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El injertado es el método de propagación vegetativa más utilizado en coníferas para clonar genotipos superiores de especies forestales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dos técnicas de injertado (fisura terminal y enchapado lateral) y dos métodos de cicatrización (natural y aplicación de cera cicatrizante) en tres especies de importancia económica en Durango: Pinus engelmannii, P. cooperi y P. durangensis. El experimento se estableció con un diseño en bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 3×2×2 y nueve repeticiones. La supervivencia final se evaluó a los 180 días. El efecto de los tratamientos individuales y sus interacciones se determinó con las pruebas Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn y Dunnett. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p

El enraizado de estaquillas permite propagar plantas de ornato difíciles de reproducir por semilla. Cedro limón (Cupressus macrocarpa var. lutea) es muy utilizado con fines ornamentales. El efecto de tres factores se evaluó sobre la supervivencia y el crecimiento de la raíz primaria de cedro limón: dos sustratos (mezcla base y perlita), cuatro enraizantes (Radix® 1500, Radix® 10000, Raizone® Plus y Raizplant® 500) y testigo (sin enraizante), además dos estados de madurez de las estaquillas (tiernas y lignificadas). El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2*5*2. La evaluación se hizo a los cuatro meses del inicio del enraizado. Las variables se analizaron con las pruebas de Kruskal Wallis y de Dunn para comparar medias pareadas y se aplicó la prueba de comparaciones múltiples de medias de Dunnett. Diferencias significativas se obtuvieron para la supervivencia por efecto del enraizante y la madurez de las estaquillas, además de la triple interacción de los factores evaluados. La supervivencia mayor (45 %) se logró utilizando perlita más Radix® 1500 y estaquillas lignificadas. El crecimiento más grande de la raíz primaria se registró sin enraizante y con estaquillas tiernas (11.75 cm) y lignificadas (10.87 cm), sin importar el sustrato. Aunque, el crecimiento de raíz fue superior sin enraizante, se recomienda usar Radix® 1500 para promover la formación de callo y garantizar mayor supervivencia. El sustrato, enraizante y tipo de estaquilla influyen en la supervivencia y crecimiento de la raíz primaria de estaquillas de cedro limón.

¿Quién es Flor Pucarina? Es la cantante popular más exitosa de la historia fonográfica peruana. No obstante, tal vez usted nunca ha escuchado su música, debido a esa barrera cultural que existe entre el “Perú oficial” y “el otro Perú”, como decía el antropólogo José Matos Mar en su Desborde popular y crisis del Estado (1984). O, quizás, sí y hasta la idolatra, pero igual, posiblemente, no sabe quién es. La intérprete, también llamada la Faraona del Cantar Huanca, ya es un mito, un personaje de leyenda, y, como tal, su vida —o lo que se cuenta de ella— es una mezcla de realidad y ficción. Se sabe, por ejemplo, que su canción “Ayrampito”1 vendió un millón de copias hacia la mitad de la década de 1960 y que cuando murió, el 5 de octubre de 1987, una multitud que cubría aproximadamente 10 cuadras del Centro de Lima llevó su ataúd hasta el cementerio El Ángel. Pero también se ha dicho que era una libertina, que “había ejercido la prostitución” —en octubre de 2017, las protestas de habitantes y autoridades del valle del Mantaro provocaron que el diario La República, medio que publicó esta información, se disculpara y eliminara el artículo de su plataforma web—, que su fantasma sigue pululando por los bares de La Victoria y que soñar con ella trae buena suerte. La leyenda es tal que incluso su nombre de nacimiento ha generado contradicciones entre sus más aplicados cronistas (muchos creen que es Leonor Chávez Rojas, como figura en su lápida).

While the adverse effects of housing insecurity on mental health are known, much less is known about the modifiers underlying these effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the mental health of people with housing insecurity by housing tenure and considering the coexistence of other life insecurities (energy poverty and food insecurity). We conducted a cross-sectional study through a survey performed in all people attending the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages or the Alliance against Energy Poverty of Barcelona for the first time between June 2017 and December 2019 and who reported housing insecurity. The dependent variables were the risk of poor mental health, self-reported anxiety and/or depression, and the use of psychotropic drugs. We fitted age-adjusted robust Poisson regression models for each dependent variable and estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). The study included 256 women and 104 men. The prevalence of poor mental health was 89% in women and 85.3% in men, which was much higher than that in the general population of Barcelona (19.5% and 14.5%, respectively). Among women, mental health was worse in those living in a squat (aPR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.31) and in those with food insecurity (aPR 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01-1.21). The number of coexisting insecurities showed a gradient effect (3 insecurities: aPR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01-1.45). Among men, the results showed no clear pattern. Poor mental health was highly prevalent in people with housing insecurity and was exacerbated by the coexistence of life insecurities. Public policymakers should consider the complexity of persons with housing insecurity.

El presente trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuaria perteneciente a la universidad de Ciego de Ávila “Máximo Gómez Báez”. El material de estudio fueron papas de la variedad Santana provenientes de la Empresa de Cultivos Varios “La Cuba”. En la investigación se montaron cuatro experimentos con el objetivo de establecer una metodología para la deshidratación de papa (Solanum tuberosum. L) con tecnología artesanal. En el proceso experimental se obtuvo que en el proceso de la deshidratación parcial la solución de cloruro de sodio al 20% durante 4 horas presentaron los mejores resultados, mientras que la cinética de secado el resultado más eficiente se obtiene con el secador convencional seguido del secador rustico y por último el sol directo, los análisis microbiológicos realizados a los 15 días después de empaquetar, demostrando que no había crecimiento de hongos y levaduras. En esta investigación, los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante el procesador SPSS – 11.5 para Windows y por la prueba de hipótesis para la comparación de ANOVA.

Edible and medicinal mushrooms reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in adipose tissue of obese Wistar rats fed with a high fat plus saccharose diet.

The improvement of the symbiosis generated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against pathogenic microorganisms has been described, however, the ef fect of AMF in peanut crops is of interest due to the value of the productive chain that has not been fully attended. Therefore, this research work evaluated six treatments: (T1) Control plants without AMF, (T2) Plants with vermicompost leachate, (T3) Plants inoculated with commercial mycorrhizae, (T4) Plants inoculated with native mycorrhizae, (T5) Plants inoculated with commercial mycorrhizae + leachate and (T6) Plants inoculated with commercial mycorrhizae + native mycorrhizae; in this sense, mycorrhizal fungi were isolated, identifying Rhizoglomus clarum, Acaulospora alpina and Acaulospora af f. bireticulata, and inoculated in peanut plants in an area of 144 m2 in the open, so that, to corroborate the incidence of the treatments evaluated, agronomic variables such as height, width of biomass, foliar damage by Cercospora personata, number of f lowers, were evaluated during the pre-harvest every 15 days and the post-harvest variables were; leaf area index, root length, fruit and lipid yield, as well as the prof ile of fatty acids present in the fruit. Finally, peanut quality was evaluated according to CODEX STAN 200-1995, showing that the best treatment was leaching + commercial mycorrhizae, reporting yields of 65.05% of fruits and 58% of total lipids, mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (52 % oleic acid) followed by polyunsaturated (21% linoleic acid), f inally according to CODEX STAN 200-199 the peanuts obtained correspond to the basic quality with dimensions of 4 to 4.5 cm wide and long respectively, these peanuts cannot be exported but they can be marketed in the country for agro-industrial transformation, allowing improved agricultural practices by reducing the use of agrochemicals.

Natural hybridization can manifest different evolutionary results, such as accelerating differentiation and facilitating speciation through the rapid origin of new biochemical compounds, physiological or morphological phenotypes that allow hybrid species to occupy new habitats, which for parental species would be inaccessible. However, these expectations are not always fulfilled, because natural hybridization between divergent populations can lead to inadequate or unviable hybrids and, therefore, lower forest stability and productivity. Using pure species Pinus arizonica, P. cembroides, P. durangensis, P. engelmannii, P. leiophylla, P. lumholtzii and P. teocote trees and their natural hybrids, this study aims to determine for the first time: (i) morphological differences between pure pine trees and their hybrids molecularly detected, (ii) differences in vigor between 1970 seeds from trees of pure pine species and their hybrid trees (hereinafter called pure and hybrid parents), (iii) differences in vigor between 3465 seedlings from 1421 pure and hybrid parents, and (iv) whether growth of seedlings of hybrid parents is differently associated to parent tree’s environmental conditions, than growth of seedlings of pure parents. The seedlings grew under equal nursery conditions. Our results show some significant differences in morphological traits between the seed trees of pure species and their respective putative hybrid seed trees, and in seed and seedling fitness indices. In contrast to the mean growth of seedlings of hybrid parents, the mean growth of seedlings from pure parents was significantly associated with the parent tree’s bioclimatic conditions studied (R2 = 0.70 vs 0.83). There were only some individuals that presented hybrid superiority.

Background. Silvopastoral systems are viable agroforestry option to move toward sustainable livestock and rural development. Objective. to analyze the level of adoption of silvopastoral techniques by beneficiary producers of three converging projects in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas region (Mexico), during the 2008-2017 period. Methodology. Forty-two Cattle Production Units (UPP, for its acronym in Spanish) from the municipalities of Villaflores, La Concordia and Pijijiapan (Chiapas) were diagnosed by socioeconomic and technical variables. A Silvopastoral Systems Development Index (IDESSP, for its acronym in Spanish) was used to evaluate their level of adoption. Results. The global IDESSP of UPP was 52%. UPP in the “High” level of adoption reached an IDESSP of 74% (± 6.2), “Medium” an index of 56% (± 5.3) and located in the “Low” group was 42% (± 3.1). The socio-educational characteristics (age of the producer, years of experience in livestock activity, education level) and the productive variables (land area, herd size, milk production / day, annual income) were different (P 0.001) that allowed a greater adoption of silvopastoral practices were the average annual income of each family, the availability of total land, and the collaboration that the rancher had with other social sectors. Implications. The low adoption of silvopastoral techniques encourages the continuation of conventional livestock practices with negative effects on natural resources, diminishes the capacities for strengthening and social organization, and limits the processes of scaling-up or massification of SSP. Conclusions. The level of adoption of silvopastoral techniques among the UPP was intermediate, which was subject to availability of land, years of experience, educational level and number of links for the production of each owner of the production units, the area under actions of conservation were greater than silvopastoral techniques.

La vegetación secundaria (acahual) provee forraje para la producción de bovinos, ovinos y caprinos (Gómez et al., 2017). Objetivo. Evaluar la preferencia, conducta ingestiva y consumo voluntario de bovinos bajo forrajeo de la diversidad de plantas presente en el acahual. Métodos. El estudio se realizó en Tenabo, Campeche, con nueve vacas adultas y con un diseño completamente al azar de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. La conducta ingestiva se monitoreo siete semanas, en seca y lluvia, con la técnica de bocados focalizados (Bonnet et al., 2015). Se obtuvo la frecuencia de selección, el consumo voluntario (CV; kg MS), el índice de preferencia (IP; %), y el % de cada especie en la dieta de los animales.

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a whitefly-transmitted bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), whose genome contain two single-stranded DNA molecules (DNA-A and DNA-B). This virus causes damage to multiple cultivated plant species mainly belonging to the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae families and was limited to Asian countries until 2012, when it was first reported in Spain, causing severe epidemics in cucurbit crops. Our results have demonstrated that isolates spreading throughout the western Mediterranean Basin belong to a novel strain of ToLCNDV (strain ES) and cause severe infections in cucurbit crops but poorly infect tomatoes. However, existence of ToLCNDV isolates that severely affect tomato plants has been reported and infectious clones are available for one of these isolates (India isolate, kindly provided by S. Chakraborty, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India). Our main goal is to identify the viral determinants and to understand the mechanisms associated to the ability of some isolates of ToLCNDV to infect tomato efficiently. This information will help to prevent the threat of ToLCNDV damage in tomato in the Mediterranean Basin. We have agroinoculated tomato cv Moneymaker with infectious clones of ToLCNDV-Spain isolate (ToLCNDV-[ES]; our isolate unable to induce efficient infections in tomato) and ToLCNDV-India isolate (ToLCNDV-[IN], which efficiently infects tomato). The results from local and systemic infections with both viruses and pseudorecombinants between A and B components of the bipartite ToLCNDV-[ES] and ToLNCDV-[IN] will be shown and discussed. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Para el manejo contable de la información del Sector Público se están implementando las NIC-SP; en este trabajo aplicamos la NIC-SP-17 Propiedad, Planta y Equipo, en los Equipos Biomédicos del Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo; se determinó un impacto financiero negativo por un valor de -$186516.85 debido al deterioro de los equipos. For the accounting management of Public Sector information, IAS-PS are being implemented; in this work we applied IAS-PS-17 Property, Plant and Equipment, in the Biomedical Equipment of Homero Castanier Crespo Hospital; a negative financial impact was determined for a value of -$186516.85 due to the impairment of the equipment.

Age-related eye diseases, including dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, represent a major global health issue based on their increasing prevalence and disabling action. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases will provide novel opportunities to reduce the burden of age-related eye diseases and improve eye health, contributing to sustainable development goals achievement. The impairment of neutrophil extracellular traps formation/degradation processes seems to be one of these mechanisms. These traps formed by a meshwork of DNA and neutrophil cytosolic granule proteins may exacerbate the inflammatory response promoting chronic inflammation, a pivotal cause of age-related diseases. In this review, we describe current findings that suggest the role of neutrophils and their traps in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned age-related eye diseases. Furthermore, we discuss why these cells and their constituents could be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. We also examine the therapeutic potential of some neutrophil function modulators and provide several recommendations for future research in age-related eye diseases.

Forest plantations and natural forests perform a relevant role in capturing CO2 and reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. The objective of this study was to compare the diameter increment, biomass and carbon accumulation in a plantation of Pinus durangensis and a naturally regenerated stand. The data were collected from 32 circular plots of 100 m2 (16 plots in the planted site and 16 in naturally regenerated area). At each plot, the diameter at the base (cm) and height (m) of all seedlings were measured using a Vernier and tape measure, and a seedling was destructively sampled collecting one cross-section at the base of the stump. The annual ring-width increment of each sampled seedling was recorded to obtain its diameter at the base and estimate annual aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation through allometric equations. The response variables were evaluated using mixed-effects ANOVA models. Results indicated that there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) on annual tree-ring width growth, biomass and carbon accumulation. The plantation seedlings showed significantly higher growth rates, biomass and carbon accumulation at most evaluated years. After 7 years of growth the lines of current annual increment (CAI) and mean annual increment (MAI) in basal diameter for both the plantation and the natural regeneration have not yet intersected. Both forest plantations and naturally regenerated stands of the studied tree species may be suitable alternatives to promote CO2 capture and increase timber production.

La productividad bovina en la ganadería extensiva del trópico enfrenta fuertes restricciones, principalmente por el período de sequía de seis meses característico de estas regiones. En este mismo período los acahuales proveen de alimento para la producción de bovinos, ovinos y caprinos (Gómez et al., 2017), y sirven de refugio para los animales ante las inclemencias de las altas temperaturas y radiación solar. La utilidad potencial de los acahuales para alimentar a los animales se encuentra influenciada por la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación que los conforman, y que influye sobre las plantas susceptibles de ser seleccionadas y consumidas por los animales (Albores et al., 2020). Por ello, conocer las características de la vegetación del acahual es determinante para la selección, el consumo y digestibilidad del ganado bovino en las distintas épocas del año (Baumont et al., 2000). El potencial alimenticio que representa este recurso es poco estudiado.

[EN] The purpose of this end of course project is to analyze the state of conservation of a “supposed milestone” that presents specific petrological properties and characteristics. In turn, it is a piece with a particular history to be taken into account at all times, both in terms of the historical relevance of could be the discovery of a roman milestone, as well as in reference to the trajectory of the piece in recent decades. All this, following a work methodology based fundamentally on research and understanding of the information obtained, serves as support in the analysis of the state of conservation of the piece and in the realization of a coherent intervention proposal according to the nature of the piece and its relevance. The study of the specific state of conservation of the piece leads, inevitably, to reflection on the lack of preventive measures carried out, which leads to restoration prevailing, on many occasions, over conservation. Finally, the result of this reflection is the development of a preventive conservation plan in which the measures that are considered most optimal for the prevention of damage and, therefore, for the durability of the same piece are collected., [CA] El present Treball de Fi de Carrera té com a finalitat analitzar l’estat de conservació d’un supòsit mil·liari que presenta unes propietats i característiques petrològiques específiques. Al seu torn, es tracta d’una peça amb una història particular a tindre en compte en tot moment, tant en allò que referit a la rellevància històrica pròpia del que podria suposar la troballa d’un mil·liar d’època romana, com en referència al propi recorregut de la peça en les últimes dècades. Tot allò, seguint una metodologia de treball basada principalment en la investigació i comprensió de la informació obtinguda, serveix de suport en l’anàlisi de l’estat de conservació de l’obra i en la realització d’una proposta d’intervenció coherent i d’acord amb la naturalesa de la peça i de la seva rellevància. L’estudi de l’estat de conservació concret de la peça porta, inevitablement, a la reflexió respecte a la carència de mesures preventives dutes a terme, la qual cosa condueix al fet que la restauració prevalga, moltes vegades, sobre la conservació. El resultat de la dita reflexió és, finalment, l’elaboració d’un pla de conservació preventiva en què queden recollides les mesures que es consideren més òptimes per a la prevenció de danys i, per tant, per a la perdurabilitat en el temps de la mateixa peça., [ES] El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el estado de conservación de un ¿supuesto miliario¿ que presenta unas propiedades y características petrológicas específicas. A su vez, se trata de una pieza con una historia particular a tener en cuenta en todo momento, tanto en lo referido a la relevancia histórica propia de lo que podría suponer el hallazgo de un miliario de época romana, como en referencia al propio recorrido de la pieza en las últimas décadas. Todo ello, siguiendo una metodología de trabajo basada principalmente en la investigación y comprensión de la información obtenida, sirve de apoyo en el análisis del estado de conservación de la obra y en la realización de una propuesta de intervención coherente y acorde a la naturaleza de la pieza y de su relevancia. El estudio del estado de conservación concreto de la pieza lleva, inevitablemente, a la reflexión respecto a la carencia de medidas preventivas llevadas a cabo, lo que conduce a que la restauración prevalezca, en muchas ocasiones, sobre la conservación. El resultado de dicha reflexión es, finalmente, la elaboración de un plan de conservación preventiva en la que quedan recogidas las medidas que se consideran más óptimas para la prevención de daños y, por ende, para la perdurabilidad en el tiempo de la misma pieza.

Chiapas is one of the most biodiverse regions of our Planet; however, the knowledge of tropical mushrooms in this state is limited. As a consequence of this lack of information of the mycobiota of Chiapas and areas such as San José(SJ) park, it is very important to carry out inventories of biotic resources as a basic and fundamental research tool for some protected areas, in order to develop studies for conservation. This study aims to prepare a list of the macrofungi species in the SJ park. Specimens were collected along five consecutive years, and 148 species (21 Ascomycetes and 126 Basidiomycetes) were identified. The most common substrate was humus (110 species, 74.82%). Forty-six species that can be used for human consumption were found. Thus, the mycological value for the study area was 31.29%. Also, 27 new records for Chiapas (5 Ascomycotina and 22 Basidiomycotina) were found.

Uno de los principales problemas en mango ‘Ataulfo’ es el denominado ‘mango niño’ para referir a la alta producción de frutos partenocárpicos. El objetivo fue determinar los factores del clima que inciden en la presencia de frutos partenocárpicos y en que parte del desarrollo de la inflorescencia y fruto están afectando. El estudio se realizó de 2017 a 2018 en un huerto comerciales de mango ‘Ataulfo’, con una incidencia de 80% de frutos partenocárpicos, se seleccionaron 10 árboles y en cada árbol se marcaron 50 inflorescencias, en cada flujo de floración presentado, las cuales se encontraban distribuidas alrededor del árbol y en la parte media de la copa. Las variables evaluadas fueron el desarrollo de la inflorescencia, porcentaje y tipo de frutos (partenocárpico y con semilla), desarrollo de embrión y temperatura. Se presentaron dos flujos de floración. El segundo flujo de floración se prolongó por un período ligeramente mayor a 70 días y la etapa de plena floración hasta el amarre de fruto coincidió con temperaturas extremas, mínimas de 15 °C en promedio y máximas por arriba de los 35. La mayor producción de frutos partenocárpicos se presentó en el segundo flujo de floración con 75%, mientras que, en el primero la producción de frutos con semilla superó a los partenocárpicos. En Nayarit, la presencia de frutos partenocárpicos está relacionada con temperaturas extremas (≤15 y ≥35 °C) durante el periodo de plena floración hasta amarre de fruto, causando aborto de embrión.

En este trabajo se analizó la Ley General de Migración para identificar si se encuentra armonizada con la Ley general de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia y sí en consecuencia establece acciones diferenciadas para la protección y atención de las niñas y mujeres migrantes víctimas de delitos en y durante el tránsito migratorio.Palabras claves: Armonización, género, derechos humanos, niñas y mujeres adolescentes.

In the present work Verrucodesmus verrucosus was evaluated in mixed and autotrophic growth conditions as a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production, for this purpose three synthetic media were evaluated a lixiviated coming from a biodigester in three concentrations and the mix between synthetic media and the diferent concentrations of the lixiviated from biodigester, the evaluation of the kinetic parameters of growth was carried. So to, the nitrogen-lipid ratio was determined and lipid extraction. Finally, the fatty acid profile of the total pooled lipids was determined out using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the maximum cell density was reached in the Guillard medium with 6.0 x 104 cells / mL. On the other hand, the results in the production of lipids of the microalgal biomass showed that the BG11 medium with a nitrogen concentration of 0.23%, it is the best, since it produces up to 24.3% of lipids, finally, the Fatty acid profile shows that the highest concentrations of fatty acids in V. verrucosus were palmitic, oleic, stearic, palmitoleic and linoleic with a concentration of 34.9, 22.8, 9.3, 7.0 and 6.8% respectively, indicating the suitability of this species for biodiesel production.

In this work, a sulfated titanium dioxide (STi) catalyst obtained from a commercial TiO2 precursor was synthesized and characterized. The catalyst was sulfated by the simple impregnation method with H2SO4 and subsequently calcined at different temperatures. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sulfated catalyst was thermally treated at different temperatures (100, 200, 400, and 600 °C) and evaluated in oleic acid esterification reactions by varying the concentration of the catalyst during the conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate. The conversion was measured from the variation of the acid index (AI)° and free fatty acids (FFA) during the reaction. The STi catalyst obtained was compared with two homogeneous catalysts, H2SO4 and ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3], evaluating the reaction time in the conversion, from which improvements in the reaction performance of the catalyst synthesized in this work were observed versus the two homogeneous catalysts mentioned earlier. Catalyst reuse cycles were also evaluated as well as their performance in the esterification of waste cooking oil. The best catalyst yields reached values close to 86% in a reaction time of 6 h.

Se evaluaron mediante la técnica de producción de gas in vitro, fuentes energéticas locales (melaza, Zea mays L. y Musa paradisiaca L.) sobre la fermentación ruminal y producción de metano de diversos forrajes usados en un sistema silvopastoril con Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) y Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham, con ovinos. Se usaron cinco borregos Pelibuey x Katahdin 40 ± 3 (μ±DE) kg como donantes de líquido ruminal. Se analizaron cinco tratamientos (dietas) con diferentes mezclas de follaje de arbóreas y fuentes energéticas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar. M. paradisiaca y Z. mays presentaron los mayores registros de volumen (V) máximo en producción de gas (544 y 467 ml/g-1 MS, respectivamente) (P≤0.05). El follaje de G. sepium y L. leucocephala tuvieron los menores valores de V (253 y 180 ml/g-1 MS, respectivamente) (P≤0.05). La dieta D4 GMP (48 % P. maximum, 30 % G. sepium, 7 % Zea mays, 15 % M. paradisiaca) registro el mayor valor de V. No hubo diferencia (P>0.05) en la producción de metano en las dietas usadas, teniendo un rango de 6.31 a 9.60 de LCH4/kg MSDIG. Se generó un índice de emisión potencial de gases fermentables (IPEGF), el cual sugirió que dietas con carbohidratos de lenta fermentación, contribuyen a un índice más alto de emisión de gases. Por su mejoramiento en la calidad de las dietas y en contribuir en una baja de emisiones de CH4, se sugiere el manejo de arbóreas forrajeras como G. sepium y L. leucocephala, incorporando fuentes energéticas locales.

The article presents a new methodology that employs 3D printing technology to generate a microporous composite material of polylactic acid, sodium alginate and hydroxyapatite, whose microstructure is designed by means of the 3D numerical solution from a mathematical model. This model represents the spatio-temporal dynamics of the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone remodeling. The microporosity of composite material mimics the structure of human trabecular bone. This material has density with microporosity pretty close to the one that is exhibited by the natural bone tissue. Close relationship between the material processing and its elasticity module is observed. When subjecting this composite material to a simulated body fluid treatment, the mechanical resistance to compression is increased due to induced mineralization of hydroxyapatite crystals on its surface. The methodology shows potential to generate structures that allow the control of the composite material properties. The material presents a microporosity that has morphological and chemical properties suitable for future applications in tissue engineering as bone scaffold.

Background: The global community has recognized silvopastoral systems (SPS) as an alternative to contribute to the resolution of various socio-environmental problems derived from extensive livestock farming, deforestation, climate change and the current pandemic derived from SARS-CoV-2. Its technical and social viability has motivated various sectors of society to promote its massification or scaling. However, although there are important advances in agroforestry and silvopastoral scientific research in southeastern Mexico, there are no works that address the experiences of massification of silvopastoral systems. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the experiences of massification of various projects of SSP, the participation of social actors and the barriers and trade-offs in their implementation in the state of Chiapas (Mexico). Methodology: The study considered an analysis period from 2000 to 2020. A review of scientific and technical documents was made, various social actors were interviewed (livestock producers, technicians from international and national development agencies, technicians and advisers from peasant organizations, technicians from non-governmental organizations, academics from research centers and universities) who have promoted SPS and good livestock practices in Chiapas. Two participatory workshops were held. Results. A timeline was built and five relevant experiences of massification of SPS in various agroecological regions of Chiapas were analyzed: a) Scolel Té Project, b) Puyacatengo Agreement (Red Selva), c) Sustainable Rural Development Project in Biological Corridors , d) Innovative mechanisms for a cooperation program towards adaptation to climate change in the Sierra Madre and Costa de Chiapas, e) Early Action Initiatives for Mitigation in livestock areas (IAT-REDD +) and e) Agrosilvopastoral Biodiversity and Livestock Landscapes Project Sustainable (BioPaSOS). Various socio-environmental barriers and alliances between multiple social actors are shown. Implications: The work makes a contribution to the historicity of the massification processes of SPS and to the process of change in livestock. It is necessary to continue with an in-depth analysis of the social and technological impact that the various massification initiatives shown have had. Conclusions: The massification process that occurred between the years of study has shown the importance of alliances between various social sectors (producers-development agencies-academia-Governments), which has allowed the transition from local projects to projects with broad territorial coverage.

“Cuando la luz llega a un nuevo medio se pueden presentar uno o varios procesos; reflexión, refracción, absorción y transmisión. La información de algunas propiedades se encuentran contenidas en la luz transmitida y esta información puede ser recuperada mediante el uso de equipos muy sofisticados y caros. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un arreglo interferométrico de corrimiento de fase por polarización, para realizar mediciones no destructivas de la morfología de muestras trasparentes, micrométricas y biológicas como el ala de una libélula, células de cáncer cervicouterino y células de cáncer de colon a través del cálculo de la fase óptica y mediante el procesamiento de interferogramas. Para este propósito se implementa un sistema óptico, el cual está formado por tres interferometros: un interferometro cíclico acoplado a dos interferometros Michelson. Este sistema es capaz de generar cuatro patrones de interferencia con corrimientos de fase relativos de π/2 , los cuales son capturados por una cámara CCD en una sola toma. Los patrones de interferencia y los corrimientos de fase se generarán mediante la colocación de polarizadores lineales en ángulos conocidos”.

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effect in chickens of the Ross breed of a food enriched with agroindustrial waste. Materials and Methods: The food is one of the main components of the total cost for the production of chickens. Rations should be formulated to provide the correct balance of energy, protein, amino acids, minerals, vitamins and essential fatty acids, to allow optimal growth and performance. This study was intended to evaluate a natural feed for chicken, made from corn, yucca meal, eggshells, orange peel, soybean meal, salt and garlic, enriched with agroindustrial waste (molasses, milk whey and ferment of coffee). The weight gain was evaluated in broilers using a diet enriched with different agroindustrial wastes, with respect to a control food of the same composition but not containing residue. To develop the experiment 120 male Ross 308 chicks were used, these were evaluated for 6 weeks. Physicochemical test for the food and the agroindustrial waste were performed; moisture was determined; organic carbon, organic material and the ash, to characterize the agroindustrial wastes, the reducing sugars content using a spectrophotometer at 540 nm and proteins through the Kjeldahl method was evaluated. During the experiment, the weight gain of chickens and feed conversion was evaluated; the end of the experiment the weight of eviscerated channel relative weight breast, thighs, pancreas, and abdominal fat was determined, besides including blood chemistries as determination of cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose. Finally, the microbiological analyzes to detect the presence of Escherichia coli in the cecum was determinate. Data were analyzed by InfoStat statistical program using the generalized linear model procedure. The statistical comparison was made by Tukey test at the 95% probability level. Results: After the evaluation, fed chickens with the treatments food + milk whey (FMW) and food + ferment of coffee (FFC) demonstrated increased from 1949 to 1892 g, respectively, to the 42 days of evaluation, showing the best treatment for weight gain. However, the FFC treatment showed the best feed conversion reaching values of 1.79 related to levels of blood glucose (249 mg/dl). Even so the eviscerated channel yields were higher for the treatment FFC reaching 1810.1 g unlike the treatment FMW which it reached a weight of 1718.2 g with increased formation of abdominal fat (7.4 g) unlike other treatments. From the results, it is concluded that food enriched with coffee ferment allows an increase in weight, better feed conversion in addition to high production of lean meat. Conclusion: It was shown that the best treatment was the food enriched with the ferment of coffee, due to increased intake and weight gain at the end of 42 days of the experiment.

Developing methods for successfully grafting forest species will be helpful for establishing asexual seed orchards and increasing the success of forest genetic improvement programs in Mexico. In this study we investigated the effects of two grafting techniques (side veneer and top cleft) and two phenological stages of the scion buds (end of latency and beginning of sprouting), in combination with other seven grafting variables, on the sprouting and survival of 120 intraspecific grafts of Pinus engelmannii Carr. The scions used for grafting were taken from a 5.5-year-old commercial forest plantation. The first grafting was performed on January 18 (buds at the end of dormancy) and the second on February 21 (buds at the beginning of sprouting). The data were examined by analysis of variance and a test of means and were fitted to two survival models (the Weibull’s accelerated failure time and the Cox’s proportional hazards model) and the respective hazard ratios were calculated. Survival was higher in the top cleft grafts made with buds at the end of latency, with 80% sprouting and an estimated average survival time of between 164 and 457 days after the end of the 6-month evaluation period. Four variables (grafting technique, phenological stage of the scion buds, scion diameter and rootstock height) significantly affected the risk of graft death in both survival models. Use of top cleft grafts with buds at the end of the latency stage, combined with scion diameters smaller than 11.4 mm and rootstock heights greater than 58.5 cm, was associated with a lower risk of death.

Objective: To evaluate total in vitro gas and methane (CH4) production in different mixtures of Hyparrhenia ruffa (Hr) and Leucaena leucocephala (Ll). Design/methodology/approach: In airtight biodigesters with 200 mL of culture medium, 20 g of the following treatments were incubated by triplicate: T1: 100% Hr, T2: 80% Hr  20% Ll, T3: 60% Hr  40% Ll, T4: 40% Hr  60% Ll; these were inoculated with 20 mL of fresh rumen f luid and incubated at 380.5 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The total gas and CH4 production were assessed; the data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Results: The addition of 20%, 40% and 60% Ll in mixture with Hr decreased the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total gas and CH4 production, while the crude protein content increased. Study limitations/implications: In vivo studies are required / by including amounts higher than 20% Ll may improve energy utilization efficiency. Findings/conclusions: Adding more than 20% L. leucocephala in a mixture with H. ruffa decreases total gas and CH4 production

Radical–polar crossover reactions, that is, single-electron redox events allowing for the interconversion between radical and ionic intermediates, make it possible to connect radical and polar processes in the same synthetic transformation. Such a combination is the basis of much original synthetic methodology, which is particularly useful in the context of domino, tandem, or multicomponent reactions. This chapter comprehensively covers the field of radical–polar crossover reactions, with a primary emphasis on transformations wherein both the radical and polar processes provide synthetic elaboration.

A seed zone or provenance region is an area within which plants can be moved with little risk of maladaptation because of the low environmental variation. Delineation of seed zones is of great importance for commercial plantations and reforestation and restoration programs. In this study, we used AFLP markers associated with environmental variation for locating and delimiting seed zones for two widespread and economically important Mexican pine species (Pinus arizonica Engelm. and P. durangensis Martínez), both based on recent climate conditions and under a predicted climate scenario for 2030 (Representative Concentration Pathway of ~4.5 Wm−2). We expected to observe: (i) associations between seed zones and local climate, soil and geographical factors, and (ii) a meaning latitudinal shift of seed zones, along with a contraction of species distributions for the period 1990–2030 in a northward direction. Some AFLP outliers were significantly associated with spring and winter precipitation, and with phosphorus concentration in the soil. According to the scenario for 2030, the estimated species and seed zone distributions will change both in size and position. Our modeling of seed zones could contribute to reducing the probabilities of maladaptation of future reforestations and plantations with the pine species studied.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main five causes of morbidity and mortality by oncologic diseases in our country and worldwide. Recently, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) has proven to be a noninvasive screening test that allows to select patients most likely to have a pre-malign lesion in order to perform a colonoscopy.To report the findings of a CRC screening program using FIT in our country population.A multicentric study was performed, by inviting open population older than 50 years to participate in a CRC screening. Quantitative FIT specific for human hemoglobin was used, with a cut point of 100 ng/ml or higher to consider as positive. Those patients with positive results were asked to undergo a colonoscopy. In the cases where polypoid lesions were found, biopsies were performed.In total, 751 FIT were processed, and 51 (6.8) of those were positive, with a rate of 15.9 premalign lesions for 1,000 individuals, and 1.3 patients with CRC for every 1,000.The present study matches worldwide reports, supporting the initiative of establishing a formal and standardized CRC screening program in the public health sector.El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las cinco primeras causas de morbimortalidad por cáncer en nuestro país y en todo el mundo. La prueba inmunoquímica fecal (FIT, fecal immunochemical test) es una herramienta de tamizaje no invasiva que permite seleccionar a los sujetos con mayor probabilidad de lesión premaligna en la colonoscopia.Reportar los resultados del programa de escrutinio para CCR mediante FIT en población abierta en México.Estudio multicéntrico nacional en población abierta mayor de 50 años a través de medios de difusión masiva para participar en un programa de escrutinio de CCR. Se utilizó FIT cuantitativa específica para detectar hemoglobina humana con un punto de corte de 100 ng/ml (prueba positiva). Se realizó colonoscopia a los positivos. Se tomaron biopsias dirigidas de las lesiones premalignas/cáncer para análisis histopatológico.Se procesaron 751 FIT, de las cuales 51 (6.8%) fueron positivas, con una tasa de 15.9 lesiones premalignas por cada 1,000 sujetos evaluados, y 1.3 pacientes con CCR por cada 1,000 pacientes.Nuestro estudio concuerda con lo reportado en la literatura mundial, apoyando así la iniciativa de fomentar el establecimiento de un tamizaje formal y estandarizado dentro del sector de salud pública.

A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator is a device that generates electrical energy through the interaction between a conductive fluid and a magnetic field. This method of direct energy conversion allows the use of a renewable energy source such as solar energy and represents an alternative to tackle the greenhouse effect. This paper presents the development of an MHD solar generator, which is constituted by a solar thermal system and an MHD cell. The solar thermal system consists of a set of tubes with copper fins, connected in parallel and placed inside of a 1 m2 panel. In which, an electrolytic mixture of H2O and NaCl at 20% vol. was introduced as a working fluid. In order to increase the kinetic energy of the fluid, the panel was exposed to solar radiation, where it reached temperatures above 373 K and pressures above 96 kPa. This solar thermal system operates in closed cycle conditions by including a check valve in its inlet–outlet junction; in this way, the fluid travels through the MHD generator. The MHD cell was composed of a block of polytetrafluoroethylene, two cylindrical stainless-steel electrodes, and four neodymium magnets. For simulation purposes, comsol multiphysics was used to reproduce the current density produced by the MHD solar generator. Pressure and temperature quantities obtained experimentally in the MHD cell were employed as boundary conditions. The experimental maximal current density obtained corresponds to 4.30 mA/m2, and the comparison between theoretical and experimental results shows that the model fits fairly well.

Objective: To study the effect of storage temperatures and dehydration conditions (solar and convective drying; SD, CD), on the quality, physicochemical parameters and antioxidant properties of tomato fruits. Methodology: The physicochemical characteristics pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids (°Bx) and color parameters (L*, a* and b*), were evaluated. The lycopene, carotenoids and antioxidant activity percentages retention of tomatoes fruits stored at 7 and 22 ° C for 5 days and subjected to SD (Temperature (T) of 67 °C and luminescence of 685 lum/sqf) and CD (T 70 °C, flow rates 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s), were analyzed. Results: The fruits reached humidities of 17 and 15% for SD and CD. The parameters pH, °Bx, L*, a*, b* were highest with 22°C and CD (1.5 m/s). The value of the carotenoids was higher in fruits stored at 7 ° C and subjected to CD (1.0 and 1.5 m/s) and SD with values of 83.85, 85.98 and 99.43%, respectively. The CD (0.5 m/s) and SD improved lycopene (94.37 and 95.14%) and the antioxidant activity with values of 73.06 and 97.21%. Implications: The application of solar dehydration depends on luminescence condition; however, it is inexpensive and environmentally friendly alternative. Conclusions: The results derived in a viable alternative for the conservation and commercialization of tomato fruits in rural communities

This work shows the results obtained in the synthesis of srilankite nanoparticles, (Zr, Ti)O2, and TiO2 anatase, both catalysts presented an admix of phases, anatase/rutile, and srilankite/rutile, respectively. Their performance in the production of biodiesel through the esterification of oleic acid was evaluated. The catalysts were obtained using the sol-gel process and sulfated via the impregnation method. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze the properties in its crystalline structure, morphology, and chemical composition. Its efficiency during the esterification reaction was measured based on the decrease in free fatty acids (FFA). FFA, oleic acid was added at different weight percentages (1%, 3%, and 5% w/w). The time of reaction was 6 hours at 55 °C and the catalyst with better performance was the sulfated Srilankite/rutile, reaching a maximum conversion of up to 90%.

La obesidad es una patología considerada una crisis de salud mundial altamente vinculada con la alteración del metabolismo lipídico. Se evaluó el efecto de la adición a la dieta de hongos comestibles y medicinal: Ustilago maydis, Pleorotus ostreatus y Ganoderma lucidum, sobre el metabolismo de lípidos en un modelo animal de obesidad. Se utilizaron ratas Wistar, las cuales fueron alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasa saturada (HFD) (45% kcal de grasa) y sacarosa en el agua (10%). Los grupos de tratamiento fueron: Control: dieta AIN-93G; HF+S: dieta HFD + sacarosa en el agua (10%) + 0.25% colesterol; HF+S+At: dieta igual a HF+S + atorvastatina (0.3 g/kg dieta); HF+S+Um: dieta igual a HF+S + 10% U. maydis; HF+S+Po: dieta igual a HF+S + 10% P. ostreatus; HF+S+Gl: dieta igual a HF+S + 10% G. lucidum. Se evaluó el efecto de las diferentes especies de hongos en el incremento de peso, composición corporal, parámetros bioquímicos, actividad antioxidante y gasto energético. Adicionalmente se analizó la expresión de los genes: HMGCR, LDLR, ABCG5, FASN y PPARA en hígado. Se encontró que los grupos HF+S+Um, HF+S+Po y HF+S+Gl vieron reducidos el incremento de peso, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, los niveles séricos de TG, CT y LDL-c de manera significativa con p

We present an interferometric method to analyze transparent samples using complex fringes generated by a parallel phase shifting radial shear interferometer using two coupled interferometers. Parallel interferograms are generated using two interferometers: the first one generates the polarized base pattern, and the second system is used to generate parallel interferograms allowing the adjustment of the x − y positions of the parallel interferograms. To obtain the optical phase map, parallel phase shift is generated by collocating polarizing filters at the output of the system; the polarizers are placed at arbitrary angles since they do not require adjustment because of the phase-recovery algorithm. The optical phase was processed using a two-step algorithm based on a modified Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization method. Such an algorithm has the advantage of not being iterative and is robust to amplitude modulation. The proposed method reduces the number of captures needed in phase-shifting interferometry. We applied the developed system to examine static and dynamics phase objects.

La iniciación y diferenciación floral está controlada por factores exógenos, endógenos y hormonales. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del paclobutrazol (PBZ), prohexadiona de calcio (P-Ca) y temperatura en la diferenciación floral del mango (Mangifera indica L.). El estudio se realizó durante los ciclos 2013- 2014 y 2014-2015 en un huerto comercial de mango ‘Ataulfo’ de 8 años de edad. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) Tres aplicaciones de 500 mg L-1 de P-Ca a los 30, 45 y 60 días después de la poda (ddp); 2) Una aplicación de 2500 mg L-1 de PBZ a 30 ddp y 3) Testigo asperjado con agua y surfactante. En ambos ciclos, la iniciación y diferenciación floral fue 45 y 30 días más temprana en las yemas donde se aplicó PBZ y P-Ca, respectivamente, con relación al testigo. El porcentaje de yemas diferenciadas fue mayor con los inhibidores de giberelinas, 63 % con PBZ y 15 % en testigo durante el ciclo 2013-2014 y 73 % - 28 % durante el ciclo 2014-2015; resultados similares se obtuvieron en el porcentaje de floración. La iniciación floral en yemas se estimuló con temperaturas nocturnas alrededor de 15 ºC y los inhibidores de la síntesis de GAs aceleraron el proceso de diferenciación.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the production of secondary metabolites in Petroselinum crispum, Salvia officinalis and Dysphania ambrosioides. Three treatments were established: Control (C), commercial inoculum (CI) and native inoculum (NI). Every 15 days height, stem diameter and number of leaves were measured. The percentage of colonization was assessed by staining of roots, and identification of flavonoids through TLC thin layer chromatography, finally the concentration of total phenols was evaluated by spectrophotometry from the ethanol extracts of each plant. The results of development of biomass and the percentage of colonization show statistically significant difference for the three variables evaluated (P≤0.05) from each culture in the treatment of NI with respect to control, showing a greater effect on plants of S. officinalis (51% and 91%, respectively). Chromatography reveals the presence of flavonoids in the three plants; however this is more intense for the treatment of NI, showing increased production of total phenols in S. officinalis. Finally, the chemical characterization of the substrate shows a higher assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus (0.11% and 0.35 mg / kg respectively) in S. officinalis associated with a native inoculum (NI).

Developing methods for successfully grafting forest species will be helpful for establishing asexual seed orchards and increasing the success of forest genetic improvement programs in Mexico. In this study we investigated the effects of two grafting techniques (side veneer and top cleft) and two phenological stages of the scion buds (end of latency and beginning of sprouting), in combination with other seven grafting variables, on the sprouting and survival of 120 intraspecific grafts of Pinus engelmannii Carr. The scions used for grafting were taken from a 5.5-year-old commercial forest plantation. The first grafting was performed on January 18 (buds at the end of dormancy) and the second on February 21 (buds at the beginning of sprouting). The data were examined by analysis of variance and a test of means and were fitted to two survival models (the Weibull’s accelerated failure time and the Cox’s proportional hazards model) and the respective hazard ratios were calculated. Survival was higher in the top cleft grafts made with buds at the end of latency, with 80% sprouting and an estimated average survival time of between 164 and 457 days after the end of the 6-month evaluation period. Four variables (grafting technique, phenological stage of the scion buds, scion diameter and rootstock height) significantly affected the risk of graft death in both survival models. Use of top cleft grafts with buds at the end of the latency stage, combined with scion diameters smaller than 11.4 mm and rootstock heights greater than 58.5 cm, was associated with a lower risk of death.

The quantification and expression of genes related to flowering is an important tool to understand this process. Studies carried out in Arabidopsis ssp. have served as a basis for molecular studies in fruit trees. The objective was to quantify the expression of the gene flowering locus T (MiFT) in ‘Ataulfo’ mango and its relationship with environment and growth regulators. Two experiments were carried out: 1) trees with 2 500 mg L -1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) were applied in a single application (1X) at 30 days after pruning (ddp). The mature leaves were collected from September to December 2013 and January to February 2014 under sunny and shaded conditions. Experiment 2: growth regulators, PBZ (2 500 mg L -1 , 1X), calcium prohexadione (P-Ca) (500 mg L -1 , 3X) and gibberellic acid (250 mg L -1 , 1X) were applied. The expression MiFT was quantified, the number and type of growth emerged in flowering, temperature and precipitation were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with factorial arrangement in experiment 1 and completely randomized in experiment 2. MiFT was expressed in all sampled months, the expression varied from 0.3 to 31.4%. On the other hand, when evaluating the expression of the gene with respect to the orientation of the outbreak, the results were 0.081% on the shaded side and 12% on the sunny side. Sunny shoots had the highest flowering ptercentage (66%). MiFT was expressed in leaves treated with PBZ and P-Ca, the highest expression was in December, cooler month, with 4.7 and 30.3%, respectively, which favored flowering. Gibberellins inhibited the expression of the gene and therefore flowering.

El cultivo de garbanzo es afectado por un complejo de lepidópteros, dominando Heliothis spp. y Spodoptera spp., los cuales afectan entre 10-80% de su productividad. El combate de estas plagas, se hace mediante un muestreo visual de huevecillos y posterior aplicación de insecticidas; sin embargo, dicho muestreo da información incorrecta de densidad y especies presentes. Actualmente el uso de trampas cebadas con atrayentes alimenticios y feromonas sexuales, complementa la información generada por los muestreos visuales y proporciona datos más exactos para el monitoreo de la plaga. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar atrayentes alimenticios y sexuales, y su capacidad de atracción a palomillas de Spodoptera exigua en el cultivo de garbanzo. En el estudio se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron atrayente alimenticio comercial (Noctovi©), levadura + azúcar, levadura, polen de quelite y feromona sexual específica de S. exigua; y un testigo sin feromona sexual o atrayente. Las variables evaluadas, fueron poblaciones de palomillas de S. exigua, durante todo el periodo que comprendió el estudio. Los tratamientos donde se identificó mayor atracción y captura de palomilla adulta en las trampas cebadas fueron los tratamientos a base de levadura más azúcar y el comercial Noctovi©, siendo este último el que obtuvo mejores resultados como atrayente en las trampas cebadas para el gusano soldado (S.exigua), lo que lo convierte en potencial herramienta a ser considerada parte de un programa integral de muestreo de esta plaga.