paralell was established between those crimes and that of domestic violence, due to there being a legislative coincidence, in respect of the nature of the crimes. The conclusion was that – with growing social intolerance towards sexual crimes and debates around this issue still far from closure – all seems to gravitate in the direction of these becoming public crimes, as the crime of domestic violence did. N/A

Screening traditionally refers to the problem of detecting active inputs in the computer model. In this paper, we develop methodology that applies to screening, but the main focus is on detecting active inputs not in the computer model itself but rather on the discrepancy function that is introduced to account for model inadequacy when linking the computer model with field observations. We contend this is an important problem as it informs the modeler which are the inputs that are potentially being mishandled in the model, but also along which directions it may be less recommendable to use the model for prediction. The methodology is Bayesian and is inspired by the continuous spike and slab prior popularized by the literature on Bayesian variable selection. In our approach, and in contrast with previous proposals, a single MCMC sample from the full model allows us to compute the posterior probabilities of all the competing models, resulting in a methodology that is computationally very fast. The approach hinges on the ability to obtain posterior inclusion probabilities of the inputs, which are very intuitive and easy to interpret quantities, as the basis for selecting active inputs. For that reason, we name the methodology PIPS -- posterior inclusion probability screening.

Introduction: Muscle activity in the pedal stroke movement on a cycle ergometer can be measured by surface electromyography, as an effective and improved method for studying muscle action and objectively determining the different action potentials of the muscles involved in specific movements. Heart rate behavior is an important factor during exercise with load. Objective: To identify heart rate behavior and pattern of muscle activity of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis in healthy subjects in the pedaling dynamic at different loads, submaximal test, on an instrumented cycle ergometer. Methods: 20 healthy adults were evaluated. Heart rate measurement was performed, together with electromyographic analysis, in the time domain, of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles during incremental exercise of the lower limbs on the cycle ergometer. Results: Heart rate behavior presented significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to increased loads. The EMG signal intensity from the vastus medialis muscle (normalized RMS value) in each quadrant of the pedaling cycle showed significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and IV and significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants III and IV. In the rectus femoris (RF) muscle, there was significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and IV and significant difference for p≥0.05 in relation to quadrants I, II and III. Conclusion: An increase in heart rate proportional to the increase in load was observed, as well as an increase in the amplitude of the electromyographic signal proportional to the increase in load. It was possible to identify the pattern of muscle activation in the studied quadrants during pedal stroke movements, independent of load. Level of evidence III; Study of non-consecutive patients; without uniform application of the “gold” standard reference.

The evaluation of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) requires high-cost and complex handling systems, only available at research laboratories. New alternative methods are being developed in this field, on the other hand, to solve this issue and allow applicability in clinic, sport and hospital environments. The objective of this study was to validate an app for mobile devices to measure the APAs during gait initiation by comparing the signals obtained from cell phones using the Momentum app with measurements made by a kinematic system. The center-of-mass accelerations of a total of 20 healthy subjects were measured by the above app, which read the inertial sensors of the smartphones, and by kinematics, with a reflective marker positioned on their lumbar spine. The subjects took a step forward after hearing a command from an experimenter. The variables of the anticipatory phase, prior to the heel-off and the step phase, were measured. In the anticipatory phase, the linear correlation of all variables measured by the two measurement techniques was significant and indicated a high correlation between the devices (APAonset: r = 0.95, p < 0.0001; APAamp: r = 0.71, p = 0.003, and PEAKtime: r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The linear correlation between the two measurement techniques for the step phase variables measured by ques was also significant (STEPinterval: r = 0.56, p = 0.008; STEPpeak1: r = 0.79, p < 0.0001; and STEPpeak2: r = 0.64, p < 0.0001). The Bland–Altman graphs indicated agreement between instruments with similar behavior as well as subjects within confidence limits and low dispersion. Thus, using the Momentum cell phone application is valid for the assessment of APAs during gait initiation compared to the gold standard instrument (kinematics), proving to be a useful, less complex, and less costly alternative for the assessment of healthy individuals.

With the growing demand for a new blend of applications, the users dependency on the internet is increasing day by day. Mobile internet users are giving more attention to their own experiences, especially in terms of communication reliability, high data rates and service stability on move. This increase in the demand is causing saturation of existing radio frequency bands. To address these challenges, researchers are investigating the best approaches, Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the newest innovations, which seems to fulfill the demands of the future spectrum, also CA is one the most important feature for Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-Advanced). For this purpose to get the upcoming International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced) mobile requirements (1 Gb/s peak data rate), the CA scheme is presented by 3GPP, which would sustain a high data rate using widespread frequency bandwidth up to 100 MHz. Technical issues such as aggregation structure, its implementations, deployment scenarios, control signal techniques, and challenges for CA technique in LTE-Advanced, with consideration of backward compatibility, are highlighted in this paper. Also, performance evaluation in macro-cellular scenarios through a simulation approach is presented, which shows the benefits of applying CA, low-complexity multi-band schedulers in service quality, system capacity enhancement and concluded that enhanced multi-band scheduler is less complex than the general multi-band scheduler, which performs better for a cell radius longer than 1800 m (and a PLR threshold of 2%).

The ability to generate and control mental images is present in all of us, but it differs from person to person. Therefore, it is important to understand that imagery ability can be changed through training and experimentation, it is not a fixed ability. The aim of this study is to compare imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite athletes in a sport which involves closed and continuous motor skills, such as swimming. 79 swimmers (male N = 37; female N = 42) at an average age of 17 took part in this study. In order to assess imagery ability, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3 was used, Portuguese version (Mendes et al., 2016). After analysis of the results, these show that in each and every imagery modality, the scores in the three groups differ significantly. In kinesthetic and external visual imagery the elite and sub-elite groups’ scores, although not statistically different from each other, are significantly higher than those of the non-elite group. In internal visual imagery, the differences between all the compared pairs of groups are statistically significant. The elite group got the highest scores, followed by the sub-elite group average scores and finally the non-elite group average scores. According to these results, the conclusion is that athletes with better performance show greater imagery ability and that apparently the external visual imagery proved to be the best intervention method among swimming athletes. RESUMEN La capacidad de controlar y generar imágenes mentales está presente en todos los individuos, pero varía de sujeto a sujeto, por lo tanto, es importante entender que la habilidad de visualización mental es una capacidad que se puede modificar con el entrenamiento y la experimentación, y no una habilidad fija. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue el de comparar la habilidad de visualización mental en practicantes de Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite, en una modalidad deportiva con habilidades motoras cerradas y continuas, la natación. En este estudio participaron 79 sujetos practicantes de Natación (N = 76) (género masculino N = 37, género femenino N = 42) con una edad media de 17 años (DE = 3,1). Se definieron tres niveles de práctica, el grupo de Elite (N = 29), el grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) y No-Elite (N = 23). Para evaluar la habilidad de visualización mental se utilizó el Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versión portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Después de analizar los resultados verificamos que en todas y cada una de las modalidades de visualización mental, las medias obtenidas en los tres grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite y No-Elite) muestran diferencias significativas. De acuerdo con estos resultados podemos concluir que los atletas con mejor rendimiento deportivo muestran una mejor capacidad de visualización mental y que, aparentemente, la modalidad visual externa resultó como el mejor método de intervención para practicantes de Natación. RESUMO A habilidade de controlar e gerar imagens mentais está presente em todos os indivíduos, mas varia de sujeito para sujeito. Consequentemente, é importante entender que a habilidade de imagery é uma capacidade que pode ser modificável com o treino e a experimentação, e não uma habilidade fixa. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi comparar a habilidade de imagery em praticantes de Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite, numa modalidade com habilidades motoras fechadas e contínuas, a Natação. Neste estudo, participaram 79 sujeitos praticantes de Natação (N = 76) (sexo masculino N = 37; sexo feminino N = 42), com uma média de idades de 17 anos (SD = 3.1). Foram definidos três níveis de prática, sendo o grupo de Elite (N = 29), o grupo Sub-Elite (N = 27) e Não-Elite (N = 23). Para avaliar a habilidade de imagery, foi utilizado o Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3, versão portuguesa (Mendes et al., 2015). Após a análise dos resultados, verificámos que em todas e em cada uma das modalidades do imagery, as médias obtidas nos três grupos (Elite, Sub-Elite e Não-Elite) apresentam diferenças significativas. De acordo com estes resultados, podemos concluir que atletas com melhor performance desportiva revelam uma melhor capacidade de imagery e que aparentemente a modalidade visual externa se revelou como melhor método de intervenção em praticantes de Natação.

RESUMO O presente estudo sobre o desenvolvimento Motor da criança nos primeiros meses de vida, teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre as Habilidades Motoras e a Idade, e a relação entre as habilidades motoras Globais e Finas em crianças dos 12 aos 46 meses. Para o efeito, desenvolvemos um estudo de natureza quantitativa, com uma amostra de 405 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 46 meses, de ambos os géneros. Os instrumentos usados no estudo foram as Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Em termos globais os resultados indicam que existe uma tendência para correlações positivas (maioritariamente moderadas e baixas) entre as variáveis Idade, Habilidades Motoras Globais e Habilidades Motoras Finas, salientando a correlação positiva moderada (p≤0.05; r2=0.265; 0.5≤ r ≤0.7) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Fina e por sua vez uma correlação positiva pequena (p≤0.05; r2=0.217; 0.1≤ r ≤ 0.3) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Global. Podemos assim contatar, uma melhoria destas habilidades à medida que as crianças vão crescendo, salientando melhores resultados na Motricidade Fina. RESUMEN El presente estudio sobre el desarrollo motor de los niños en los primeros meses de vida tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación entre las habilidades motoras y la edad, y la relación entre las habilidades motoras globales y finas en niños de 12 a 46 meses. Para ello, desarrollamos un estudio de naturaleza tranversal cuantitativa, con una muestra de 405 niños de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 46 meses, de ambos géneros. Los instrumentos utilizados en el estudio fueron las Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). En términos globales los resultados indican que existe una tendencia a correlaciones positivas (mayoritariamente moderadas y bajas) entre las variables Edad, Habilidades Motoras Globales y Habilidades Motoras Finas, resaltando la correlación positiva moderada (p≤0.05, r2=0.265, 0.5≤ r ≤ 0.7) entre la Edad y la Motricidad Fina a su vez una pequeña correlación positiva (p≤0.05, r2=0.217, 0.1≤ r ≤ 0.3) entre la Edad y la Motricidad Global. Podemos así constatar, una mejora de esas habilidades a medida que los niños crecen, destacando mejores resultados en la Motricidad Fina. ABSTRACT The present study on the motor development of children in the first months of life aimed to verify the relationship between Motor Skills and Age, and the relationship between Global and Fine motor skills in children from 12 to 46 months. For this purpose, we developed a transversal quantitative study, with a sample of 405 children between the ages of 12 and 46 months of both genders. The instruments used in the study were the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Overall, the results indicate that there is a tendency for positive (mostly moderate and low) positive correlations between the variables Age, Global Motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills, emphasizing the moderate positive correlation (p≤0.05; r2=0.265; 0.5≤ r ≤ 0.7) between Age and Fine Motricity in turn a small positive correlation (p≤0.05; r2=0.217; 0.1≤ r ≤ 0.3) between Age and Global Motricity. We can thus see an improvement of these abilities as children grow, emphasizing better results in Fine Motor.

Submitted by Rui Paulo (ruipaulo@ipcb.pt) on 2020-11-25T13:26:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 artigo Martins et al. 2020.pdf: 1353915 bytes, checksum: fdd6c26746165ebfc30952d83e8acfa0 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2020-11-25T14:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 artigo Martins et al. 2020.pdf: 1353915 bytes, checksum: fdd6c26746165ebfc30952d83e8acfa0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-02T11:59:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 artigo Martins et al. 2020.pdf: 1353915 bytes, checksum: fdd6c26746165ebfc30952d83e8acfa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020 Este livro foi apoiado por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia no âmbito do projeto do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança da Universidade do Minho) com a referência UIDB/00317/2020. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Economia e de Contabilidade, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2020 Submitted by Biblioteca FPIE-ULisboa (bibliorul@fpie.ulisboa.pt) on 2021-03-22T16:54:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfpie055817_tm.pdf: 2807982 bytes, checksum: fecdecc74d13571797639a747e2f8998 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-22T16:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfpie055817_tm.pdf: 2807982 bytes, checksum: fecdecc74d13571797639a747e2f8998 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

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O presente estudo sobre o desenvolvimento Motor da criança nos primeiros meses de vida, teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre as Habilidades Motoras e a Idade, e a relação entre as habilidades motoras Globais e Finas em crianças dos 12 aos 46 meses.Para o efeito, desenvolvemos um estudo de natureza quantitativa, com uma amostra de 405 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 46 meses, de ambos os géneros. Os instrumentos usados no estudo foram as Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Em termos globais os resultados indicam que existe uma tendência para correlações positivas (maioritariamente moderadas e baixas) entre as variáveis Idade, Habilidades Motoras Globais e Habilidades Motoras Finas, salientando a correlação positiva moderada (p≤0.05; r2=0.265; 0.5≤ r≤0.7) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Fina e por sua vez uma correlação positiva pequena (p≤0.05; r2=0.217; 0.1≤ r≤ 0.3) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Global. Podemos assim contatar, uma melhoria destas habilidades à medida que as crianças vão crescendo, salientando melhores resultados na Motricidade Fina. RESUMEN: El presente estudio sobre el desarrollo motor de los niños en los primeros meses de vida tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación entre las habilidades motoras y la edad, y la relación entre las habilidades motoras globales y finas en niños de 12 a 46 meses. Para ello, desarrollamos un estudio de naturaleza tranversal cuantitativa, con una muestra de 405 niños de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 46 meses, de ambos géneros. Los instrumentos utilizados en el estudio fueron las Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). En términos globales los resultados indican que existe una tendenciaa correlaciones positivas (mayoritariamente moderadas y bajas) entre las variables Edad, Habilidades Motoras Globales y Habilidades Motoras Finas, resaltando la correlación positiva moderada (p≤0.05, r2=0.265, 0.5≤ r≤ 0.7) entre la Edad y la Motricidad Fina a su vez una pequeña correlación positiva (p≤0.05, r2=0.217, 0.1≤ r≤ 0.3) entre la Edad y la Motricidad Global. Podemos así constatar, una mejora de esas habilidades a medida que los niños crecen, destacando mejores resultados en la Motricidad Fina. ABSTRACT: The present study on the motor development of children in the first months of life aimed to verify the relationship between Motor Skills and Age, and the relationship between Global and Fine motor skills in children from 12 to 46 months. For this purpose, we developed a transversal quantitative study, with a sample of 405 children between the ages of 12 and 46 months of both genders. The instruments used in the study were the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Overall, the results indicate that there is a tendency for positive (mostly moderate and low) positive correlations between the variables Age, Global Motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills, emphasizing the moderate positive correlation (p≤0.05; r2=0.265; 0.5≤ r≤ 0.7) between Age and Fine Motricity in turn a small positive correlation (p≤0.05; r2=0.217; 0.1≤ r≤ 0.3) between Age and Global Motricity. We can thus see an improvement of these abilities as children grow, emphasizing better results in Fine Motor.

Introduction: Postural control is a determining factor for functional performance and motor skills during sports activities. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate postural control during the controlled soccer ball kicking task through a biomechanical analysis system. Methods: The sample consisted of 11 professional male athletes recruited using convenience sampling, with a mean age of 22 years. The athletes performed twenty-five precision kicks at a target, with the ball in vertical motion released by means of a hand-held device synchronized with the computed biomechanical measurements. Marking of the lower limb segments involved in the kick and the ball were analyzed by accelerometry, while postural control measures were quantified by a force platform in three axes of movement. The support leg was investigated in single leg stance during all tests on the force platform. The main variables of postural control calculated by stabilographic analysis and computed during the 25 kicks were: center of pressure (COP) displacement area, velocity and frequency of COP oscillation in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The mean was used for final analysis to determine the differences in the three phases: pre-kick, kick, and post-kick. Results: The results revealed significant differences (p

Kinematic analysis and surface electromyography are tools being used as important methods to evaluate the human gait and to analyze different types of footwear aiming modifications and adaptations to the human locomotor system, especially of the feet. The aim of the present study was to analyze through electromyography (EMG) the muscles tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and to capture digital images of the human gait in four different footware situations, barefoot with tennis, platform shoes and high heels. Twenty healthy women with a mean age of 22.6 years took part in this experiment, which was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 3.8 m/s. The results showed that shoes that do not allow a normal movement of the tarsal bones caused changes in the trajectory of the gait, which promotes a greater muscular movement. This study concluded that shoes closer to a normal position and allow greater mobility of the feet, decrease muscular demands, which in everyday situations cause less localized muscular fatigue.

Submitted by Rui Paulo (ruipaulo@ipcb.pt) on 2019-11-04T15:40:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Formação de Leitores.pdf: 996047 bytes, checksum: c4b60d1326b83f5ca33c775d51cf4e41 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2019-11-04T17:37:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Formação de Leitores.pdf: 996047 bytes, checksum: c4b60d1326b83f5ca33c775d51cf4e41 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-06T10:03:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Formação de Leitores.pdf: 996047 bytes, checksum: c4b60d1326b83f5ca33c775d51cf4e41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Submitted by Maria Silva (mfsilva@ipcb.pt) on 2020-04-01T08:35:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Outubro2019_BenefíciosAtividadeFisica_IPCB.pdf: 451525 bytes, checksum: 0848eae36d3a754f1884b69e4906dee1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2020-04-13T17:49:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Outubro2019_BenefíciosAtividadeFisica_IPCB.pdf: 451525 bytes, checksum: 0848eae36d3a754f1884b69e4906dee1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-13T17:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Outubro2019_BenefíciosAtividadeFisica_IPCB.pdf: 451525 bytes, checksum: 0848eae36d3a754f1884b69e4906dee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dissertação do mestrado em Economia Social, A propagação de instituições particulares de solidariedade social em Portugal na última década do século passado, fenómeno que também se verifica no concelho de Ponte de Lima, é a motivação para o presente estudo. A presença institucionalizada da assistência aos pobres e da ação social no concelho de Ponte de Lima remonta a 2 de agosto de 1530, inicialmente preconizada pela Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Ponte de Lima. A assistência social abrange agora um vasto leque de instituições e respostas sociais presente em 15 das 39 freguesias do concelho, com a proliferação do seu aparecimento a dar-se na última década do século passado e início do presente. O estudo, além de pretender quantificar o emprego criado e a variação de residentes nas freguesias onde estão presentes estas instituições, analisa ainda a evolução deste ao nível etário, das qualificações e do género dos trabalhadores do setor para o período compreendido entre 1995 e 2017. A análise estende-se à evolução histórica das respostas sociais presentes nas IPSS’s, nomeadamente da sua capacidade de resposta. No sentido de se verificar este impacto junto dos agentes económicos e políticos locais, propõe- se ainda a comparação entre os resultados apurados e as perceções destes., The propagation of private institutions of social solidarity in Portugal in the last decade of the past century, a situation which is also verified in Ponte de Lima’s County, is the motivation to this study. The institutionalized presence of assistance to the poor and also of social action in Ponte de Lima´s County goes back to the second of August of 1530, initially set up by the “Santa Casa da Misericordia” of Ponte de Lima. The social assistance includes a wide range of Institutions and social responses in 15 of the 39 parishes of the County, with its spreading taking place in the last decade of the last century and in the beginning of the present one. This study, besides aiming to quantify the amount of jobs created and the variation of residents in all parishes where these institutions are present, it also analyses the evolution from the age level, the qualifications and gender of the workers in this sector from 1995 to 2017. This analysis reaches the historical evolution of the social responses present in the “IPSS´S”, mainly in its response capacity. Wanting to verify this impact with the local economic and political agents, we also propose a comparison between the results achieved and the perception of the same.

No presente estudo, procuramos conhecer as áreas de saber e os elementos específicos que quatro Treinadores Experts (TEs) utilizam no processo de alto rendimento desportivo, assim como estas os orientam quer direta quer indiretamente. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, a técnica de recolha de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada, os dados foram tratados de forma indutiva com suporte do programa Nvivo2. Os treinadores entrevistados pertenciam à Liga profissional de basquetebol em Portugal com mais títulos, experiência internacional e reconhecidos pelos seus pares. Os nossos resultados confirmam a multiplicidade de áreas de conhecimento que os TEs dominam no alto rendimento, fruto de uma larga experiência e reflexão que permitiram aos treinadores identificar, aplicar e otimizar os saberes necessários para obter o sucesso desportivo, neste sentido, realçam a Metodologia do Treino, Psicologia, Sociologia e Filosofia do desporto. In the present study, we wanted to know the areas of knowledge and the specific elements that four Experts Coaches (TEs) use in the process of high performance sports, as these guide them either directly or indirectly. The methodology used was qualitative, the technique of data collection was the semi-structured interview, and the data were treated in an inductive way with support of the program Nvivo2. The coaches interviewed were from the professional basketball league in Portugal, they are the coaches with more titles in Portugal, they have international experience and are recognized by their peers. Our results confirm the multiplicity of areas of knowledge that TEs dominate in the high performance, thanks to a wide experience and reflection that allowed the coaches to identify, apply and optimize the knowledge needed to achieve sports success, in this sense, were highlight the Methodology of Training, Psychology, Sociology and Philosophy of Sport. En el presente estudio, buscamos conocer las áreas de saber y sus elementos específicos que cuatro Entrenadores Expertos (TEs) utilizan en el proceso de alto rendimiento deportivo, y así como éstos los orientan directa o indirectamente. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, la técnica de recogida de datos fue la entrevista semiestructurada, los datos fueron tratados de forma inductiva con soporte del programa Nvivo2. Los participantes eran entrenadores en la liga de baloncesto profesional en Portugal, los entrenadores con más títulos, experiencia internacional y reconocidos por sus pares. Nuestros resultados confirman la multiplicidad de áreas de conocimiento que los TEs dominan en el alto rendimiento, fruto de una larga experiencia y reflexión que permitieron a los entrenadores identificar, aplicar y optimizar los saberes necesarios para obtener el éxito deportivo, en este sentido, realzan la Metodología del Entrenamiento, Psicología, Sociología y Filosofía del deporte.

Submitted by Mafalda Duarte (mafalda@ipcb.pt) on 2019-10-30T09:49:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo JHSE.pdf: 907075 bytes, checksum: 2d002ea53bdc6275920c818e7d365ff3 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2019-10-30T16:09:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo JHSE.pdf: 907075 bytes, checksum: 2d002ea53bdc6275920c818e7d365ff3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-31T10:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo JHSE.pdf: 907075 bytes, checksum: 2d002ea53bdc6275920c818e7d365ff3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Urban transport infrastructure and motorised road traffic contribute to the physical or psychological separation of neighbourhoods, with possible effects on the health and wellbeing of local residents. This issue, known as "community severance", has been approached by researchers from a range of disciplines, which have different ways of constructing scientific knowledge. The objective of this paper is to build bridges between these different approaches and provide a basis for the integration of the issue into public policy. A framework for cross-disciplinary research on community severance is developed, built on the results of two workshops attended by researchers from different disciplines. This framework takes into consideration the chain of direct and indirect effects of transport infrastructure and motorised traffic on local communities and the complexity in the methods used for analysing and formulating solutions to the problem. The framework is then compared with the views of practitioners, based on discussions held in a third and final workshop. It was concluded that to better understand community severance, researchers should frame their work in relation to that of other disciplines and develop tools that reflect the diversity of local contexts and stakeholders, balancing complexity with applicability.

Objetivo: Este estudo pretende analisar a relação entre a agilidade e a velocidade com a aplicação do Teste - T e teste de agilidade, e um teste de velocidade de 20m a atletas de escalões de formação. Metodologia: Participaram no estudo 66 jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino, que integram os escalões de formação (petizes, traquinas, benjamins e infantis) da escola municipal de futebol Vila Nova da Barquinha. Os testes foram realizados em relvado sintético no parque desportivo da Atalaia e as avaliações realizadas por escalão e categorizadas segundo as tabelas dos testes do FitnessGram. Resultados: Verificámos que os jogadores com maior índice de agilidade eram os jogadores mais velozes, e foi observável que tanto a agilidade como a velocidade, à medida que a idade dos atletas aumenta, vai sendo mais favorável. Conclusões: Podemos concluir que existem relações positivas entre a agilidade e a velocidade, destacando que os atletas revelaram resultados significativamente melhores estas variáveis, onde constatamos que com o aumento da idade o desempenho dos seus resultados ia aumentando. ABSTRACT Comparative analysis of speed and agility in young football players Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between agility and speed from the application of T Test, Agility Test, and a speed test of 20m to athletes from youth teams in young levels of training. Methods: The sample consisted in 66 football players, all male, comprising the steps of training (Petizes, Traquinas, Benjamins and Infantis) of the municipal school of football in Vila Nova da Barquinha. The tests were performed on a synthetic sports field in Atalaia, and assessments by grade and categorized according to the tables of FitnessGram tests. Results: We found that the players with the highest agility were the fastest players, and it was observed that both variables of agility and speed increased their performance as the age of the athletes increased also. Conclusions: We conclude that there are positive relationships between agility and speed, extolling the athletes, which showed significant results in these variables, where we see that with increasing of aging the performance of their results was increasing as well.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Filosofia Contemporânea - Valores e Sociedade, 06 de fevereiro de 2018, Universidade dos Açores. A função catártica da experiência estética é o tema que nos propomos trabalhar, por incidir sobre uma dimensão essencial da condição humana: a artística. O que se pretende é tentar encontrar respostas para os problemas que se levantam na contemporaneidade com a afetação do homem perante algo de novo, que emerge das novas conceções artísticas e das novas considerações estéticas, no quadro concetual da atualidade. Estando a arte desde sempre ligada à estética, na formação da cópula arteestética, há a necessidade de compreender as problemáticas contemporâneas de modo a incutir inteligibilidade às reflexões onto-estéticas que emergem dos novos paradigmas artísticos. Neste sentido abre-se um novo campo de estudo que incide, não só sobre a experiência estética, como ainda sobre a emoção, o sentimento, a criatividade e a inovação, numa abertura ao campo dos possíveis facilitado pela imaginação. Há várias tendências que emergem ecleticamente e visam contestar tudo o que está instituído; assiste-se a uma pulverização de movimentos que pretendem afirmar-se numa desconstrução da arte, promovendo formas radicais e inimagináveis de desempenho artístico que radicalizam a fuga a qualquer definição. Ao acoplar-se ao domínio artístico-performativo, a dimensão estética deve ser filtrada pelo crivo filosófico para não resvalar para um campo meramente psicológico. O momento da criatividade humana instaura uma linguagem onde a significação é transmitida para além de uma dimensão lógica. Por outro lado, a criatividade, base fundamental da produção artística, sofre influência de fatores que a condicionam e que tem a ver com a época, a cultura, o lugar, a origem, a ideologia e os paradigmas coetâneos. ABSTRACT: The cathartic function of the aesthetic experience is the topic of this study, because it focus on an essential dimension of the human condition: the artistic one. The objective is to find answers for the arisen problems in the contemporaneity, concerning the way man’s affected by something new that arises from the new artistic conceptions and from the new aesthetic considerations, in the present conceptual framework. Since art has always been linked to aesthetics, there is a need to understand contemporary issues in order to comprehend the onto-aesthetic reflections that emerge from the new artistic paradigms. In this sense, a new field of study that is developed, focusing not only the aesthetic experience, but also the emotions, feelings, creativity and innovation, in a flow of possibilities enabled by imagination. There are several trends that emerge eclectically and aim to challenge everything that is part of the mainstream; there is a pulverization of movements that seek to claim themselves in an art deconstruction, promoting radical and unimaginable forms of artistic performance that escape any traditional definition. Once joined into the artistic-performative domain, the aesthetic dimension must be marked by the philosophical sieve in other to avoid slipping into a merely psychological field. The moment of creativity establishes a language where meaning is spread beyond a logical dimension. On the other hand, creativity, the fundamental basis of artistic production, is influenced and limited by factors, like time, culture, place, origin, ideology and coetaneous standards.

O Projeto “Acerte o Passo em Castelo Branco” resulta de uma parceria entre a Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, a Associação de Profissionais de Educação Física de Castelo Branco e a Câmara Municipal de Castelo Branco. Este Programa insere-se no domínio do Desporto, Saúde e Bem-Estar e, de uma forma sucinta, consiste num programa de monitorização (avaliação e reavaliação), aconselhamento (prescrição e recomendações) e motivação para a prática da marcha e corrida, com 3 sessões semanais de marcha/corrida, devidamente estruturadas e monitorizadas. O programa teve início a 1 de setembro de 2014 e continua ainda em operacionalização, continuando a aumentar o número de participantes. O principal objetivo do programa consiste em, não apenas proporcionar aos sujeitos uma prática sistemática, orientada e com avaliação/monotorização, mas também procurar promover alterações comportamentais nos participantes, que levem a modificações nos seus estilos de vida, por norma sedentária. Os principais resultados assentam num aumento da frequência semanal por parte dos participantes; uma alteração favorável dos valores de composição corporal e de outros parâmetros avaliados; um aumento da capacidade cardiorrespiratória; bem como a participação em outras atividades “paralelas” e complementares, por parte dos participantes. Consideramos que este projeto é um exemplo de sucesso pelo facto de todos os objetivos terem sido concretizados. Prova disso é que o programa continua em execução e a superar todas as expetativas. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Rui Paulo (ruipaulo@ipcb.pt) on 2019-03-28T18:58:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo, R., Pichetto.pdf: 1930981 bytes, checksum: 4f070ab57237a90bb00a8e4cdefc6f55 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2019-03-29T00:34:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo, R., Pichetto.pdf: 1930981 bytes, checksum: 4f070ab57237a90bb00a8e4cdefc6f55 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-10T15:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo, R., Pichetto.pdf: 1930981 bytes, checksum: 4f070ab57237a90bb00a8e4cdefc6f55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Básica, Crime witnesses’ reports can determine the success of a police investigation or forensic assessment (Fisher, 2010). However, witnesses’ reports rarely fully correspond with what happened or even with what witnesses memorized (Paulo, Albuquerque, & Bull, 2013). Among other social and communicative factors, many processes inherent to human memory can explain why errors and omissions are common in witnesses’ testimonies (Fisher & Geiselman, 2010). Nonetheless, using inappropriate interview techniques, sometimes common in police and forensic interviews, augments this problem often leading to poor testimonies (Milne & Bull, 1999). To obtain the best possible report from witnesses, Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed an interview protocol drawn from theoretical principles and research concerning human memory for interviewing cooperative witnesses: the Enhanced Cognitive Interview. This interview protocol is now commonly referred to as the Cognitive Interview or CI and has been extensively studied, adapted and used by police forces in various countries (e.g. England and Wales), typically eliciting informative and accurate reports (Paulo et al., 2013). Nevertheless, research on witness interviewing or on the Cognitive Interview in Portugal is very limited. Cooperation among professionals (e.g., police and research teams) is also very rare in Portugal and disclosure or evaluation of police interview protocols is seldom conducted (Paulo, Albuquerque, & Bull, 2014). This first article included in this thesis critically addresses these aspects while also thoroughly describing the Cognitive Interview, theoretical assumptions that justify its use, and summarizing some of the prior research on this subject. Thus, the first article presented in this thesis is a brief literature review to acquaint the reader with some of the research on this subject, address the Portuguese reality with regard to crime witness interviewing, and present the first published Portuguese protocol for applying the Cognitive Interview. The second article included in this thesis evaluates the effectiveness of a Cognitive Interview protocol we translated and adapted for the Portuguese language. As previously found for other CI protocols (Stein & Memon, 2006), the Portuguese CI elicited more information without compromising report accuracy. This was the first published Cognitive Interview protocol ever translated for Portuguese language, adapted and tested with a Portuguese population. In this study, other variables of interest were addressed such as participants’ ability to evaluate their error rate, and the impact of witnesses’ memory capacity and perception of interview appropriateness on witnesses’ reports. In the third article of this thesis, witnesses’ ability to spontaneously and naturally monitor their account when interviewed with the Cognitive Interview was addressed. We found participants were able to spontaneously monitor information they provided with the use of uncertainty verbal expressions such as 'maybe' or 'I think' for reporting less accurate information This research has important implications for practitioners, suggesting professionals can use witnesses’ ability to monitor their own account during the interview as an accuracy marker. Furthermore, this study addressed how other variables such as participants’ motivation to testify could influence their reports. Lastly, since new strategies for obtaining more information from crime witnesses are crucial in this field, we developed a new interview strategy, Category Clustering Recall. This recall strategy allowed the interviewer to obtain more detailed reports and may be useful during investigative interviews. The effectiveness of this recall strategy was evaluated in comparison with the change order mnemonic (forth article) and witness-compatible questioning (fifth article). Also included in this thesis is a general conclusion section where are discussed these studies’ contribution for developing new strategies to obtain better testimony and evaluating report accuracy, and for further understanding the psychological variables inherent to witness interviewing., O relato das testemunhas de um crime pode determinar o sucesso de uma investigação policial ou avaliação forense (Fisher, 2010). No entanto, estes relatos raramente correspondem exatamente ao que aconteceu ou até ao que as testemunhas memorizaram (Paulo, Albuquerque, & Bull, 2013). Entre outros fatores sociais e comunicativos, diversos processos decorrentes do funcionamento da memória humana podem explicar a razão pela qual erros e omissões são frequentes nos testemunhos (Fisher & Geiselman, 2010). O uso de técnicas de entrevista inadequadas, por vezes ainda frequente em contexto policial e forense, exacerba esta problema levando frequentemente à obtenção de fracos testemunhos (Milne & Bull, 1999). Com base na investigação então existente acerca do funcionamento da memória humana e com o objetivo de obter o melhor testemunho possível, Fisher e Geiselman (1992) desenvolveram um protocolo de entrevista para testemunhas cooperantes: a Entrevista Cognitiva Melhorada. Este modelo de entrevista, atualmente designado por Entrevista Cognitiva ou CI, tem sido extensivamente estudado, adaptado e utilizado por forças policiais de diversos países (e.g. Inglaterra e Gales) e permite obter relatos informativos com elevada precisão (Paulo et al., 2013). Não obstante, é ainda muito escassa a investigação sobre a entrevista de testemunhas em contexto policial e forense em Portugal, nomeadamente sobre a Entrevista Cognitiva. É também infrequente a colaboração entre grupos de profissionais (e.g., forças policiais e equipas de investigação) e o estatuto de reserva de divulgação dos protocolos utilizados pelos profissionais impossibilitam o acesso e avaliação dos mesmos (Paulo, Albuquerque, & Bull, 2014). O primeiro artigo desta dissertação procura abordar criticamente estes aspetos bem como descrever pormenorizadamente a Entrevista Cognitiva, quais os pressupostos teóricos que justificam a sua utilização, e resumir alguma da investigação existente. Trata-se assim de uma breve revisão da literatura que pretende familiarizar o leitor com a bibliografia existente acerca deste tema, bem como descrever a realidade portuguesa no que diz respeito à entrevista de testemunhas de crimes. Apresentamos ainda neste artigo o primeiro protocolo publicado em língua portuguesa para a aplicação da Entrevista Cognitiva. O segundo artigo incluído nesta dissertação avalia a eficácia de um protocolo para a aplicação da Entrevista Cognitiva por nós traduzido e adaptado para a língua portuguesa. Neste estudo foi possível concluir que, tal como outros modelos de aplicação da Entrevista Cognitiva utilizados noutros países (Stein & Memon, 2006), este protocolo permitiu recolher relatos mais informativos sem comprometer a precisão dos mesmos. Foi assim testado o primeiro protocolo da Entrevista Cognitiva em língua portuguesa. Neste estudo avaliámos ainda a capacidade dos participantes em predizer a sua taxa de erro, e o impacto da capacidade de memória das testemunhas e da sua perceção acerca da adequabilidade da entrevista no seu desempenho. No terceiro artigo desta dissertação, foi avaliada a capacidade das testemunhas em monitorizar espontaneamente o seu relato quando utilizada a Entrevista Cognitiva. Verificámos que os participantes foram capazes de monitorizar espontaneamente a informação prestada, pois, quando os participantes utilizam espontaneamente expressões como ‘talvez’ ou ‘acho’ para expressar incerteza, a informação adjacente a tais expressões é menos precisa. Esta investigação poderá ter elevado impacto no contexto prático, sugerindo que o profissional poderá utilizar a capacidade que a testemunha tem para monitorizar o seu relato durante a entrevista como um indicador de precisão. Neste artigo é ainda avaliado o impacto de outras variáveis no testemunho, como a motivação do participante para testemunhar. Por último, e uma vez que o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas para obter mais informação por parte da testemunha é fundamental, desenvolvemos uma nova estratégia de entrevista, a Evocação por Categorias. Esta técnica permitiu a obtenção de mais informação e poderá ser um procedimento vantajoso a considerar durante uma entrevista policial ou forense. A eficácia desta estratégia de evocação foi testada comparativamente à mnemónica de mudança de ordem (quarto artigo) e comparativamente a uma estratégia de questionamento compatível com a testemunha (quinto artigo). Foi ainda incluída nesta dissertação uma conclusão geral onde é discutida a importância destes vários estudos, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à contribuição destes para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias que permitam obter melhores depoimentos e avaliar a precisão dos relatos, bem como para uma melhor compreensão das variáveis de carácter psicológico envolvidas no testemunho., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Referência: SFRH/BD/84817/2012).

Factors are categorical variables, and the values which these variables assume are called levels. In this paper, we consider the variable selection problem where the set of potential predictors contains both factors and numerical variables. Formally, this problem is a particular case of the standard variable selection problem where factors are coded using dummy variables. As such, the Bayesian solution would be straightforward and, possibly because of this, the problem, despite its importance, has not received much attention in the literature. Nevertheless, we show that this perception is illusory and that in fact several inputs like the assignment of prior probabilities over the model space or the parameterization adopted for factors may have a large (and difficult to anticipate) impact on the results. We provide a solution to these issues that extends the proposals in the standard variable selection problem and does not depend on how the factors are coded using dummy variables. Our approach is illustrated with a real example concerning a childhood obesity study in Spain.