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本稿では、製紙業界の新市場開拓に向けたイノベーションの効果について寡占市場を前提に理論的に捉え、新市場の拡大が企業の生産性・効率性にどのように影響するのか、大王製紙を例にしてシミュレーション・データによる実証分析を試みた。その結果、新市場の開拓は、長期的に製紙企業の効率性を向上させる効果があり、大王製紙のケースでは、2050年時点の効率性は、好景気であった1990年の効率水準に並ぶことが明らかになった。, This paper takes a theoretical view of the effect of innovation on the development of new markets in the paper industry, assuming an oligopoly market, and attempts an empirical analysis of how the expansion of new markets affects the productivity and efficiency of companies, using Daio Paper as an example, through simulation data. The results showed that the development of new markets has the effect of improving the efficiency of paper companies over the long term, and in the case of Daio Paper Corporation, the efficiency in 2050 is on par with the efficiency level in 1990, when the economy was booming., 特集 経済制度と社会秩序の形成に関する理論実証分析, Special issue: Theoretical and empirical studies on the evolution of economic institutions and social order, 論説(Article)

Purpose: The aim of this research work is to analyze and compare profitability performance of selected paper companies in India. Approach/Methodology/Design: An analytical study method is employed in this research work by relying on secondary data. In this research work 12 paper companies are selected as a sample based on their higher net sales and the study period are last10 financial years from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Ratio Analysis is used as an accounting tool in which six profitability ratios are employed. One-way ANOVA technique of parametric test is used as a statistical tool to identify the difference among sample means. Findings: The major finding of the research work indicates that in all the selected paper companies the profitability performance of shows fluctuating trend during the study period of 10 years. The overall performance was good and satisfactory in Satia Industries Ltd., JK paper Ltd., Seshasayee Paper and Board Ltd. and NR Agarwal Industries Ltd. and it was low and dissatisfactory in Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. and Astron Paper & Board Mill Ltd. for all the selected profitability ratio during the study period. The results of statistical test revealed that in gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio and return on assets ratio formulated null hypotheses are rejected and in net profit ratio, return on net worth ratio and return on capital employed ratio formulated null hypotheses are accepted. Originality/value: In this research work profitability analysis is carried out which is helpful to know the profitability performance of selected paper companies. The result would help investors to make right choice of investment in selected companies. It would also identify that how efficiently a business can generates profit and value for its shareholders from its sales or operations, shareholders' fund or balance sheet’s assets.

The paper discusses the pulping system in paper industry consisting of four subsystems in series. Failure and repair rates in various subsystems are taken to be constant. Formulation of the problem is carried out using simple probability considerations. Tables and graphs for various parameters are given which are useful to management for maintenance planning. Keywords: Mathematical Modelling, pulping system, paper industry. Title: Mathematical Modelling for Pulping System in Paper industry Author: Dr. Bishmbher Dayal International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews ISSN 2348-697X (Online) Vol. 11, Issue 1, January 2023 - March 2023 Page No: 20-26 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 14-February-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639148 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/mathematical-modelling-for-pulping-system-in-paper-industry, International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews, ISSN 2348-697X (Online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

Wang, LK, and Wang, MHS (2023). Application of secondary flotation for improvement of conventional activated sludge process system. In: "Environmental Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)", Wang, LK, Wang, MHS, and Pankivskyi, YI (editors). Volume 2023, Number 3A, March 2023; pp.80 . DOI: 10.17613/jwrp-0e11 ; Lenox Institute Press, Massachusetts, USA. .....ABSTRACT: Dissolved air flotation (DAF) clarifier can be applied in series between the aeration basin and the existing overloaded secondary sedimentation in a conventional activated sludge process system to separate the living microorganisms before settling. This results in many improvements: (a) solids and hydraulic loadings on an overloaded secondary sedimentation are reduced for preventing sludge rising, increasing the overall clarification efficiency, and saving construction cost on expansion of secondary sedimentation facilities; (b) hydraulic loading on the existing aeration basin is reduced thus increasing retention time without increasing aeration basin size; (c) higher solids content of the wasted sludge from DAF represents cost saving and improved operation of sludge thickening, dewatering and disposal; (d) the return sludge, separated by DAF stay in aerobic conditions at all times and are more active than comparable settled return activated sludge. The oxygen requirement for the mixed liquor suspend solids is also reduced due to recycling of aerobic sludge; and (e) The problems of sludge rising and sludge bulking can be totally solved when using DAF. Pilot scale results and full scale design considerations are both presented in this publication in detail. The authors' research findings can be applied to any flotation process equipment regardless of its shape (circular or rectangular), or its manufacturer as long as the secondary flotation clarifier is properly designed and operated.

Recent decades have witnessed increasing interest in the concept of the circular economy within both the business world and political circles. The circular economy spans the entire life cycle of products from product design through production, marketing, and consumption, to waste management, recycling, and re-use, and enthusiasm for putting the concept into practice has been identified across different sectors of the economy. This exploratory case study reviews how some of the leading companies in the paper and retail industries, have publicly addressed the circular economy. The case study outlines the nature of the circular economy, provides a cameo literature review of published work on the circular economy, describes the approach adopted for the case study, reports the findings of the review of how the leading companies in the paper and retail industries have addressed the circular economy, and discusses some wider issues. Keywords: circular economy, case study, paper industry, retail industry, greenwash, economic growth

The paper industry is closely related to forestry resources, which constitute an essential part of achieving sustainable development. Green credit can provide financial support to assist the paper industry in achieving carbon neutrality. To develop a method for performing green credit risk assessments in the paper industry, first, an initial index system was established on the basis of two dimensions: financial risk and socio-environmental risk. Then, the KMV model was applied to measure credit risk. The combined results of this model, along with the environmental penalties of an enterprise, formed the basis for the classification of green credit risk. Third, the Gini index was used to filter out, one by one, the indexes with the least influence among the factors, and then random forest iterations were performed until the prediction accuracy reached the optimum, thus establishing a green credit risk prediction model for the paper industry. The results show that the accuracy of the sample classification reached 93.75%, and the accuracy of the sample classification for high-risk enterprises reached 100%. The established index system offers good guidance for the assessment of green credit risk in the paper industry, in which the interest coverage ratio, current ratio, asset-liability ratio, and green emissions are the main factors affecting green credit risk.

Resumen La crisis económica que se derivó de la Primera Guerra Mundial provocó, entre otros efectos, la caída aguda de los resultados económicos de la prensa española y una amenaza real de colapso generalizado. Reconvertida a grandes empresas, con exponentes como el primer trust periodístico español, creado en 1906, los editores de periódicos plantearon por primera vez un dilema clave para el sistema representativo: si se quería que existiese prensa, el tesoro público debía colaborar mediante subvenciones a la compra de papel. Se puso en marcha, de esta forma, el primer gran rescate de la prensa española, con una aportación millonaria de dinero público a empresas privadas que, en teoría, tendría que devolverse progresivamente. Fue, para Indalecio Prieto, “un gran escándalo”. Abstract The economic crisis derived from World War I produced, among other effects, a sharp drop in the economic performance of the Spanish press and an actual threat of generalized collapse. Reorganized as large companies, with examples such as the first Spanish journalistic trust created in 1906, newspaper publishers posed a central dilemma for the representative system for the first time: if the press were to exist, the public treasury would have to cooperate through subsidies for the purchase of paper. In this way, the first great rescue of the Spanish press was launched, with a millionaire contribution of public funds to private companies that, in theory, would have to be repaid progressively. It was, for Indalecio Prieto, “a big scandal.” Resumo A crise econômica derivada da Primeira Guerra Mundial provocou, entre outros efeitos, a queda aguda dos resultados econômicos da imprensa espanhola e uma ameaça real de colapso generalizado. Reconvertidos a grandes empresas, com expoentes como o primeiro trust jornalístico espanhol, criado em 1906, os editores de jornais propuseram pela primera vez um dilema-chave para o sistema representativo: se se quisesse que existisse imprensa, o tesouro público deveria colaborar mediante subsídios para a compra de papel. Dessa forma, deu-se início ao primeiro grande resgate da imprensa espanhola, com uma contribuição milionária de verba pública a empresas privadas que, em teoria, teria que ser devolvido progressivamente. Foi, para Indalecio Prieto, um “grande escândalo”.

Garbage is an actual problem faced by Indonesia along with the increasing population. Paper is one of the most generated wastes. Indonesia produces 67.8 million tons of waste annually. And produces 8.1 million tons of paper waste annually. The volume of paper waste every 2 years increases by 1%. Paper waste can be recycled by the paper industry. With this research, the management of paper waste is used as a raw material for the paper industry by utilizing the fiber contained in paper waste. In this effort it can be see that recycling waste management can reduce waste in Indonesia by up to 10.2% per year. By recycling paper waste, we maintain the balance of nature and prevent global warming., Sampah menjadi masalah aktual yang dihadapi Indonesia seiiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk. Kertas merupakan salah satu limbah yang paling banyak dihasilkan. Indonesia menghasilkan 67,8 juta ton sampah setiap tahunnya. Dan menghasilkan 8,1 juta ton sampah kertas pertahunnya. Volume sampah kertas setiap 2 tahun meningkat 1 %. Sampah kertas dapat di daur ulang oleh industri kertas. Dengan adanya penelitian ini, pengelolaan sampah kertas dijadikan bahan baku industri kertas dengan memanfaatkan serat yang terkandung dalam sampah kertas. Dalam upaya ini dapat diketahui bahwa pengelolaan sampah daur ulang ini dapat mengurangi sampah di Indonesia hingga 10,2% pertahunnya. Dengan mendaur ulang sampah kertas, kita menjaga keseimbangan alam dan mencegah pemanasan global.

The consumer-oriented revision of competition rules forces businesses to exhibit more customer-oriented behavior than ever before. The concept of brand, which has a very important place in the process of ensuring sustainable and value-oriented relations of enterprises with their target audiences, is an effective factor in the process of ensuring the awareness, loyalty and perceived quality targeted by the enterprises. For this reason, the value-oriented perspective carries the value measurements of brands to a competitive dimension. Thus, there is a relationship between brand value and competitive structures of businesses, and businesses are making brand investments at an increasing level. The study carried out in this context aims to determine the brand values of the companies included in the Paper and Paper Products, Printing and Publishing Sector in Turkey by using the Hirose Method, which is one of the financial brand valuation methods. The method used in the study is based on the variables expressed as “prestige variable (PD), loyalty variable (LD) and expansion variable (ED) in the process of determining brand value. In the study, 10 companies included in the relevant sector were analyzed, and as a result of the analyzes carried out, the highest value in terms of brand values belonged to ALKA with 1.075.385.020.85 TL; The company with the lowest brand value was found to be IHGZT with 24,740,251.45 TL. In addition, it has been determined that the brand values of all the analyzed companies are below the market values. Therefore, it was emphasized at the end of the study that companies could not adequately represent their brand values in the market they are in and the necessity of making brand-oriented investments., Rekabete ilişkin kuralların tüketici yönlü revize edilmesi, işletmeleri hiç olmadığı kadar müşteri yönlü davranışlar sergilemeye zorlamaktadır. İşletmelerin hedef kitleleri ile sürdürülebilir ve değer yönlü ilişkilerinin sağlanması sürecinde oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olan marka kavramı, işletmelerin hedeflediği farkındalık, bağlılık ve algılanan kalitenin sağlanması sürecinde etkili olan bir faktördür. Bu nedenle değer yönlü bakış açısı markalara ait değer ölçümlemelerini bir tür rekabetçi boyuta taşımaktadır. Böylelikle marka değeri ile işletmelerin rekabetçi yapıları arasında bir ilişkinin varlığı söz konusu olmakta, işletmeler gittikçe artan düzeyde marka yatırımları gerçekleştirmektedirler. Bu bağlamda gerçekleştirilen çalışma Türkiye’de Kağıt ve Kağıt Ürünleri, Basım ve Yayın sektöründe yer alan şirketlerin marka değerlerini finansal bir marka değerleme yöntemleri arasında yer alan Hirose Yöntemi’ni kullanarak belirleme amacı taşımaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan yöntem marka değerinin tespiti sürecinde “prestij değişkeni (PD), sadakat değişkeni (LD) ve genişleme değişkeni (ED) olarak ifade edilen değişkenler üzerinden hareket etmektedir. Çalışmada ilgili sektörde yer alan 10 şirket analize tabii tutulmuş, gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda ise marka değerleri açısından en yüksek değer 1.075.385.020,85 TL ile ALKA’ya aitken; en düşük marka değerine sahip şirket ise 24.740.251,45 TL ile IHGZT olarak bulgulanmıştır. Ek olarak analiz edilen şirketlerin tamamının marka değerlerinin piyasa değerlerinin altında yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısı ile şirketlerin bulundukları piyasada marka değerlerini yeterince temsil edemedikleri ve marka odaklı yatırımların gerçekleştirilmesi gerekliliği çalışma sonucunda vurgulanmıştır.

Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables::12.5 - Per a 2030, disminuir de manera substancial la generació de residus mitjançant polítiques de prevenció, reducció, reciclatge i reutilització

The first steam applications were already invented two millennia ago; due to its versatility, industry will still need steam in the future. In view of the current climate targets, a shift towards carbon-free steam-generation is required while it is still mostly based on fossil fuels today. Future alternatives that are based on the direct use of renewable electricity or green hydrogen are not yet economically favourable or they are still under development, also due to the comparatively high electricity prices. This paper therefore investigates CO2-neutral steam generation in two respects: First, compared to the current state of the art, which electricity-based technologies are available for steam generation and what is their development status? And second, how are the technologies evaluated in comparison to the current fossil reference technology from a multi-dimensional perspective encompassing ecological, economic and technical criteria? In this paper, these questions are addressed along three applications for steam generation in the paper, food and chemical industries. For this purpose, a concept for a multi-dimensional analysis with a perspective up to the year 2050 is introduced and applied. The required data was obtained from literature, a quantitative model and 19 semi-structured interviews with industry representatives, manufacturers and research institutions. The results indicate that various alternative technologies (electrode boilers, heat pumps, hydrogen-fired steam boilers) are available, but their technology readiness level varies. To contribute to their widespread deployment in industry, policy making will have to ensure competitive economic as well as ecological and infrastructural framework conditions with a long-term perspective.

Nanocellulose is a sustainable nanomaterial with outstanding physico-mechanical properties, a fact that confers the nanomaterial a huge potential in sectors such as the papermaking, nanocomposites, aerogels for selective solvent removal, hydrogels for controlled drug delivery, substrates for printed electronics and rheological modifiers, among others. The production of nanocellulose has traditionally been based on the use of cellulosic fibers delignified by chemical pulping processes. These treatments remove most of the lignin and also reduce the hemicellulose content, achieving mass yields close to 50%. On the contrary, thermomechanical pulping processes, in which the use of chemical agents is avoided, preserve the chemical composition of the raw material, thus reaching yields greater than 95%. In this context, and with the aim of keeping the nanocellulose sector as sustainable as possible, thermomechanical fibers are considered a more economical and environmentally friendly option than highly delignified fibers. Furthermore, the elevated presence of lignin could boost the mechanical destructuring of the fibers and confer additional properties to the resulting nanomaterial due to the partially hydrophobic nature of lignin. La nanocelulosa es un nanomaterial sostenible con excelentes prestaciones físico-mecánicas, lo cual le otorga un alto potencial en sectores como el papelero, nanocompuestos, aerogeles selectivos de disolventes, hidrogeles de liberación controlada de sustancias, sustratos para impresión de dispositivos electrónicos y modificadores reológicos, entre otros. La producción de nanocelulosa se ha basado tradicionalmente en el uso de fibras celulósicas deslignificadas mediante procesos de pulpeado químico. Estos tratamientos eliminan la mayor parte de la lignina y reducen también el contenido de hemicelulosa, logrando rendimientos másicos cercanos al 50%. Por lo contrario, los procesos de pulpeado termomecánicos, en los cuales se evita el uso de agentes químicos, permiten preservar la composición química de la materia prima, alcanzando así rendimientos superiores al 95%. En este contexto, y con el objetivo de mantener el sector de la nanocelulosa lo más sostenible posible, las pulpas termomecánicas son consideradas una opción económica y medioambientalmente más atractiva que aquellas fibras altamente deslignificadas. Además, la elevada presencia de lignina podría favorecer la desestructuración mecánica de las fibras, confiriendo propiedades adicionales al nanomaterial resultante debido el carácter parcialmente hidrofóbico de la lignina.

Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: Indústrias de papel e celulose e biorefinarias produzem anualmente cerca de 50 a 70 milhões de toneladas de Lignina como subproduto. A lignina é usualmente queimada para geração de energia nessas indústrias, entretanto ela possui grupos funcionais, como hidroxilas fenólicas e alifáticas, que podem ser utilizados para desenvolver produtos de maior valor agregado. Uma das formas promissoras de valorização da lignina é o seu uso como fonte de hidroxilas para polimerização por abertura de anel (ROP) de monômeros biodegradáveis como a ?-Caprolactona (?-CL), formando copolímeros enxertados, que podem ter aplicações na biomedicina, para a formação de blendas e em embalagens. Entretanto, ainda poucos trabalhos verificam a valorização da Lignina Kraft (LK), tipo de lignina mais gerada por indústrias de papel e celulose, como iniciador para ROP de monômeros biodegradáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi valorizar a lignina Kraft usando-a como iniciador da ROP da ?-Caprolactona. Os copolímeros LK-g-PCL foram sintetizados usando octanoato de estanho como catalisador. Os copolímeros LK-g-PCL foram caracterizados e avaliados quanto a seus grupos funcionais, tamanho de cadeia enxertada, massa molar, microestrutura, propriedades térmicas, capacidade de absorção de raios UV e capacidade antioxidante. Como formas de aplicação, a LK-g-PCL foi avaliada como emulsificante sólido de sistema óleo/água e como aditivo em filme com ECOVIO. Como principais resultados foi observado pelo teste de Molau a mudança de dispersão em acetona e clorofórmio dos copolímeros, que comparado com a lignina pura, apresentaram dispersão. Para diferentes tempos de reação foi obtido, via Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H), mudanças nos grupos funcionais dos copolímeros, em que houve consumo de hidroxilas e aumento da cadeia de PCL enxertada na lignina, comprovando ocorrência da reação de abertura de anel. Em relação às propriedades térmicas via Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC), foi observado que a funcionalização da LK com PCL via ROP reduz a mobilidade das cadeias poliméricas, pela redução no grau de cristalização dos copolímeros em relação a PCL (Xc,LK-g-PCL= 16,70% e Xc,PCL= 78,64%). Como aplicação, LK-g-PCL atuou como emulsificante sólido no sistema óleo (tolueno) e água, obtendo maior estabilidade com o aumento da porcentagem de copolímero presente. Como aditivo para filmes, a presença de apenas 0,1% de LK permitiu obter filme LK-g-PCL/ECOVIO com alta capacidade de absorção UV em uma ampla faixa (200 – 525 nm), além de apresentar capacidade antioxidante, capturando radicais livres de DPPH. Esse estudo contribuiu para o entendimento de como a funcionalização da lignina Kraft via ROP da ?-CL pode melhorar a compatibilidade da LK com outros polímeros sem perder suas propriedades intrínsecas, implicando em novas vias de potencial valorização da lignina. Os resultados mostram que copolímeros LK-g-PCL podem ser potencialmente aplicados i) em embalagens, devido a sua capacidade de absorção de radiação UV, ii) em sistemas de combate a radicais livres, como proteção de fármacos e contra doenças, devido à capacidade antioxidante, iii) ou como emulsificante sólido Abstract: Pulp and paper industries and biorefineries produce annually about 50 to 70 million tons of lignin as a byproduct. Lignin is usually burned to generate energy in those industries, although it has functional groups, such as phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyls, that can be used to develop high-value products. One potential way to valorize lignin is as a source of hydroxyls for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of biodegradable monomers such as ?-Caprolactone (?-CL) generating graft copolymers, which can be used in the biomedical field, in blends, and for packaging. However, few works valorize Kraft lignin (KL) (type of lignin most generated in pulp and paper industries) as an initiator for ROP of biodegradable monomers. This work aims to valorize Kraft lignin as an initiator for the ROP of ?-Caprolactone. The copolymer KL-g-PCL was synthetized using stannous octanoate as the catalyst and was characterized as to its functional groups, length of grafted chain, molar mass, microstructure, thermal properties, UV absorption capacity, and antioxidant capacity. As an application, LK-g-PCL was evaluated as a solid emulsifier for an oil/water system and as a film additive. As major findings, it was observed by Molau’s Test the change of copolymers dispersion in acetone and chloroform, which, compared to neat kraft lignin, showed good dispersion. For different reaction times, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR 1H) showed shifts in functional groups of the copolymers when there was a consumption of hydroxyls and an increase in PCL length chain grafted in lignin, confirming the successful ring opening reaction. In thermal analysis by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) it was concluded that functionalization of KL with PCL by ROP decreases the polymer chain mobility due to the reduction of crystallization degree of the copolymers when compared to the neat PCL (Xc,LK-g-PCL= 16,70% e Xc,PCL= 78,64%). As an application, KL-g-PCL acted as a solid emulsifier in an oil (toluene)/water system, and higher stability was given for a higher percentage of the copolymer in the system. As a film additive, the presence of only 0,1% of KL allowed KL-g-PCL/ECOVIO to have high UV absorption in a large range (200 – 525 nm); beyond that, the films showed antioxidant capacity capturing free radicals of DPPH. This study contributed to understanding how the functionalization of Kraft Lignin by ROP of ?-CL can improve the compatibility of KL with other polymers without losing its intrinsic properties, generating new paths for the potential valorization of lignin. The results showed that KL-g-PCL copolymers could be potentially applied i) in packaging due to the UV absorption capacity, ii) in systems to combat free radicals such as drugs and against diseases due to antioxidant capacity, or iii) as a solid emulsifie Mestrado Engenharia Química Mestra em Engenharia Química CAPES 88887.372028/2019-00

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to present the changes that have occurred in customer relations as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The goal was achieved through an analysis of the literature on the subject and empirical research in a medium-sized enterprise in the paper industry located in Poland., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study presents the following research problem: What changes have occurred in relations with business customers as a result of the Covid 19 pandemic, based on the example of a medium-sized enterprise in the paper industry? In order to solve the research problem, a questionnaire survey and a series of in-depth individual interviews with key business clients of a medium-sized enterprise operating in the paper industry in Poland were conducted., FINDINGS: The conducted research shows that the changes in relations with business customers as a result of the pandemic mainly concerned the strengthening of the role and importance of sales personnel and IT communication tools., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The research results presented in the article can be used by other companies to strengthen their relationships with clients, both individual and business., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Research carried out in medium-sized paper companies has shown that during the crisis of the pandemic, the role and importance of staff directly in contact with customers increases, the ability to manage variable information, the ability to use IT communication tools and encourage their use by customers., peer-reviewed

In recent decades, the paper industry has undergone many changes, making this industry more lucrative, “greener”, and thus more attractive. Today, recycled paper is a key raw material for paper production. However, this intense growth has also increased the number of market players, making competition more intense and dynamic and causing frequent turmoil. In such an environment, planning procurement and forecasting the price of recycled paper is a big challenge, even for highly experienced procurement managers. In addition, paper production itself is a dynamic process that requires all key grades of recycled paper to be available at all times. Accordingly, managing the optimal level of recycled paper stocks is also a difficult task faced by the procurement unit. The goal of this paper is to address these challenges by developing a new model for the sustainable procurement of recycled paper in the paper industry with the help of the principles of strategic management. Specifically, we aim to enhance our understanding of the factors driving the complexity of recycled paper procurement management. To this end, we conducted a comparative case study in four European companies. To build cases, we collected secondary data on the sampled companies as well as primary data from interviews with top executives at these companies. On the basis of the results from the comparative case study, we propose a new model for the procurement of recycled paper that helps increase the accuracy of forecasting price trends and by extension overall procurement performance. In a nutshell, this paper seeks to improve procurement processes by reducing the complexity of the enterprise procurement unit as well as by offering guidelines for the maintenance of optimal stock levels of recycled paper.

Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho Campos Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: Este trabalho teve como escopo a aplicação da eletroflotação no tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de papel e a verificação de sua viabilidade técnica e econômica. Para isto, compararam-se eletrodos de alumínio e ferro, sendo este com densidade de corrente de 211 A/m2 e aquele com 169 A/m2 em um reator de 20 L e monitorou-se o comportamento dos parâmetros pH, condutividade, temperatura, turbidez, DQO, Sólidos Sedimentáveis e DBO. Para o eletrodo de alumínio testado, houve um aumento do valor do pH de 7,32 para 9,19, a condutividade diminuiu conforme esperado pelo diagrama de solubilidade de Al(OH)3 em função do pH, a temperatura aumentou de 23,6 para 31,5ºC em decorrência do efeito Joule, a turbidez reduziu 93%, a DQO 96%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 98% e a DBO 99%, além do efluente final não ter apresentado coloração residual. O eletrodo de ferro apresentou resultados satisfatórios mas não tão promissores quanto os do alumínio. Neste caso, também houve aumento do pH de 7,31 para 9,80, a condutividade diminuiu conforme os diagramas de solubilidade dos Fe(OH)2 e Fe(OH)3 em função do pH, a elevação da temperatura foi de 25,9 para 31,8ºC pelo mesmo motivo já citado, a turbidez reduziu 50%, a DQO 83%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 97 % e a DBO 84%. No final do tratamento, o efluente apresentou uma coloração amarela residual bastante forte, devido à oxidação dos íons Fe2+ a Fe3+. Alguns dos principais cálculos feitos foram em relação ao consumo de energia, que para ambos os materiais foi de 9,0 kWh/m3, consumo do eletrodo, tendo sido de 4,0 g para alumínio e 12,5 g para ferro, custo de operação de 7,01 R$/m3 para alumínio e 2,84 R$/m3 para ferro, além da quantidade de gases gerados, sendo, para ambos os materiais, de 4,9 L de hidrogênio e 2,51 L de oxigênio. Estes resultados indicam que a aplicação da eletroflotação em escala industrial deve ser mais pesquisada para que se diminua o custo de operação através de otimizações do sistema e para que se tenha total controle da quantidade de gases produzidos e do aumento da temperatura Abstract: This work describes the application of electroflocculation in the effluent of a paper industry and its technical and economical feasible assessment. The aluminum and iron electrodes were compared, being the first tested with a current density of 211 A/m2 and the second with 169 A/m2 in a reactor of 20 L and the behavior of parameters pH, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, COD, Settling Solids and BOD were monitored. With the aluminum electrode tested, there was an increase in pH value from 7,32 to 9,19; conductivity decreased as expected by the Al(OH)3 solubility diagram according to pH; the effluent temperature rised from 23,6ºC to 31,5ºC due to the Joule effect; turbidity has decreased 93%, COD 96%, Settling Solids 98% and BOD 99%. After treatment the final effluent has exhibited no residual color. The iron electrode has showed satisfactory results but not so promising as that obtained with aluminum. In this case, there were also an increase in pH value from 7,31 to 9,80; conductivity has decreased as expected by the Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 solubility diagrams as function of pH; the effluent temperature increased from 25,9ºC to 31,8ºC by the same reason ever explained with the aluminum electrode; turbidity has decreased 50%, COD 83%, Settling Solids 97% and BOD 84%. At the end of treatment, the effluent exhibited a quite strong yellow residual color, due to oxidation of iron ions (Fe2+ to Fe3+). Some of the main calculus regarded the energy consumption, that for both materials was 9,0 kWh/m3. The electrode consumption was 9,0 g for aluminum and 12,5 g for iron. The operating cost was 7,01 R$/m3 for aluminum and 2,84 R$/m3 for iron. The quantity of gases produced was 4,9 L of hydrogen and 2,51 L of oxygen. These results indicated that the electroflotation application in a comercial scale must be more investigated to reach optimization and total control of the quantity of gases generated and temperature rise Mestrado Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: Neste presente trabalho, foi estudada a grafitização de N-metilol acrilamida em amido de mandioca nativo, em meio aquoso, com proporções de 20, 30 e 40% em relação ao peso de amido, tendo como objetivo avaliar a aplicação técnica do produto resultante em formulações de tintas de revestimentos couché, aplicado sobre uma superficie de papel cartão. Estes novos polímeros, bem como o amido de mandioca e o amido de milho nativo, foram caracterizados por: (i) Análise Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMA), onde se conseguiu verificar moderadas modificações nas transições térmicas; (ii) Espectroscopia na região do Infravermelho(FT_IR); (iii) Microscopia Ótica (MO) e (iv) Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), onde percebeu-se mudanças morfológicas nos grânulos de amido modificado, que se apresentaram maiores que os do amido nativo. Para uma análise do comportamento destes polímeros em formulações de tintas de revestimentos couché, foi utilizado como referência padrão o látex de estireno-butadieno carboxilado, atualmente utilizado na indústria de papel, como ligante (ou resina) principal. Nas tintas de revestimentos couché desta tese, foram analisadas as aplicações feitas em papel cartão revestido, onde se utilizou para teste de imprimibilidade as seguintes análises: Pick teste seco; Pick teste úmido; alvura; teste de absorção superficial - K & N; brilho de impressão; rugosidade e absorção de óleo. Um bom revestimento deverá apresentar uma boa adesão à superficie do papel, evitando seu arrancamento do mesmo. Dos testes de arrancamento, todas as amostras dos revestimentos feitos com amido de mandioca, modificados com Nmetilol acrilamida, apresentaram excelentes resultados Abstract: In this work, it was studied the graftization of native tapioca starch with of Nmethylol acrylamide (NMA) in aqueous media, at several proportions (20, 30 e 40%) relative to the starch weight, with the aim to evaluate the technical application of the product obtained in inks formulations used for finishing covering, applied over paper-card surfaces. The NMA and the native starch, as well as the starch derivatives, were characterized by: (i) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), which showed mild modifications in the thermal transitions; (ii) lnfrared Spectroscopy (F_TIR); (iii) Oplical Microscopy (OM) and (iv) Electron Scanning Microscopy (SEM) which revealed morphological changes in the starch grains, being the modified starch grains bigger than those native. To analyze the behavior of these polymers in formulations of inks, used for finishing covering (known as couché paper card), it was utilized latex of styrene-butadiene - carboxylate as reference, current1yused as binder in the paper industry. For the paper card with the finishing covering it was utilized tests of printability as: dry pick test; wet pick test; whiteness; K and N test; shine of impression; roughness and oil absorption. In the printing process, the graphic ink used presents tacking that is responsible for a perpendicular force to the surface of the paper, which is able to peel its covering. The peeling tests done with the formulations modified with modified tapioca starch with Nmethylol acrylamide (NMA) presented very promising results Mestrado Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais Mestre em Engenharia Química

The addition of reinforced material (polymer and mineral fillers) to epoxy resin matrices results in the improvement of the overall performance of the composite, allowing the application of these materials as tribo-materials in industrial applications. Enhancement of the tribological properties (low friction coefficient, increased wear resistance and non-stick properties) of epoxy coatings is done by embedding fillers with various particle sizes and with different filler volume fractions. The aim of this work is to determine the factors influencing the wear-reducing mechanisms of the fillers. This was done by wear tests carried out on a pin-on-disc apparatus and on a Taber Abraser device. A significant decrease in the wear rate was recorded with the formulations containing polymer fillers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), due to their self-lubricating nature. The particle size of silica (SiO2) fillers was found to play a significant role, coarse particles reducing the wear rate due to the bond at the resin/filler interface. It was shown that not all fillers helped improving the wear resistance; the SiO2 fillers with lower particle size had a negative effect on the wear resistance of the epoxy coating, by causing discontinuities in the material. The worn surfaces were analysed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to help better understand the wear mechanisms involved.

Orientador: Kelly Cristina Poldi Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica Resumo: Em muitas indústrias de manufatura, como a papeleira, moveleira e metalúrgica, há a produção e o corte dos objetos produzidos em unidades menores para atender a uma demanda específica. Na otimização desses processos produtivos, encontram-se os problemas de dimensionamento de lotes e de corte de estoque. Nos processos de produção e corte, o problema de corte de estoque apresenta-se como um subproblema fundamental do problema de planejamento de produção, no entanto, são encontrados na literatura vários trabalhos que tratam esses problemas de forma desacoplada. Tratar esses dois problemas de forma separada pode aumentar os custos globais. Nesse trabalho, tratamos tais problemas de maneira integrada, propondo um modelo para a produção e corte de papel, baseado na literatura, que considera o custo de preparação da máquina e a capacidade de produção. Para a resolução do modelo, foi utilizado o método de geração de colunas, a heurística relax-and-fix e um pacote de otimização. Testes computacionais foram realizados a fim de analisar a metodologia utilizada na resolução do modelo Abstract: In many manufacturing industries, such as paper, furniture and metallurgy, there are the production of the objects and the cutting of the objects into smaller pieces in order to meet a specific demand. In the optimization of such productive processes, one can identify the lot-sizing and the cutting stock problems. In the production and cutting processes, the cutting stock problem is a fundamental subproblem of the production planning problem. However, in the literature, these problems are mostly dealt separately. Treating these two problems separately can increase overall costs. In this research, we deal with these problems in a coupled way, proposing an integrated model for the production and cutting of paper based on the literature, which considers setup costs and production capacity. For the solution of the proposed model, we used the column generation method, the relax-and-fix heuristic and an optimization package. Computational tests were carried out in order to analyze the methodology used in the resolution of the model Mestrado Matemática Aplicada Mestra em Matemática Aplicada CAPES

Industrijska odpadna voda večinoma po sestavi ni podobna komunalni odpadni vodi. Za doseganje kakovosti, ki je določena z Uredbo o emisiji snovi in toplote pri odvajanju odpadnih voda v vode in javno kanalizacijo, z Uredbo za dotično industrijsko panogo ter z Okoljevarstvenim dovoljenjem, je potrebno industrijsko odpadno vodo predhodno očistiti do primerne kakovosti za izpust v javni kanalizacijski sistem. V magistrski nalogi sem na konkretnem primeru papirne in tekstilne industrije določila karakteristike odpadne vode, pregledala zakonodajne omejitve in na podlagi rezultatov predlagala ustrezne tehnološke ukrepe za zagotovitev ustrezne kakovosti za izpust v javno kanalizacijo. Za odpadno vodo iz papirne industrije sem zaradi presežene mejne vrednosti KPK in obarvanosti predlagala uporabo membranskega bioreaktorja z naknadno oksidacijo z ozonom. Odpadna voda iz tekstilne industrije je vsebovala previsoko koncentracijo neraztopljenih snovi in anionskih ter neionskih tenzidov, pH vrednost odpadne vode je bila prenizka. Predlagan postopek čiščenja odpadne vode je zato vseboval koagulacijo z Al2O3 in nadaljnje usedanje v lamelnem usedalniku. Zvišanje pH vrednosti je bilo doseženo z dodajanjem 30% NaOH, koncentracija tenzidov pa se je znižala z adsorpcijo na aktivno oglje. Naredila sem tudi ekonomsko analizo predlaganih ukrepov in jih primerjala za alternativno možnostjo odvoza odpadne vode na čiščenje na centralno čistilno napravo. Industrial wastewater is generally not similar to municipal wastewater when it comes to its structure. To ensure the quality, which is determined by the Decree on the emission of substances and heat when discharging waste water into waters and the public sewage system (Official Gazette RS, No 64/12, 64/14 and 98/15), the regulation for the relevant industry and Environmental permit, industrial wastewater needs to achieve an appropriate purity level before it can be released into public sewage or surface waters. In the master thesis I, using a concrete example from the paper and textile industry, determined the characteristics of wastewater, examined the legislative restrictions and, based on the results, proposed applicable technological treatment to ensure sufficient quality for the release into public sewage. Due to the exceeded level of COD and coloration in the paper industry wastewater, I proposed treatment with MBR technology with subsequent oxidation using ozone. Textile industry wastewater contained excessive concentration of suspended solids, anionic and non-ionic surfactants as well as an insufficient pH level, which is why I suggested coagulation treatment with Al2O3 and sedimentation in the lamellar sedimentation tank. PH levels were increased by adding 30% NaOH, while the concentration of anionic and non-ionic surfactants decreased with the adsorption on active carbon. In addition to that, I performed an economic analysis of the proposed measures and compared them with an alternative possibility of wastewater’s transit to a central purification plant in order to execute the treatment process.

La constante búsqueda de mejoras productivas en la industria papelera y la creciente concienciación de la sociedad por los problemas derivados del uso de materiales procedentes de la industria petroquímica, hace que científicamente hablando, haya un aumento en el interés de encontrar materiales renovables que los sustituyan. La biomasa lignocelulósica aparece en diversos estudios como una alternativa sostenible debido a su alta renovabilidad, abundancia, biodegradabilidad y su bajo coste. Un residuo típico de la industria del papel es el que procede de los fangos producidos en la depuración de aguas. Este residuo suele tener un alto contenido en material lignocelulósico. El presente estudio se presenta como una opción de reaprovechamiento de un residuo industrial, obteniendo un biomaterial nanocelulósico, gracias a tratamientos enzimáticos con celulasas y procesos mecánicos

Mercury contamination is an environmental issue with high priority due to its high toxicity. In addition to the atmospheric deposition, several lakes and rivers in Sweden are contaminated as a result from wood and pulp-fiber industries which stretches back 200 years. In Luleå, Sweden, a former groundwood industry, Karlshäll, has contributed to mercury pollution in the sediments of Notviken, a small bay connected to Luleå River and the Bothnian Sea, through release of process water. Industrial release of chemicals and wood pulp have resulted in a special type of sediment called fiber banks. The fiber banks contain high levels of organic matter and very little oxygen which contributes to large gas emissions from the fiber banks, gas ebullition. There is no generally accepted method for examining how mercury contaminants are spread through gas ebullition. The aim of this thesis was to review and find methods for that purpose. Through the literature review several types of methods emerged. Some of them were useful for measuring volumes of gas, whereas others were better designed for collecting gas and analysing it for concentration of elements. There are pros and cons with all methods but the one considered most useful in the case of Karlshäll would be Skarp’s method with active and passive sampling. The passive part includes setting up tents over the fiber bank with a known area, and then calculate the volumes of gas which migrate up through the water during a certain amount of time. The active sampling consists of stirring the fiber bank sediment with a stick and then gather the ascending gas bubbles in a Teflon-bag. The Teflon bag is thereafter sent to a chemical environmental laboratory for analysis of the concentration of elements. This method is the only one of the ones reviewed in this thesis which have been tested in Sweden at sites with gas- ebullition facilitated mercury transport. Although, Varadharajan et al’s (2011) sampling device with automation could be applicable if a long-term, high frequency monitoring programme would be used at Karlshäll. In addition, a sampling device with an integrated carbon-absorption-tube collector for trapping gaseous Hg would be beneficial if the samples can’t handle a long-distance transportation. Thus, the samples could be sent to a local laboratory instead. However, this type of device is not yet invented and would need further studies to develop. Kvicksilverföroreningar är ett stort miljöproblem som räknas till de särskilt farliga ämnena vilka skall fasas ut för att nå miljömålet giftfri miljö. Föroreningarna är mycket giftiga för djur och miljö och det kvicksilver som redan spridits ansamlas och stannar kvar under lång tid i mark, vatten och biota. Utöver den atmosfäriska depositionen så är floder, älvar och sjöar i Sverige förorenade med kvicksilver, ett resultat av en 200-årig industri för tillverkning av pappersmassa och träfiber där kvicksilver varit en del i tillverkningsprocessen. I Luleå fanns det ett träsliperi kallat Karlshäll mellan åren 1912–1962 som släppte ut orenat processvatten innehållandes kvicksilver tillsammans med rester av träfiber till den närliggande viken, Notviken, som är ett inlopp från Lule älv. Industriella utsläpp av kemikalier och träfiber har resulterat i bildandet av en viss typ av bottensediment, kallad fiberbank. Fiberbankarna innehåller höga nivåer av organiskt material i kombination med lite syre vilket bidrar till stora gasutsläpp från fiberbankarna, gasavgång. Det finns ingen vedertagen metod för att undersöka hur kvicksilverföroreningarna sprids genom gasavgång. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och hitta metoder som kan undersöka kvicksilverföroreningarnas spridning via gasavgång. Genom en litteraturstudie och intervju med en entreprenör inom miljöteknik framträdde flertalet olika metoder för att kunna kvantifiera eller mäta kvicksilver i gas från fiberbankar. Några av dem var användbara för att mäta volymer av gas. Andra metoder lämpade sig bättre för att samla in gas för analys av koncentrationer av olika ämnen. Även om alla metoder i viss mån lämpar sig för att undersöka gasavgång från sediment ansågs Jonny Skarps metod som inkluderade både aktiv och passiv provtagning med gasfällor och teflonpåsar vara den mest passande för fiberbankar likt den i Karlshäll. Den passiva metoden innefattar installation av tält över en känd area på sedimentbotten och sen beräkna mängden gas som bubblar upp under en viss tid. Den aktiva insamlingsmetoden bygger på att sediment störs med ett spetsigt föremål, exempelvis ett lod, så att gasbubblor släpper från sedimentet och samlas in med hjälp av en teflon- påse. Teflon-påsen skickas sedan till ett kemiskt laboratorium i Göteborg för analys av innehållet i gasen. Båda dessa provtagningssätt kunde tillsammans mäta mängden kvicksilver ifrån gasen samt volymen av gasen. Denna metod är den enda av de som undersökts i denna uppsats som testats i Sverige på platser med kvicksilver som avgått i gasform från fiberbankar. Dock så är Varadharajan med fleras (2011) automatiserade gas-insamlare ett bra alternativ ifall en hög frekvens av provtagning är nödvändig i kombination med en lång insamlingstid. Denna skulle kunna kombineras med en insamlingsmetod av gasbubblor där det lokala kemilaboratoriet kan analysera innehållet. I detta fall krävs att ett kolfiber-rör är en del av mätinstrumentet. Dock finns det ännu inte något sådant instrument och fler studier behövs för att utveckla ett sådant.

In many manufacturing industries, the production process involves the production of objects and the cutting of such objects into smaller pieces in order to meet a specific demand. In the optimization of these processes, one can identify the lot sizing and the cutting stock problems. In the literature, these problems are mostly separately dealt. However, treating these two problems in an integrated approach can decrease overall costs. In this research, we deal with the coupled lot sizing and cutting stock problem. It is proposed a mathematical formulation for the production and cutting of paper based on a real case, which considers setup costs and limited machine capacity in the production process of the objects. For the solution of the proposed model, we used a column generation approach and a relax-and-fix heuristic. Computational tests were carried out in order to analyze the methodology used in the resolution of the model. The results showed to be competitive in a reasonable computational time.

The construction industry uses a large amount of natural virgin material for differentgeotechnical structures. In Europe alone, 11 million tonnes of solid waste is generated per year asa result of the production of almost 100 million tonnes of paper. The objective of this research is todevelop a new geotechnical composite from residues of the deinking paper industry and to present itspractical application, e.g., as a backfill material behind a retaining structure. After different mixtureswere tested in a laboratory, the technology was validated by building a pilot retaining wall structurein a landslide region near a railway line. It was confirmed that a composite with 30% deinking sludgeand 70% deinking sludge ash had a high enough strength but experienced some deformations beforefailure. Special attention was paid to the impact of transport, which, due to the time lag betweenthe mixing and installation of the composite, significantly reduced its strength. The pilot retainingwall structure promotes the use of recycled materials with a sustainable design, while adhering togovernment-mandated measures. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne: 28. 1. 2021. Št. članka 979. Abstract. Bibliografija: str. 16-17.

The circular economy is considered by international institutions such as the United Nations and the European Union as the most urgent strategy to orient the economic development model towards sustainability. To find concrete applications, the circular economy requires greater awareness in consumers and businesses. The Italian paper industry, which boasts high levels of competitiveness at an international level, has initiated important restructuring and rationalization processes over the last decade with a view to recycling and sustainability. Only the final phase of the production process is yet to comply with all circular economy criteria, that is, the recovery of production waste (pulper). Hence, the actual technological and strategic challenge of the paper industry is to phase out landfilling of recyclable waste and implement energy recovery strategies, as well as promoting the use of renewable sources.

Aquest projecte té l'objectiu principal identificar i quantificar les emissions i consums que tenen les empreses manufactureres de cartró. A tal efecte s'haurà de treballar amb dades i estudis sobre emissions de CO₂, tipus de matèries primeres consumides en el sector del paper i la contaminació d'aquest sector per conèixer en quin punt de partida estem, i cap a on volem anar. Tot aquest coneixement adquirit segons les investigacions que es facin del sector i les opinions de les diferents indústries papereres es reflectirà en una taula que serveix com checklist, per tal que les empreses puguin comprovar el seu estat sobre els diferents processos de les plantes i les iniciatives mediambientals. Este proyecto tiene el objetivo principal identificar y cuantificar las emisiones y consumos que tienen las empresas manufactureras de cartón. A tal efecto se tendrá que trabajar con datos y estudios sobre emisiones de CO₂, tipo de materias primas consumidas en el sector del papel y la contaminación de este sector para conocer en qué punto de partida estamos, y hacia donde queremos ir. Todo este conocimiento adquirido según las investigaciones que se hagan del sector y las opiniones de las diferentes industrias papeleras se reflejará en una tabla que sirve como checklist, para que las empresas puedan comprobar su estado sobre los diferentes procesos de las plantas y las iniciativas medioambientales. This project has the main objective of identifying and quantifying the emissions and consumptions of cardboard manufacturing companies. To this end, we will have to work with data and studies on CO2 emissions, types of raw materials consumed in the sector of paper and pollution, because we know where we are from, and where we want to go. All of this knowledge acquired according to any research that is made into the sector and the opinions of the different paper industries will be reflected in a table that serves as a checklist so that companies can check their status on the different plant processes and environmental initiatives. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.4 - Per a 2030, modernitzar les infraestructures i reconvertir les indústries perquè siguin sostenibles, usant els recursos amb més eficàcia i promovent l’adopció de tecnologies i processos industrials nets i racionals ambiental­ment, i aconseguint que tots els països adoptin mesures d’acord amb les capacitats respectives

El presente trabajo evalúa la viabilidad de empezar a producir papel reciclado a base de nanocelulosa extraída de los desechos de la producción de goma de Tara. En la evaluación financiera del proyecto, analizada en el séptimo capítulo, se obtiene un VAN financiero (VANF) de S/13,790,670.74, un COK de 10,21%, un TIR de 32% y una inversión de S/10,265,465. El proyecto es innovador y muestra rentabilidad, el periodo de recupero es de 2 años aproximadamente. El primer capítulo, concluye que el proyecto es viable técnica, económica y socialmente. En el segundo capítulo, se concluye que hay demanda suficiente para poder continuar con el proyecto y que el producto tendrá gran acogida en base a las encuestas. En el tercer capítulo se decide que la planta estará ubicada en la región Lima, en el distrito de Lurin. El cuarto capítulo determina la selección del tamaño de planta estará determinada por el tamaño-mercado con 312,762 cajas de millares de hojas de papel reciclado. En el quinto capítulo, se concluye que el área de producción tendrá 429.60 m2 y el área total de la planta 1,270 m2 . En el sexto capítulo, se decide optar por un organigrama funcional con 4 áreas bien definidas. Como se mencionó en el segundo párrafo, el séptimo capítulo abarca el análisis y viabilidad financiera. El octavo capítulo determina la evaluación social del proyecto, teniendo en base los resultados obtenidos en el capítulo siete, se analiza que tanto impactara el proyecto en la sociedad actual, en generación de puestos de trabajo y en cuanto invierte la empresa para generar cada uno de ellos. Ambos capítulos demuestran la viabilidad del proyecto.

Orientador: Kelly Cristina Poldi Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica Resumo: Muitos processos industriais de produção e corte apresentam custos associados à preparação de máquinas, à produção dos objetos, à perda de material no processo de corte, ao estoque e ao transporte e podem variar de acordo com a localização de cada planta (fábrica). O dimensionamento dos lotes de produção, o planejamento dos cortes e do transporte entre plantas de uma empresa são problemas interligados que, se otimizados de forma integrada, podem levar à redução dos custos totais. Na literatura tais problemas são amplamente abordados de forma independente. Recentemente, o problema integrado de dimensionamento de lotes e de corte de estoque vem sendo objeto de estudo de várias pesquisas. Entretanto, não há, na literatura, estudos que abordem o problema integrado que considera múltiplas plantas. Este trabalho tem como objetivos: propor uma abordagem mais flexível que a abordagem da literatura para o problema integrado, propor uma formulação matemática para o problema integrado com múltiplas plantas e, também, propor metodologias de solução para ambos. As formulações são inspiradas em uma situação prática de uma indústria de produção de papel. A metodologia de solução proposta é composta por um método de geração de colunas e uma heurística relax-and-fix integrada à uma heurística de factibilização; tal procedimento foi aplicado na resolução do problema integrado e adaptado à resolução do problema integrado com múltiplas plantas. Testes computacionais foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho das abordagens propostas e da metodologia de solução. Melhores resultados foram obtidos pela formulação matemática para o problema integrado quando comparada à formulação da literatura. Para o caso com múltiplas plantas, a abordagem proposta apresentou menores custos totais, demonstrando potencial de redução de todos os custos considerados. A metodologia de solução utilizada apresentou desempenho satisfatório em todas as instâncias estudadas Abstract: Many industrial production and cutting processes have costs associated with setup, production of objects, waste of material in the cutting process, inventory, and transportation which can vary according to each plant's location (factory). The production lot sizing, the planning of cuts, and the transport among plants of a company are interconnected problems that, if optimized in an integrated way, can lead to a reduction in total costs. In the literature, such problems are widely addressed independently. Recently, the lot sizing and cutting stock integrated problem has been the subject of several researches. However, there are no studies in the literature that addresses the integrated problem which also considers multiple plants. This research has as objectives: to propose a more flexible approach than the literature's one to the integrated problem, to propose a mathematical formulation for the integrated problem with multiple plants, and, also, to propose solution methodologies for both. The formulations are inspired by a practical situation in a papermaking industry. The proposed solution methodology consists of a column generation method and a relax-and-fix heuristic integrated with a feasibility heuristic; such procedure was applied to solve the integrated problem and it was also adapted to solve the integrated problem with multiple plants. Computational tests were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches and the solution methodology. Better results were obtained by the proposed formulation for the integrated problem when compared to the literature's formulation. Regarding multiple plants, the proposed approach presented lower total costs, demonstrating the potential for reducing all considered costs. The applied solution methodology showed satisfactory performance for all the studied instances Doutorado Matemática Aplicada Doutora em Matemática Aplicada CAPES FAPESP 2017/18192-4

Fibrous sediments that originated from old pulp and paper industry emissions are recognized as a potential threat to the aquatic environment because they are highly contaminated. In addition, biogenic degradation of the organic material from so-called "fiberbanks" has a high potential to produce greenhouse gases (GHG). In this study, X-ray tomography, optical sensors and gas analyzers were used to identify and quantify the gas produced and released from samples of two different fiberbanks. We show that a finer fibrous structure allows the formation of larger gas bubbles and higher gas production rates compared to coarser material composed of wood pieces. High contents of methane (average 56% to 65%) and carbon dioxide (average 18% to 20%) were measured in the gas emitted from both types of fiberbank. Measured methane production rates from the fiberbanks samples are one to three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported rates from sediments within the studied temperature range (between 0.03 and 0.51 mu m CH4/h/g dw over 4.7 to 20 degrees C). The potential for methane and carbon dioxide production in the fiberbank volume likely present in Sweden is estimated to correspond to 7% of Sweden's total known GHG emissions for 2019. These findings show that fiberbanks have the potential to be a significant emitter of GHG. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Para este proyecto se desarrollaron una serie de actividades de carácter analítico y descriptivo, donde a través de un reconocimiento en la gestión operacional y eco-innovador del sector y a una aplicación de herramientas de lenguaje estadístico, se determinaron las condiciones que afectan el desarrollo de las empresas pequeñas y medianas (Pyme) del sector de pulpa, papel y cartón de Colombia y el Valle del Cauca con base a la literatura competitiva internacional. La primera fase contiene la descripción del contexto actual del sector pulpa, papel, cartón e industria gráfica en la ciudad de Cali y Valle del Cauca, junto a esto se desarrollaron los puntos críticos en esta cadena productiva (CP) que son meritorios de investigación, además se determinó el flujo en esta cadena, estableciendo los elementos y seleccionando las partes que la hacen crítica, como también los indicadores y herramientas de control. Los entregables para esta fase, van desde el desarrollo del marco referencial, el marco contextual y el estado del arte para el sector en estudio. La segunda fase contiene la identificación de los actores participantes e integrados del sector, definidos por la teoría y el marco referencial, con esta información se establecieron los componentes que hacen parte de la cadena productiva en estudio y los factores que permiten su funcionamiento. En la representación del estado actual se diseñaron estructuras simples de flujo de entradas y salidas para cada sistema productivo implicado en la investigación, así como también la extracción de las estrategias productivas y eco innovadoras utilizadas por países referentes y sus principales autores. Finalmente, la tercera fase contiene la propuesta del plan de acción (teórico) para las empresas Pyme, el cual se diseñó a través de recopilación en el marco de la actividad industrial del sector en estudio en países Latinoamericanos y en Europa (Brasil, Chile, España y Estados Unidos entre otros). Se presentan las divergencias entre los objetivos del sector y el estado real de las empresas que lo conforman las actividades que se plantean se definen con la visión estratégica de incrementar la gestión de conocimiento y mejorar los niveles de innovación productiva en los procesos productivos, así como también la eficiencia en la reducción de impacto para estas empresas For this project, a series of analytical and descriptive activities were developed, where through recognition in the operational and eco-innovative management of the sector and an application of statistical language tools, the conditions affecting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the pulp, paper and cardboard sector of Colombia and the Valle del Cauca were determined on the basis of international competitive literature. The first phase contains the description of the current context of the pulp, paper, cardboard and graphic industry sector in the city of Cali and Valle del Cauca, along with this were developed the critical points in the production chain that will be meritorious research. The flow in the chain was determined, with respect to the elements that are part of it, selecting the parts that make it critical, as well as the indicators and control tools that come to control it. Deliverables for this phase range from the development of the reference framework, the contextual framework and the state of the art for the sector. The procedural flow will be established, establishing a representation of the chaining and the factors to consider. The second phase contains the participating and integrated factors of the sector, defined by the theory and the reference framework, the components that are part of the production chain and factors that allow the operation of the production chain were established, the current state is represented through the design of simplified structures of recognition to the flow of inputs and outputs for each production system involved in the research , as well as the extraction of innovative production and echo strategies used by knowledge management countries and are the main authors of the contribution to the sector and industry. Finally, the third phase contains the proposal of the action plan for SMEs, which is designed through compilation within the framework of industrial activity of the sector in Latin American countries and Europe such as Brazil, Chile, Spain and the United States etc. There are divergences between the objectives of the sector and the real state of the companies that make up the activities that arise are defined with the strategic vision of increasing knowledge management and improve the levels of productive innovation in process factors, as well as efficiency in reducing impact for SME Pasantía de investigación (Ingeniero Industrial)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2020 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Industrial

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia O objetivo deste trabalho surge da necessidade de otimizar o dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes em linhas de produção paralelas, com tempos de mudança entre famílias diferentes dependentes da sequência de produção, e tempos de mudança independentes da sequência de produção para produtos dentro da mesma família, numa fábrica da indústria de papel, onde são produzidos diversos de papel do tipo tissue. Para tal, e após uma extensa revisão do estado da arte, foi utilizado um modelo eficiente de programação linear inteira mista. O modelo proposto integra três abordagens de modelação diferentes. Uma abordagem discreta é utilizada para o cálculo dos custos de inventário e de backlog. Para o sequenciamento da produção das famílias, é utilizada uma abordagem de tempo contínuo com variáveis de precedência, e o escalonamento dos produtos é feito através de restrições de capacidade e de dimensionamento de lotes.O modelo desenvolvido foi implementado num solver comercial de modo a testar a sua eficiência num problema de dimensão real, e através de dados fornecidos pela empresa foi possível avaliar diversos cenários de operação. Os resultados principais sugerem que quando o sistema não está em sobrecarga, o modelo tende a atingir a solução ótima em tempo computacional muito competitivo, quer no planeamento a curto prazo, quer a médio prazo. Contudo, quando ocorre sobrecarga e havendo possibilidade de não cumprir com as datas de entrega, a qualidade das soluções a médio prazo pode ficar comprometida. É ainda possível concluir que o modelo tende a fornecer melhores soluções do que as atualmente obtidas pela empresa. Desta forma, conclui-se que o modelo formulado tem potencial para ser aplicado em ambientes industriais, no entanto, é importante realçar que compromisso entre o detalhe do modelo e a eficiência computacional terá sempre de ser considerado, por forma a assegurar a automatização eficiente do processo de tomada de decisão. The goal of this dissertation is to optimize the lot sizing and scheduling decisions in parallel production lines, with changeover times between different families depending on the production sequence, and setup times independent of the production sequence for products belonging to the same family, in a factory from the paper industry, where sub products from tissue paper are made.To accomplish this objective, and after an extensive review of the state of the art, an efficient mixed integer linear programming model was used. The proposed model integrates three different modeling approaches. A discrete approach is used for the inventory and backlog cost calculation. For scheduling the families, a continuous-time approach with immediate precedence variables is used, and for scheduling of products, lot sizing capacity constraints are applied.The developed model was implemented in a commercial solver in order to test its efficiency in a real dimension problem. Through data provided by the company, different operation scenarios were evaluated. The main results suggest that when the system is not overloaded, the model tends to reach the optimal solution in very competitive computational time, whether it is short or medium-term planning. However, when an overload occurs, and there is a possibility of not meeting due dates, the quality of the solution in the medium term may be compromised. It is also possible to conclude that the model tends to provide better solutions than the ones currently generated by the company. Thus, it is concluded that the formulated model has the potential to be applied in industrial environments. However, it is important to highlight that the compromise between the detail of the model and computational efficiency must be always considered, in order to guarantee an efficient automatization of the decision-making process.

The present paper reveals results of research for cost-effective removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) contained in industrial paper mill effluent. Not only process efficiency but also wastewater treatment costs are discussed. Different pre-treatment processes are applied aiming to investigate the COD removal before discharge to the municipal sewage network. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal operating conditions for the coagulation process. The effects of key operational parameters, including the type of coagulant, initial pH, temperature and coagulant dose, on COD percentage removal were investigated. The laboratory experiments confirmed the high efficiency of chemically enhanced mechanical treatment towards COD. The data obtained show that even low dose of chemicals provides sufficient COD reduction. The initial pH of the wastewater had a significant impact on the COD removal. Under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 7.5, T = 18 °C) the treatment of wastewater from paper industries by coagulation has led to a reduction of 70% COD for wastewater discharged. In terms of the investigated paper industry wastewater, polyaluminium chloride appears to be most suitable for treatment of high COD concentration. However, in an economic evaluation of requirements for wastewater treatment, operating costs and associated saving were such that PAX was more favourable. Fil: Boguniewicz Zablocka, Joanna. Opole University Of Technology; Polonia Fil: Klosok Bazan, Iwona. Opole University Of Technology; Polonia Fil: Naddeo, Vincenzo. Universita di Salerno; Italia Fil: Mozejko, Clara Alexandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología; Argentina

A simple method for preparing chelated calcium from black liquor produced in the paper industry was studied. Various factors influencing the chelation rate of Ca2+ were studied, including the system pH, reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction solution ratio. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the system pH, reaction temperature, reaction solution ratio (V(CaCl2):m (Black liquor)) and time were 5.6, 25°C, 1:20 and 60 min, respectively. The maximum Ca2+ chelation rate was 88.75%. The characteristics of chelated calcium fertilizer in black liquor were studied by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope . The results indicated that the CaCl2 could be chelated by the black liquor from paper-making industry, and showed a high chelating rate.

El presente trabajo de grado consiste en el rediseño del sistema de control que permite integrar nuevos equipos al área de desmedulado de una planta productora de papel. En la primera fase del proyecto se realizó la recolección de información necesaria tanto para conocer más a fondo el proceso, como para poder apreciar las fallas que se estaban presentando. Además, se realizó entrevistas con el ingeniero encargado y los operarios del área para conocer sus puntos de vista y entender mejor lo que estaba ocurriendo. Después, se llevó a cabo la estrategia de control el cual consta de dos partes, una de ellas es la integración de las señales de unos motores nuevos al PLC ubicado en la sub-estación de área de desmedulado, dado que esto permite aumentar la confiabilidad en las lavadoras. Por otra parte, se integraron las señales que venían de los controladores de nivel Foxboro 760 al PLC ubicado en el cuarto de control del área, puesto que dichos controladores se encontraban en mal estado y en fase de obsolescencia. Luego, se efectuó la arquitectura de red de comunicaciones que consta de una arquitectura cliente/servidor, con una topología de red en estrella y un protocolo de red Ethernet IP, permitiendo así un sistema más grande y más robusto para poder solucionar los inconvenientes de paros por bloqueo en la panel View por la poca capacidad de pantallas, además de poder empezar con la recolección de históricos de los equipos del sistema y dar el primer paso para en un futuro pronto poder interconectar esta área con el resto de la planta. Por último, se llevó a cabo el proyecto junto con una empresa contratista, en la cual permitieron a la pasante seguir todo el proceso Pasantía institucional (Ingeniero Mecatrónico)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2020 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Mecatrónico(a)

Aim of study: It was aimed to rank financial performance of companies in the paper industrytraded at BIST.Material and methods: The financial performances of sevencompanies in the paper industry which are tradedon the Borsa İstanbul (BIST) were determinedby using financial data in 2016. For this purpose, ten financial ratios were obtainedfrom the financial data of companies, each of which had its own superiority. The datawere conducted by the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity toIdeal Solution) method which is the "Multi Criteria Decision Making"(MCDM) method to interpret.Main results: The results indicated that the companies were rankedfollows; ALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP and KAPLM based on thefinancial performance scores.Research highlights: In Turkey, production in paper industry meets nearly half of the consumption and paper demand are met by imports.The high prices of energy and initial investment costs encourage imports ofpaper products and they prevent newinvestments. From this perspective, growth, development and high performance ofpaper companies will keep this industry alive., BİST’deişlem gören kağıt sektöründeki firmaların TOPSIS yöntemiyle finansalperformanslarının değerlendirilmesiÖzetÇalışmanın amacı: BİST’de işlem gören kağıtsektöründeki firmaların finansal performanslarına göre sıralanmasıamaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve yöntem: Borsa İstanbul’da (BIST) işlemgören kağıt sektöründeki 7 firmanın 2016 yılına ait verileri kullanılarakfinansal performansları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, şirketlere aitfinansal verilerden 10 finansal oran elde edilmiştir ve bu finansal oranlarınher biri diğerlerine göre üstünlüğe sahiptir. Bütünleşik bir değerlendirmeyapılması amacıyla, veriler “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme” (ÇKKV) yöntemlerindenolan TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuçlar: Şirketler finansal performanslarına göreALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP ve KAPLM olarak sıralanmıştır..Araştırma vurguları: Ülkemiz kağıt sektöründegerçekleştirilen üretim ile tüketimin yarısı karşılanabilmekte ve kağıtihtiyacı ithalatla karşılanmaktadır. Enerji fiyatlarının ve ilk yatırımmaliyetlerinin yüksek olması yeni yatırımları engellerken ithalata teşviketmektedir. Bu bakımdan sektörde var olan firmaların gelişmesi, büyümesi veperformanslarının yüksek olması sektörü canlı tutacaktır.

We present a rotational terahertz imaging system for inline nondestructive testing (NDT) of press sleeves for the paper industry during fabrication. Press sleeves often consist of polyurethane (PU) which is deposited by rotational molding on metal barrels and its outer surface mechanically processed in several milling steps afterwards. Due to a stabilizing polyester fiber mesh inlay, small defects can form on the sleeve’s backside already during the initial molding, however, they cannot be visually inspected until the whole production processes is completed. We have developed a fast-scanning frequenc-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) terahertz imaging system, which can be integrated into the manufacturing process to yield high resolution images of the press sleeves and therefore can help to visualize hidden structural defects at an early stage of fabrication. This can save valuable time and resources during the production process. Our terahertz system can record images at 0.3 and 0.5 THz and we achieve data acquisition rates of at least 20 kHz, exploiting the fast rotational speed of the barrels during production to yield sub-millimeter image resolution. The potential of automated defect recognition by a simple machine learning approach for anomaly detection is also demonstrated and discussed.

It addressed the problem of the research is marked: (works of art paper composition and maintenance) study in the methods used in the manufacture and maintenance of paperwork. The research came in four chapters: care of the first chapter methodological framework for the search represented by the problem of search, where actions and performance mechanisms that relate to the perpetuation of artwork paper selection, a lot of scientific and technical data, as well as tools and methods, materials and vehicles diverse chemical origins and physical, as well as animal and plant, have reinforced this data from the scientific nature of the perpetuation of these works of art and preserved both by composition and the nature of the materials Turkpt to Assanatha. From here the problem of current research was originated by answering the following question: - What are the procedures that have been adopted in the paper and cardboard and ways to maintain and sustain the diversity of formations with the industry?. - The importance of research has been presented and the goal Find out about ways the paper industry and how the perpetuation and preservation of the work of art paper. But the limits of the research focused on the study of the technical means used in the paper industry and how to maintain., In terms of scientific procedures and equipment used and the technical means, materials and chemical compounds and physical, have been chosen damaged business group, for the duration of) 1966 - 2005) m, of Iraqi and Egyptian art. The second chapter of the framework theoretical, it has contained the Study of one intake section concept paper industry historically down to modern methods and then the most important materials used offered in the process of making paper and cardboard and then classes used by artists and media and then offered the paper maintenance of roads. The third chapter singled out by the rules and operations research in the form maintenance and restoration of the Fine Artwork affected (1) model and then the sample analysis.

This project was born with the motivation of helping the Japanese company Sakura Color Products Corporation specialized in the stationery sector identify new opportunities to promote its sales in overseas market. With that in mind, the key objective of the project is to introduce innovative proposals of new products and, moreover, examine new ways to evolve the actual business model of the company. For that purpose, the current situation of the company is studied and exhibits that in the last years (2012-2018) domestic sales have remained flat while overseas sales have experienced fast growth (+24.5% 2018-2021) with increased profitability. The company’s growth forecast for 2019-2021 is ambitious and falls on overseas sales and launch of new products. The expected overseas budget for 2020 represents a 14.5% of growth compared to 2019. A stationery market analysis is conducted from which can be concluded that the market is expected to grow healthy at a CAGR of 2.2% over the period 2017 to 2026 despite the digital revolution challenge. It is extremely competitive in nature and dominated by a few key players. The pen segment is still regarded as the leading product. Stationeries are predicted to remain the key distribution channel despite the fact that supermarkets/hypermarkets presence is growing. The biggest share in terms of application accounts for students but the working professionals segment is predicted to be the fastest spreading segment. The study defines the following six key opportunities areas to expand Sakura’s business based on results from the market analysis along with identified upcoming trends: eco-friendly products, Japanese designs, nature and balance, prime and durable products, digital items, and customized/corporate gifts. Additionally, in order to establish a proper approach to the creation of proposals, the company’s business model is analysed. From that analysis, the main identified recommendations to evolve the actual model are: boost innovation, establish green solutions, expand customers’ segments, explore direct distribution channel and ecommerce business, and promote recurrent income among others. In light of the above, this study comes up with the following nine proposals: Green Pigma, Long Lasting Pen, Kraft Paper Pen, Bullet Journal, Festivals, Prime Pen as Corporate Gift, B2B Essentials Pack, eCommerce, and Digital Pen. They have been developed considering the six key opportunity areas along with possibilities of evolving the current business model. Moreover, the target, features, estimated price, marketing actions and cost of implementation for each proposal are detailed. The proposals are presented to the company’s Overseas Business Division who will assess their feasibility and take action accordingly in case of approval for starting.

The paper industry is an activity that have a large impact on the quality of natural resources. The large amount of water used has an impact on the wastewater generated. Untreated liquid waste can cause pollution in water bodies (rivers). Wastewater treatment with Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is able to process wastes with high COD content in the paper industry. This paper provides a basic review and UASB research that has been carried out in the wastewater treatment of the paper industry.

Este proyecto trata del cambio de combustible de un generador de vapor. Este generador forma parte de una papelería, en el que tiene lugar una combustión que proporciona calor a agua, acabándose por producir vapor que se utilizará para hacer papel. El combustible utilizado hasta ahora es gas natural, combustible no renovable. Hay también un aporte de biogás, proveniente de las aguas residuales de la papelería. Se trata de una planta de gran tamaño, que consume 2685 Nm3/h de gas natural, proporcionando una energía al vapor de 30,19 MWhen una hora de trabajo. El gran punto a favor de este combustible es su poder calorífico, permitiéndole producir mucha energía con menos consumo que si se tratara de otros productos. No obstante la rentabilidad del gas natural es menor a medida que pasan los años, llegando a un punto en el que incluso se agotarán las existencias. Las emisiones que produce en su combustión, básicamente CO2, son muy mejorables en cuanto a contaminación del medio ambiente, mientras que el precio del gas natural cada vez es mayor. Un aumento de precio debido a las políticas medio ambientales, que cada vez más se centrarán en disminuir el consumo de combustibles fósiles como el gas natural.Consecuentemente, el objetivo del proyecto es encontrar un sustituto al gas natural, tanto para respetar más al medio ambiente como para disminuir los costes que supone su consumo. Se trata de un estudio actual y de futuro, para poder ver si saldrá rentable o no hacer una inversión para el cambio de planta.Tras un proceso de selección basado en la nocividad de las emisiones y en los costes, el combustible elegido para sustituir el gas natural es la biomasa, un combustible considerado renovable yque cada vez está cogiendo más peso en el mundo industrial. Se estudiaran sus emisiones y su viabilidad económica, dando un resultado positivo al cambio.

De-inking sludge (DIS) is generated as a waste stream from secondary fibre paper mills during the de-inking stage of the paper pulping process; in order to ensure end of waste to landfill an alternative valorisation route is required for this waste. At the same time, an inexpensive sacrificial catalyst is essential to achieve the techno-economic feasibility of biomass gasification and pyrolysis. The present work explores the potential of DIS char as a catalyst using a 2 kg/h Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR®) system, which involves intermediate pyrolysis combined with a unique integrated catalytic reforming step. Wood was used for the TCR catalytic experiments with a DIS char to biomass ratio (wt.%) of 0.3:1 and 0.65:1. Results have shown that hydrogen relative volumes and syngas yields, are positively correlated with the increase in DIS char to wood ratio. Average hydrogen relative volumes of 28.30 vol.% and syngas yields of 47.64 wt.% were achieved. Organic liquid yields were significantly reduced in favour of higher syngas yields, implying the suitability of DIS char as a tar reduction catalyst in gasification or pyrolysis. The influence of TCR DIS char is less profound on the chemical distribution in the organic phase of bio-oil; a reduction on PAHs from 38.82 % to 26.70 % though was determined with the use of DIS char, according to the relative abundance peak areas from the GC-MS chromatograms. The oxygen content of bio-oil was significantly reduced due to cracking of higher molecular weight organics.

Kağıt hamuru ve kağıt sektörü son yıllarda internet ve bilgi işlemin gelişmesi neticesiyle yeni bir dinamizm edinen pazarlardan biridir. Sektör, şu andaki küresel dalgalanmalar nedeniyle önemli değişikliklerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Nitekim özellikle baskı ve yazı kağıdı ile gazete kağıdı kullanımında meydana gelen büyük oranlı bir azalma, bu durumun göstergesidir. Bilgi çağı sayesinde gelişen hızlı alışverişin neticesiyle ambalaj ürünlerine yönelme bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki eğitim potansiyelinin artmasıyla kitap ve defter ihtiyacının da arttığı görülmekte ve buna bağlı olarak bu ülkelerin gelişmiş ülkelere nazaran kağıt talebi de fazla olmaktadır. Türkiye de gelişmekte olan ülkelerden biri olduğundan kağıt kullanımı açısından eğilimi pozitif yönde değişim gösteren pazarlardan biridir. Sahip olduğu kaynaklar bakımından kağıt hamurunu ithal etmekte olup ürünü katma değer yaratacak nihai ürünlere dönüştürme çabasındadır. Kağıt hamuru üretimi ciddi bir kaynak gerektirdiğinden ülkemizde ihtiyaçları karşılayamayacak seviyede elde edilmektedir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde kağıt hamuru üretim aşamasında kullanılan girdilere yer verilerek kağıt ve karton elde ederken geçen işlemlerin üretilen kağıt hamuru çeşidine bağlı olarak değiştiğine yer verilmiştir. Kağıt üretmek adına kullanılan hammaddeler kağıt hamuru ve atık kağıt olarak yer almıştır. Ardından kağıt sektörünün uluslararası tanımlaması yapılarak dünyada üretim, tüketim, dış ticaret verilerine yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, sektörün ülkemizde tarihi gelişimine bakılarak hammadde temini bakımından yapısının dışa bağımlılığının süregeldiği görülmektedir. Türkiye kağıt sektöründe hammadde ve mamul üretiminde katlanılan maliyetler de hammadde, lojistik ve tarife ile vergiler bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Ülkemizin sahip olduğu üretim kapasitesi, kapasite kullanım oranı, ithalat ve ihracat verileri de 2017 ve 2018 kıyaslamalarıyla incelenmiştir. Akabinde üçüncü bölümde ülkemizin kağıt sektöründeki dünyadaki konumu incelenmiştir. Sektörün önemli firmalarından beşi seçilerek sahip oldukları tecrübe ve pazar bilgisi dahilinde mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmelerde sektörün mevcut durumu, yapısal sorunları ve dışa bağımlılıkta hammadde tedarikine yönelik bilgiler değerlendirilerek sonuç kısmında yorumlanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kağıt Sektörü, Kağıt Hamuru, Atık Kağıt, Hammadde, Dışa Bağımlılık. The pulp and paper industry is one of the markets that has gained a new dinamism as a result of the development of internet and information processing in recent years. The industry faces significant changes due to current global volatility. As a matter of fact, a significant decrease in use of printing and writing paper and newsprint indicate this current situation. Thanks to the information age and as a result of the rapid shopping, there is a tendency towards packaging products. However, it is seen that the need for books and notebooks increases with the increasing educational potential in developing countries therefore the demand for paper from these countries is higher compared to developed countries. As Turkey is also one of the developing countries she is one of the markets that change its trend in terms of paper usage. She imports pulp in terms of her resources and tries to convert the raw material into final product that will create value added items. Pulp production requires a serious resource and is achieved at a level that cannot meet the needs in country. In the first part of the study, it is stated that the process of obtaining paper and board varies depending on the type of pulp produced by mentioning the inputs used in the production of pulp. The raw materials to produce paper are figured as pulp and waste paper. Then production, consumption and foreign trade data in the world were included by making the international definition of the paper industry. In the second part, it is seen that the external dependence of the sector in terms of raw material procurement is continuing, considering the historical development of the sector in our country. The costs incurred in paper industry in producing raw material and final product in Turkey is evaluated in terms of raw material, logistic and tax rates. The production capacity, capacity utilization rate, import and export data of our country were also analysed comparing the years 2017 and 2018. Then, in third chapter, the position of our country in the worldwide paper industry is examined. Five of the most important companies of the sector were selected and interwies were conducted within the scope of their experience and market knowledge. In the interviews, the current situation of the sector, structural problems and information on raw material supply in external dependence were evaluated and interpreted in the conclusion part.Key words: Paper Industry, Pulp, Waste Paper, Raw Material, External Dependence 121

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the commercial, technical, financial, economic and social viability of the installation of a plant to produce recycled paper for the national market. In chapter I, the research plan is detailed, with the main objectives, hypotheses, scope of the thesis and the technical, social and economic justification. In chapter II, the market study is carried out, which determined that the demand for the project for the year 2021 would be 242 800 boxes of finished product aimed at medium and large companies in Metropolitan Lima. On the other hand, in Chapter III, it was determined that it would be more feasible to locate the plant in Lurín, Lima, mainly by the availability of raw material. Likewise, in Chapter IV, the plant size was established, which for the project is the market with 271 935 paper boxes and the breakeven point, which would be 78 829 units per year. Subsequently, in chapter V, the installed capacity was analyzed, finding that the first stage of thickening is the bottleneck. The production program for the 5-year useful life of the project was also established, with a production batch of 1 050 boxes of recycled paper. Regarding the layout of the plant, a total minimum area of 1 873 m2 was determined. Afterward, in Chapter VI, the structure and directive of the company was defined. In Chapter VII, the economic and financial aspects were evaluated, determining that the total investment required is 23'651,884.26 soles. Likewise, given that the values of the VANE = 882 082,32 soles and VANF = 3 525 099,85 soles are positive and the values of the EIRR = 21,00% and the IRR = 28,52 % are higher than the opportunity cost (COK = 19,53%), it is concluded that the project is profitable. Finally, in chapter VIII, the social evaluation was carried out, from which a favorable Product - Capital ratio of 2,12 is obtained. El objetivo principal de este estudio de prefactibilidad es determinar la viabilidad de mercado, tecnológica, económica, financiera y social para la instalación de una planta productora de hojas de papel reciclado para el consumo nacional. En el capítulo I, se detalla el plan de investigación, con los principales objetivos, hipótesis, alcance de la tesis y la justificación técnica, social y económica. En el capítulo II, se lleva a cabo el estudio de mercado del cual se determinó que la demanda del proyecto para el año 2021 sería de 242 800 cajas de producto terminado dirigidas a las medianas y grandes empresas de Lima Metropolitana. Por otro lado, en el capítulo III, se determinó que sería más factible localizar la planta en Lurín, Lima, principalmente por la disponibilidad de materia prima. Asimismo, en el capítulo IV, se estableció el tamaño de planta, que para el proyecto es el mercado con 271 935 cajas de papel y el punto de equilibrio, que sería 78 829 unidades por año. Posteriormente, en el capítulo V, se analizó la capacidad instalada, encontrando que la primera etapa del espesado es el cuello de botella. También se estableció el programa de producción para los 5 años de vida útil del proyecto, con un lote de producción de 1 050 cajas de papel reciclado. Con respecto a la disposición de la planta, se determinó un área mínima total de 1 873 m2. Seguidamente, en el capítulo VI, se definió la estructura y directiva de la empresa. En el capítulo VII, se evaluaron los aspectos económicos y financieros, determinando que la inversión total requerida es de 23 651 884,26 soles. Asimismo, dado que los valores del VANE = 882 082,32 soles y VANF = 3 525 099,85 soles son positivos y los valores de la TIRE = 21,00% y TIRF = 28,52% son superiores al costo de oportunidad (COK = 19,53%), se concluye que el proyecto es rentable. Finalmente, en el capítulo VIII, se realizó la evaluación social, de donde se obtiene una relación Producto – Capital favorable de 2,12.

Mestrado em Finanças O presente projeto propõe-se a realizar uma avaliação de uma das mais conhecidas empresas portuguesas, atualmente em bolsa na Euronext Sociedade Gestora de Mercados Regulamentados, S.A. (Euronext), The Navigator Company S.A., adotando para isso o formato recomendado pelo CFA Institute. Embora a Navigator opere na já muito estagnada indústria do papel e da pasta e, tenha iniciado a sua história ainda nos anos 50, continua inteiramente dedicada a inovar e a entrar em novas áreas de negócio. Esta avaliação será desenvolvida atráves de um Método Absoluto e, um Relativo, sendo esta escolha diversificada justificada pela elevada variedade de outputs. Este relatório foi escrito em concordância com a informação disponível a 3 de Agosto de 2019, não devendo qualquer evento subsequente a este ser considerado nesta avaliação. O preço alvo a 3 de Agosto de 2019 era de 3.09, representando um potencial de 6.8%, de acordo com o modelo de Fluxos de Caixa Descontados. É então emitida uma recomendação de COMPRA para as ações da Navigator, considerando o nível médio de risco apresentado, maioritariamente devido à volatilidade dos preços de BHKP, à perda global de poder do papel e, à instabilidade no mercado asiático. The present master´s project proposes to perform a valuation, in order to estimate the equity value of one of the most well-known Portuguese companies, currently trading at Euronext Sociedade Gestora de Mercados Regulamentados, S.A. (Euronext), The Navigator Company, S.A., while adopting the research report format recommended by the CFA institute. Navigator operates in the much stagnated industry of paper and pulp and, even though it started its history in the 50´s, it is still fully committed to innovate and enter new areas of business. This valuation will be developed through one Absolute and, one Relative model, being this choice diversity due to the vast variety of model outputs. This report was written in accordance with the information available on August 3rd, 2019, and any event subsequent to this date shall not be considered on this valuation. The target price on August 3rd, 2019 was 3.09, representing a 6.8% upside potential accordingly with the Discounted Cash Flow method. It is then issued a BUY recommendation for Navigator´s stock, also considering the medium risk presented, mainly due to the volatility of BHKP prices, paper loss of global power and, instability on the Asian market. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

La generación de aguas residuales dentro de los procesos industriales, conlleva a que las industrias busquen una alternativa de tratamiento para que sus vertimientos cumplan con la normativa vigente. Es por ello, que se realizó el presente trabajo de investigación, donde se identificaron las etapas del proceso de producción del papel y las características que contribuyen a la producción de las aguas residuales industriales. Luego, se caracterizó el proceso de producción del papel en 4 puntos de muestreo (TK Circulación M1, TK circulación Gris, TK Circulación Top y TK Voltrax), analizando para cada punto variables como pH, Conductividad, Temperatura, Turbiedad y Sólidos Suspendidos Totales. Posteriormente, se identificó las unidades que componen la planta de tratamiento de agua residual (PTAR) y se realizó una recopilación histórica del proceso de tratamiento de la papelera en estudio, analizando su cumplimiento frente a la Resolución 0631 del 2015. Por último, se realizó una optimización del tratamiento primario en el equipo de jarras. Analizando rangos de dosis de coagulante (Policloruro de Aluminio-PAC) entre 20 mg/L y 320 mg/L y dosis de floculante (Poliacrilamida) de 100 mg/L a 3100 mg/L, en un rango de SST de entrada de 1195 mg/L - 2676 mg/L. Los resultados para la dosis óptima para el PAC son de 40 mg/L y para la poliacrilamida 1500 mg/L. Se concluyó que estas dosis permitieron una remoción en términos de SST que logró cumplir con la Resolución 0631 de 2015 The generation of wastewater within industrial processes, means that industries seek an alternative treatment so that their discharges comply with current regulations. That is why this research work was carried out, where the stages of the paper production process and the characteristics that contribute to the production of industrial wastewater were identified. Then, the paper production process was characterized in 4 sampling points (TK Circulation M1, TK Gray Circulation, TK Circulation Top and TK Voltrax), analyzing for each point variables such as pH, Conductivity, Temperature, Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids. Subsequently, the units that make up the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were identified and a historical compilation of the wastebasket treatment process under study was carried out, analyzing its compliance with Resolution 0631 of 2015. Finally, an optimization of the primary treatment in the jug equipment was performed. Analyzing coagulant dose ranges (Aluminum Polychloride-PAC) between 20 mg / L and 320 mg / L and flocculant dose (Polyacrylamide) from 100 mg / L to 3100 mg / L, in an input SST range of 1195 mg / L - 2676 mg / L. The results for the optimal dose for PAC are 40 mg / L and for polyacrylamide 1500 mg / L. It was concluded that these doses allowed a removal in terms of OSH that managed to comply with Resolution 0631 of 2015 Pasantía institucional (Ingeniero Ambiental)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2019 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Ambiental