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Social cues, such as being in the presence of others eating, have a powerful and pervasive influence on snacking behaviour. Previous research suggests that observing others eating leads to the creation of implicit and situation-specific social eating norms which guide appropriate eating behaviour. However, to date, social norms have not been examined in real world settings and in near real-time. Therefore, Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) measures were used to collect data from 61 individuals over a 14 day monitoring period. Participants recorded their food intake and responded to questions about social norms when ever they consumed food and at random time points throughout the day. As anticipated, results indicated that being in the presence of others eating significantly increased the likelihood of snacking, and that social norms partially mediated this effect. Importantly, social norms were found to vary from moment to moment and differentially predict snacking depending on the social context. We therefore argue for the importance of examining social norms in real time in order to ascertain their true influence on snacking behaviour.

Colon and rectal injuries pose major challenges for the operating surgeon. Modern management takes into account the time elapsed from injury, the site and extent of the injury and the overall status of the patient. Colostomy in every case has evolved to become a more selective approach. Primary anastomosis is now considered feasible in most cases. The long-standing different approach to right and left colon injuries is debated. Intraperitoneal rectal injuries can be managed similar to left colon injuries by primary repair, whereas the mainstay of management of extraperitoneal injuries remains proximal colostomy. The extent of injury, associated abdominal injuries, presence of shock, number of blood transfusions and the time from injury to operation determine the decision-making process and the prognosis for these patients.