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Mine planning and mine design are crucial stages of a project in the mining industry. This study aimed to determine the impact of different constraints on the design and planning of a mine. Some of the deposit characteristics and parameters that influence the economic feasibility of a project were studied. Using economic criteria such as NPV, scenarios were established based on the best conditions to obtain higher profitability. Production was identified as the most relevant variable. Subsequently, the mining design was evaluated through technical parameters such as slope gradients and ramp widths, and it was identified that they have lower sensitivity in the final design and higher sensitivity in terms of economic feasibility, performance, and environmental implications. Using operational production, the performance of the loading and haulage equipment fleets was evaluated for each of the techno-economic scenarios. Additionally, the environmental cost was compared using equipment fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. This study presents a practical methodology for analyzing relevant variables in mining projects, their interactions, and identifying potential scenarios. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables

With the further development of the construction of ``smart mine,'' the technology of mine unmanned truck has developed rapidly. Road data are an important prerequisite for the mature application of mining and transportation dispatching system and unmanned driving, so it is particularly important to extract the road in open-pit mines timely and accurately. Different from urban roads, mine roads have no clear road edge and more background interference. In view of the above problems, a convolutional neural network called RATT-UNet (R: residual connection; ATT: attention), which combines residual connection, attention mechanism, and U-Net, is proposed to extract mine road from high-resolution remote sensing images. The advantages of the proposed method are listed as follows: first, the well-designed RATT unit combining residual connection and attention mechanism is used to construct the proposed neural network, which improves the network's perception ability of detailed features. Second, the abundant skip connections and residual connections can improve the information flow, allowing a better network to be designed with fewer parameters. Third, a composite loss function based on structural similarity is proposed, which effectively alleviates the noise and edge blurring phenomenon and improves segmentation quality. Finally, we perform postprocessing optimization operations on the road extraction results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RATT-UNet outperforms all the comparing network models in terms of the quality of extraction results and evaluation indicators in the mining road extraction task.

В настоящее время основной тенденцией горнодобывающего производства является усложнение условий разработки и связанные с этим горно-геологические риски освоения новых востребованных для народного хозяйства сложноструктурных месторождений. К разряду месторождений сложного геолого-морфологического строения относится участок Одегелдей Ак-Тальского каменноугольного месторождения в Республике Тыва. Приведены технические решения по снижению технико-технологических и горно-геологических рисков при отработке сложноструктурного месторождения каменного угля, реализация которых позволяет снизить их до приемлемого уровня, достаточного для рассмотрения инвестиционных проектов по его разработке. Рассмотрены варианты инфраструктурного обеспечения добычи угля, включая транспортную доступность месторождения и проблему электроснабжения предприятия и связанных с ним объектов. Установлены параметры разработки и экономические показатели, которые могут обеспечить приемлемый уровень эффективности добычи. Выполнена технико-экономическая оценка перспектив освоения участка Одегелдей, необходимость в которой связана с определенным дефицитом доступного для обеспечения городских котельных и частных домохозяйств угля., Currently, the main trend of mining production is the complication of the development conditions and the associated mining and geological risks of developing new complex-structured deposits that are in demand for the national economy. The Odegeldey section of the Ak-Talsky coal deposit in the Republic of Tyva belongs to the category of deposits of complex geological and morphological structure. This article presents technical solutions to reduce technical and technological as well as mining and geological risks during the development of a complex-structured coal deposit, the implementation of which allows to reduce them to an acceptable level sufficient for consideration of investment projects for its development. Options for infrastructural support of coal mining are considered, including transport accessibility of the deposit and the problem of power supply to the enterprise and related facilities. The development parameters and economic indicators that can provide an acceptable level of production efficiency have been established. The article presents a technical and economic assessment of the prospects for the development of the Odegeldey section, the need for which is associated with a certain shortage of coal available to provide urban boiler houses and private households., Проблемы недропользования, Выпуск 1 (36) 2023

The article considers the possibilities of using automated and information systems with digital images to solve practical problems related to the extraction and processing the natural stone. Computerized processing and image analysis of the surfaces of natural stone and industrial products made from it allows measuring the characteristics of the color, texture of these surfaces, as well as the geometric dimensions and angles of the products along the outer contour. The obtained results will be useful for determining the mechanical characteristics of natural stone in areas of deposits that are mined or planned to be mined, for the study of physical and mechanical characteristics of rocks due to their crystalline structure, for quality control of the front surface and geometric dimensions of industrial products from natural stone. An example of experimental research and evaluation of the composition and structure of samples of gabro rock is given. The main directions of using automated and information systems with digital images to obtain measurement information about the characteristics of natural stone samples and products in the mining and geological field are presented and systematized. This makes it possible to increase the efficiency of mining operations for the open-pit mining of natural stone deposits, the accuracy of determining the characteristics of samples and products, and to increase the quality and competitiveness of industrial products of enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing block natural stone., У статті розглядаються можливості застосування автоматизованих та інформаційних систем з цифровими зображеннями для розв’язання практичних задач, що пов’язані з видобуванням та обробкою природного каменю. Комп’ютеризована обробка та аналіз зображень поверхонь природного каменю та промислових виробів з нього дозволяє вимірювати характеристики кольорової текстури цих поверхонь, а також геометричні розміри та кути виробів по зовнішньому контуру. Отримані результати будуть корисними для визначення механічних характеристик природного каменю на ділянках родовищ, що розробляються чи плануються до розробки, для дослідження фізико-механічних характеристик гірських порід, що обумовлені їх кристалічною будовою, для контролю якості лицьової поверхні і геометричних розмірів промислових виробів з природного каменю. Наведено приклад експериментальних досліджень та оцінки складу й будови зразків габроїдної породи. Наведено й систематизовано основні напрями використання автоматизованих та інформаційних систем з цифровими зображеннями для отримання вимірювальної інформації про характеристики зразків та виробів з природного каменю в гірничо-геологічній галузі. Це дозволяє підвищити ефективність гірничих робіт з відкритої розробки родовищ природного каменю, точність визначення характеристик зразків та виробів, підвищити якість та конкурентоспроможність промислової продукції підприємств з видобування й обробки блочного природного каменю.

In the context of planning the exploitation of an open-pit mine, the final pit limit problem consists of finding the volume to be extracted so that it maximizes the total profit of exploitation subject to overall slope angles to keep pit walls stable. To address this problem, the ore deposit is discretized as a block model, and efficient algorithms are used to find the optimal final pit. However, this methodology assumes a deterministic scenario, i.e., it does not consider that information, such as ore grades, is subject to several sources of uncertainty. This paper presents a model based on stochastic programming, seeking a balance between conflicting objectives: on the one hand, it maximizes the expected value of the open-pit mining business and simultaneously minimizes the risk of losses, measured as conditional value at risk, associated with the uncertainty in the estimation of the mineral content found in the deposit, which is characterized by a set of conditional simulations. This allows generating a set of optimal solutions in the expected return vs. risk space, forming the Pareto front or efficient frontier of final pit alternatives under geological uncertainty. In addition, some criteria are proposed that can be used by the decision maker of the mining company to choose which final pit best fits the return/risk trade off according to its objectives. This methodology was applied on a real case study, making a comparison with other proposals in the literature. The results show that our proposal better manages the relationship in controlling the risk of suffering economic losses without renouncing high expected profit.

The results of dig limit delineation in open pit mining are never truly optimized due to gaps in the underlying data, such as insufficient sampling. Aside from the data uncertainty, there is also an influence on the final dig limit by either humans or by the heuristic character of an optimization method like simulated annealing. Several dig limit optimizers have been published, which can replace the manual dig-limits designing process. However, these dig limit designs are generally not adapted to account for this heuristic character. In this paper we present a stochastic analysis tool that can be used with the results of heuristic dig-limit optimization to increase confidence in the obtained results. First, an enhanced simulated annealing algorithm for dig limit optimization is presented. Then, this algorithm is tested on ten different blasts at the Marigold mine, Nevada, USA, as a case study. Finally, the results are analysed with a destination-based ensemble probability map and an analysis conducted of the final solution data distribution. The generated dig-limit designs of the algorithm include high revenue areas that are excluded in comparable manual designs and show improved objective and revenue values. The analysis tool provides block destination probabilities and box plots with the distribution of opportunity value for the dig limit. Furthermore, with the analysis tool, it is possible to make well-informed design decisions in areas of uncertainty.

Despite the upward trend in using semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying system (SMIPCC), some mining companies still hesitate to use SMIPCC in their operations. Therefore, a framework is needed...

The identification of open-pit mine water sources is of great significance in preventing water disasters. Combined with hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis, this paper systematically analyzed the hydraulic connections between aquifers and the complex seepage water sources in the pit and roadway of Dagushan iron mine through qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. According to the hydrochemical characteristics of the study area, the causes of seepage water at different positions in the mining area were reasonably explained. The results show that there is a possible hydraulic connection or similar source of water body between the bedrock fissure aquifer and the eluvium pore aquifer. The water seepage of 2# roadway mainly comes from bedrock fissure aquifer in the north of mining area. The reason for serious water seepage in the 3# roadway and the western side of the pit is that the fault connects the shallow alluvial pore aquifer and bedrock fissure aquifer. The source of water on the southern side pit comes from the river and groundwater on the southern side of the mine. The results presented here provide significant guidance for the management of mine water seepage problems.

The Crowsnest coalfield is a separated structural coalfield at the East Kootenay basin within southeast British Columbia. Selected Jurassic-Cretaceous two coals seam S-10 and S-C of the Mist-Mountain formation were investigated from the points of coal petrography to construct a Paleo-limnological setting. Twenty-two channel coal samples were assembled and measured from S-10 and S-C coal seams. Vitrinite reflectance measuring of the S-10 coal concern to low-volatile bituminous (1.61, on average). While the vitrinite reflectance measurements of S-C coal seam show an average value of 0.98 related to high-volatile bituminous. Petrographic analysis demonstrates that the S-10 coal seam appears to be rich in inertinite than the S-C coal seam that appears rich in vitrinite. Applying coal facies indices of Tissue Preservation Index, Gelification Index, Ground Water Index Vegetation Index and coal facies diagrams for the studied coal seams aid to suggest a condition of the depositional Paleo-environments. The results promote Paleo-depositional sites of telmatic to limno-telmatic setting of rheotropic systems swamp. The obtained results show a trend of increase in both herbaceous flora and anoxic waterlogged limo-telmatic setting toward the younger coal seam S-C than the older S-10 coal seam.

The article defines the object of control in the form of signals of current trajectories (CT), along which unmanned vehicles (UMV) move. It describes the subject field of research – the principle and technology of forming the signals generated by the computer-aided system for modal controlling the UMVs during their movement along quarry routes. In order to develop procedures for identifying an upcoming trajectory of the UMV when bypassing some static or dynamic obsta-cles, conditions are included in the software and hardware complex for the formation of the UMV corresponding trajectory direction based on assigned sinusoidal-like frequency-time-dependent functions (chirp signals) responsible for redirecting the UMV along a particular trajectory. The cor-responding chirp signals for the left and right deviation trajectories of the UMV are fixed. The no-tion of sporadic disturbances and force-modal transient processes (TP) is introduced. There has been also reviewed a new description of TP, whose signal contains the variable frequency changing by a certain law depending on the direction and nature of a CT deviation and the environment of UMV. The essence and reasons for the effects of structural and parametric nonstationarity of the control object (CO) are explained. Analytical and graphical interpretations of the emerging non-stationarity caused by the introduction of additional stationary and dynamic-type poles into the CO are presented. It is noted that the stationary poles characterize the inertia of the aperiodic components of the trajectory chirp signals, and the dynamic ones determine the permanently varied frequency of transients (their chirp form). The properties of both sporadic and forced-modal TPs’ poles localized on the complex plane are characterized. Calibration characteristics are determined that establish a relationship between the instantaneous frequency of TP and the metric deviation of UMV CT relative to the nominal axial trajectory. The difference between the procedures of localization and re-localization of poles for modal upward and downward reverse TP, on which the efficiency and safety of UMV moving along the quarry routes, depends, is functionally identified and considered. All the procedures mentioned above make it possible to monitor online and control effectively the dynamics of operative and safe UMV trajectory moving along technological quarry routes in open pit mining

In this paper, an attempt has been made to implement various robust techniques to predict rock fragmentation due to blasting in open pit mines using effective parameters. As rock fragmentation prediction is very complex and complicated, and due to that various artificial intelligence-based techniques, such as artificial neural network (ANN), classification and regression tree and support vector machines were selected for the modeling. To validate and compare the prediction results, conventional multivariate regression analysis was also utilized on the same data sets. Since accuracy and generality of the modeling is dependent on the number of inputs, it was tried to collect enough required information from four different open pit mines of Iran. According to the obtained results, it was revealed that ANN with a determination coefficient of 0.986 is the most precise method of modeling as compared to the other applied techniques. Also, based on the performed sensitivity analysis, it was observed that the most prevailing parameters on the rock fragmentation are rock quality designation, Schmidt hardness value, mean in-situ block size and the minimum effective ones are hole diameter, burden and spacing. The advantage of back propagation neural network technique for using in this study compared to other soft computing methods is that they are able to describe complex and nonlinear multivariable problems in a transparent way. Furthermore, ANN can be used as a first approach, where much knowledge about the influencing parameters are missing.

In this paper, combined with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), information entropy theory, and set pair analysis (SPA) theory, an improved set pair analysis model (EFAHP-SPA) for open-pit mine slope stability evaluation based on entropy method and FAHP is proposed. Taking the east-side slope of Tonglvshan north open-pit mine in Daye as an example, the proposed method is verified. First, an open-pit mine slope stability evaluation index system with 14 indicators in 4 categories, namely the topography and geomorphology, geological structure, hydrogeology, and other factors, have been constructed. Second, the objective weight and subjective weight of each evaluation index are calculated by entropy and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and then the comprehensive weight of the evaluation index is estimated based on subjective weight and objective weight. Afterward, the single-index connection degree between the evaluation index and the evaluation standard of the secondary subsystem is evaluated considering the improved set pair analysis theory, and the comprehensive connection degree of the system is obtained by combining it with the comprehensive weight of each evaluation index. Finally, the confidence criterion is established to discern the risk grade of slope stability in the east-side slope of the north open pit in Daye Tonglvshan mine. Moreover, case studies and comparisons of the proposed model with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and Entropy-SPA model were performed to confirm the validity and reliability. The results show that the evaluation results of the proposed EFAHP-SPA model are consistent with the actual situation of open-pit mines and the evaluation results of entropy-SPA model and are somewhat different from those of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It indicates that the proposed EFAHP-SPA evaluation model can objectively evaluate the slope stability of the open-pit mine.

The object of research is the technological processes of the development of deposits and the extraction of solid minerals by underground and open-pit methods. The improvement of technological processes is achieved through the use of existing original technical solutions, which are currently advisable to use in practice. The work is aimed at increasing the efficiency of explosive energy use, improving the technological processes of mining operations in coal mines and open pits of mining enterprises. In the course of the study, an analysis of technical literature on mining topics was used, a search for copyright certificates for inventions and patents on the same topic was carried out. There was a search for innovative solutions that are expedient to apply at the present time. In the course of the analysis, the work shows ideas, methods of coal mining, systems for the development of coal seams, methods of destruction of rocks, microbiological reclamation and other new technologies and devices. The most promising technologies have been proposed for in-depth study, implementation and use in appropriate mining and geological conditions. The proposed technologies, for various reasons, have not yet found wide practical application at mining enterprises. Due to the application of the proposed technical solutions and technologies in practice in the conditions of existing coal mines and open pits, significant economic, environmental and financial effects can be obtained. This study was carried out in order to bring to a wide circle of specialists technical solutions that can contribute to a significant improvement in the technology of mining solid minerals, both in underground and open-pit mining all over the world.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The needs of fuel pellets from varied feed stocks have opened up opportunities and challenges for pellets production from non-woody biomass. Wastes of plastic recycling and wood sawing contained a high potential for energy source and suited for pelletizing as a solid fuel. METHODS: The characteristics and combustion kinetics of fuel pellets made using a mixture of waste of polyethylene terephthalate and biomass (Tectona grandis Linn.f) with a polyethylene terephthalate to biomass ratio of 9:1. The investigation covered physico-chemical properties and their functional group analysis, heavy metal concentration and ionic leachability testing, and ash analysis. In this context, thermogravimetric analysis was used in an atmosphere of oxygen gas, over a temperature range of 50-800 °C and at different heating rates. The work ends with discussion of the kinetics study via three comparative evaluations and the feasibility of fuel pellets for energy utilization. FINDINGS: Pelletizing with this ratio (9:1) was present the durability of PET/biomass pellets, a uniform dimension, ease handling, storage, and transportation common as woody pellets. Some technical challenges such as low moisture content and high volatile matter content were feedstock dependent. The major characteristics were a combination of those from both the constituent materials. Functional groups of the pellets were contributed by terephthalate and lignocellulose. The addition of a small amount of biomass in pellets could improve their thermal decomposition behavior. The properties of the polyethylene terephthalate/biomass pellets indicated that were fit for combustion with a high heating value equal to 19.20 MJ/kg. Heavy metals and ionic contaminants were below the maximum limits of the standards because of the cleanliness of the raw materials. However, the minor effects of earth materials and a caustic soda detergent were resulted in the alteration of residue chemicals. The pellets had lower ignition, devolatilization, and burnout temperatures than the original polyethylene terephthalate waste; likewise, the peak and burnout temperatures shifted to a lower zone. The activation energy values obtained using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and Starink models were similar and in the range 142–146 kJ/mol. CONCLUSION: These findings may provide crucial information on fuel pellets from blended polyethylene terephthalate/biomass to assist the design and operation of a co-combustion system with traditional solid fuels. Such modifications of fuel pellets suggest the possibility of operating in large-scale furnace applications and can further be upgraded to other fuels production via modern bioenergy conversion processes. ========================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.==========================================================================================

A method of intelligent search for accurate solutions to the planning of open-pit mining has been developed. The method is implemented within the framework of the Constraint Programming Paradigm that allows us to process heterogeneous qualitative and quantitative constraints (in particular, economic, technological, etc.) simultaneously, as well as to maintain the model of subject domain being developed which is open to adding new constraints or deleting existing constraints. Various constraints can be added to the model, including those for which it is difficult to find a suitable analytical expression. In contrast to existing methods of local search the proposed method systematically explores the search space. The method allows us to find a global optimum in large dimensional spaces that describe practically significant problems arising in production. Currently, to solve this problem, the methods of integer linear programming are widely used. But its fundamental disadvantage is the need to represent all the constraints in the form of linear equalities and inequalities. However, in practice, some combinatorial optimization problems cannot be linearized and solved using traditional methods of mathematical programming. The developed method is illustrated by the example of a three-dimensional problem of finding the position of an intermediate pit wall by the processing periods taking into account the specified performance for mineral and overburden rocks and the objective profit function taking into account discounting. The types of constraints necessary for modeling the problem under consideration are identified. The possibility of applying the existing inference procedures on constraints is considered for these types. The method proposed makes it possible to obtain accurate solutions due to the intellectualization of the solution process by using highly efficient algorithms of reducing the search space for each type of constraints and specialized heuristics for pruning unpromising alternatives in the search tree.

On the example of JSC SUEK, the expediency of using robotic technologies at open-pit mining enterprises in Russia is considered. The analysis of industrial safety, socio-economic factors and economic feasibility suggests the need for the use of robotic technologies in mining enterprises. The ideology and practical steps of digital transformation in mining were formed in stages. Positively influencing the efficiency of work and the level of industrial safety of mining enterprises, the processes of digital transformation at mining enterprises in Russia have passed the stages of development: The first stage is Sensors and autonomous GIS products, the equipment of which allowed optimizing the loading of mining equipment by an average of 8%, increasing tire mileage by 7–15%, practically preventing accidents, digitizing mining and geological systems; The second stage is monitoring and statistics, which, using the experience of the first stage, made it possible to achieve an average fuel economy of 10%, increase cargo transportation productivity by 15%, and increase the technical readiness coefficient (CTG) by 4%; The third stage - Optimization and integration” contributed to an increase in the productivity of mining equipment by 10-15% stabilization of the quality of coal (ore), an increase in the productivity of drilling rigs by 15-20% while reducing the cost of drilling by 2–7%; The fourth stage is Predictive analysis, where, based on the achievements of the three previous stages, the prediction of the risk of accidents is achieved and, taking into account the modeling of optimization of technical and economic processes, preliminary maintenance is carried out with a forecast of production from extraction to enrichment. The fifth stage - Robotics - is a “revolutionary” increase in productivity due to changes in the parameters of geotechnologies. Modern production based on digital technologies is exposed to three main drivers: changing demands of mining enterprises, technology development and increased competition. Digital transformation is the process of transition of an enterprise to new ways of thinking based on the need to improve industrial and environmental safety and work based on the use of social, mobile and other digital applications.

PurposeAccording to United Nations reports, the worldwide population is expected to reach around 9.6 billion by 2050. This forecasting emphasizes the role of phosphate-based fertilizers for developing sustainable agriculture and ensures the demand all over the planet. From this perspective, phosphate companies are racing to improve their industrial performance and guarantee the quality, reliability and integrity of information efficiently. The purpose of this paper is to propose a traceability system framework that ensures product quality tracing and real-time operations monitoring for open-pit mines.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a hybrid approach that integrates Business Process Model and Notation techniques with System Modeling Language to formalize several use cases and scenarios to model quality traceability processes related to open-pit mines. This framework also embeds an optimization module based on mathematical modeling approaches to optimize stockpiles’ movement and respect the distinction between different qualities.FindingsThis paper explains a successful implementation of a quality traceability tool for an African mining company. The research team was able to understand and scale down the problem faced by the managers. Further, the study is focused on improving quality tracing over time and automatizing the current compliance processes related to the mine extraction activities. The proposed tool is proved highly effective in reducing the time of tracing quality claims by 46% compared with the manual procedure. Second, the implementation of this tool reduced fuel costs by 34% and CO2 emissions by 10%.Originality/valueThe originality of the contributions lies in four aspects: (1) adapting quality traceability concept for the mining industry; (2) assessing the current trends of traceability systems considering the mining industry context; (3) hybridizing business processes re-engineering, quality system and optimization modeling; and (4) using a real case study of a phosphate company to evaluate the framework.

—Mass industrial explosions on extended benches of open pits are the most effective way to crush rock. Such explosions are accompanied by the rise of a gas and dust cloud. Three-dimensional numerical experiments are used to study the interaction of ascending gas and dust clouds generated by three, five, and multiple linearly arranged explosions in open pit mines. We examine both the initial stage of formation of a hot rarefied dust and gas cloud after the scattering of detonation products and the subsequent rise of thermals caused by buoyancy forces. We have obtained the dependences of the rise altitude and the size of the gas and dust clouds on the distance between adjacent explosions.

El presente informe de práctica empresarial tiene por objetivo apoyar la gestión ambiental de la calidad del aire en el proyecto minero Las Palmeras durante el primer periodo del 2021 situado en el municipio de Puerto Libertador, Córdoba. En la mina Las Palmeras se explota carbón a través de minería a cielo abierto por medio del sistema pala camión, esta actualmente requiere analizar los datos de monitoreo de calidad del aire durante el primer semestre del 2021, documentar las quejas sobre la calidad del aire en el área directa de influencia y definir acciones de mitigación para la gestión de la calidad del aire en el proyecto. Todo esto se realizará por medio de indicadores apoyados en el Protocolo de Sistemas de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Aire del MAVDT (2008) el cual define cinco (5) categorías que brindan herramientas e información para la Gestión de la Calidad de Aire: presión, estado, respuesta, exposición y salud. Siendo los de interés para este informe los indicadores de presión, estado, respuesta. Por otra parte, se realizarán una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones con el fin de que Gecelca S.A.E.S.P. pueda mejorar su sistema de gestión ambiental de la calidad del aire. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 1 2. PLATAFORMA ESTRATÉGICA DE LA EMPRESA .................................... 3 2.1. ESTRUCTURA ORGÁNICA ................................................................................ 4 2.2. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA DE TRABAJO .......................................................... 5 3. MARCO CONCEPTUAL ................................................................................ 7 4. DIAGNÓSTICO ESPECÍFICO DE LA EMPRESA ...................................... 10 5. ACTIVIDADES DESARROLLADAS .......................................................... 12 5.1. ANÁLISIS LOS DATOS DE MONITOREO DE CALIDAD DEL AIRE DURANTE EL PRIMER SEMESTRE DEL 2021 EN EL PROYECTO MINERO “LAS PALMERAS”. ............................................................................................................. 12 5.2. DOCUMENTAR LAS QUEJAS SOBRE LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE EN EL ÁREA DIRECTA DE INFLUENCIA. .................................................................................... 15 5.3. DEFINIR ACCIONES DE MITIGACIÓN PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE EN EL PROYECTO MINERO “LAS PALMERAS”. ................................ 18 6. PROPUESTA DE MEJORAMIENTO ..................................................................... 24 6.1. OBJETIVOS PROPUESTOS ................................................................................ 24 7. APORTE DEL ESTUDIANTE ................................................................................ 29 8. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................... 32 9. RECOMENDACIONES ................................................................................ 33 10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 34 Anexos ………………………………………………………………………………….37 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Ambiental Práctica Empresarial

The mining sector’s share in Ethiopia’s economy is gradually increasing. Among metallic mines, Legadembi for gold and Kenticha for tantalum are the main contributors. At Kenticha, the Ethiopian Mineral Development Share Company is producing tantalite concentrate of 40-60% grade by open pit mining. The mine area is comprised of the rocks of Neoproterozoic age, pegmatite, granite, serpentinite, and talc-chlorite schist. The ore-bearing pegmatite intruding the basement serpentinite, and talc schist rocks, is asymmetric, N-S trending, and locally affected by fractures and local faults. Mining, at present, is being done using conventional methods not by developing benches. An optimum open pit design is developed and its impact on the run of mine is evaluated based on the field data, technical mine report data, borehole data, tonnage data, grade data, and mine survey. The suggested design has taken into account the mine drainage, bench design, haul road design, and mine waste dump design. Also keeping in view the future mining and production requirements. The suggested open pit mine design can minimize the dilution and improve the ore recovery.

This study developed a new perspective of artificial neural networks using dimensional analysis to be applicable to certain prediction problems. To this end, dimensional analysis was combined with multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function neural networks for application to prediction of blast-induced dust emission. The dimensional analysis concept was designed to improve the prediction performance in the neural network process. The results of the developed neural networks were validated by comparing them with the measured results. Insights indicated that the dimensional multi-layer perceptron neural network analysis was better than that of the dimensional radial basis function neural network. In addition, the region's winds and their impacts on dust emissions were investigated in detail to estimate wind velocity and direction. A radius of approximately 1 km was identified as the dust impact zone, where agricultural and residential areas may be affected adversely.

The depths of open-pit mines have been increasing in the last few decades. This transformation generates a vast amount of waste rock material per unit mining area imposing a significant economic, social and environmental liability on the mine operators. The scarcity of dumping land along with the rise in population, competing urbanization and associated environmental clearance problems require accommodating this ever-growing volume of waste rock material at restricted available space. On the contrary, the frequency of accidents due to the instability of the waste dump slope structures has also increased, resulting in significant fatalities, apart from the economic, social and environmental impacts of these disasters. Numerous scientific studies have been conducted to reduce the occurrence of such incidents. This paper conducts a critical review of the numerical modelling-based stability analysis of such waste dump slope structures. The popularly cited cases of dump slope instability have been analysed to synthesize pertinent findings regarding the approach of stability analysis, broader design criteria, and optimization. The critical parameters to numerical modelling-based design of a safe dump slope structure are discussed in detail. The significant output parameters, apart from the factor of safety, are also outlined for evaluating the state of stability.

The open pit mining load and haul system has been a mainstay of the mining industry for many years. While machines have increased in size and scale and automation has become an important development, there have been few innovations to the actual load and haul process itself in recent times. This research highlights some of the potential productivity and safety benefits that the incorporation of a surge loader may bring to the load and haul system through an analysis of the system, discussion of component characteristics, and mine planning aspects. The incorporation of the surge loader into open pit loading and haulage operations also enables improved safety. This is a result of a reduction in shovel–truck interactions and the reduced likelihood of truck overfilling and uneven loading. This paper details the number of mine worker deaths that a surge loader may have prevented within the Peruvian and Chilean mining industries.

This paper deals with optimal decisions regarding truck and shovel scheduling problem in open-pit mines. A mixed-integer linear goal programming model (MILGP) is formulated for solving the problem,...

The allocation of trucks in open pit mines is a field with great potential for optimizing resources and applying advanced computer modeling techniques, mainly because many companies still choose to use manual allocation, which is premised on the decisions made by the operator, being subject to common failures and not reaching the maximum potential that the equipment can provide. Therefore, this work focuses on optimizing the allocation of trucks in order to increase production, reducing queue time and keeping ore grades within proper limits. The proposed algorithm was based on the differential evolution technique, where two types of mutation operators were used: rand/1/bin and best/1/bin, thus verifying the most suitable to solve the problem. The trucks were allocated in the ore loading and unloading process, aiming to improve the production capacity in a virtual mine. The results brought a convergence to the maximum global production, in addition to which, the allocation of unnecessary transport equipment to the planned routes was avoided. The two mutation operators compared had certain advantages and disadvantages, each better adapting to certain types of situations. The proposed technique can still be extended to other areas, for example, in the transport of grain on the road network or in the implementation of an allocation in freight cars that transport grain.

Road extraction in open-pit mine is one of the important tasks of intelligent dispatching and manless driving. However, traditional methods for extracting open-pit roads cannot capture detailed inf...

At present time,Mozambiqueis called the “Rising Star of South Africa” mainly due to the rapid development of its mining industry. Mineral resources sector ofMozambiqueis one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the country’s economy.China,BrazilandIndiahave recently become the main partners forMozambique. Recently, a number of projects is being implemented in the country, for example, Auroch Minerals Manica Gold in gold production. Increasing coal production is connected with commissioning of the Moatize open pit, which is being developed by Brazilian Vale Company, as well as Benga mining company owned by Indian ICVL consortium. The analysis of the extraction of certain mineral types inMozambiquepresented in the paper demonstrates general picture of mining industry development in the country. The analysis findings allow identifying the causes of negative phenomena in the industry, manifesting themselves in decreasing production of certain types of minerals. For instance, the main reasons for the decline in coal production were dropping labor productivity, deterioration of mining conditions, and depletion of the most accessible coal reserves, extractable by open pit mining. In this regard, development of underground mining methods providing for opening of deep deposits by vertical shaft sets is highly relevant. The experience of the neighboringRepublicofSouth Africashows that, in the mining and geological conditions of the south of the African continent, highspeed shaft sinking methods accelerating deposit development can be successfully applied.

In order to maximize the profit of open-pit mining with irregular boundary, a dynamic optimization method of internal drainage field is proposed according to the open-pit mining principle. The method according to the site within the space and the relationship between the volume of debris, there will be no rules state within the cross mining row of open pit mining engineering is divided into three periods, namely: site within the space of stage saturated site, inner space, site in excess phase space; By building the stope - inside the mine production model, will work in mine stope and line contact with the three periods established relationship, analyses the various periods stripping engineering problems, and puts forward the corresponding solutions, and for optimal solution. This method is applied to the henan open-pit mine of hollin, a state power investment group. In another mining period, the internal drainage space is fully utilized, which reduces the area of land expropriation by the external drainage and achieves the purpose of reducing cost and increasing efficiency.

In order to optimize the shape of the compound slope at the end of the open-pit mine under the condition of non-irregular boundary, the compound slope composed of the stope end and the inner dump in the south of the open-pit mine in Pingshuo is studied. Due to the impact of land acquisition, the space of external dump is seriously insufficient, and with the development and change of mining engineering and the influence of geological structure, the problem of compound form optimization and the release and utilization of internal drain space in the south side is generated. Through field investigation and theoretical analysis and numerical analysis method, on the basis of investigating the ore party production status, to establish a 3 d geological model, select two battery profile typical position, using rigid body limit equilibrium method from the perspective of 2 d, in the full study south help shrink battery limit compound stope side slope and mine safety distance, flat width, and the direction of dump active line and the relationship between the stability design of multiple slope configuration scheme, through the various methods of slope stability, enforceability and comparing some important parameters such as displacement capacity, ultimately determine the technology feasible economic and reasonable boundary zone composite slope space form. Based on the above research results, FLAC3D software was used to study the stress-strain relationship inside the slope, revealing the deformation and failure mechanism and stability of the composite slope in the south bound area. The results show that the landslide mode and stability of the composite slope in the south bound area of pingshuoAndaobao open-pit coal mine are mainly controlled by the safe distance between stope and dump and the weak layer of 11 coal floor. According to the design, the economic and reasonable parameters of the composite slope in the south slope shrinkage boundary area are as follows: the safe distance between the stope end side and the dump site is 50m, the width of the dump flat plate is 60m, and the working line Angle of the dump line with the abandonment height of 255m is 125°, the total discard space was95,934,100 m3.

In order to optimize the Working bench length of inclined composite coal seam open pit mine, Through theoretical analysis and calculation, the relationship between different mining technology working bench and working face transport costs was studied, The influence of the length of the working bench on the stripping ratio of production and the mining with discharging cost of the unit coal in the mining area were studied. Taking the minimum sum of the transportation cost of working face and the cost of mining and discharging of the unit coal as the goal, a mathematical model is established, which takes the working bench as independent variable,the corresponding function curve was obtained, Considering the macroscopic planning of open-pit mine, obtain an optimization method for the length of economical and reasonable working bench of inclined composite coal seam open pit mine on the basis of technical feasibility. A case study of Heishan opencast coal mine,the Results show that when the length of working bench of the 13-2 coal seam is 0.9km, the minimum annual cost of mining and discharging and the transportation cost of the open pit mine were the smallest, and the minimum value is 269 million yuan, Considering the actual pit-limit of Heishan open pit mine, it is concluded that the comprehensive optimum line length of 13-2 coal seam in Heishan open-pit mine is 1.0km.

The optimization method for determining open pit limit is important, as it is crucial to achieve the most profitable outcome from the limited amount of reserves available. However, importance must be also given to geotechnical aspects to ensure that safety requirements are met. Thus, overall slope angle (OSAs) must be incorporated in the optimization process. In the conventional methods, there were problems in incorporating various OSAs, or they were included in the pit design after the completion of the optimization procedure. To include variable OSAs in the optimization, cone-based method is still considered as one of the most suitable approaches. To apply this method, a new mathematical model incorporating various OSAs into the ultimate pit problem through mixed integer programming (MIP) and simulated annealing is proposed. Four different cases of change in OSAs in the pit were included in the algorithm. The proposed method was verified by applying it to five different cases, and the OSA was achieved with a considerably low difference of 0°–2° while optimizing the ultimate pit. The comparison between the introduced algorithm and the Lerchs–Grossman algorithm indicated that an improvement within a range of 8–20% can be achieved.

This paper presents the development and implementation of an innovative mixed integer programming based mathematical model for an open pit mining operation with Grade Engineering framework. Grade Engineering comprises a range of coarse-separation based pre-processing techniques that separate the desirable (i.e. high-grade) and undesirable (i.e. low-grade or uneconomic) materials and ensure the delivery of only selected quantity of high quality (or high-grade) material to energy, water, and cost-intensive processing plant. The model maximizes the net present value under a range of operational and processing constraints. Given that the proposed model is computationally complex, the authors employ a data pre-processing procedure and then evaluate the performance of the model at several practical instances using computation time, optimality gap, and the net present value as valid measures. In addition, a comparison of the proposed and traditional (without Grade Engineering) models reflects that the proposed model outperforms the traditional formulation.

Blast fragmentation size distribution is one of the most critical factors in evaluating the blasting results and affecting the downstream mining and processing operations in open-pit mines. Image-b...

Open pit mines contain ore to be extracted from the surface downwards to obtain a profit. This is achieved using large pieces of equipment with significant space requirements to extract the materia...

Although the atmospheric compensation models developed to date have been generally robust and effective for InSAR, how to choose the right atmospheric correction method for ground-based InSAR is wo...

A brief description of the industrial and logistics center operating in the city of Novorossiysk on the coast of the Tsemesskaya Bay in the Black Sea is presented. According to remote sensing data, the area of open pit mining of rock dumps dumped during the development of three marl deposits for use at four cement plants was determined. According to the results of satellite imagery and analytical calculations, downward trends in changes in the density of vegetation cover in territories with natural landscapes adjacent to the territory of industrial facilities located on the coast of the Tsemesskaya Bay were revealed.

Block caving mining method is one of the most viable and preferred mass underground mining methods for low grade orebody. However, in combined surface and underground mining, the breakthrough of an underground caving under an open pit may result in subsidence at the bottom of the pit. This can pose a serious threat for the stability of the pit and the safety of the mining. In order to ensure the stability of the open pit and guarantee the safety of the mine infrastructures and equipment as well as the continuation of underground mining operations in all serenity, it is extremely important to control pit bottom subsidence. In this paper, the numerical simulation software Phase 2 was used to study the influence of the backfill materials on the stability of an open pit during underground block caving mining. Four undercut levels were considered in the model. The undercuts were located at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 m from the bottom of the pit respectively. Backfilling of subsiding zones of the pit bottom with waste rock was realized each time before moving from a mining level to another. The result obtained show that the pit bottom subsidence increased when moving from the mining level located at 250 m from the pit bottom to the mining level located at 500 m. After that, it begun to decrease progressively with the increasing depth of mining. This is due to the accumulation of waste rock in the stope column. In addition, the tensile stress above the goaf decreased with the increasing mining depth.

Footwall instability is still problematic in many base metal surface mines around the world. The current slope stability analyses by numerical simulation models uses estimated mechanical input parameters to investigate the evolution and failure process of the footwall. However, the estimated mechanical input parameters of the footwall slope in the numerical simulation models may lead to deceptive conclusions. In this article, to cushion the shortfalls of the numerical models, the mechanical input parameters for the footwall slope were adjusted to obtain the numerical simulation results that aligns well with the slope stability monitoring records at the time of footwall slope failure at Nchanga open pit. Then, the geotechnical conditions driving the footwall failure were investigated using the validated numerical simulation model. Thereafter, back analysis was carried according to the field slope displacement monitoring results to determine the mechanical parameters of the rock masses at the time of failure. Then the critical functional relationship between the shear strength parameters of the weak rock unit at the time of failure was established. Study results indicate that the validated numerical model provides more realistic predictions of evolution and failure process of the footwall. The established critical relationship between shear strength parameters of the weak rock unit could be useful to design effective remedial measures against footwall slope stability at Nchanga open pit.

Haulage system in open pit mining corresponds mainly to shovel-truck type systems, which can represent a high percentage of the operating cost of the mine. In addition, long-term open-pit mining tends to lower productivities because of deepening extraction, so improving the efficiency and productivity of the equipment is essential. However, these systems are complex to analyze, which is due both to the existing operational uncertainty and to the internal interactions that the equipment has. This paper proposes an integrated simulation and optimization model that maximizes productivity in the extraction of material, which is achieved by optimizing the dispatch of trucks during the simulation, subject to operating conditions in real time. Different dispatch strategies are presented and compared, and the results show that the use of this integrated approach translates into better operating results than deterministic methods and traditional simulation.

The design of ramps in open pit mining is a complex problem that, even though it has a great impact in the value of a project, does not rely on optimization tools as other problems like the computation of nested pits or direct block scheduling.In this paper, we present a methodology for the design of open pit ramps that aims to assist the design of open pit phases. The methodology is based on mathematical programming and suggest the location and design of a ramp for a reference pushback given as input, then considers constraints like interramp angles, decline and with of the ramp and generates and generates a new puchback with the highest possible value and on a second stage it applies an interpolation algorithm to produce an actual profile of the phase. This work focuses on this second, algorithmic part to show that the interpolation algorithm can generate profiles that are very close to the optimal ones, generated by the mathematical model, and therefore together they provide a viable procedure for automatic pit design in open pit mines.

Understanding groundwater and flow pattern behavior in a given mine site is generally based on accepted theory related to flow through porous granular media. The existence of discontinuities within the rock mass alters the accepted hydraulic behavior being the joint profile and aperture variability a challenge when designing an open pit mine. In this regard, groundwater interaction with the rock mass is the key variable that influences mining slope design and monitoring. This manuscript studies and analyses the geotechnical perspective of an open pit mine and carries out a comprehensive assessment on the groundwater behavior of an open pit mine in a hard rock environment. The analysis is carried out using data gathered from piezometers and correlating the findings with the structural model of the mine. A comparison of the analysis with the results of previous investigations like hydraulic testing and mapping of the mine site are presented comprehensively. The authors propose the concept of receding time for a better understanding of the drainage capability of a given discontinuity (or a set of them) and its importance in assessing groundwater behavior of the pit slope. Discussions are also made on how groundwater flow can be locally modified by slope scale structures and what are the potential consequences there may have for overall slope stability. Under the Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution 3.0 International - CC BY 3.0)

Aerial imaging of an open-pit mine integrated with the visual analytics offers a novel approach for routine monitoring of tension cracks for mine safety. Tension cracks may occur on work- or catch-benches that are excavated according to a computer aided design (CAD) model. The size of the tension cracks, their locations, and evolutions is commonly used to predict slope failures and to assure the mine safety operations. The goal of this research was to replace the current manual interventions with an automated platform for routine report generations for the mine controller. First, a drone was flown on a preprogrammed flight trajectory at a constant elevation to generate a mosaic and a depth map image. Next, work-, catch-benches, and access roads were automatically identified and represented by their medial axes. Subsequently, the waypoints from each medial axis were sequentially uploaded into the drone for scanning the corresponding regions at high-resolution. These high-resolution images were then used to delineate tension cracks. The delineation of tension cracks was performed using steerable filters, ENet, and UNet deep learning models for comparison. The ENet model, with the leave-one-out cross-validation method, produced the best performance profile with an Aggregated Jaccard Index and F1-Score of 0.51 and 0.79, respectively.

2012 yılından itibaren cevher fiyatlarının düşmesi ile birçok madencilik şirketi operasyonlarını durdurma kararı almıştır. İş hayatında kalabilmek için, bazı maden yöneticileri operasyonel maliyetleri düşürme stratejileri araştırmaya başlamıştır. Bir maliyet unsuru olarak önemi göz önüne alındığında, açık ocak madenlerinde delme verimliliğini ve performansını artırmak, önemli ölçüde tasarruf sağlama potansiyeline sahiptir. Verimlilik ve performans kazanımları, delme operasyonunun izlenmesi, izleme verilerinin istatistiksel araçlarla analiz edilmesi ve operasyonel değişkenlerin optimize edilmesiyle gerçekleştirilebilir. Kontrol edilebilir delme parametrelerinin en iyi konfigürasyonunu bulmak, penetrasyon oranını artırmaya ve delici ucu değiştirme süresini optimize etmeye yardımcı olur, böylece daha az delici uç tüketilir. Bu çalışmada, bir tricone delici ucun optimum değiştirme süresi, bir maliyet minimizasyon problemi olarak formüle edilmiş ve bir genetik algoritma (GA) ile çözülmüştür. Önerilen yaklaşımı göstermek için, kontrol edilebilir değişkenlerin delme performansı üzerindeki etkileri deneysel olarak istatistiksel yöntemlerle ölçülmüş ve optimizasyon için kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, önerilen yaklaşımın açık ocak madenlerinde delme uçları için en uygun değiştirme süresini belirlemede kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir., Since 2012, low commodity prices have forced many mining companies to suspend or cease operations. To remain in business, some mine managers are exploring strategies to reduce operational costs. Given its importance as a cost element, increasing bench drilling efficiency and performance in open-pit mines has the potential to generate considerable savings. Efficiency and performance gains can be realized by monitoring the drilling operation, analyzing monitoring data with statistical tools and optimizing operational variables. Finding the best configuration of controllable drilling parameters would help to increase penetration rate and optimize drill bit replacement time so that fewer drill bits are consumed. In this paper, the optimal replacement time of a tricone drill bit is formulated as a cost minimization problem and solved by a genetic algorithm (GA). To demonstrate the proposed approach, the effects of controllable variables on drilling performance are experimentally quantified by statistical methods and used for optimization. Results show that the proposed approach can be used to determine the optimal replacement time for drill bits in open-pit mines.