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In this article we describe a study aimed at estimating job vacancy statistics, in particular the number of entities with at least one vacancy. To achieve this goal, we propose an alternative approach to the methodology exploiting survey data, which is based solely on data from administrative registers and online sources and relies on dual system estimation (DSE). As these sources do not cover the whole reference population and the number of units appearing in all datasets is small, we have developed a DSE approach for negatively dependent sources based on a recent work by Chatterjee and Bhuyan (2020). To achieve the main goal we conducted a thorough data cleaning procedure in order to remove out-of-scope units, identify entities from the target population, and link them by identifiers to minimize linkage errors. We verified the effectiveness and sensitivity of the proposed estimator in simulation studies. From a practical point of view, our results show that the current vacancy survey in Poland underestimates the number of entities with at least one vacancy by about 10-15%. The main reasons for this discrepancy are non-sampling errors due to non-response and under-reporting, which is identified by comparing survey data with administrative data., 70 pages, 4 figures, 15 tables

In the article we describe an enhancement to the Demand for Labour (DL) survey con- ducted by Statistics Poland, which involves the inclusion of skills obtained from online job advertisements. The main goal is to provide estimates of the demand for skills (competences), which is missing in the DL survey. To achieve this, we apply a data integration approach com- bining traditional calibration with the LASSO-assisted approach to correct coverage and selec- tion error in the online data. Faced with the lack of access to unit-level data from the DL survey, we use estimated population totals and propose a bootstrap approach that accounts for the un- certainty of totals reported by Statistics Poland. We show that the calibration estimator assisted with LASSO outperforms traditional calibration in terms of standard errors and reduces rep- resentation bias in skills observed in online job ads. Our empirical results show that online data significantly overestimate interpersonal, managerial and self-organization skills while un- derestimating technical and physical skills. This is mainly due to the under-representation of occupations categorised as Craft and Related Trades Workers and Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers., Survey Research Methods, Vol 15 No 2 (2021)

Background and Purpose: In recent years classic financial market theory based on decision makers’ rationality has been challenged by repeated anomalies that became a ‘new normal’. As a result, what we witness today is a considerable turn to behavioral concepts that can shed a new light on choices made by market participants. The astonishing development of social media accelerated scientific validation of such concepts, since the media opened new and capacious ‘laboratory space’ for testing behavioral hypotheses. The main purpose of the article is to examine whether financial market professionals believe that social media content can be useful in achieving additional financial market returns and to investigate the factors behind this belief. Design/Methodology/Approach: We surveyed a sample of over 400 financial market professionals at institutions operating in Poland, and analyzed the results using logit regression models. Results: We established that almost 60% of the surveyed finance professionals recognized the potential of social media for achieving additional returns. We also found out that the differences in respondents’ perception of this potential could be explained mainly by heterogeneity of their job experience and, to a lesser degree, by their job position. Interestingly, more experienced individuals were less likely to recognize this potential. Firm-specific factors did not have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Conclusion: The opinions of financial market professionals regarding the link between social media and additional returns are mixed, which is consistent with the current body of evidence brought by sentiment-based research. Our findings confirm the key role of previous experience in explaining attitudes towards novelties and innovations (such as social media), a phenomenon known from other fields and everyday experience. Ozadje in namen: V zadnjih letih se je pokazalo vse več dvomov v ustreznost klasične teorije finančnih trgov, ki temelji na racionalnosti odločevalcev. Ponavljajo se anomalije in odstopanja od te teorije, ki postajajo »nova normal­nost«. Zato strokovnjaki posvečajo vse več pozornosti vedenjskim konceptom, ki se lahko z drugega vidika osvetlijo odločitve udeležencev na finančnem trgu. Hitri razvoj družbenih medijev je spodbudil raziskave, ki bi proučevale takšne koncepte, saj so mediji odprli nov “laboratorijski prostor” za preverjanje vedenjskih hipotez. Glavni namen članka je preučiti, ali strokovnjaki na finančnem trgu verjamejo, da je mogoče vsebine družbenih medijev uporabiti za doseganje dodatnih donosov na finančnih trgih, in identificirati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na te donose. Zasnova / metodologija / pristop: V raziskavi smo zajeli vzorec več kot 400 strokovnjakov na finančnih trgih v insti­tucijah, ki delujejo na Poljskem, in analizirali rezultate z uporabo logit regresijskih modelov. Rezultati: Skoraj 60% anketiranih finančnih strokovnjakov prepoznava potencial družbenih medijev za doseganje dodatnih donosov. Ugotovili smo tudi, da bi lahko razlike v zaznavanju tega potenciala pojasnila predvsem heterog­enost njihovih delovnih izkušenj in, v manjši meri, njihovo delovno mesto. Pokazalo se je, da izkušeni strokovnjaki manj verjetno prepoznajo te možnosti manj izkušeni posamezniki. Za posamezna podjetja specifični dejavniki po naših ugotovitvah nimajo pomembnega vpliva na dodatne donose. Zaključek: Mnenja strokovnjakov na finančnih trgih glede povezave med družbenimi mediji in dodatnimi donosi, so mešano. To se sklada z ugotovitvami, ki jih so jih prinesle študije, ki temeljijo na raziskovanju občutkov.. Naše ugoto­vitve potrjujejo ključno vlogo predhodnih izkušenj pri pojasnjevanju odnosa do novosti in inovacij (kot so družbeni mediji), pojav, znan iz drugih področij in iz vsakdanjih izkušenj.

There is an increasing need for analysing demand for skills at labour markets. While most studies aggregate skills in groups or use available proxies for them, the authors analyse companies' demand for individual competences. Such an analysis better reflects reality, because companies usually require from future workers particular competences rather than generally defined groups of skills. However, no method exists to analyse on a large scale which competences are required by employers. At a detailed level, there are hundreds of competences, so this demand cannot be measured in a sample survey. The authors propose a method for a continuous and efficient analysis of demand for new workers' competences. The method is based on gathering internet job offers and analysing them with data mining and text analysis tools. They applied it to analyse transversal competences on a Polish labour market during November 2012- December 2015. The authors used the detailed European Commission classification of transversal competences. They found that within the general groups of competences, companies required only certain ones, especially 'language and communication competences' and neglected others. The companies' requirements were countercyclical, that is, they increased them during recession and decreased them during economic expansion. However, the structure of the demanded competences did not change during the analysed period, suggesting that the structure is relatively stable, at least over the business cycle. The method can be used continuously. Various institutions can analyse and publish up-to-date information on the current demand for competences as well as tendencies in this demand.

In the article a concept of comparing public and private sector effectiveness is presented. It is based on an analysis of the productivity of capital and labour in both sectors. For this purpose, the authors build growth model in the general and intensive form, taking into account public and private sectors and their relationships in terms of gross value of fixed assets, and employment. Empirical analysis is carried out using a panel model for Polish provinces in the years 2002-2009. The analysis show that the size of the public sector in terms of labour and capital is negatively correlated with Gross Domestic Product and gross value added per employee. Research has shown that the productivity in the two sectors is different. The private sector has a higher productivity of both labour and capital in comparison to the public sector. The authors are of the opinion that the analysis in terms of labour and capital in both sectors substantially complements the more common approach aimed at measuring the effectiveness of public sector from the point of view of expenditures. Proposed analysis has the advantage that it expresses two sectors, which use different accounting categories, in the same economic terms - productivity.

Macierz współczynników korelacji liniowej odgrywa podstawową rolę w badaniu zależno- ści układu cech w wielowymiarowej analizie statystycznej. Pozwala ona na określenie cech mocno skorelowanych w oparciu o wartości diagonalne jej macierzy odwrotnej, a także na interpretację zmiennych przy wykorzystaniu statystyk liczbowych i wykresów zbudowanych na jej elementach. Alternatywą wspomnianej macierzy jest macierz korelacji medianowej. Jest ona propozy- cją, w przypadku gdy niektóre z nich wykazują występowanie obserwacji odstających, co często ma miejsce w analizie zjawisk społeczno-gospodarczych. Powstają wówczas trudności z właściwą oceną powiązań cech. Jest to powodowane niską wartością załamania średniej arytmetycznej. Dlatego w miejsce średniej arytmetycznej jako klasycznej charakterystyki liczbowej położenia, stosuje się pozycyjną charakterystykę liczbową – medianę, która z kolei ma bardzo wysoką wartością załamania. Celem pracy jest porównanie współczynników korelacji liniowej i medianowej na materia- le empirycznym. Podano różne wzory na wyznaczanie współczynnika korelacji liniowej oraz określono podstawowe własności medianowego odchylenia bezwzględnego w przypadku próby jednowymiarowej i kormedian dla próby dwuwymiarowej. Te dwie ostatnie charakterystyki wykorzystuje się przy obliczaniu współczynnika korelacji medianowej, którego własności także zaprezentowano w pracy. Materiał badawczy stanowią dane liczbowe 14 cech społeczno-gospodarczych dla gmin wiejskich i miejsko-wiejskich województwa podkarpackiego według stanu na dzień 31.12.2002 r.