1. Symptom networks in major depression do not diverge across sex, familial risk, and environmental risk
- Author
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Olivier D. Steen, Hanna M. van Loo, Claudia D. van Borkulo, Psychologische Methodenleer (Psychologie, FMG), Urban Mental Health, and Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE)
- Subjects
LIFE EVENTS ,Population ,Suicidal Ideation ,CENTRALITY ,03 medical and health sciences ,DSM ,0302 clinical medicine ,Recall bias ,HISTORY ,medicine ,Humans ,Major depression ,Symptom networks ,CRITERIA ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Family history ,VALIDITY ,Association (psychology) ,education ,Suicidal ideation ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Retrospective Studies ,education.field_of_study ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,business.industry ,Depression ,Prodromal Stage ,Depressive symptoms ,WOMEN ,ASSOCIATION ,Familial risk ,3. Good health ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Risk factors ,RELIABILITY ,ONSET ,Female ,Sex ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background: Major depression (MD) is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of its symptoms. Symptoms vary by presence of risk factors such as female sex, familial risk, and environmental adversity. However, it is unclear if these factors also influence interactions between symptoms. This study investigates if symptom networks diverge across sex, familial risk, and adversity. Methods: We included 9713 subjects from the general population who reported a lifetime episode of MD based on DSM-IV criteria. The survey assessed a wide set of symptoms, both from within the DSM criteria as well as other symptoms commonly experienced in MD. We compared symptom endorsement rates across sex, age at onset, family history and environmental adversity. We used the Network Comparison Test to test for symptom network differences across risk factors. Results: We found differences in symptom endorsement between groups. For instance, participants with an early onset of MD reported suicidal ideation nearly twice as often compared to participants with a later onset. We did not find any robust differences in symptom networks, which suggests that symptom networks do not diverge across sex, familial risk, and adversity. Limitations: We estimated symptom networks of individuals during their worst lifetime episode of MD. Network differences might exist in a prodromal stage, while disappearing in full-blown MD (equifinality). Furthermore, as we used retrospective reports, results could be prone to recall bias. Conclusions: Despite MD's heterogeneous symptomatology, interactions between symptoms are stable across risk factors and sex.
- Published
- 2021