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Portuguese programs aimed at fostering Energy Efficiency (EE) measures often rely on cost–benefit approaches only considering the use phase and neglecting other potential impacts generated. Therefore, this work suggests a novel methodological framework by combining Hybrid Input–Output Lifecycle Analysis (HIO-LCA) with the Portuguese seasonal method for computing the households’ energy needs. A holistic assessment of the energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts connected with the adoption of EE solutions is conducted aimed at supporting decision-makers (DMs) in the design of suitable funding policies. For this purpose, 109,553 EE packages have been created by combining distinct thermal insulation options for roofs and façades, with the replacement of windows, also considering the use of space heating and cooling and domestic heating water systems. The findings indicate that it is possible to confirm that various energy efficiency packages can be used to achieve the best performance for most of the impacts considered. Specifically, savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), Greenhouse gases (GHG), and energy payback times (GPBT and EPBT) present the best performances for packages that exclusively employ extruded polystyrene (XPS) for roof insulation (packages 151 and 265). However, considering the remaining impacts created by the investment in energy efficiency measures, their best performances are obtained when roof and façades insulation is combined with the use of space heating and cooling and DHW systems to replace the existing equipment. If biomass is assumed to be carbon–neutral, solution 18,254 yields the greatest reduction in GHG emissions. Given these trade-offs, it is evident that multiobjective optimization methods employing the impacts and benefits assessed are crucial for helping DMs design future EE programs following their preferences.

Since its implementation in 2010 (for electricity) and in 2011 (for natural gas) as a measure to combat the effects of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008‑2009, the Portuguese social energy tariff has been progressively adapted to cover a growing number of beneficiaries. Although there is room for improvement in certain aspects, the introduction of an automatic procedure for applying to the tariff in 2016 has proven to be a powerful lever to expand the number of beneficiaries and explains the success of its impact. Bearing in mind the efficacy of the social energy tariff, in this paper we seek to recommend the extension of social tariff to the water, telecommunications and transports sectors on the grounds of the relevance of its principles, in the context of the social and economic crisis triggered by the Covid‑19 pandemic.

The search for melon with high physiologic quality is essential to have competitive material compared to the imported. The analysis of images realized through X-ray is a technique that verify internal morphology and relates with the seed performance. In this way, the goal of this study was to evaluate the seed physiological quality from melon of Anton cultivar in function of different phase of maturation of stored and non-stored fruits through the visualization of internal morphology of seeds using X-ray images. The experiment was managed from December of 2016 to February of 2018. The yellow-melon fruits analyzed were cultivated in Embrapa Hortaliças greenhouse. The fruits were picked in five distinct periods: 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA). In each period were picked a total of 30 fruits where 15 fruits had their seeds immediately extracted after been picked, and 15 fruits were stored. The 15 fruits stored were packed in plastic box properly identified for a period of fifteen days in airy place with room temperature. The 30 fruits were subjected to the same process of seed extraction, washing and drying. The dried seeds from stored and non-stored fruits were submitted to the following analyses: X-ray test and the germination test. The treatment of 60 DAA over storage shown better performance with 67% in the germination test on the first counting and 87% of normal seedlings. This result is similar to the noted in the X-ray test where the treatment demonstrated 96% of filled seeds showing the viability of this tool to determine physiologic quality in the melon seeds.

A diabetes mellitus é causada por uma disfunção nas ilhotas pancreáticas que irá desencadear o impedimento da glicose nas células. As plantas medicinais, desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais, são utilizadas como métodos de tratamento de diversas patologias, promovendo respostas fisiológicas nos organismos vivos. O uso destas práticas perpetuou-se, sendo utilizada recorrentemente em todo o mundo, os conhecimentos que são passados por gerações são de grande relevância para a ciência. O presente trabalho buscou investigar a ação hipoglicemiante do extrato aquoso do caule da Bauhinia forficata em ratos, da linhagem Wistar, diabéticos induzidos por Aloxana monohidratada. Para isso, utilizou-se de ratos divididos em 4 distintos grupos com a utilização diária da Bauhinia: no grupo 1 foram administradas doses de 200 mg do extrato aquoso da Bauhinia forficata em ratos diabéticos; no grupo 2 administrou-se 500 mg de metformina (fármaco hipoglicemiante) nos ratos diabéticos, levando-os em alguns dias de glicemia superior a 500 mg/dL trocou-se por 0,2 mL de insulina para controle da quantidade de óbitos; no grupo 3 foram administrados 100 mg do extrato em ratos diabéticos e no grupo 4 não administrou-se fármaco hipoglicemiante, nem tampouco extrato, utilizando-se de ratos saudáveis para controle. As análises foram feitas em dias úteis nos 4 grupos, cada um com 5 ratos, e coletou-se os dados por 17 dias. Obteve-se o número de 5 ratos durante as induções. A pesquisa foi satisfatória, observada através do grupo 1, que obteve a maior dosagem do extrato, 200 mg/kg, mostrando uma diminuição de glicemia de 38 mg/dL do grupo. A Bauhinia forficata pôde desempenhar função hipoglicemiante e, através do objetivo desta pesquisa, buscou-se apresentar resultados que demonstrassem a importância da continuidade da busca por dosagens específicas, estudando seus efeitos colaterais e tóxicos, que trarão importantes benefícios para o ramo científico. Palavras chave: Plantas medicinais. Bauhinia forficata. Diabetes mellitus.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir, à luz da crítica literária, a prática de leitura de poesia hoje. O recorte proposto em nossa discussão toma como foco de análise a leitura de poesia e sua abordagem crítica e analítica no contexto acadêmico das universidades brasileiras. Para tanto, traçamos um percurso metodológico que compreende os seguintes passos: 1) apresentar os impasses enfrentados pela crítica literária universitária, com especial atenção à poesia; 2) debater algumas das hipóteses mais recentes no que diz respeito à crítica de poesia; 3) pensar a crítica de poesia como prática situada. Neste último ponto, nossa ênfase recai na produção poética da periferia, sobretudo o slam poetry conduzido por mulheres, a partir da qual defendemos a hipótese de que ler poesia hoje demanda a inserção do (olhar) crítico no contexto social e cultural dos poetas, o que demanda uma expansão do ato de ler poesia para apreender questões que intercruzam o estético, o político e o ético.

The present study proposes an analysis of the poems by Roberta Estrela D’alva and Bell Pua, published in Querem nos calar: poemas para serem lidos em voz alta (2019). The poems challenge the notions of representation, mimesis, as well as the concept of poetics, in their classical senses, and approach the meanings of the poetic as a performance space in what goes back to the bond between body and speech, voice and performance, poetry and rhythm. Under the aegis of nonrepresentation, or anti-mimesis, the insurgent voices of the chick point to a social reexistence of both the poet and poetry itself, which are part of the movement of resignification of contemporary Brazilian poetry in an urban, street, peripheral context through the conjuncture of poetry slam.

Neste estudo apresentamos análises de três poemas do livro Negra Nua Crua, da poeta e slammer paulistana Mel Duarte. A temática em debate suscita reflexões quanto à urgência de se pensar a poesia falada/escrita num contexto marginal-periférico, enquanto uma prática de resistência e reexistência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa inserida no escopo dos estudos literários e dos estudos culturais, de modo que o percurso metodológico se funda no estabelecimento de uma hipótese de leitura, a qual conduz todo o processo analítico de interpretação e de manejo/constituição do referencial teórico. Partimos da hipótese segundo a qual dos corpos-vozes do eu-lírico-poético-político emanam questões do universo subjetivo da mulher negra em sua relação com o mundo, ruindo os estereótipos historicamente impostos. O corpus analítico inclui os poemas Não desiste!, Menina melanina e Negra Nua Crua. A base teórica perpassa os estudos de Bosi (1977:1996:2002), Candido (2006), Nascimento (2006:2019), hooks (2019), Dalcastagnè (2006), Toni C. (2006:2009), dentre outros. Nossas conclusões evidenciam que Mel Duarte representa um todo muito maior de jovens poetas trovadoras da contemporaneidade, mulheres negras que transformam narrativas invisibibilizadas em arte-sujeito, formando um quilombo urbano de oralidade e oralitura poética, griôs na escrevivência de suas/nossas reexistências.

This work presents the analyze of three poems from the book Negra Nua Crua, by Mel Duarte. It raises reflections on the urgency of thinking about spoken / written poetry in a marginal-peripheric context as a practice of resistance and re-existence. It is a research based on literary and cultural studies. Considering the subjective black women’s universe we think it as a possible key in order to change historical stereotypes imposed to them. This analytical corpus includes the poems Não Desista!, Menina melanina and Negra Nua Crua. The theoretical studies are based on: Bosi (1977: 1996: 2002), Candido (2006), Nascimento (2006: 2019), hooks (2019), Dalcastagnè (2006) and Toni C. (2006: 2009). Our conclusions show that Mel Duarte represents a group of contemporary female poets, black women who transform invisible narratives into subject-art, forming an urban quilombo of orality and poetic reading at the same time they also rewrite their own re-existences.

This study is aimed at performing the eco-efficiency assessment of the electricity sector in 28 European Union countries. The novelty of our work resides in the combination of Data Envelopment Analysis with Input–Output analysis to perform the eco-efficiency evaluation of the consumption and production supply chains of the electricity sector. According to our findings, the only countries that increased their efficiency scores across all chains of the electricity sector were France (the only efficient country that increased its efficiency), Ireland (the only country that became efficient in all chains), the United Kingdom and Belgium. Additionally, the countries which were efficient across all chains, were France, Luxemburg, Germany, and Sweden while Poland, the Netherlands, Estonia (the only country in the top four lowest efficiency scores in all chains), Hungary, Croatia, Finland, Lithuania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Greece remained inefficient. Overall, it can be concluded that the countries that fostered renewable energy deployment efficiently, gradually decommissioning fossil fuel generation, enhanced their potential in terms of eco-efficiency by reducing the emissions produced by the electricity sector and stimulating the growth of value-added created by it.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes to the root-knot (Meloidogyne javanica) and root-lesion (Pratylenchus brachyurus) nematodes, as well as to verify how these species affect this crop in field conditions. The experiment was carried out in the Cerrado biome in the state of Goiás, Brazil, in a naturally infested area. The BRS Aleppo, Cícero, BRS Cristalino, BRS Toro, and BRS Kalifa cultivars and the Jamu 96 genotype were evaluated. The assessed variables were: nematode reproduction factor, fresh mass of the aerial part of the plant and of the root system, dry matter of the aerial part of the plant, total dry matter of the plants, chlorophyll index, height of the plants, and grain yield. Pratylenchus brachyurus multiplies more than M. javanica, decreasing root fresh matter, plant height, and grain yield. All genotypes are resistant to M. javanica, especially Jamu 96 and cultivar BRS Kalifa. Jamu 96 and cultivar Cícero are susceptible to P. brachyurus. BRS Kalifa is the cultivar most resistant to both nematodes and shows the highest grain yield. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de genótipos de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum) aos nematoides da galha (Meloidogyne javanica) e das lesões (Pratylenchus brachyurus), bem como verificar como estas espécies afetam essa cultura em condições de campo. O experimento foi realizado no bioma Cerrado, no estado de Goiás, Brasil, em área naturalmente infestada. Foram avaliados as cultivares BRS Aleppo, Cícero, BRS Cristalino, BRS Toro e BRS Kalifa e o genótipo Jamu 96. As variáveis avaliadas foram: fator de reprodução dos nematoides, massa fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca total das plantas, índice de clorofila, altura das plantas e rendimento de grãos. Pratylenchus brachyurus se multiplica mais do que M. javanica e diminui massa fresca da raiz, altura da planta e rendimento de grãos. Todos os genótipos são resistentes a M. javanica, principalmente Jamu 96 e a cultivar BRS Kalifa. Jamu 96 e a cultivar Cícero são suscetíveis a P. brachyurus. BRS Kalifa é a cultivar mais resistente a ambos os nematoides e apresenta maior rendimento de grãos.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the population dynamics of the nematodes Heterodera glycines race 5 and Pratylenchus brachyurus in a succession crop of soybeans and chickpeas. The experiment was carried out in Campos Novos dos Parecis, MT State, Brazil, from February to May 2017. Six chickpea cultivars were planted in February and evaluated in a naturally infested area of 60 ha. Five soil samples were collected at random in georeferenced and equidistant locations, forming a composite sample by replication. Five plants per georeferenced point and new soil samples were collected at regular intervals of about 30 d. The nematodes were extracted, identified, and counted. Data were subjected to variance and regression analyses. A reduction in the population levels of H. glycines race 5 was observed throughout the chickpea cycle, indicating that this species can be cultivated in succession with soybeans in the presence of this nematode. However, due to the maintenance in the population of P. brachyurus in the roots, rotation of soybean with chickpeas is not recommended in fields naturally infested with this nematode.

This article presents an assessment of the most suitable compressed air energy storage (CAES) reservoirs and facilities to better integrate renewable energy into the electricity grid. The novelty of this study resides in selecting the best CAES reservoir sites through the application of a multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) tool, specifically the simple additive weighting (SAW) method. Besides using geographic information systems (GIS) spatial representation of potential reservoir areas, for the MCDA method, several spatial criteria, environmental and social constraints, and positive incentives (e.g., the proximity to existing power generation facilities of renewable energy sources) were contemplated. As a result, sixty-two alternatives or potential reservoir sites were identified, and thirteen criteria (seven constraints and six incentives) were considered. The final stage of this study consisted of conducting a sensitivity analysis to determine the robustness of the solutions obtained and giving insights regarding each criterion’s influence on the reservoir sites selected. The three best suitable reservoir sites obtained were the Monte Real salt dome, Sines Massif, and the Campina de Cima—Loulé salt mine. The results show that this GIS-MCDA methodological framework, integrating spatial and non-spatial information, proved to provide a multidimensional view of the potential reservoir CAES systems incorporating both constraints and incentives. This work is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through Projects UID/MULTI/00308/2020 and UIDB/05037/2020 and the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of COMPETE 2020 Programme within project T4ENERTEC (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-0298). Catarina R. Matos acknowledges the funding provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the doctoral research grant SFRH/BD/ 117722/2016 and the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra. Patrícia P. Silva acknowledges that this work has been partially supported by FCT project grant: UID/MULTI/00308/ 2020 and the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra. The authors Catarina R. Matos and Júlio F. Carneiro acknowledge that this work has been partially supported by the Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), under contract with FCT (The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology), with projects UID/GEO/04683/2019 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007690, funded by Portugal 2020 through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE2020) E111-E588-9345 | Patrícia Pereira da Silva N/A

Desde a sua criação em 2010 na eletricidade e em 2011 no gás natural, para combater os efeitos da Crise Financeira Global de 2008‑2009, a tarifa social de energia em Portugal sofreu adaptações no sentido do alargamento do leque de beneficiários. Ainda que subsistam detalhes que podem vir a ser melhorados, a introdução da automaticidade no acesso ao benefício em 2016 revelou‑se uma alavanca poderosa para alargar o âmbito de famílias contempladas e para explicar o sucesso dos seus impactos. Tendo em conta o balanço desta experiência, procuramos neste artigo usar a pertinência dos seus princípios para recomendar a extensão da tarifa social aos setores das águas, telecomunicações e transportes, no contexto da crise social e económica gerada pela pandemia Covid‑19.

Affecting millions of Europeans, energy poverty is increasingly high on the political agenda. This paper compares space and water heating demand at household level in Germany and in the United Kingdom (UK) between 1991 and 2015. The elasticities of consumption of space and water heating with respect to price, income and heating degree days (HDD) are examined using non-parametric models. Domestic heating consumption is highly elastic with HDD in both countries and HDD elasticities are found to be higher in the UK. From a certain income threshold, heating demand decreases as income increases in German households whereas demand rises with higher incomes in the UK. High price elasticities indicate that UK households are very responsive to energy conservation measures, therefore implying that a pricing policy will effectively reduce heating consumption. However, in Germany, the impact of pricing policies is unclear. Thus, the most effective policy measure to decrease domestic heating consumption in Germany in the long-run should be one which targets improvements of building envelope performance levels. This work has been partially supported by FCT under project grant: UID/MULTI/00308/2019, SAICTPAC/0004/2015-POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-016434, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029820, 02/SAICT/20156-023651 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028040 as well as by the Energy for Sustainability Initiative of the University of Coimbra. E111-E588-9345 | Patrícia Pereira da Silva N/A

The investment in renewable energy sources power generation is coming into a stall in face of the removal of incentives in most of the European countries. The technological maturity of wind and solar power generation is the justification basis and market integration of extensive amounts of renewable energy is seen with concern by electricity systems stakeholders. Given the low marginal cost of renewable power generation, the available load in the spot electricity market for conventional and dispatchable power plants is diminishing, the so-called Merit-Order Effect. In this study, we estimate the value of the Merit-Order Effect due to wind and solar power generation in the Iberian electricity market with historical bid supply and demand offers from 2008 to 2017. The estimated values are then used to value determinants and volatility through GARCH econometric modelling. Results demonstrate that the Merit-Order Effect in Iberia is influenced negatively by the residual load and positively by demand, wind power and solar power. Additionally, the high Merit-Order Effect volatility found, mirrors the behavior of spot electricity market.

Introdução: A dengue é uma doença de notificação compulsória e uma ameaça à saúde populacional. Como principal estratégia para sua prevenção e controle está a educação em saúde e participação social. Objetivo: Promover a educação em saúde como estratégia de conscientização e prevenção da dengue. Metodologia: É um estudo de abordagem quali-quantitativa de caráter exploratório. Nesse estudo, utilizamos atividades educativas em saúde com crianças do ensino fundamental em uma escola estadual localizada em região com altos índices da doença na região nordeste de Belo Horizonte. A eficácia das atividades educativas foi avaliada através de questionários pré e pós intervenção. Resultados: Os resultados pós-teste mostraram um aumento considerável de assertividade das questões em mais de 50% dos participantes, reforçando o êxito das intervenções. Discussão: Realizar uma educação continuada de forma criativa, com o uso de metodologias ativas/lúdicas no ambiente escolar, melhora a absorção e disseminação do conteúdo pelas crianças, elevando assim, a eficácia no combate à dengue. Conclusão: O estudo atingiu o público infantil de forma lúdica, com eficácia na promoção de conhecimentos e tal estratégia revela ser importante no diálogo e responsabilidade familiar no combate as doenças emergentes.

O potencial fisiológico das sementes está diretamente relacionado à normalidade do processo de formação delas, sob ponto de vista morfológico, estrutural e funcional. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de tomate, híbrido BRS Nagai, em diferentes estádios de maturação, por meio da análise de imagens de raios-X, relacionando com a germinação e o vigor das sementes. As sementes foram radiografadas tendo sido suas imagens analisadas para a classificação da morfologia do embrião e mensuração do espaço livre entre o embrião e endosperma, com auxílio do programa de análise de imagens ImageJ. Estes resultados foram comparados com a qualidade fisiológica através do teste de germinação. As correlações mostraram que as sementes possuidoras de embriões classificados como normais tendem a apresentar maior germinação, e produzir plântulas normais. E àquelas que possuem maior área livre interna tendem a apresentar ausência de germinação ou originarem maiores percentuais de plântulas anormais. A análise de imagens utilizando raios-X é eficiente para o estudo da maturidade fisiológica de sementes de tomate. A análise de raios-X pode predizer o desempenho das sementes por meio da morfologia do embrião, permitindo a seleção de sementes de alta qualidade. Sementes de tomateiro de frutos com até 40 dias após a polinização apresentam baixa qualidade morfofisiológica quando comparadas com sementes extraídas de frutos totalmente maduros, a partir dos 60 dias após a polinização. The seed physiological potential has been directly related to normal formation process under morphological, structural and functional point of view. The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of ‘BRS Nagai’ tomato hybrid seeds at different stages of development and maturation, through the X-ray image analysis and relate the results with the seed germination and vigor. Seeds were extracted from fruits harvested at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after pollination (DAP). Subsequently, seeds were x-rayed with their images analyzed visually for the embryo morphology classification; also, the measurement of clearance between the embryo and endosperm was performed with the help of the ImageJ software. These results were compared with the seed physiological quality by germination. The correlations involving the analysis of X-ray showed that the seeds have embryos classified as normal tend to have higher vigor and produce normal seedlings. On the other hand, seeds with higher internal free area tend to have low vigor and higher percentage of abnormal seedlings. The image analysis using X-rays is efficient for the study of physiological maturity of tomato seeds. The analysis of X-rays may predict seed performance by means of the embryo morphology, permitting the selection of high quality seeds. Tomato seeds of fruits with up to 40 days after pollination have low morphophysiological quality when compared to seeds extracted from fully mature fruits, from 60 days after pollination.

The transition toward smart electricity distribution grids is transforming the European electricity sector. This has contributed to increased attention by policy makers regarding the future role of electricity distribution system operators in a more flexible, digital, and renewables-based electricity system. A better understanding on how to support the adaptation of the electricity distribution industry can contribute to the introduction of an effective policy framework. Our research provides evidence for policy design by presenting the results of a Policy Delphi study focused on business model and market design adaptation alternatives. We highlight the importance of supporting innovation and a more proactive approach to adaptation from both distribution system operators and regulators. Our findings support the importance of electricity distribution for neutral market facilitation, contributing to market development and enabling new market players. The results obtained support policy makers working on electricity sector adaptation and can contribute to the ongoing market redesign efforts under the Energy Union.

O processo de germinação tem início com a embebição, por ocasião da água disponível, a qual desencadeia uma sequência de mudanças metabólicas que culminam com a protrusão da raiz primária, em sementes viáveis. Pela organização do sistema de membranas celulares, um método que pode indicar o nível de vigor das sementes é a condutividade. Objetivou-se avaliar e modelar o processo de embebição de sementes de grão-de-bico, além de estabelecer metodologia eficiente para volume de água, tempo de embebição e número de sementes no teste de condutividade elétrica. Foram utilizados oito lotes, sendo quatro da cultivar BRS Aleppo e quatro da cultivar Cícero que foram submetidos ao teste de germinação e vigor para caracterização inicial. A condutividade elétrica foi conduzida com subamostras de 50 e 75 sementes utilizando 75 e 100 mL de água deionizada, e avaliou-se os períodos 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 e 30 h, mantidas à temperatura de 25 °C. O experimento de condutividade elétrica foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Para cinética de embebição foi ajustado o modelo de Peleg. A metodologia mais adequada foi a utilização de 75 sementes, volume de 100 mL de água durante 30 h. O modelo de Peleg foi eficiente na descrição do processo de absorção de água, ainda que haja diferenças no potencial fisiológico dos lotes. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-30T18:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5601164121PB.pdf: 2206532 bytes, checksum: 4f3a0603c4a2447f61765a0c1330c019 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

This study aimed at evaluating the method of inoculation of carrot seeds in a potato-dextrose-agar medium (PDA) added of mannitol. Alternaria radicina was the fungus chosen to test such methodology. The osmosis-controlling agent was employed to obtain the osmotic potentials of 0.6 MPa, 0.8 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.2 MPa. In comparison with the control treatment, no significant mycelial growth inhibition was noticed at any of the osmotic potentials considered. The seeds were distributed over the fungal colonies for infection, where they remained for 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, at the osmotic potentials of 0.0 MPa (control), 0.6 MPa, 0.8 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.2 MPa, respectively. Tests of germination, sanitization and emergence were performed to evaluate the effects of colonization. Regarding the germination, the different osmotic potentials resulted in similar percentages of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. As for the sanitization testing, higher infection rates were observed at the osmotic potentials of 1.0 MPa and 1.2 MPa. The lowest percentage of emergence was found at -1.2 MPa, therefore suggesting that this osmotic potential (produced with mannitol) might be used for infecting carrot seeds for research purposes. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o método de inoculação de sementes de cenoura com meio batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) acrescido de manitol. O fungo escolhido para testar a metodologia foi o Alternaria radicina. O restritor hídrico foi adicionado ao meio BDA de modo a obter os potenciais osmóticos de 0,6 MPa, 0,8 MPa, 1,0 MPA e 1,2 MPa. O crescimento micelial foi avaliado, e não foi observado inibição do crescimento em nenhum dos potenciais osmóticos, em relação a testemunha. As sementes foram distribuídas sobre as colônias fúngicas para a infecção, onde permaneceram por 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas nos potenciais osmóticos 0,0 MPa (controle), 0,6 MPa, 0,8 MPa, 1,0 MPa e 1,2 MPa, respectivamente. Para avaliar os efeitos da colonização foram realizados testes de germinação, sanidade e emergência. Os potenciais osmóticos avaliados apresentaram porcentagens semelhantes de plântulas anormais e sementes mortas no teste de germinação. No teste de sanidade, maiores porcentagens de infecção foram observadas nos potenciais osmóticos 1,0 MPa e 1,2 MPa. O potencial -1,2 MPa apresentou a menor porcentagem de emergência. Assim, o uso de manitol -1,2 MPa é sugerido como um método eficaz para a infecção de sementes de cenoura com para fins de pesquisa. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-28T00:38:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Useofwaterrestrictionintheinoculationofcarrotseeds2019.pdf: 417109 bytes, checksum: 04c5cdd912b8f5cfb1ff58ac069fde4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The European Union in line with its climate and energy strategy has presented a renewed ambition for the post-2020 period, towards 2030, through the Clean Energy for All Europeans policy package proposals. A new binding target of minimum 30% for energy efficiency improvements is in the horizon, as well as the identified need for a stronger governance framework to support its delivery. This research contributes to a better understanding of energy efficiency governance by analysing a set of indicators covering aspects related to institutional, human, financial, and political dimensions. The results obtained provide a more detailed perspective on the European Union level and Member State governance capacities. These indicate the need to develop institutional capacities related to the transposition of legislation and directives. In parallel, the disparities between individual Member State governance capacities should be considered when devising and implementing future policies. The implications for policymakers include the need for a more robust governance monitoring and reporting system, including the development of transparent and comparable indicators, as well as a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of good governance on delivering energy efficiency improvements.

The adequate time for carrot seed harvest influences its physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological, anatomical and histochemical changes in carrot seeds harvested at different stages of development and to establish the most appropriate harvest time. Secondary umbels were harvested at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 days after anthesis (DAA). For seed anatomical and histochemical characterization, sections were stained with Toluidine blue stain, Xylidine Ponceau, Lugol’s iodine, Sudan Black B and submitted to polarized light. Seed moisture content, seed dry matter, germination, first count, emergence percentage and emergence speed index of seedlings were evaluated. Cultivar Brasília carrot seeds at 14 DAA are in cell division and expansion. In addition, as lipids were identified in the endosperm, despite the seed low dry matter. At 21 DAA, reserve substances such as protein and starch were also identified. Along the seed development process, deposition of lignin occurs in the endocarp cells, and this collapsed lignified layer represents the resistance layer of the seeds. Physiological maturity, represented by the maximum dry matter accumulation, occurs at 35 DAA, with the endosperm occupying almost all volume of seeds, the embryo occupying a small cylindrical region and the integument showing a single layer of cells. At this time, the seeds presented 56% moisture content and the color of the pericarp is green-yellow. Maximum seed germination and vigor occurred at 30 DAA, just before physiological maturity was reached (35 DAA). Thus, the ideal time to harvest the seeds of cultivar Brasília is from 30 DAA, where the seeds have maximum physiological quality.

The current study reports the chemical preparation, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and spectroscopic characterization of the novel compound [C 6 H 16 N 2 O] 2 SnCl 6 ·2Cl·2H 2 O. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system (space group P − 1, Z = 1) with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 7.9764(9), b = 8.2703(9), c = 12.1103(14)A, α = 84.469(6), β = 75.679(6), and γ = 64.066(5)°. The structure was solved using 3093 independent reflections down to R = 0.020. The atomic arrangement shows alternation of organic and inorganic entities. The cohesion between these entities is ensured by N H…Cl and O H…Cl hydrogen bonds that build a three-dimensional network. The 3D Hirshfeld surfaces and the associated 2D fingerprint plots were investigated for intermolecular interactions. The 13 C and 15 N CP-MAS NMR spectra are in agreement with the X-ray structure. The vibrational absorption bands were identified by infrared spectroscopy. DFT calculations allowed the attribution of the IR and NMR bands. X-ray powder, XPS and UV spectrum have been carried out. The DSC profile shows that the title material exhibits dehydration at 339 K.

Analysis of images has been recently used In order to both assess seed quality and elucidate some aspects of seed physiology, including X-ray tests and other resources. The objective of this study was to examine whether the X-ray may be successfully used to detect physical abnormalities, and relate their occurrence with physiological potential of tetsukabuto type squash seeds. Fruits were harvested at different maturation stages (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after anthesis - DAA) and temporarily or not stored for 20 days. Seeds were radiographed using an intensity of 25 kV for 40 seconds and then germinated under alternating temperatures of 20-30 o C. After four and eight days, percentagse of normal and abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were recorded. Results of both counts were evaluated comparatively with images of the internal morphology of each seed, obtained by means of X-ray test. The radiographic analysis is effective in detecting full, malformed and empty squash seeds. This confirmed information provided by the germination test, in which seeds harvested from 60 DAA and stored for 20 days were better in physiological potential.

A autonomia consiste em um elemento do exercicio profissional. Compete ao enfermeiro a tomada de decisoes e liberdade de conduta, capacidade de iniciativa e desenvolver metodos, avaliar condicao patologica e resolver os problemas de saude.

This paper explores how market and regulatory factors affect stakeholders' investments in smart grid projects in Europe. Distribution System Operators (DSOs), universities, and technology manufacturers are leading investors, with a cumulative 2286 M€ financed since 2002. Statistical tests were conducted on these groups' investments in smart grid projects in the EU-28, Norway, and Switzerland from 2008-2015, to evaluate the influence of the following factors on investment: the level of distribution sector concentration, the regulatory mechanism in place, and the existence of innovation stimulus mechanisms. The level of distribution sector concentration did not significantly influence investments by these three groups. Market-minded stakeholders, such as DSOs and technology manufacturers, invested more in countries that employed hybrid, incentive, or innovation-stimulus mechanisms; meanwhile, collaborative knowledge-seeking institutions, such as universities, were not swayed by these factors. Taking these findings into consideration will help policy makers design adequate incentives for stakeholders.

Anthracnose, one of the major diseases in the onion, is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae. The main strategy for controlling this fungus is by the use of fungicide, with this technique being used on the majority of crops. Currently, methods of disease control are being studied that are less aggressive to the environment, with the use of essential oils proving to be an alternative. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.), sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) as an alternative in the control of the fungus C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae, in addition to determining its effect on the physiological quality of onion seeds. The essential oils of lemongrass and sage did not affect the physiological quality of the onion seeds, and all the essential oils used helped to inhibit spore germination in C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae. The essential oils of thyme, lemongrass and citronella at a concentration of 2000 ppm completely inhibited mycelial growth in the fungus. Treatment with the essential oil of lemongrass in seeds inoculated with the pathogen gave greater protection against fungal attack. RESUMO A antracnose causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae é umas das principais doenças na cultura da cebola. A principal estratégia de controle deste fungo é o controle químico com fungicida sendo esta técnica utilizada na maior parte dos cultivos. Atualmente vem sendo estudados métodos de controle de doenças que sejam menos agressivos ao ambiente, mostrando-se como alternativa o uso de óleos essenciais. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito direto dos óleos essenciais de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.), sálvia (Salvia officinalis), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) e citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) como alternativa no controle do fungo C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae, além de determinar seu efeito sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cebola. Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão e sálvia não afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de cebola e todos os óleos essenciais utilizados promoveram a inibição da germinação de esporos de C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cepae. Os óleos essenciais de tomilho, capim-limão e citronela, na concentração de 2.000 ppm, inibiram totalmente o crescimento micelial do fungo. O tratamento com o óleo essencial de capim-limão em sementes inoculadas com patógeno proporcionou maior proteção contra o ataque de fungo.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of the SVIS® (Seed Vigor Imaging System) to determine squash seed vigor evaluated at different stages of maturation. ‘Jabras’ hybrid seeds, resulting from a cross between Cucurbita maxima (female parent) and Cucurbita moschata (male parent), were used in this study. Seeds extracted from fruit at different maturation stages (harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after anthesis and stored or not for 20 days after each harvest) were subjected to the following determinations: 100 seed weight, germination, saturated salt accelerated aging, and SVIS®. This computerized system provided data on indexes of seedling vigor and uniformity of seedling development and on seedling growth. Results from SVIS® were similar to information from the other vigor tests performed in this study, detecting significant differences in performance among seeds during the maturation process. This indicates that SVIS® is a reliable alternative for obtaining consistent information on the physiological potential of squash seeds. Resumo: Este trabalho procurou verificar a eficiência do SVIS® (Seed Vigor Imaging System) para determinar o vigor de sementes de abóbora colhidas durante diferentes estádios de maturação. Utilizou-se a cultivar híbrida Jabras, proveniente do cruzamento entre Cucurbita maxima (linhagem feminina) e Cucurbita moschata (linhagem masculina). As sementes foram extraídas de frutos colhidos aos 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a antese e armazenados, ou não, durante 20 dias após cada colheita e submetidas às seguintes determinações: massa de 100 sementes, geminação, envelhecimento acelerado com solução saturada de NaCl e SVIS®. Esta análise forneceu dados referentes aos índices de vigor e de uniformidade de desenvolvimento e ao crescimento das plântulas. Os resultados provenientes da análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas foram semelhantes aos fornecidos pelos outros testes de vigor, detectando diferenças significativas no desempenho das sementes durante o processo de maturação. Isto demostra que o SVIS® é uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de informações consistentes sobre o potencial fisiológico de sementes de abóbora.

Este trabalho apresenta parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado cujo objetivo foi re(conhecer) as condicoes de vida (situacao social, economica e de trabalho) dos catadores autonomos que de materiais reutilizaveis e reciclaveis que trabalham no Centro da cidade de Fortaleza-Ceara. O Centro foi escolhido porque sua dinâmica economica e social resulta em uma grande quantidade de residuos solidos reciclaveis diariamente, o que atrai muitos catadores. A pesquisa envolveu a aplicacao de questionarios com 25 catadores autonomos voluntarios, sendo que cada questionario teve 20 perguntas entre abertas e fechadas. O trabalho de campo ocorreu durante o mes de marco de 2016. Observou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados esta na fase mais produtiva da vida, pertence ao sexo masculino, tem baixo nivel de escolaridade, ganham abaixo de um salario minimo e estao subordinados aos donos de depositos. O cotidiano e marcado por desrespeito, problemas de saude, precariedade dos instrumentos de trabalho e dificuldades na organizacao laboral. Curiosamente, quase todos se consideram satisfeitos com o trabalho e percebem a importância do seu trabalho para a limpeza da cidade, reciclagem e preservacao ambiental.

Na produção de sementes de cenoura, a colheita das umbelas é geralmente parcelada ou, em algumas vezes, colhe-se a planta toda com umbelas em diferentes estádios de maturação; nesse caso, corre-se o risco de colheita tanto de sementes imaturas como de ocorrerem perdas devido à debulha natural ou por deterioração fisiológica em consequência de fatores ambientais desfavoráveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas relacionadas à maturação das sementes de cenoura cv. Planalto provenientes de diferentes umbelas. As colheitas foram realizadas aos 120 dias após a antese, onde foram colhidas umbelas primárias, secundárias e terciárias separadamente. Sementes foram analisadas quanto a: germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de geminação nas temperaturas de 25 ºC (ótima) e 35 ºC (adversa), além de emergência em casa de vegetação e índice de velocidade de emergência. Foram ainda realizadas análises das enzimas peroxidase (POX), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD), além das proteínas totais. As sementes obtidas das umbelas primárias e secundárias apresentaram germinação superior às sementes das umbelas terciárias, sendo que as sementes das umbelas primárias apresentaram elevada atividade de enzimas peroxidase, catalase e superóxido dismutase e baixa atividade da enzima ascorbato peroxidase. In carrot seed production, harvesting of the umbels is generally staggered, or sometimes the whole plant is harvested with the umbels at different stages of maturation; in that case, there is a risk of harvesting immature seeds and of losses due to natural dehiscent, or to physiological deterioration as a result of unfavourable environmental factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes related to the maturation of 'Planalto' carrot seeds from diferent umbels. The samples were collected 120 days after anthesis, with the primary, secondary and tertiary umbels being harvested separately. Seeds were analysed for germination, first count and germination rate, at temperatures of 25 ºC (optimum) to 35 ºC (adverse), as well as for emergence in the greenhouse and the emergence rate. Analyses were also carried out of the enzymes peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and of the total protein. Seeds obtained from the primary and secondary umbels displayed a higher rate of germination than from the tertiary umbels, with the seeds from the primary umbels showing high activity for peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and low activity for the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase.

This paper analyses whether and to what extent the EUA (European Union allowance) prices may be linked with Spanish polluting sectors' stock market returns. By utilizing a multifactor market model specification and panel data econometric approach, we test the if EUA price changes and stock returns of the Spanish sectors affected by EU ETS are correlated, the direction of this correlation and whether the carbon market effect is asymmetric and sector-specific. We use daily data for the full Phase II period and part of Phase III period of the EU ETS (from the 1st January 2008 to the 18th September 2015). A statistically significant positive and negative impact of EU ETS on stock market return is found for Phase II and III respectively. Additionally, EUA prices effect is shown to be sector-specific and there are different responses to increasing and decreasing carbon prices in sector-specific stock returns for both commitment periods. In contrast to others studies which refer to the first and/or earlier years of second EU ETS period and to a single sector (mainly power), our paper focuses on the second and the ongoing third period, and includes all polluting sectors encompassed under EU ETS.

West African countries face a long-standing energy access issue stemming from historical low generation capacity, poor planning processes and financially-constrained power utilities. Within current frameworks, progress towards achieving universal access to electricity is slow. However, the region displays a huge endowment of renewables which clearly appear to be paramount to expanding electricity generation capacity and meeting an ever-rising demand. The clear evidence of the crescent role of utility-scale expansion of renewables-based generation has called for collective action in the region to improve electricity access and drive economic growth. Therefore, research on the design and implementation of a renewables-based future for West Africa is needed. However, the literature on electricity planning considering the use of renewables in West Africa is scarce and mostly limited to least-cost and/or low-resolution modeling. Through an exploratory approach, the present study contributes to enhancing current knowledge by capturing the essence of the existing literature on generation capacity expansion modeling approaches and critically analyzing their shortcomings to define potential improvement avenues for future research. Advancing academic knowledge in such direction would provide sound scientific evidence to key national and regional stakeholders in order to take a step closer towards building a resilient future for West African countries.

The transition to a cleaner and smarter electricity system is being spurred by new policy approaches aiming at delivering a decentralized, digital, and decarbonized energy future. This calls for the adaptation of incumbent technologies, policies, and actors, as well as for the introduction of new system components. The changing role of electricity distribution systems, and of distribution system operators, has been a focal aspect of recent market design efforts, given the critical role of network infrastructure and the importance to adjust its operations, and regulatory framework. We build on a novel dataset from 124 DSOs and apply a methodology combining Factor analysis and a Tobit model to evaluate the role of market, regulatory, investment, and firm-level factors on technological, business model, and market design adaptation. Our results indicate that hybrid regulatory models contribute to DSOs adaptation. Investing in smart grids is found to have a positive effect on adaptation. Regarding firm-level characteristics, the results indicate that unbundling does not affect adaptation, however larger DSOs are found to be better able to adapt. These findings provide timely empirical evidence for advancing regulatory and policy approaches toward the adaptation of incumbents in a rapidly changing electricity sector.

West Africa holds some of the lowest electrification rates in sub-Saharan Africa with high disparities among countries and between urban and rural areas. Despite long-standing efforts to scale-up electrification levels, overall progress remains slow and highly cost-ineffective. Hence, it is crucial that electricity planning processes primarily address the questions of the complementarity between utility-scale and decentralised generation. This paper applies the Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) to two ECOWAS countries – Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire – with the aim of determining the optimal combination of grid-connected and off-grid systems to serve rural and urban demand by 2030, using high-resolution geospatial data. This country-wide analysis highlights the fundamental role of off-grid solar photovoltaics and wind technologies in bridging the electricity access gap, particularly in Burkina Faso. Additionally, cheaper electricity costs in Cote d’Ivoire could be taken advantage of through enhanced cross-border exchanges between the two countries.

In recent years, the diffusion of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) has played a key role in achieving climate and energy policies goals. This increase stems from both the decline of technology costs and also from the support policies adopted worldwide. Yet, the achieved diffusion levels and the related impacts vary across locations. By applying a new analytical approach to thirteen international case studies, the study provides an exhaustive systematization of policies and regulatory adjustments of PVDG diffusion, focusing on the electricity distribution sector. The goal is to identify possible common patterns and path dependence trajectories. The results show that the policy impacts and the regulatory adjustments vary mostly according to the category of the support policies implemented. In countries where feed-in tariffs (FiTs) have been introduced, the main concern is the increasing cost of policies maintenance. The regulatory adjustments are mostly PV specific involving, in most cases, the reduction of the FiTs. In regions where net metering policies have been implemented, otherwise, the impacts are predominantly related to cost-shifting issues, thus requiring regulatory changes which can also be prosumers’ specific, but that attempt to correct allocative distortions through electricity tariffs.