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In this paper, opening characteristics of a pneumatically operated valve and methodology for controlling the valve opening duration have been investigated through numerical simulation. The valve has a poppet mounted with spring which is actuated by a pneumatic command pressure to provide a displacement of 30 mm in fully open condition. The spring housing comprises of columns of two fluids, namely air and oil, and an orifice which communicates with an adjacent auxiliary chamber. As the poppet is actuated, air initially passes through the orifice leading to a fast opening of the valve. Subsequently, opening rate of the valve is reduced as oil column encounters the orifice. The governing differential equations of motion for the valve poppet were solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, and the resistance offered by the orifice to oil flow was considered using a quadratic damping model. Simulations were carried out for two different orifice sizes, and results were validated with experiments. It was noted that for the same valve assembly, the opening duration can be controlled by varying the length of oil column and/or the orifice diameter, with no change in command pressure.

Usually, people really need advice in deciding their choices. Whether it's the movie to watch on Friday night or there are some exciting new things available on e-business. In this distinctive situation, we tend to build a framework which will thus bring down new melodies to shoppers supported their previous history of listening. Now many companies today use the recommendation systems to their advantage such as flip kart and Amazon for the sale of products (e-commerce), ganna.com and music for streaming music, for the sale of clothes, for the films. It assists each business and customers as businesses get financial advantages by attracting customers and users pick up services. Nowadays, everyone uses recommender systems in various forms and they are getting better and better day by day because researchers are trying to cause them to higher and higher each day because of the sturdy competitiveness of the marketplace to provide higher and higher offerings and entice peoples. This project mainly focuses on music only for the music lovers to help them listen to songs they might love. This project allows customers to find new collections or the songs by making the lovey the list accessible for the tuning. Along these lines, the executive can assess which artist or collection would co-ordinate the client's inclinations towards the customers. For the music lovers, music is lifeline and music are a lovely part of the everyone's life because everything in this world can be related to frequency and vibrations. According to all the good things about the music and the high demand for recommendation systems in the market, we chose to do music recommendation system.

The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) systems hosting intrinsic long-range magnetic order represents a seminal addition to the rich physical landscape of van der Waals (vdW) materials. CrI3 has emerged as perhaps the most salient example, as the interdependence of crystalline structure and magnetic order, along with strong light-matter interactions provides a promising platform to explore the optical control of magnetic, vibrational, and charge degrees of freedom at the 2D limit. However, the fundamental question of how this relationship between structure and magnetism manifests on their intrinsic timescales has rarely been explored. Here, we use ultrafast optical spectroscopy to probe magnetic and vibrational dynamics in CrI3, revealing demagnetization dynamics governed by spin-flip scattering and remarkably, a strong transient exchange-mediated interaction between lattice vibrations and spin oscillations. The latter yields a coherent spin-coupled phonon mode that is highly sensitive to the helicity of the driving pulse in the magnetically ordered phase. Our results shed light on the nature of spin-lattice coupling in vdW magnets on ultrafast timescales and highlight their potential for applications requiring non-thermal, high-speed control of magnetism at the nanoscale., 7 pages, 3 figures

Connectivity between pervasive environments such as WSN and IoT are very challenging task in the heterogeneous dynamic network. The connectivity between source to sink is changing each and every second because the dynamic environments network sources are changing. So, searching, connecting and managing the resources are a very difficult task. Especially in smart cities very difficult to route and manage the devices in each and every seconds. So, resource management techniques are very important to manage the resources in pervasive IoT environments. The traditional routing and management techniques is not fit for the dynamic routing resource management in the pervasive IoT environments. So, the proposed dynamic IoT resource management (DRIM) system sinks the network in the heterogeneous environments and it reduces the energy, manages the energy harvesting and increases the throughputs. The proposed DRIM compared with greedy and random methods and produce better results in energy harvesting and throughputs.

In recent years, the fabrication of components with better quality is a difficult task. The control parameters of the machining processes are maintaining the properties of the finished components. The present paper is discussed about the electrical process parameters such as current, pulse on time, voltage, and their effects on machined surfaces. It is also discussed the Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), and Tool Wear Rate (TWR) with respect to electrical energy based unconventional machining techniques such as Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) and Wire cut EDM for different materials. The optimization methods such as Taguchi, genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks have been used to evaluate the optimal solutions. The level of machining parameter levels differs from material to materials. A case study of EDM of duplex brass. The current (10-20A), pulse on time (100–200 µs), and voltage (40–60 V) have been considered for machining of duplex brass.

The discovery of two-dimensional systems hosting intrinsic magnetic order represents a seminal addition to the rich landscape of van der Waals materials. CrI

In manufacturing industries, sheet metal plays an important role. To improve the properties, coating has been done on the sheet metal. In this work, nickel is coated on mild steel sheets by electroplating process. The hardness value is measured before and after the coating process. The morphology and material composition of the sheet metal were studied through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive analysis X-ray (EDAX). It is observed that nickel is uniformly dissolved on the mild steel surface. During the coating process, the input parameters such as magnitude of current, time and temperature are considered. Based on the input parameters, the coating thickness has been measured. The effect of parameter has been analyzed through analysis of variance.

Purpose To examine the effect of group goal and group performance theories on operating room efficiency in resident-performed cataract surgery. Setting Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Design Prospective case series. Methods This study assessed 4 specific segments of operating room utilization identified as room-to-incision time, incision-to-close time, close-to-exit time, and room turnover time. The time segments were measured for resident-performed cataract cases before the proposed intervention. Then, group goals were set for ideal times of each utilization segment. Behaviors of the surgery, anesthesia, nursing, pharmacy, and housekeeping teams that would improve group performance were identified. Utilization segments were measured again after the intervention. Results The time segments were measured for 134 resident-performed cataract cases before the proposed intervention and again after the intervention for 136 resident-performed cataract cases. Before the intervention, the mean overall case time was 55 minutes, allowing for 10 cases in a 10-hour day. After the intervention, the mean overall case time was 46 minutes, allowing for 13 cases in a 10-hour day. The decrease in postintervention times for overall case time, room-to-incision time, and close-to-exit time were statistically significant. Conclusions Operating room utilization for resident-performed cataract surgery was enhanced by setting group goals. A multidisciplinary effort to enhance group performance through behavior modification can be implemented immediately and improve efficiency without compromising patient safety or resident teaching.

BACKGROUND Pseudoexfoliation is one of the common cause of secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide with a mean progression rate higher than primary open-angle glaucoma. In India, prevalence rate of pseudoexfoliation is around 2% (Hiller et al). In South India, the prevalence rate is 6% in >40 years of age as per Krishnadas et al in 2003. The aim of the study is to study the demographic aspects of pseudoexfoliation, the frequency of glaucoma in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and to assess the treatment response in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted among 96 patients with pseudoexfoliation who attended OP Department of Ophthalmology, Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital, Tiruvannamalai, from January 2017 to June 2017. Complete ocular examination with visual acuity, anterior segment examination, intraocular pressure, gonioscopy, fundus examination, central corneal thickness, visual field, ultrasound B scan and ultrasound biomicroscopy was done. RESULTS Incidence of glaucoma is more common in pseudoexfoliation and most of them have open angles. All patients with pseudoexfoliation should undergo complete glaucoma evaluation for early detection. Further ophthalmologist should focus on detection of pseudoexfoliation, since it is related to high risk of operative complication. CONCLUSION Incidence of glaucoma is more in pseudoexfoliation with most common bilateral presentation with open angles with recalcitrant intraocular pressure. Severity of optic nerve damage and with progression of field defects appeared to be more compared to primary open-angle glaucoma. Better response to combination drug therapy and surgical therapy than primary open-angle glaucoma.

Springback refers to the elastic recovery which subject to a geometrical change when the metal undergoes deformation during the forming process. The experimental investigation of this paper is focused to analyze the behavior of spring back of nickel coated mild steel (NCMS) sheets during the air bending process. The hardeness and surface roughness was measured after coating. Experimental investigation have been conducted to resolve the influence of control parameters such as Orientations (θ), Width of the sheet (Ws), Punch travel (Tp), Holding time (Ht) and Punch Velocity (v) on spring back behavior. As a results, the incraese in Orientations, Width of the sheet, Punch travel andd Punch Velocity incraese the springback angle.

The Zika arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has been shown to be capable of infecting humans via two routes: the bites of infected vectors and through sexual contacts involving infected and non-infected persons. There is no treatment and current prevention or mitigating efforts rely on the use of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). In this work, we investigate via a mathematical model, the role of ITN and IRS as methods for limiting the impact of Zika transmission. We introduce a model that builds on classical SEIR epidemiological single outbreak models. We compute the basic and control reproduction numbers and the final epidemic size in the presence of control measures ITN and IRS. We derive a gross estimate for the rate of sexual transmission, during the initial stages of the outbreak, in terms of prior estimates of the basic reproduction number from related albeit not sexually transmitted arboviral diseases.

${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$ triplet clusters form the relevant spin entities for the formation of long-range magnetic order in the cluster Mott insulator ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{OSeO}}_{3}$. Using time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, we probed photoinduced spin and lattice dynamics in this cluster magnet. Multiple picosecond-decade spin-lattice relaxation dynamics is observed, evidencing a separation of the order parameter dynamics into disordering of long-range and cluster-internal order on the tens and 100s on the picosecond timescale, respectively. We argue that this separation originates in vastly different interaction strengths between low- and high-energy spin cluster excitations and acoustic phonons. Our results exemplify the double-order parameter dynamics intrinsic to the novel quantum material class of cluster Mott insulators.

GaV_{4}S_{8} is a multiferroic semiconductor hosting magnetic cycloid (Cyc) and Neel-type skyrmion lattice (SkL) phases with a broad region of thermal and magnetic stability. Here, we use time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy to show the coherent generation of collective spin excitations in the Cyc and SkL phases. Our micromagnetic simulations reveal that these are driven by an optically induced modulation of uniaxial anisotropy. Our results shed light on spin dynamics in anisotropic materials hosting skyrmions and pave a new pathway for the optical manipulation of their magnetic order.

Time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy serves as a probe for incoherent quasiparticle and collective excitation dynamics, and allows to distinguish symmetry changes across a photoinduced phase transition through the inelastic light scattering selection rules. Largely unexplored is the role of the Raman resonance enhancement in the time-domain, and the transient interaction between scattering from quasiparticles and collective excitations, with the latter interaction leading to a Fano interference. In this work, we report on the observation of a phonon Raman tensor quench and Fano interference after strong photoexcitation of an intrinsic semiconductor. We observed a dynamic phonon scattering rate asymmetry and spectral asymmetry through simultaneous detection of both the anti-Stokes and Stokes response. The asymmetric phonon scattering rate is ascribed to the combined effect of the transient phonon population and the reduction of the phonon Raman tensor resulting from the photoexcited hole population. This same hole population results in a strong enhancement of the Fano spectral asymmetry., 5 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary Information available (6 pages, 3 figures)

Youth that live in public housing communities with high social and financial needs are at risk of getting involved in illegal drug trafficking gangs that are controlled by adults. This social disease spreads like an epidemic in these densely populated sectors and metropolitan area. In this work, a model based on SIR disease dynamics is used to study the spread of gangs in vulnerable youth and adult sub-populations. Three types of mixing patterns govern interaction between the groups: proportionate, preferred and like-with-like. This new model is analysed presenting formulations for the reproduction number, sensitivity analysis, and stability analysis for the like-with-like mixing. Insights gained from simulation results on the sensitivity of the model to parameters show the relevance of the activity parameter over the reproduction number when heterogeneous mixing is present.

The recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa has had a global impact of unprecedented dimension. It resulted in a large survivor population, many of whom have suffered from lingering systemic complications during convalescence. A growing body of literature strongly suggests that the virus persists in immune privileged organs and body fluids even after clearance of the virus from plasma, and may represent a continued transmission risk during this time. Much is yet to be discovered regarding Ebola and its potential to persist in human organs after plasma clearance. The response to this public health epidemic has merged the efforts of national and international organizations working towards elucidating novel information about the virus, developing of therapeutic options, and discovering a cure and/or vaccine. Most critically, future studies evaluating the persistence and transmissibility of the virus during convalescence is required to delineate the management of complications in survivors and prevent further transmission of virus. While the overall risk of transmissibility appears to remain low during convalescence, it is our recommendation that healthcare providers take a precautionary approach in treating and counseling survivors and their close contacts. Until future research can provide adequate evidence based guidelines for prevention of virus transmission, it would be prudent for survivors and contacts to be counseled regarding the potential for transmission, especially with regards to sexual intercourse or breastfeeding; and for providers to utilize personal protective equipment in the course of caring for convalescent survivors particularly if there is a risk of contact with body fluids.

Residual stress is an important factor in machining process an attempt has been made to analyze the residual stress in turning of AISI4340 steel. The residual stresses that can be found in a cutting tool insert are mainly generated at the final step of the machining process. Feed, speed, depth of cut are the input parameter. The residual and the tool wear are the output responses. Cryogenic treatment will improve the performance and made significant of wear resistance, better residual stress and product quality of cutting tool. This is the study of review the literature from performance of cryogenically treated cutting tool insert in varying nose radius and the soaking period. The level of the generated residual stress depends on the machine materials and on the process parameters used. The overall goal of the present paper is to identify an analytical relationship between residual stress and turning process parameters accounting also for the material being machined.

We present a flexible and efficient ultrafast time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy setup to study collective excitation and quasi-particle dynamics in quantum matter. The setup has a broad energy tuning range extending from the visible to near infrared spectral regions for both the pump excitation and Raman probe pulses. Additionally, the balance between energy and time-resolution can be controlled. A high light collecting efficiency is realized by high numerical aperture collection optics and a high-throughput flexible spectrometer. We demonstrate the functionality of the setup with a study of the zone-center longitudinal optical phonon and hole continuum dynamics in silicon, and discuss the role of the Raman tensor in time-resolved Raman scattering. In addition, we show evidence for unequal phonon softening rates at different high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone of silicon by means of detecting pump-induced changes in the two-phonon overtone spectrum. Demagnetization dynamics in the helimagnet Cu2OSeO3 is studied by observing softening and broadening of a magnon after photo-excitation, underlining the unique power of measuring transient dynamics in the frequency domain, and the feasibility to study phase transitions in quantum matter., 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in AIP Publishing/ACA Structural Dynamics

This paper is to evaluate the cutting force and surface roughness in turning of Glass fiber reinforced plastics (E-glass fiber) using coated carbide insert. The comparison of the results with uncoated carbide inserts. The carbide insert is coated by multilayer chemical vapour deposition process, the coating elements are TiN/Al2O3/TiCN. The experiment is carried out in the conventional lathe machine under dry condition by varying the three cutting parameter such as speed, feed and depth of cut. The cutting force is measured using a lathe tool dynamometer and surface roughness are measured by using surf tester.The result of the experiment shows the effect of machining parameter on cutting force and surface roughness. The results have confirmed that the coated carbide insert has better results than uncoated and tool life is increased.

Free radicals include both Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS).When free radicals are produced in a regulated manner in a healthy human body it is scavenged efficiently by antioxidant defense system. But excess generation of pro-oxidants by continuous chain reaction in the form of ROS and RNS cause several human diseases. The shift of the balance in the favour of pro-oxidants results in a condition called “oxidative stress”. Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the liver to generate ROS and RNS, leading to diseases such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. Alcohol induced damage is associated with oxidative stress. The excess generation of prooxidants and reduced antioxidant levels provide an effective model of Hepatotoxicity which is noteworthy. Recent trend is to discover polyherbal formulation of medicinal plants which have hepatoprotective function. In the present study 80% alcoholic extract of leaves of Aloe vera, Bacopa monniera, Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale were utilized to prepare Herbal Preparation or HP-4.Further the hepatoprotective effects of HP-4 was tested in alcohol induced Hepatotoxicity in mice. Silymarin is a well known hepatoprotective drug was used as a standard for comparison. Biochemical and histopathological studies provided ample evidence that HP-4 provided a hepatoprotective role in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity which was comparable to drug Silymarin. The presence of phytochemicals in HP-4 provided a synergistic, supra-additive and co-operative effects in the hepatoprotective function in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity mice model. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9346 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 2(1): 50-58

Air bending is a frequently used process for sheet metal fabrication. Spring-back and bend force are the two essential parameters to be predicted for the design of tooling and selection of press. In air bending of electro-galvanised steel sheets, these two parameters are affected by the factors such as strain hardening exponent, coating thickness, die opening, die radius, punch radius, punch travel and punch velocity. This paper presents the development of a predictive model of spring-back and bend force using artificial neural network (ANN) approach. A central composite design of 88 experiments is conducted to obtain the data required for training the network. A new set of data combinations, not belonging to the training data, is used to assess the generalisation performance of the neural network. The network is validated with a set of validation data and it is found that ANN is capable of predicting the two parameters.

This investigation analyses the effect of friction which is influenced by the parameters including type of lubricant, surface roughness of the sheet, die geometry and punch velocity on springback and bend force of electrogalvanised steel sheet in air-bending process experimentally. It is observed that the decrease in friction increases the springback and reduces the bend force. This effect is evident in case of high-viscosity lubricant, low surface roughness, larger die radius and higher punch velocity.

This paper presents the development of predictive models for bend force and final bend angle (after springback) in air bending of electrogalvanized steel sheet employing response surface methodology. The models are developed based on five-level half factorial central composite design of experiments with strain hardening exponent, coating thickness, die opening, die radius, punch radius, punch travel, punch velocity as input parameters and bend force and final bend angle as responses. The results obtained from the models are in good accord with the experimental results. The effects of individual parameters and their interactions on the responses have also been analyzed in this study.

We report a case of probable Zaire Ebola virus–related ophthalmologic complications in a physician from the United States who contracted Ebola virus disease in Liberia. Uveitis, immune activation, and nonspecific increase in antibody titers developed during convalescence. This case highlights immune phenomena that could complicate management of Ebola virus disease–related uveitis during convalescence.

In mammals, a low molecular mass protein (17-20 KDa) reported from the pheromone sources such as urine, saliva, glandular secretion, etc., as ligand-carrier (pheromone carrier) has been associated with chemo-communication. Since the preorbital gland post is one of the major pheromone sources in Indian Blackbuck, an endangered species, we assumed that it possibly contains low molecular mass protein for chemical communication. Hence, we investigated the preorbital gland post in territorial and non-territorial male blackbucks for such low molecular mass proteins adopting SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS analysis. The total content of protein was higher in the post of territorial males than non-territorial males of adult and sub-adult. In fact, the protein profiles such as 17, 21, 25, 42 and 61 kDa were noted in the gland secretion of territorial and non-territorial males. The intensity of the 17 kDa protein band was higher in territorial males than non-territorial males. In-gel trypsin digestion of the 17 kDa band was processed and subjected to LC-MS/MS and SEQUEST analyses. The results of LC-MS/MS and SEQUEST search showed the presence of α(2u)-globulin in the 17 kDa band. In addition, the identified α(2u)-globulin sequence possessed GDW residues, which are the characteristic signature for lipocalin family. Since the α(2u)-globulin has been reported from the pheromone-carrying proteins in some mammals, this protein may carry the volatiles (pheromone compounds) in male Blackbucks preorbital gland to evoke the scent marking for maintaining territoriality (home range) and attraction towards female, through the secretion of glandular protein.

This article deals with bend force behavior of electro-galvanized (EG) steel sheets in air bending process. A detailed experimental study was carried out on EG steel sheets of various coating thicknesses to investigate the influence of parameters such as coating thickness, orientation of the sheet, punch radius, die opening, die radius, and punch velocity on bend force behavior. From the results, it is found that zinc coating reduces the bend force and the increase in coating thickness reduces the bend force significantly. It is observed that the bend force is larger for larger punch radius, smaller die opening, and smaller die radius. It is also observed that the bend force is larger for 0° orientation than for 90° orientation. The bend force decreases with increase in punch velocity, and this influence is more prevailing in EG sheets than in plain sheets.

This work aims to study the springback behaviour of electrogalvanised (EG) steel sheets during the air bending process. Experiments have been conducted to analyse the influence of various parameters such as coating thickness, orientation of the sheet, punch radius, die radius, die opening, punch velocity, and punch travel on springback behaviour. It is established that the springback increases with increasing coating thickness, punch radius, punch travel, die radius, die opening, and punch velocity. The 90° orientation exhibits higher springback than 0° orientation.

Springback is the geometric change during forming process and it affects the dimensional accuracy of a finished product. This study aims to analyse the issue of springback in sheet bending by using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of punch travel (d), strain hardening index (n), holding time (t), punch velocity (v) and width of the sheet (w) on the springback was explained by contour plots. The experiments were designed as per Centre Composite design and also linear and quadratic polynomial equations were used for developing the mathematical model. The experimental results of the punch travel, velocity, width of the sheets increased which increases the springback. The holding time increases when the springback decreases. ANOVA analysis was used to identify the most significant factor which affects the springback and it indicates that the springback is inversely proportional to the holding time and the springback is directly proportional to the width of the sheets. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X rays analysis for the nickel coated mild steel were also reported.

This paper compares the regression and neural network modeling for predicting springback of interstial free steel sheet during air bending process. In this investigation, punch travel, strain hardening exponent, punch radius, punch velocity and width of the sheet were considered as input variables and springback as response variable. It has been observed that the ANN modeling process has been able to predict the springback with higher accuracy when compared with regression model.

This work aims at studying the influence of lubrication on springback in air bending of interstitial free steel sheets with three different orientations namely 0°, 45°, and 90° for the bending analysis. It is observed that lubrication on both punch and die shows the lowest springback compared to the dry conditions. The white grease is more effective in reducing the springback compared to dry and SAE30 oil. A statistical analysis was done to find out appropriate deviation of springback obtained from the experiments and from the material model. It is further noted that the springback exhibited a second-order polynomial relationship with the bend angle.

This paper describes the development of regression based mathematical models for the prediction of springback in air bending process of interstitial free (IF) steel sheet. Punch travel (d), strain hardening exponent (n), punch radius (r p), punch velocity (v p) and width of the sheet (w) have been considered as input parameters and springback as output parameter to develop the model. Based on experimental results, various regression models namely, linear, linear-square, linear-interaction and quadratic terms for the springback prediction were developed for IF steel sheets. It is found that, the results obtained from the quadratic model are accurate in prediction of springback than others.

In this work, bend force has been modeled using response surface methodology for air bending operation of interstitial free steel sheet. The process parameters considered in this investigation are punch travel (d), strain hardening exponent (n), punch radius (r), punch velocity (v), and width of the sheet (w). The experimental plan was based on the central composite design. The model results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. In addition, an analysis for the effect of the individual input bending parameters on the response has been carried out and presented in this study. This study shows that the punch travel is the dominant factor determining the bend force followed by punch velocity and punch radius. The interaction effects of punch travel and punch radius are considerably significant.

Almost all IT, engineering research, financial analysis, and manufacturing industries are confronted with a question: to outsource or not? The outsourcing and offshoring trend is inspired by success stories of huge cost savings, decreased time-to-market, and better quality. Simultaneously, outsourcing-gone-bad stories highlight how hidden costs exceed benefits, cross-cultural problems impact quality, and intellectual property risks shadow project lifecycles. Managers in companies are presented with a confusing picture for which there are no easy answers. Companies, vendors, and policymakers need a framework to understand the outsourcing phenomenon and plan implementation strategies for outsourced projects. At present, many companies go with the gut based on the experience of others and media reports. But very rarely are two technical documentation tasks alike and never are the concerns of two technical communication tasks the same. This tutorial presents the twelve driver framework and the driver-model percentage matrix to assess the benefits and risks of outsourcing a technical communication task. In the end, qualitative decision-making will determine an organization's decision about outsourcing, but the use of such a framework and related metrics will greatly enhance the quality of the final choice.

Purpose To evaluate corneal topographic features and tear secretion in eyes with the Hudson–Stahli line. Methods Keratometry, computerized videokeratography and Schirmer testing were performed in 50 cases with bilateral Hudson–Stahli line, and 55 controls without the Hudson–Stahli line. Similar tests were performed in 21 subjects with unilateral Hudson–Stahli line. Results Corneal topographic features and keratometry in the horizontal meridian were similar in cases and controls, and in fellow eyes of subjects with unilateral Hudson–Stahli line. Keratometry in the vertical meridian in cases (43.01 ± 2.01) was significantly lesser than in controls (43.94 ± 1.77) (P = 0.01). This value was not different in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral Hudson–Stahli line. Schirmer testing revealed significantly greater tear secretion in cases (16.72 ± 4.99 mm) compared to controls (12.57 ± 3.62 mm) (P < 0.01). In subjects with unilateral Hudson–Stahli line, mean Schirmer values in the eye with the line (17.52 ± 6.86 mm) were significantly greater than in eyes without (13.67 ± 4.64 mm) (P = 0.04). Conclusion Formation of the Hudson–Stahli line may be dependent on the presence of normal tear secretion in the eye.

This work aims to investigate the sliding wear of pack borided AISI1040 steel, carried out at 1000°C for 12 hours with Na2B4O710H2O as low potential born source, using pin-on-disc apparatus as function of applied load and sliding distance at the sliding speed kept constant; compared with gas carburised samples carried at 930°C for 6hours. SEM images confirm that the layer thickness is 160 μm and 400 μm for borided and carburised samples. x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern affirms the monolayer of Fe2b on borided samples. Wear test results show an increasing trend in the weight loss of the samples against the wear parameters. Delamination and adhesive wear are found as the principal wear mechanisms in borided samples. Borided samples have superior wear resistance than carburised samples and untreated samples.