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In this study, the effect of storage at different times and temperatures on in vitro olive pollen germination was investigated. Pollens of Gemlik and Domat cultivars and GE119 and GK138 genotypes were stored at +4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C for 7, 35, 200, and 365 days, respectively. In vitro germination status of pollen was determined by the petri agar method, by choosing the most suitable nutrient medium for each olive. The most suitable germination media for Gemlik, Domat, GE119, and GK138 pollens were 50 ml water + 15% sucrose + 0.7% agar + 75 ppm boric acid, 50 ml water + 15% sucrose + 0.7% agar, 50 ml water + 25% sucrose + 0.5% agar, 50 ml water respectively. The interaction effect between storage time, temperatures, and cultivar on pollen germination and diameter was determined. At the end of the storage period, the highest pollen germination and diameter were observed in the Gemlik cultivar. Additionally, -80 °C temperature for Gemlik and Domat cultivars and -20 °C temperature for GE119 and GK138 genotypes were suitable for 35 days of storage. All olive pollens in the current study had germination rates below 9% in the following storage periods. The results show that storing olive pollens at sub-zero temperatures will reduce the need for daily fresh pollen collection required for important scientific studies such as breeding and artificial pollination.

Cover crops have long been proposed as an alternative soil management for minimizing erosion rates in olive stands while providing additional ecosystem services. However, the trade-off between these benefits and the competition for water with the trees makes the definition of optimal management practices a challenging task in semiarid climates. This work presents an improved version of OliveCan, a process-based simulation model of olive orchards that now can simulate the main impacts of cover crops on the water and carbon balances of olive orchards. Albeit simple in its formulation, the new model components were developed to deal with different cover crop management strategies. Examples are presented for simulation runs of a traditional olive orchard in the conditions of southern Spain, evaluating the effects of different widths for the strip occupied by the cover crop (Fcc) and two contrasting mowing dates. Results revealed that high Fcc resulted in lower olive yields, but only when mowing was applied at the end of spring. In this regard, late mowing and high Fcc was associated with lower soil water content from spring to summer, coinciding with olive flowering and the earlier stages of fruit growth. Fcc was also negatively correlated with surface runoff irrespective of the mowing date. On the other hand, net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was substantially affected by both Fcc and mowing date. Further simulations under future climate scenarios comparing the same management alternatives are also presented, showing substantial yield reductions by the end of the century and minor or negligible changes in NEP and seasonal runoff., Project funding: This work was supported by “Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades” (“Junta de Andalucía”, Spain) through a project cofunded by ERDF [grant number 27425]. In addition, part of the work was conducted under two projects funded by “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”, Spain, [grant numbers PID2019-110575RB-I00 and PCI2019-103621], one of which into the framework of the MAPPY project (JPI-Climate ERA-NET, AXIS call). The authors also acknowledge financial support from “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”, through the Severo Ochoa and María de Maeztu Program for Centers and Units of Excellence in R&D [grant number CEX2019-000968-M]. Postdoctoral fellowships were granted to the first and second authors by “Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades” (“Junta de Andalucía”, Spain) [grant number POSTDOC-21-00381] and “Ministerio de Universidades (‘María Zambrano’ scholarship) [grant number 2021/86493], respectively., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2019-000968-M).

Inhalation of olive pollen (Olea europaea L.) is one of the main causes of allergy in Mediterranean countries and some areas of North America. The response to allergens consists in the production of inflammatory cytokines which is mediated by the deregulation of Ca2+ signals. In this study, the biological activity of the material released in olive pollen hydration (PMR) was tested on Ca2+ cytosolic of PE/CA-PJ15 cells (PJ-15). Ca2+ cytosolic was determined by fluorometric assay with the cell line PE/CA-PJ15 (PJ-15) labeled with the fluorescent probe FURA 2 AM. The material released in olive pollen hydration (PMR) was analyzed by HPLC for the determination of phenolic acids. PMR was subjected to fractionation by gel filtration, and the fractions with Ca2+-chelating activity were tested with SDS-PAGE and the single bands characterized by proteomic analysis. PMR showed high Ca2+-chelating activity and is able of blocking the increase Ca2+-cytosolic produced by thapsigargin (TG). PMR then restored Ca2+ homeostasis in PJ-15 cells deregulated by the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases inhibitor. It is therefore possible that PMR can antagonize the effects of allergens on Ca2+ cytosolic. The analytical characterization of the material released by the pollen highlighted in the pollen allergen Ole e 3 and in the p-coumaric acid the possible culprits of the Ca2+-antagonist activity of PMR. Furthermore, the sequence of Ole e 3 could provide information for the possible construction of a synthetic peptide to be used in an allergy-targeted Ca2+-antagonist therapy.

In this study, we investigated the influence of pedological parameters and variation of altitude on the mineral nutrients, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of olive leaves. Samples of the Chetoui cultivar were collected from eight geographical locations with different altitudes. Levels of phenolic compounds varied according to the altitude. Classification of the locations revealed that altitude 1 (>500 m) was characterized by high levels of secoiridoids and simple phenols, while altitude 2 (500–300 m) and altitude 3 (

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as Cytospora sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as Cytospora pruinosa Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of C. pruinosa causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.

The large amount of olive cultivars conserved in germplasm banks can be used to overcome some of the challenges faced by the olive growing industry, including climate warming. One effect of climate warming in olive is the difficulty to fulfill the chilling requirements for flowering due to mild winter temperatures. In the present work, we evaluate seven olive cultivars for their adaptation to high winter temperatures by comparing their flowering phenology in the standard Mediterranean climate of Cordoba, Southern Iberian Peninsula, with the subtropical climate of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Flowering phenology in Tenerife was significantly earlier and longer than in Cordoba. However, genotype seems to have little influence on the effects of the lack of winter chilling temperatures, as in Tenerife. This was found even though the cultivars studied had a high genetic distance between them. In fact, all the cultivars tested in Tenerife flowered during the three-year study but showed asynchronous flowering bud burst. ‘Arbequina’ showed an earlier day of full flowering compared with the rest of the cultivars. The results observed here could be of interest to refine the phenological simulation models, including the length of the flowering period. More genetic variability should be evaluated in warm winter conditions to look for adaptation to climate warming.

In olive trees, fluctuations in the onset of phenological stages have been reported due to weather conditions. The present study analyses the reproductive phenology of 17 olive cultivars grown in Elvas (Portugal) in 3 consecutive years (2012–2014). Through 2017–2022, the phenological observations continued with four cultivars. The phenological observations followed the BBCH scale. Over the course of the observations, the bud burst (stage 51) occurred gradually later; a few cultivars did not follow this trend in 2013. The flower cluster totally expanded phase (stage 55) was achieved gradually earlier, and the period between stages 51–55 was shortened, especially in 2014. Date of bud burst showed a negative correlation with minimum temperature (Tmin) of November–December, and, in ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Cobrançosa’, the interval stage 51–55 showed a negative correlation with both the Tmin of February and the Tmax of April, whereas in ‘Galega Vulgar’ and ‘Picual’ there was instead a positive correlation with the Tmin of March. These two seemed to be more responsive to early warm weather, whereas ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Cobrançosa’ were less sensitive. This investigation revealed that olive cultivars behaved differently under the same environmental conditions and, in some genotypes, the ecodormancy release may be linked to endogenous factors in a stronger way.

For the first time the effects of different sampling periods and their interaction with five major autochthonous Croatian Istrian olive cultivars and the Italian cultivar ‘Leccino’ on the quantity and composition of olive leaf phenolic compounds and mineral nutrients were investigated. For that purpose, olive leaves were sampled in two collecting periods, in October and March, coinciding with the harvesting and pruning periods, respectively. All selected cultivars had a higher oleuropein leaf content in the pruning collecting period, with the highest levels noted for the ‘Leccino’ and ‘Buža’ cultivars. Cultivar significantly affected almost all the investigated phenols, with higher concentrations of these valuable compounds in the pruning than in the harvesting period. Differences observed in leaf mineral composition were closely related to the differences in phenolic profiles and were significantly affected by genotype. Some of the studied mineral nutrients, such as P, Cu and B, were found to be significantly correlated with the most abundant olive leaf phenolic compounds, oleuropein and verbascoside.

Dissertação de mestrado em Biologia Molecular, Biotecnologia e Bioempreendedorismo em Plantas, O sector olivícola e agroindústria da azeitona de mesa enfrentam desafios de sustentabilidade ambiental e preocupação por parte dos consumidores com produtos mais saudáveis. As variedades autóctones estão pouco estudadas e por isso as suas potencialidades recentemente começaram a ser exploradas. Nesta Tese de Mestrado são apresentados resultados da caracterização agronómica (duas campanhas) e da fenologia de um conjunto de onze variedades de oliveira com aptidão para azeitona de mesa. São também apresentados parâmetros pomológicos, características físico-químicas e análise sensorial da conserva tradicional de três daquelas variedades (‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Galego de Évora’ e ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’), em três datas de colheita e colocadas numa salmoura de fermentação com 10 % de NaCl (p/v). Em ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’ também foi utilizada uma salmoura de fermentação com 12 % de NaCl (p/v). As variedades com maior copa e área da secção transversal do tronco (AST) foram ‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Conserva de Elvas’ e ‘Ocal’ (cerca de 300 cm2 ). O índice de produtividade (IP) mais elevado observou-se em ‘Galego de Évora’ com 250 g/cm2 . As variedades responderam de forma diferente aos estímulos do clima desde a manifestação do estado 51 (da escala BBCH) e até à floração. O período de floração, no ano de 2022, ocorreu a meados de maio. As pautas da maturação demonstram que estão contempladas variedades aptas para a conserva em verde, conserva mista, e conserva em negro. Os frutos da variedade ‘Redondil’ apresentaram a maior relação polpa/caroço (12.12), e o maior peso médio por fruto pertenceu a ‘Judiaga’ (15.02 g). A menor relação polpa/caroço e o menor peso do fruto pertenceram à variedade ‘Galega Vulgar’ (6.88 e 2.62 g, respetivamente). Na análise sensorial, as azeitonas de mesa das três variedades submetidas a fermentação natural foram classificadas na Categoria Extra. O atributo “avinhado” foi percebido em amostras de ‘Galego de Évora’ e de ‘Galega Vulgar’. Em ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’, a utilização de 12 % de NaCl (p/v) na salmoura de fermentação, comparativamente à salmoura com 10 % de NaCl (p/v), não repercutiu efeitos na qualidade sensorial dos frutos, principalmente em relação à terceira data de colheita quando a dureza da polpa foi mais reduzida., Table olive production is facing challenges of environmental sustainability and the consumer demand for healthier products has increased. Autochthonous varieties are poorly studied and for that reason their potentialities have recently begun to be explored. In this Master's Thesis are presented the results of the agronomic characterization (two harvests) and the phenological growth of a group of eleven olive tree varieties suitable for table olive production. Three of those varieties ('Galega Vulgar', 'Galego de Évora' and 'Maçanilha de Tavira') were processed according to the traditional method. The results about their pomological parameters, physical-chemical characteristics and sensory analysis, respecting three harvest dates and produced by fermentation in brine with 10 % of NaCl concentration (w/v), are here presented. Also, in ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’ was tested a fermentation brine with 12 % NaCl (w/v). The varieties with both the largest canopy and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) were 'Galega Vulgar', 'Conserva de Elvas' and 'Ocal' (about 300 cm2 ). The highest productivity index (PI) was observed in 'Galego de Évora' with 250 g/cm2 . Varieties responded differently to climatic conditions from stage 51 (BBCH scale) to flowering. The flowering period, in 2022, occurred in mid-May. The maturation phases showed varieties suitable for green table olives, mixed, and black table olives production. The fruits of the 'Redondil' variety had the highest pulp/pit ratio (12.12), and the highest average weight per fruit belonged to 'Judiaga' (15.02 g). The lowest pulp/pit ratio and lowest fruit weight belonged to 'Galega Vulgar' (6.88 and 2.62 g, respectively). Tasting panel considered that all the three varieties of table olives produced by natural fermentation in brine were classified as Extra or Fancy. The attribute “winey–vinegary” was perceived in samples of 'Galego de Évora' and 'Galega Vulgar'. In 'Maçanilha de Tavira', the use of a fermentation brine with NaCl concentration of 12 % (w/v) had no effect on the sensory quality of the product (compared to the brine with 10 % NaCl), especially in relation to the 3rd harvest date when the hardness of the pulp was lower., Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto “AzeitonaPLUS - Valorização de Variedades de Oliveira Autóctones para Conserva” (ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000051), financiado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do Programa Operacional Regional do Alentejo 2020.

The present study aims to assess the antioxidant and antiviral effectiveness of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europaea L. var. sativa and Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris. The total antioxidant activity was determined via both an ammonium phosphomolybdate assay and a nitric oxide radical inhibition assay. Both extracts showed reducing abilities in an in vitro system and in human HeLa cells. Indeed, after oxidative stress induction, we found that exposition to olive leaf extracts protects human HeLa cells from lipid peroxidation and increases the concentration of enzyme antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, OESA treatment affects viral DNA accumulation more than OESY, probably due to the exclusive oleuropein content. In fact, subtoxic concentrations of oleuropein inhibit HSV-1 replication, stimulating the phosphorylation of PKR, c-FOS, and c-JUN proteins. These results provide new knowledge about the potential health benefits and mechanisms of action of oleuropein and oleuropein-rich extracts.

As projeções climáticas alertam para intensas modificações do clima, nomeadamente na península Ibérica. Os desafios que a olivicultura irá enfrentar, em particular nesta região do globo, e como irão as diferentes variedades reagir é uma preocupação crescente para todo o setor. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano de 2022 e teve como foco a fenologia do desenvolvimento das inflorescências e da floração, parâmetros ligados com a qualidade da flor e as interações que se estabeleceram com a produção anterior. As oliveiras estão instaladas na Coleção Portuguesa de Referência de Oliveira (CPRCO) e foram selecionadas 11 variedades: 2 autóctones de Espanha (‘Picual’ e ‘Arbequina’); e 9 autóctones de Portugal (‘Maçanilha de Tavira’, ‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Galego de Évora’, ‘Conserva de Elvas’, ‘Blanqueta de Elvas’, ‘Tentilheira’, ‘Azeiteira’, ‘Judiaga’ e ‘Bico de Corvo’). A escala de estados fenológicos utilizada foi a BBCH. O abrolhamento teve início a 17 de março com a manifestação do estado 51 dominante. O período de floração das variedades foi, essencialmente, durante o final da 1.a quinzena de maio. Para a maioria das variedades, a plena floração (PF) foi de 3 dias, e o máximo foi de 5 dias (‘Conserva de Elvas’ e ‘Galego de Évora’). A data média de PF variou entre 11 (‘Conserva de Elvas’) e 15 (‘Galego de Évora’) de maio. A maioria dos materiais teve carga floral muito baixa (≤ 20 % da copa com inflorescências), exceto ‘Tentilheira’ que apresentou o nível máximo. Com boa qualidade da flor destacou-se ‘Azeiteira’ (proporção de flores perfeitas variou entre 65 % e 81 %), seguida de ‘Blanqueta de Elvas’ e ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’. Verificou-se a existência de diferenças entre variedades ao nível do número de inflorescências por 10 cm de ramo frutífero, número total de flores por inflorescência, e número de flores perfeitas por inflorescência. A produção das oliveiras no ano anterior (2021) e o número de flores perfeitas por inflorescência apresentaram correlações positivas e também negativas em algumas variedades. Houve variabilidade no comportamento e nos mecanismos de resposta das variedades às condições climáticas prevalecentes. Climate projections warn of intense climate changes, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. The challenges that olive growing will face, particularly in this region of the globe, and the capability to predict if the different varieties will be able to adapt to the new environment conditions is a growing concern. The present work was developed during 2022 and it’s focused on the phenology of the development of inflorescences and flowering, parameters related to flower quality and the interactions established with the previous fruit yield. The olive trees are installed in the Olive Reference Collection of Portugal (CPRCO) and 11 varieties were selected: 2 autochthonous Spanish genotypes (‘Picual’ and ‘Arbequina’); and 9 autochthonous Portuguese genotypes ('Maçanilha de Tavira', 'Galega Vulgar', 'Galego de Évora', 'Conserva de Elvas', 'Blanqueta de Elvas', 'Tentilheira', 'Azeiteira', 'Judiaga' and 'Bico de Corvo'). Phenological growth was described according to BBCH scale. Budbreak began on March 17th with the manifestation of state 51 (dominant). The flowering periods were essentially during the end of the first half of May. For the majority of the varieties, full flowering (FF) lasted for 3 days, and the maximum for 5 days (‘Conserva de Elvas’ and ‘Galego de Évora’). The average date of FF varied between May 11th (‘Conserva de Elvas’) and May 15th (‘Galego de Évora’). Most of the materials had a very low flowering intensity (≤ 20% of the canopy with inflorescences), except 'Tentilheira', which presented the maximum level. Good flower quality was observed in 'Azeiteira' (the proportion of perfect flowers varied between 65% and 81%), followed by 'Blanqueta de Elvas' and 'Maçanilha de Tavira'. There were differences between varieties in terms of number of inflorescences per 10 cm of fruiting branch, total number of flowers per inflorescence, and number of perfect flowers per inflorescence. The production of olive trees in the previous year (2021) and the number of perfect flowers per inflorescence showed both positive and negative correlations in some varieties. There was variability in the behaviour and response mechanisms of the varieties to the prevailing climatic conditions.

The recent energy crisis has increased the cost of fertilization for olive growers. This is why alternative nutrient sources, such as manures and other organic materials, could be used to sustain olive production within the framework of sustainable agriculture, by decreasing chemical fertilization inputs. A greenhouse pot experiment was established with a marl soil substrate that was modified with three amendments (sheep manure, or SM; litter from evergreen broadleaf species, or EBLS, such as Quercus sp.; their combination, i.e., SM + EBLS) and a control soil (no application of amendments) to investigate their influence on the nutrition, physiology, and leaf sugar concentrations of olive plants. Plant growth was not significantly affected by the amendments, while the lowest leaf N, K, and Zn concentrations were determined in the control soil. Significantly higher photosynthetic rate was determined in the SM + EBLS, compared to SM. Significantly higher intercellular CO2 was found in the EBLS and SM + EBLS, while significantly higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was found in the SM + EBLS and the control. Significantly higher translocated sugar content was recorded in the SM + EBLS compared to the control. Overall, it was concluded that the optimum treatment was SM + EBLS, i.e., the combinational application of SM and EBLS. However, multi-year research under field conditions is necessary to draw more stable conclusions about the beneficial role of organic amendments on the nutrition and physiology of olive trees.

The effects of mineral fertilizers on the physicochemical properties of olives and oil under rainfed conditions is scarce. In this three-year study, the results of a nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) fertilization trial carried out in a young rainfed olive grove and arranged as a nutrient omission trial are reported. The control consisted of the application of N, P, K and B (NPKB) and four other treatments corresponded to the removal of one of them (N0, P0, K0 and B0). Olive yield and several variables associated with the physicochemical properties of olives and oil were evaluated. The NPKB treatment increased olive yield compared to the treatment that did not receive N (N0). Although dependent on the climate conditions of the crop season, the NPKB treatment increased fruit weight and the pulp/pit ratio and its fruits tended to accumulate more oil than K0. However, the phenolics concentrations on fruits and oil tended to be lower. All olive oil samples were classified in the “extra virgin” category and all showed a decrease in its stability between 3 and 15 months of storage, regardless of treatment, especially in N0, P0 and B0 treatments. The results of the sensorial analysis indicate that all the oils fell into the medium fruitiness and greenly-fruity category. Only in P0 and B0 were defects detected, namely muddy sediment. Thus, this study seems to indicate the importance of N application, but also a balanced nutrient application and that further studies are needed, given the difficulty in finding clear trends in the response of measured variables to fertilizer treatments. Ermelinda Silva acknowledges the financial support provided by national funds through FCT -Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PD/BD/128274/2017), under the Doctoral Programme “Agricultural Production Chains—from fork to farm” (PD/00122/2012) and from the European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Programme Norte 2020. This research was funded by the Operational Group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020) and also to AgriFood XXI Project, No. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000041, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014–2020). Ermelinda Silva also acknowledges the present financial support throughout project NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000103 funded by the Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and FCT research unit Centre BIO R&D Unit (UIDB/05083/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as Cytospora sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as Cytospora pruinosa Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of C. pruinosa causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.

We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the ‘Arbequina’ (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions. RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal da lagarta-da-oliveira (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) em uma nova região com potencial de cultivo de oliveira e avaliar a eficiência de controle desta praga com bioinseticidas. O pomar experimental com as cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina foi implantado em Pato Branco, região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. No pomar foram realizadas contagens semanais de lagartas em 25 plantas de cada cultivar, durante 12 meses, para verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal. Além disso, em condições de laboratório, larvas de segundo instar foram submetidas à alimentação com folhas de oliveira tratadas com óleo de neem (Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae e Beauveria bassiana, e a efetividade de mortalidade das larvas foi utilizada para comparação entre os quatro bioinseticidas e a testemunha. As lagartas de P. forficifera ocorreram concentradas durante os três meses de verão, tiveram preferência hospedeira pela cultivar Arbequina (68,9% do total de larvas registradas), e ocorreram em padrão de distribuição aleatório ao longo do pomar. A aplicação de óleo de neem (A. indica) ou de B. thuringiensis causaram quase 100% de mortalidade das larvas em condições de laboratório.

Olive leaves are agro-industrial residues resulting from pruning and / or olive harvesting, and are used in animal feed, as an organic fertilizer and as a source of compound extraction for various applications. This study aimed to carry out the physicochemical characterization, main bioactive compounds and the fatty acid profile of olive leaves from the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneike, Manzanilha, Arbosana and Arbequina. Proximal composition, pH, titratable acidity, minerals by MIP OES, bioactive compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, oleuropein and tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography and the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The olive leaves had a high content of fibers and proteins, the predominant minerals were potassium and calcium, in addition the olive leaves had a high content of bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and carotenoids and the cultivar Koroneike had a higher content of oleuropein compared to the others. In relation to tocopherols, α-tocopherol stood out from the other tocopherols with the maximum concentration (63436.79 mg.100g-1) measured in the cultivar Arbequina. In view of the results found, it is concluded that olive leaves are sources of macromolecules, bioactive compounds and fatty acids, which can be extracted and applied in the most diverse areas.

The interest in the culture of the olive tree, a plant native to the Mediterranean basin, is beginning to spread to regions that are climatically different from its place of origin. For the analysis of the potential of cultivation in a new region, the knowledge of the agroclimatic indexes of this culture is the first step to study the real possibility of success of this enterprise.In this literature review, current knowledge about the basic needs of the olive tree was studied to achieve commercially sustainable development and production. The chilling requirement, the temperature at flowering, the water requirement were analyzed and discussed. O interesse pela cultura da oliveira, planta originária da bacia do Mediterrâneo, se disseminou por regiõesclimaticamente diferentes do seu local de origem. Para a análise do potencial de cultivo desta espécie em uma nova região, como é o caso de Santa Catarina, o conhecimento dos parâmetros agroclimáticos desta cultura é o primeiro passo para se estudar a real possibilidade de sucesso deste empreendimento. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, buscou-se o conhecimento atual sobre as necessidades básicas da oliveira para se obter um desenvolvimento e produção comercialmente aceitáveis. O requerimento em frio, a temperatura na floração e a necessidade hídrica foram analisadas e discutidas.

The transversal fruit diameter (FD) was monitored continuously by automatic extensimeters (fruit gauges) in order to monitor fruit growth dynamics under deficit irrigation treatments. The daily diameter fluctuation (ΔD, mm), the daily growth (ΔG, mm), the cumulative fruit growth (CFG, mm), and the fruit relative growth rate (RGR, mm mm−1 h−1) of four olive cultivars (Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina, and Lea) were studied during the third phase of fruit growth. Two regulated deficit irrigation treatments DI-20 (20% of ETc) and DI-10 (10% of ETc) were applied. The daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus the environmental variable of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was evaluated using the data of a local weather station. The assessment of fruit growth parameters showed cultivar-specific response to water stress. For instance, after performing deficit irrigation, minimum RGR in different cultivars downsized with various slopes which suggested a very different response of the cultivars to dehydration. On the other hand, the daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus VPD was detected in all the studied cultivars, and a quantitative index (height of hysteresis curves) used for explanation of hysteresis magnitude’s changed according to the deficit irrigation treatments. The results showed a significant reduction of height of hysteresis curves by irrigation treatments which were not cultivar-specific. The quantitative index for hysteresis curve magnitude’s change in the four olive cultivars of Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina and Lea can efficiently estimate the plant water response to irrigation treatment in olive orchards. However, further investigation needs to be done to implement precise irrigation systems.

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea L.) reveste-se de importância cultural, ecológica e económica nos países do Mediterrâneo. Em Portugal, a contribuição da olivicultura para a economia e a tendência de crescimento da procura e do valor comercial da azeitona e do azeite, tem conduzido a alterações no tipo de cultivo. A este tipo de agricultura, está associada a irrigação artificial e a utilização de agroquímicos, práticas suscetíveis de afetar negativamente a qualidade dos solos e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, as variedades introduzidas em Portugal, mais produtivas e adaptadas ao cultivo intensivo, tornam crítica a prevenção de riscos fitossanitários e proteção das variedades autóctones. O microbioma das plantas tem vindo a ser reconhecido como um fator fundamental na produtividade e na sua condição fisiológica. Assim, a manipulação do microbioma, emerge como uma promissora ferramenta biológica, cuja aplicação generalizada carece ainda de conhecimento científico aprofundado. Este estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento do microbioma de variedades autóctones de oliveira, como base para estratégias futuras de promoção da sustentabilidade, resiliência e produtividade do olival. Procedeu-se à caraterização da estrutura e composição das comunidades bacterianas associadas às variedades autóctones Galega Vulgar e Cobrançosa, com particular enfoque em dois compartimentos: um mais associado ao recrutamento da microbiota (rizosfera) e outro menos explorado, mas potencialmente associado à dispersão da microbiota pela planta (seiva xilémica). A amostragem realizou-se numa exploração olivícola em Oliveira do Hospital. Para a análise microbiológica recorreu-se a sequenciação avançada do gene ribossomal 16S RNA. Os resultados apontam para diferenças significativas entre as comunidades bacterianas encontradas na seiva xilémica e na rizosfera, sendo este último compartimento caraterizado por maior riqueza e diversidade. A análise da estrutura taxonómica ao nível da família, sugere que quer a rizosfera, quer a seiva xilémica, representam micro-habitats colonizados por bactérias com potencial para promoção do crescimento da planta. As famílias mais representadas foram Bradyrhizobiaceaa, Solirubrobacteraceae e Nocardioidaceae na rizosfera e Moraxellaceae, Sphingomonadaceae e Oxalobacteraceae na seiva xilémica. Foi também detetada maior diversidade bacteriana na variedade Galega Vulgar, comparativamente à estimada para a variedade Cobrançosa. Estas diferenças na microbiota, podem ter implicações em termos de suscetibilidade/resistência de diferentes variedades, a fatores de stresse biótico e abiótico, que merece ser explorada em estudos futuros. Olive cultivation (Olea europaea L.) is of cultural, ecological, and economic importance in Mediterranean countries. In Portugal, the contribution of olive growing to the economy and the growing trend in demand and commercial value of olive and olive oil has led to changes in the type of cultivation towards the intensive and super-intensive regime. This type of agriculture is associated with artificial irrigation and the use of agrochemicals practices that may negatively affect soil quality and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Additionally, the introduction of foreign varieties, more productive and adapted to intensive cultivation, may introduce new phytosanitary risks that are new challenges for the protection of native varieties. The microbiome of plants has been recognized as a fundamental factor in productivity and physiological conditions. Thus, the manipulation of the microbiome emerges as a promising biological tool, but its widespread application still needs scientific validation. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the microbiome and indigenous varieties of olive tree, as a basis for future strategies to promote sustainability, resilience, and productivity of the olive grove. We characterise the structure and composition of bacterial communities associated with the indigenous varieties Galega Vulgar and Cobrançosa, with a particular focus on two compartments: one more associated with the recruitment of the microbiota (rhizosphere) and the other less explored but potentially associated with the dispersion of the microbiota by the plant (xylemic sap). The sampling took place on an olive farm in Oliveira do Hospital. Advanced sequencing of the ribosomal gene 16S RNA was used for microbiological analysis. The results point to significant differences between bacterial communities found in xylem sap and rhizosphere, the latter compartment being characterized of greater richness and diversity. The analysis of the taxonomic structure at the family level suggests that both the rhizosphere and xylem sap represent micro-habitats colonized by bacteria with potential to promote plant growth. The most represented families were Bradyrhizobiaceaa, Solirubrobacteraceae and Nocardioidaceae in the rhizosphere and Moraxellaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae in xylem sap. These differences in the microbiota may have implications in terms of susceptibility/resistance of different varieties to biotic and abiotic stress factors, which deserve to be explored in future studies. Mestrado em Biotecnologia

Dormancy release dynamics in olive tree (Olea europaea L.) reproductive buds as affected by cold accumulation, tree bearing status, and budburst temperature was studied under natural and controlled conditions, using both cuttings and container- and field-grown plants. The chilling necessary for dormancy release was acquired at different times within the bud population, presenting a progressive pattern of reproductive budburst. Once sufficient chilling is accumulated, 20 °C is a suitable temperature for reproductive budburst, although higher temperature, e.g., 30 °C, during dormancy release can inhibit budburst. While the bearing status of trees determined the amount of return bloom, dormancy release followed a similar pattern for previously bearing and non-bearing trees. Concurrent with investigating budburst factors, the use of shoot cuttings was tested as a method for olive dormancy release studies by contrasting with results from whole trees. It was found it to be valid for studying reproductive budburst, thus providing a useful method to screen chilling requirements in cultivar evaluation and the breeding programs currently ongoing in this species. However, the method was not valid for vegetative budburst, with varying results between cuttings and the whole plant., This work received support from European Union Horizon 2020 project GEN4OLIVE (H2020-SFS-2020-1; G.A. No. 101000427) and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation projects AGL2005-00930/AGR and AGL2008-02570/AGR.

Resumo O olival é uma cultura de elevada importancia na região de Trás-os-Montes, constituindo o olival tradicional o principal sistema de produção. A mobilização do solo para controlo de infestantes, é tradicionalmente, praticada nos olivais desta região, no entanto esta prática aumenta a susceptibilidade dos solos à erosão e pode perturbar a biota do solo e as suas interações. O conhecimento acerca do efeito desta prática cultural no coberto vegetal espontâneo do olival é escasso. Este estudo pretende elucidar os efeitos que a mobilização poderá provocar na diversidade e composição da vegetação espontânea de cobertura do solo em olival tradicional. Os resultados preliminares mostram que a mobilização do solo parece promover o aumento da abundância de espécies pertencentes às famílias Caryophyllaceae e Poaceae, e de limitar o desenvolvimento das famílias Asteraceae, Geraniaceae e Polygonaceae. Algumas destas famílias, em particular Poaceae e Asteraceae, contém espécies com reconhecido papel na atração de organismos auxiliares e, por conseguinte, são importantes fatores a ter em conta na gestão sustentável desta cultura.

This work aimed to investigate the effect of freezing on the oleuropein content obtained from olive leaves extracts. The extracts were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction using different solvents, pH, temperatures and microwave irradiation time. Afterward, HPLC was used to identify and quantify the amount of oleuropein in the extracts. A part of the extracts was immediately analyzed, and another was frozen for a week. The experimental results highlighted that the storage condition has a significant (p

Delineating chilling and forcing periods is one of the challenging topics in understanding how temperatures drive the timing of budburst and bloom in fruit tree species. Here, we investigated this question on olive trees, using flowering data collected over six years on 331 cultivars in the worldwide collection of Marrakech, Morocco. Using a Partial Least Squares approach on a long-term phenology (29 years) of ‘Picholine Marocaine’ cultivar, we showed that the relevance of delineating the chilling and forcing periods depends more on the variability of inter-annual temperatures than on the long-term datasets. In fact, chilling and forcing periods are similar between those delineated by using datasets of 29 years and those of only 6 years (2014–2019). We demonstrated that the variability of inter-annual temperatures is the main factor explaining this pattern. We then used the datasets of six years to assess the chill and heat requirements of 285 cultivars. We classified Mediterranean olive cultivars into four groups according to their chill requirements. Our results, using the Kriging interpolation method, indicated that flowering dates of most of these cultivars (92%) were governed by both chilling and forcing temperatures. Our investigations provided first insights to select adapted cultivars to global warming.

This study was designed to investigate the rooting performance of some wild olive (Delice) genotypes obtained through selection. Therefore, we investigated 133 different genotypes selected from the wild olive populations, whose material came from the Hassa of Hatay province between November 2020 and March 2022, were used as material. This research was carried out at the Hatay Olive Research Institute Hassa Station Operation. Perlite was used as a rooting material in the study. Besides that, the 3 cm bottom parts of the cuttings prepared with an average size of 25 cm were immersed in an indole butyric acid (IBA) solution prepared at a dose of 4000 ppm for 5 seconds. The plantings were performed in a semi-automatic greenhouse with a fogging system and bottom heating set at 25oC. In this way, cuttings belonging to genotypes that completed 90 days were removed and rooting rate, root number and root length were determined. As a result of the study, in the light of all the data, 5 wild olive genotypes were identified as rootstock candidates with high rootstock potential, which are genotype no: 31.8.2.39 with 917 points, genotype no: 31.8.16.11 with 860 points, genotype no: 31.8.2.36 with 798 points, genotype no: 31.8.2.34 with 797 points, and genotype no: 31.8.16.16 with 772 points, respectfully., Seleksiyon neticesinde elde edilmiş bazı yabani (delice) zeytin genotiplerinin köklenme performanslarının araştırılması amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada, Kasım 2020 - Mart 2022 tarihleri arasında Hatay ili Hassa ilçesinde yoğun olarak bulunan yabani zeytin popülâsyonları içerisinden selekte edilen 133 genotip materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma Hatay Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Hassa İstasyonu İşletmesi’nde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada köklenme materyali olarak perlit kullanılmıştır. Ortalama 25 cm ebatlarında hazırlanan çeliklerin 3 cm’lik dip kısımları 4000 ppm dozunda hazırlanmış indol butirik asit (IBA) solüsyonuna 5 sn süreyle daldırılmıştır. 25oC’ye ayarlanmış alttan ısıtmalı, sisleme üniteli, yarı otomatik seraya dikimleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu şekilde 90 günü tamamlayan genotiplere ait çelikler sökülerek köklenme oranı, kök sayısı, kök uzunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde, tüm veriler ışığında anaç olma potansiyeli yüksek olan ilk 5 anaç adayı; 917 puan ile 31.8.2.39 No’lu genotip, 860 puan ile 31.8.16.11 No’lu genotip, 798 puan ile 31.8.2.36 No’lu genotip, 797 puan ile 31.8.2.34 No’lu genotip ve 772 puan ile 31.8.16.16 No’lu genotip olmuştur.

The success of olive (Olea europaea) orchards depends on the interaction between genotype, planting system and orchard management. Research efforts often collide with the lack of high-throughput monitoring technologies for effective and rapid evaluation of expressed phenotypes under field conditions. Rapid phenotyping technologies allow to acquire a large amount of information in a relatively short period, optimizing efforts and labor. In an experiment carried out in Sicily, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with VIS-NIR cameras was used to monitor canopy characteristics of three olive cultivars (‘Koroneiki’, ‘Biancolilla’ and ‘Calatina’), planted at three different planting distances (PD) (4×4, 4×3 and 4×2 m). Vegetative indices and canopy geometrical characteristics were calculated by means of the map algebra technique and structure from motion technique, respectively. Significant differences in the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and green normalized differential vegetation index (GNDVI) values were measured for the different combinations of cultivars and PD. In particular, the highest and lowest values of NDVI and GNDVI indices were measured in Koroneiki (4×4 m) and ‘Calatina’ (4×3 m) plots, respectively. There was a linear relation between NDVI and pruning removed, expressed on both mass and volume per tree, for all cultivar × PD combinations. Tree canopy volume, estimated by the UAV-VIS camera technique, was higher in Koroneiki than in ‘Calatina’, with intermediate values measured in ‘Biancolilla’. The more spaced trees (4×4 m) had bigger canopies (6.4 m3) than those planted at 4×2 m (5.7 m3), but when the volume was expressed as m3 of canopy per m2 of soil the opposite trend was observed. The higher canopy volume per square meter was related to a higher fraction of intercepted PAR measured at noon. Our results indicate potential application of the UAV-VIS-NIR technique to determine canopy characteristics of different planting systems and cultivars of olive.

This study aimed to characterize the physiological and structural responses of potted one-year-old olive trees belonging to two olive cultivars—‘Nocellara del Belice’ and ‘Cerasuola’—exposed to prolonged drought under greenhouse conditions. Two irrigation treatments based on evapotranspiration (ET) were imposed for 69 days, i.e., well-watered (WW, 100% ET) and drought-stressed (DS, 10–30% ET). Leaf stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential (Ψstem), transpiration (E), photosynthetic capacity (Amax), water use efficiency (WUE), stem (Kstem) and root (Kroot) hydraulic conductance, trunk diameter variations (TDV), and leaf patch attenuated pressure fluctuations (pp, a proxy of the inverse of leaf turgor pressure) were measured in WW and DS trees at different stages of the experiment. Leaf gs did not significantly differ between cultivars under DS, whereas differences in Ψstem only became significant at the end of prolonged drought, when ‘Nocellara del Belice’ experienced Ψstem < −4 MPa. ‘Cerasuola’ trees expressed the best WUE under drought, although they were more susceptible to photoinhibition under optimal plant water status. Both cultivars tended to increase their Kstem at the end of the drought period. A marked reduction in Kroot occurred in ‘Cerasuola’ plants after prolonged drought; however, a similar mechanism was not observed in ‘Nocellara del Belice’. The ratio between Kstem and Kroot exponentially increased towards the end of the prolonged drought period in both cultivars, but more markedly in ‘Cerasuola’. TDV and pp trends suggested that ‘Cerasuola’ plants keep better plant water status under severe drought compared to ‘Nocellara del Belice’ by maintaining high leaf turgor and reduced trunk diameter fluctuations. These responses may be related to reduced cell wall elasticity and xylem vessel size and/or wall thickness—drought avoidance mechanisms. The Kstem/Kroot ratio can serve as an indicator of drought stress avoidance mechanisms to compare genotype-specific responses to drought stress.

This study investigates the effect of combined sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) foliar fertilization on leaf S and N concentration, as well as on the growth of olive fruit and on the quantity and quality of olive oil, obtained from two olive cultivars ‘Istarska bjelica’ and ‘Leccino’ in two consecutive years. S and N are some of the most important nutrients, and both play a crucial role in plant oil production. The here-reported fertilization program significantly increased S concentration in leaves without affecting N concentration, which led to an increase in fruit yield and improvement of all fruit morphological parameters. The best oil yield per tree was obtained under the treatment with the highest S/N dose. Oil quality was not affected by S and N supply, and this allowed us to classify all our oil samples as extra virgin (EVOO). Regarding the content of total phenols (TPC) and composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), they remained unaltered under the applied treatments. All investigated fruit morphological parameters, as well as fruit and oil yield, were highly cultivar-dependent. ‘Istarska bjelica’ was characterized as a cultivar with higher fruit mass and pulp percentage, while its stone parameters were lower than those of ‘Leccino’. Consequently, the extraction oil yield obtained from ‘Istarska bjelica’ fruits was much higher. Moreover, environmental conditions had a great impact on fruit and oil quantity. The here-obtained results led us to the conclusion that supply of S and N can enhance oil production without affecting its nutritional quality, a finding that could generate large long-term effects on economic growth in the olive oil sector.

Olive leaf spot (OLS), also called olive scab and peacock eye, caused by Fusicladium oleagineum, is a major disease that causes significant damage to olive trees. However, we still lack information about how cultivar and environmental factors influence disease development. In this study, evaluation of the incidence and severity on twenty olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.), maintained in an ex situ collection in Morocco, was carried out monthly during the period from March to July 2021. Biochemical parameters were also evaluated for each cultivar including leaf chlorophyll, polyphenols and flavonoid contents. Results revealed that the OLS incidence was highly correlated with severity (r = 0.94) and found to be related to climatic conditions and cultivars. The studied cultivars were classified into four major groups, i.e., susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant. Finally, our investigations revealed a partial relationship between resistance to the OLS disease and phenolic and flavonoid leaf contents, supporting the assumption of the potential involvement of such components in cultivar resistance to the disease. Overall, our work highlights the importance of characterizing olive cultivar resistance to OLS in driving the choice of the best varieties for an effective control of the disease in specific warming regions such as Morocco.

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is the main fruit tree in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, which is where the problem of salinity is more pronounced. Salinity is one of the main factors that affects the productivity of olive trees, so the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of salinity on the photosynthesis, water relations, mineral status, and enzymatic activity of two cultivars of Olea europaea L., ‘Chemlali’ and ‘Koroneiki’. The trial was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse for a period of 49 days and included two treatments: T0 control and T100 (irrigation with 100 mM of NaCl solution). Under salinity stress, the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaves of both cultivars were negatively affected. ‘Chemlali’ showed greater tolerance to NaCl salinity, based on a progressive decrease in osmotic potential (Ψπ) followed by a progressive and synchronous decrease in gs, without a comparable decrease in photosynthesis. The water use efficiency (WUE) improved as a result. In addition, the K+/Na+ ratio in ‘Chemlali’ rose. This appears to be crucial for managing stress. Conversely, enzymatic activity showed an accumulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in stressed plants. The catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) content decreased in both stressed varieties. It can be concluded that the cultivar ‘Koroneiki’ is more susceptible to salt stress than the cultivar ‘Chemlali’, because the accumulation of GPX and the decreases in CAT and APX were more pronounced in this cultivar.

Olives are very rich in phenolic compounds with important health-promoting properties. The profile and content of phenols in olive pulp and virgin olive oil are strongly influenced by the fruit ripening degree, but little is known concerning the evolution of phenolic compounds in the seed. In this work, the phenolic composition of seed from Tuscan cultivars (Frantoio, Moraiolo, Leccino) was studied over maturation. Starting from each seed sample, a phenolic extract was prepared and analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. Nüzhenide and nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside were by far the most abundant phenolic compounds; their content reached up to 46 g/kg in dry seeds, although this diminished in the final stage of fruit maturation. At the same time, the phenolic composition of the pulp was also characterized over the course of maturation, showing that oleuropein was by far the most abundant compound, with concentrations comparable to those of nüzhenide and nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside in the seeds. Overall, the total amount of phenols in seed dry extracts was significant, reaching approx. 100 g/kg. The chemically characterized dry phenolic extracts from seeds could be used for future biological assays aimed at evaluating the potential bioactivities of these phytocomplexes.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit and derived products play a pivotal role in the Mediterranean diet, to which they contribute their gastronomic value and their health-promoting properties. The fruit cuticle constitutes the interface between the plant and the surrounding environment, and it modulates relevant traits such as water loss, mechanical resistance, and susceptibility to pests and rots. Hence, a better knowledge of fruit cuticle properties and the impact thereupon of agronomic factors could help improving olive grove management. In this work, time–course changes in fruit cuticle yields and composition were assessed during the on-tree ripening of ‘Arbequina’ olives obtained from irrigated or rain-fed trees grown at a commercial grove located in El Soleràs (Catalonia, Spain), where low annual rainfall occur together with cold winters and hot dry summers. Significantly higher wax contents were observed for rain-fed than for irrigated fruits, both in relative (% over total cuticle) and in absolute terms (from 231 to 840 µg cm−2 and from 212 to 560 µg cm−2, respectively, contingent upon the maturity stage), in agreement with their proposed role as a barrier against water loss. Compositional differences in cuticular waxes and in cutin monomers were also detected between irrigated and rain-fed olives, with major changes involving significantly higher loads per surface area of triterpenoids and ω-hydroxy fatty acids in the latter. In contrast to the load and composition of cuticular wax, no apparent impact of irrigation was observed on either total cuticle yields or cuticle thickness. This research was funded by the Plan Nacional de I+D, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Spain, grant number AGL2015-64235-R. C.D. was the recipient of a predoctoral scholarship granted by the Universitat de Lleida.

The effects of climate change have a great impact on the Mediterranean regions which are experiencing an increase in drought periods with extreme temperatures. Among the various solutions reported to reduce the damage caused by extreme environmental conditions on olive plants, the application of anti-transpirant products is widespread. In an increasingly current scenario of climate change, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of kaolin on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of drupes and oil in a little-known olive cultivar known as “Racioppella”, belonging to the autochthonous germplasm of Campania (Southern Italy). To this purpose, the determination of maturation index, olive yield/plant, and bioactive components analysis (anthocyanins, carotenoids, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and fatty acids) were carried out. Kaolin applications showed no statistically significant differences in terms of production/plant while a significant increase in the drupe oil content was observed. Kaolin treatments resulted in increased anthocyanins (+24%) and total polyphenols (+60%) content and at the same time a significant increase in the antioxidant activity (+41%) of drupes was recorded. As far as oil is concerned, the results showed an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids, and total polyphenols (+11%). On the basis of the results obtained, we can conclude that kaolin treatment can be considered as a sustainable solution to improve qualitative parameters in olive drupes and oil.

The connection between olive genetic responses to environmental and agro-climatic conditions and the composition, structure and functioning of host-associated, belowground microbiota has never been studied under the holobiont conceptual framework. Two groups of cultivars growing under the same environmental, pedological and agronomic conditions, and showing highest (AH) and lowest (AL) Actinophytocola relative abundances, were earlier identified. We aimed now to: i) compare the root transcriptome profiles of these two groups harboring significantly different relative abundances in the above-mentioned bacterial genus; ii) examine their rhizosphere and root-endosphere microbiota co-occurrence networks; and iii) connect the root host transcriptome pattern to the composition of the root microbial communities by correlation and co-occurrence network analyses. Significant differences in olive gene expression were found between the two groups. Co-occurrence networks of the root endosphere microbiota were clearly different as well. Pearson's correlation analysis enabled a first portray of the interaction occurring between the root host transcriptome and the endophytic community. To further identify keystone operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and genes, subsequent co-occurrence network analysis showed significant interactions between 32 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 19 OTUs. Overall, negative correlation was detected between all upregulated genes in the AH group and all OTUs except of Actinophytocola. While two groups of olive cultivars grown under the same conditions showed significantly different microbial profiles, the most remarkable finding was to unveil a strong correlation between these profiles and the differential gene expression pattern of each group. In conclusion, this study shows a holistic view of the plant-microbiome communication., Supported by grants AGL2016-75729-C2-1-R and AGL2016-75729-C2-2-R from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad/Agencia Estatal de Investigación, and grant PID2019-106283RB-I00 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación, all of them cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). These funding sources had no involvement in this work preparation.

The genetic relationships among six different olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes were determined through ten ISSR primers by obtaining informative profiles using five of them. The studied cultivars ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’, ‘Karidolia,’ ‘Prodromos,’ ‘Kalamon,’ ‘Koroneiki,’ and ‘Leucocarpa’ are widespread and grown in Chalkidiki and Northern Greece. By analysis of the amplification, a total of 34 bands were observed, and it was noticed that 26 of them were polymorphic, showing the high efficiency and reliability of the markers used. The highest number of ISSR bands detected for primer E4 was 10 (8 polymorphic). The calculated percentage of polymorphism was 76.5. A cluster analysis was performed based on the molecular characterization results, and a dendrogram was constructed using average linkage. The current genotyping presents distinctive profiles useful for proving olive planting material's cultivar and clonal identity.

Soil degradation processes and climate change threaten the sustainability of Mediterranean rainfed olive orchards, with repercussions on crop yield and quality of olives, olive oil and olive by-products. Using soil amendments can enhance soil fertility for sustained environmental quality and plant performance. For two years, we evaluated, under rainfed conditions, the effects of a fertilizer compound (FC) and its combination with zeolites (ZL) and biochar (BC) amendments on soil moisture, yield, fruit and oil polyphenols and quality indices. The polyphenolic composition was strongly influenced by treatments, although no effects were observed on crop yield. ZL improved soil moisture (average increase of 26.3% compared to FC), fruit fatty acid composition (increase of 12.4% in oleic/linoleic ratio in 2018) and oil quality, BC enhanced the concentrations of polyphenols with high nutritional value (average annual increase of 25.6, 84.8 and 11.6% for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, oleuropein and rutin, respectively). In contrast, olive oil from FC fruits showed the poorest quality, with oxidation and hydrolytic breakdown signals. The applied soil amendments appear to be a promising sustainable strategy to implement in olive rainfed orchards. Doctoral fellowship under the Doctoral Program “Agricultural Production Chains—from fork to farm” (PD/00122/2012) provided by the FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology to S. Martins (PD/BD/135327/2017). This research was funded by the Operational Group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CQ-VR (UIDB/00616/2020), CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020) and also to AgriFood XXI Project, No. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014–2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

(1) Background: Olive in Colombia is not a traditional crop, but in the Andean Region, ancient olive trees are widespread. The area is characterized by a climate condition with a high intensity of UV rays and meteoric events that negatively affect the olive grown. In this work, changes in the soil of olive trees subjected to different pruning will be established. (2) Methods: Olive trees of 2-years-old were cultivated in Boyacá (Colombia). Trees were pruned into a vase shape, globe shape, and natural shape. Physical, chemical, and biological soil analyses were carried out. (3) Results: In the olive tree, V and G pruning significantly increase the P content in the soil compared to NS, and these pruning forms reduce the OOC significantly in the rhizosphere soil by 87.5% and 78.3%, respectively. In all conditions, the roots established an association with Arbuscular Mycorhizal Fungi and stimulated the presence of other microorganisms, despite the trees being more vegetative than productive in this latitude. (4) Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that, in Colombian conditions, the pruning does not affect the rhizospheric soil conditions.

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells, Raju et al., 1986 is a bacterium that causes plant diseases in the Americas. In Europe, it was first detected on the Salento Peninsula (Italy), where it was found to be associated with the olive quick decline syndrome. Here, we present the results of the first tree-ring study of infected and uninfected olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of two different cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible, to establish the effects induced by the spread of the pathogen inside the tree. Changes in wood anatomical characteristics, such as an increase in the number of vessels and in ring width, were observed in the infected plants of both the cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to Xf infection) and Leccino (resistant to Xf infection). Thus, whether infection affects the mortality of the tree or not, the tree shows a reaction to it. The presence of occlusions was detected in the wood of both 4-year-old branches and the tree stem core. As expected, the percentage of occluded vessels in the Xf-susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò was significantly higher than in the Xf-resistant cultivar Leccino. The δ 18O of the 4-year-old branches was significantly higher in infected trees of both cultivars than in noninfected trees, while no variations in δ 13C were observed. This suggests a reduction in leaf transpiration rates during infection and seems to be related to the occlusions observed in rings of the 4-year-old branches. Such occlusions can determine effects at leaf level that could influence stomatal activity. On the other hand, the significant increase in the number of vessels in infected trees could be related to the tree’s attempt to enhance water conductivity in response to the pathogen-induced vessel occlusions.

Маслина европейская (Olea europaea L.) – одно из древнейших культурных растений на Земле. Помимо пищевой ценности плодов большое значение имеют препараты из различных частей маслины, проявляющие широкий спектр фармакологического действия. Цель работы: сравнительный анализ содержания фенольных соединений в листьях и плодах сортов и подвида маслины европейской, произрастающих в климатических условиях Южного берега Крыма. Суммарное содержание фенольных веществ и флавоноидов определяли спектрофотометрически. Компонентный состав – методом ВЭЖХ с диодно-матричным детектированием. В результате сравнительного исследования фенольных соединений листьев и плодов четырех сортов и одного подвида маслины установлено, что в листьях маслины содержится 740–980 мг/100 г фенольных веществ (в пересчете на сырой вес), в плодах – 840–1260 мг/100 г. В листьях содержится 190–312 мг/100 г флавоноидов, в плодах – 59–990 мг/100 г. Среди фенольных соединений листьев и плодов идентифицированы лютеолин-7-О-глюкозид, апигенин-7-О-глюкозид, рутин и олеуропеин. Выявлено, что доминирующим компонентом как листьев, так и плодов четырех сортов маслины является олеуропеин, а плодов подвида O. europaea subsp. cuspidata – рутин. Содержание флавоноидов и олеуропеина в листьях и плодах наиболее морозостойкого сорта Никитская оказалось самым низким из всех исследованных образцов, что может быть связано с участием данных веществ в подготовке этого генотипа к воздействию отрицательных температур. Показано, что содержание фенольных соединений листьев и плодов O. europaea зависит от сортовой принадлежности и климатических условий выращивания., European olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants on Earth. In addition to the nutritional value of the fruit, medications made from different parts of the olive are of great importance cause they exhibit a wide range of pharmacological action. The main objective of the present study was a comparative analysis of the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves and fruits of varieties and subspecies of European olives growing in the climatic conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea. Total phenolics and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically. HPLC with diode-array detection was applied to determine individual components. As a result of the comparative study of the phenolic compounds of leaves and fruits in four varieties and one subspecies of olives it was found that total phenolics in the leaves of olives are in the range of 740–980mg/100 g (on a wet weight basis) and total phenolics in fruits are in the range of 840–1260 mg/100 g (on a wet weight basis). Flavonoids content in the leaves is in the range of 190–312 mg/100 g and in the range of 59–990 mg/100 g in the fruits. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, rutin and oleuropein were identified among the phenolics of leaves and fruits. It was found that the oleuropein was a majour component either in leaves or in fruits of four varieties of olives but rutin was a majour component in the fruits of the O. europaea subsp. cuspidata subspecies. The content of flavonoids and oleuropein in the leaves and fruits of the most frost-resistant variety Nikitskaya turned out to be the lowest among all the studied samples. It may be related to the participation of these substances during preparation of the variety to the effects of below-freezing temperatures. It has been shown that the content of phenolic compounds in leaves and fruits of O. europaea depends on the variety and agroclimatic growing conditions.

A oliveira é uma cultura em expansão no Brasil e dados sobre produção de mudas, como substratos utilizados são escassos para essa frutífera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de oliveira cultivar Arbequina em dois substratos e quantificar os teores de nutrientes nas folhas das mudas avaliadas. As mudas utilizadas foram obtidas a partir de enraizamento de miniestacas e plantadas em sacos de polietileno nos substratos areia e fibra de coco e conduzidas com uma haste. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura de haste medida a cada 30 dias até 270 dias de cultivo, o comprimento das raízes, os teores de nutrientes foliares das mudas e a porcentagem de sobrevivência das mudas ao término do experimento. Verificou-se que o substrato fibra de coco permitiu o melhor desenvolvimento de mudas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ e maior teor de nutrientes nas folhas.

The phenotypic and genotypic variability of olive tree cv. Leccino (Olea europaea L.), an ancient cultivar from North-Central Italy, was investigated using 44 quantitative and qualitative agro-morphological traits, SDS-PAGE of seed proteins (storage proteins and tegument proteins) and molecular markers such as RAPDs (30 primers) and SSRs (8 primers). Fifteen accessions of Olea europaea catalogued as "Leccino" and one certified tree of "Leccino" (LESt) were examined. The plants were clonally propagated and the measuring of all morphological characteristics was conducted over a period of seven years. The ANOVA analysis showed that all accessions were homogenous for many traits while very few variations were recorded for length of one year old shoots, leaf width, leaf length/leaf width ratio, fruit length, fruit fresh weight, fruit length/fruit width ratio, pit length and pit fresh weight. The PCA analysis and similarity coefficients confirmed a low level of variability of Leccino cultivar. SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins showed monomorphic patterns of storage proteins. Protein subunits of teguments revealed a generally high level of similarity as evidenced by Nei-Li coefficient. SSRs and RAPDs markers showed molecular monomorphism among Leccino accessions. The results of agro-morphological, biochemical and molecular nature, taken as a whole, seem to indicate a weakly differentiated/homogeneity of the accessions tested belonging to the Leccino cultivar. The limited morphological and genetic variation could support the assumptions of a monophyletic origin of Leccino cultivar with a genetically restricted base.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is the main mechanism that favors outcrossing in plants. Bylimiting compatible matings, SI interferes in fruit production and breeding of newcultivars. In the Oleeae tribe (Oleaceae), an unusual diallelic SI system (DSI) has beenproposed for three distantly related species including the olive (Olea europaea), butempirical evidence has remained controversial for this latter. The olive domesticationis a complex process with multiple origins. As a consequence, the mixing of S-allelesfrom two distinct taxa, the possible artificial selection of self-compatible mutants andthe large phenological variation of blooming may constitute obstacles for decipheringSI in olive. Here, we investigate cross-genotype compatibilities in the Saharanwild olive (O. e. subsp. laperrinei). As this taxon was geographically isolated for thousandsof years, SI should not be affected by human selection. A population of 37mature individuals maintained in a collection was investigated. Several embryos permother were genotyped with microsatellites in order to identify compatible fathersthat contributed to fertilization. While the pollination was limited by distance insidethe collection, our results strongly support the DSI hypothesis, and all individualswere assigned to two incompatibility groups (G1 and G2). No self-fertilization wasobserved in our conditions. In contrast, crosses between full or half siblings werefrequent (ca. 45%), which is likely due to a nonrandom assortment of related treesin the collection. Finally, implications of our results for orchard management and theconservation of olive genetic resources are discussed.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-04-25T21:38:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-04-28T12:35:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T12:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-24 A olivicultura está em expansão no Brasil; porém, para atender os diferentes nichos de mercado é necessário estabelecer protocolos de propagação eficientes para a obtenção de mudas de qualidade, bem como determinar as condições adequadas para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento em recipiente, visando o uso na ornamentação. Com base nesses aspectos, foram realizados três experimentos que serão apresentados em capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo foi verificar a propagação de miniestacas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ coletadas em diferentes posições do ramo e submetidas a concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e substâncias húmicas (SoloHumics®). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema bifatorial 3x4 (posições de coleta no ramo (basal, mediana e apical) e concentrações de AIB com SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; e 3.000 mg L -1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). Conclui-se que a oliveira ‘Arbequina’ pode ser propagada por miniestacas basais e apicais submetidas ao uso de 1.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, e por miniestacas medianas tratadas com 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, em função do maior potencial de enraizamento. No segundo capítulo, o objetivo foi avaliar a presença e ausência de lesão na base de miniestacas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ submetidas a concentrações de AIB e SoloHumics®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema bifatorial 2x4 (presença e ausência de lesão na base e concentrações de AIB + SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; e 3.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®). Constatou-se que a oliveira ‘Arbequina’ pode ser propagada por miniestacas com lesão na base submetidas ao uso de 1.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics® e por miniestacas sem lesão na base tratadas com 3.000 mg L -1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, em função do maior potencial de enraizamento. No terceiro capítulo, objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de diferentes volumes de recipientes, substratos e tempo de cultivo no desenvolvimento da oliveira ‘Arbequina’. Para isto, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema trifatorial para as variáveis altura de planta, número e comprimento médio de brotações, sendo os fatores de tratamento: volumes de recipientes (20 L e 30 L), substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, Beifort S-10B® e casca de arroz carbonizada + Beifort S-10B®), e tempo de cultivo (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360 dias). Além disso, para o comprimento de maior raiz e massa de matéria seca de parte aérea e raízes adotou-se o esquema bifatorial, sendo os fatores de tratamento: volumes de recipientes (20 L e 30 L) e substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, Beifort S-10B®, e casca de arroz carbonizada + Beifort S-10B®). Concluiu-se que o recipiente de 30 L contendo Beifort S-10B® pode ser usado no cultivo da oliveira ‘Arbequina’ durante 360 dias. Olive cultivation is expanding in Brazil; however, in order to meet the different market niches, it is necessary to establish efficient propagation protocols to obtain quality seedlings, as well as to determine the appropriate conditions for their growth and development in containers, aiming at their use in ornamentation. Based on these aspects, three experiments were carried out, which will be presented in chapters. In the first, the objective was to verify the propagation of 'Arbequina' olive minicuttings collected in different positions of the branch and subjected to concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and humic substances (SoloHumics®). The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x4 bifactorial scheme (collection positions in the branch (basal, median and apical) and IBA concentrations with SoloHumics® (0 mg L -1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; and 3,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). It is concluded that the 'Arbequina' olive tree can be propagated by basal and apical minicuttings submitted to the use of 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, and by medium minicuttings treated with 2,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, in due to the greater rooting potential. In the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate the presence and absence of lesion at the base of 'Arbequina' olive minicuttings subjected to concentrations of IBA and SoloHumics®. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4 bifactorial scheme (presence and absence of lesion at the base and IBA concentrations with SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; and 3,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). It was found that the 'Arbequina' olive tree can be propagated by minicuttings with basal lesion submitted to the use of 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics® and by minicuttings without base injury treated with 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, due to the greater rooting potential. In the third chapter, the objective was to evaluate the use of different volumes of containers, substrates and cultivation time in the development of the 'Arbequina' olive tree. For this, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a trifactorial scheme for the variables plant height, number and average length of shoots, being the treatment factors: container volumes (20 L and 30 L), substrates (carbonized rice husk, Beifort S-10B® and carbonized rice husk + Beifort S-10B®), and cultivation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 , 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360 days). In addition, for the longest root length and shoot and root dry matter mass, the bifactorial scheme was adopted, with the treatment factors being: container volumes (20 L and 30 L) and substrates (carbonized rice husk, Beifort S-10B®, and carbonized rice husk + Beifort S-10B®). It was concluded that the 30 L container containing Beifort S-10B® can be used in the cultivation of the 'Arbequina' olive tree for 360 days.

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2022-08-16T21:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Giovana_Ritter_2022.pdf: 1697271 bytes, checksum: 41fb070ff4091b6142c11852859f3b7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-16T21:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Giovana_Ritter_2022.pdf: 1697271 bytes, checksum: 41fb070ff4091b6142c11852859f3b7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The growth of national olive cultivation increases the demand for seedling production and the residue of this production can add value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the growth of olive seedlings in a nursery and the performance of a clonal garden in the field with the use and application of biostimulants, as well as to evaluate the yield of essential oil extracted from the leaves. In this sense, four experiments were carried out, the first two with seedlings, the third with a clonal garden and the fourth with essential oil extraction. In experiment I, the seedlings received treatments with Azospirillum brasilense and humic substances, at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5 mL per plant. In experiment II, the same product as in experiment I was applied, in different modes of application (foliar spraying, via soil and immersion), at a concentration of 0.5 mL per plant. Applications were performed monthly, as well as phytotechnical assessments of height (cm), neck diameter (mm) and number of nodes. At the end of 210 days, after the first application, 15 plants were selected per treatment for evaluation of fresh and dry biomass of the shoot and root. Experiment III referred to the clonal garden, being implemented in September 2019, with one-year-old seedlings of the cultivars Ascolano 315, Maria da Fé, Koroneiki and Picual, in a spacing of 0.50 x 1.0 m. After planting, the plants were pruned at a height of 50 cm. The treatments were applied monthly to the rhizosphere: T1 - control, T2 - 0.5 mL of A. brasilense, T3 - 0.4 mL of humic substances and T4 - humic substances + A. brasilense. The evaluations took place monthly for two years, as height (cm), accumulated growth rate (cm day-1), neck diameter (mm) and mean internode length (cm). At the end of the first year, evaluations of total plant biomass (kg), length of the largest branch (m), cutting yield and fresh and dry leaf biomass (g). At the end of the second year, total plant biomass (kg), length of the largest branch (m) and cuttings yield. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (cultivars x biostimulants), with 4 repetitions and 5 seedlings per repetition (experiment I) and a 3 x 4 factorial (cultivars x application modes of A. brasilense), with 3 repetitions and 5 seedlings per repetition (experiment II), both with split plot in time. In experiment III, the experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with 3 repetitions and 3 plants per repetition, subdivided in time and essential oil extraction performed in triplicate by repetitions. Seedlings of the cultivar Maria da Fé obtained greater growth with the use of the sprayed biostimulant. For the Ascolano 315 cultivar, the use of biostimulants was not recommended. The immersion of the roots of the cultivar Arbequina in the biostimulant was efficient in the development of the root system. The method of application by immersion was not efficient in the formation of seedlings of the three cultivars studied. Humic substances favored agronomic attributes. The cultivar Maria da Fé showed the highest yield of cuttings. The cultivars Maria da Fé and Koroneiki were more vigorous. O crescimento da olivicultura nacional aumenta a demanda por produção de mudas e o resíduo dessa produção pode agregar valor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar crescimento de mudas de oliveira em viveiro e desempenho de jardim clonal a campo com bioestimulantes utilização de bioestimulantes, aplicados em diferentes métodos, além de determinar o rendimento de óleo essencial extraído das folhas de oliveiras de diferentes cultivares. Neste sentido, quatro experimentos foram realizados, sendo os dois primeiros com mudas, o terceiro com jardim clonal e o quarto com extração de óleo essencial. No experimento I as mudas receberam os tratamentos com Azospirillum brasilense e substâncias húmicas, nas concentrações de 0,4 e 0,5 mL por planta. No experimento II, aplicou-se o mesmo produto do experimento I, em diferentes modos de aplicação (pulverização foliar, via solo e imersão de raízes), na concentração de 0,5 mL por planta. As aplicações foram realizadas mensalmente, bem como as avaliações fitotécnicas de altura (cm), diâmetro do colo (mm) e número de nós. Ao final de 210 dias, após a primeira aplicação, foram selecionadas 15 plantas por tratamento para avaliação de biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea e radicular. O experimento III se referiu ao jardim clonal, sendo implantado em setembro de 2019, com mudas de um ano, das cultivares Ascolano 315, Maria da Fé, Koroneiki e Picual, em espaçamento de 0,50 x 1,0 m. Após o plantio, foi realizada nas plantas a poda apical em 50 cm de altura. Aplicou-se mensalmente os tratamentos na rizosfera: T1 - testemunha, T2 - 0,5 mL de Azospirillum brasilense, T3 - 0,4 mL de substâncias húmicas e T4 - substâncias húmicas + A. brasilense. As avaliações ocorreram mensalmente por dois anos, como altura (cm), taxa de crescimento acumulado (cm dia -1), diâmetro do colo (mm) e comprimento médio do entrenó (cm). Ao final do primeiro ano, avaliações de biomassa total de planta (kg), comprimento do maior ramo (m), rendimento de estacas, biomassa fresca e seca das folhas (g) e taxa de crescimento. Ao final do segundo ano, biomassa total da planta (kg), comprimento do maior ramo (m), rendimento de estacas e Taxa de Crescimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (cultivares x bioestimulantes), com 4 repetições e 5 mudas por repetição (experimento I) e fatorial 3 x 4 (cultivares x modos de aplicação de A. brasilense), com 3 repetições e 5 mudas por repetição (experimento II), ambos com parcela subdividida no tempo. No experimento III, o delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 3 repetições e 3 plantas por repetição, subdividida no tempo e a extração de óleo essencial realizada em triplicata pelas repetições. Mudas da cultivar Maria da Fé obtiveram maior crescimento com o uso do bioestimulante pulverizado. Para a cultivar Ascolano 315, não foi recomendado utilizar bioestimulantes. A imersão das raízes da cultivar Arbequina no bioestimulante foi eficiente no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. O modo de aplicação por imersão não foi eficiente na formação de mudas das três cultivares estudadas. As substâncias húmicas favoreceram os atributos agronômicos. A cultivar Maria da Fé apresentou maior rendimento de estacas. As cultivares Maria da Fé e Koroneiki foram as mais vigorosas no estudo. O rendimento de óleo essencial foi superior para a cultivar Picual com o uso dos bioestimulantes em conjunto. O composto mais abundante encontrado no óleo essencial das folhas foi o trans-β-damascenone.

Currently, there is an increasing interest in nanotechnology, since some nanomaterials can enhance crop growth, yield, nutritional status, and antioxidant defences. This work aimed to investigate for the first time the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the in vitro growth and biochemical parameters of the olive tree (cv. Moraiolo). With this goal, biogenic ZnO-NPs (spherical shape and dimensions in the range of 10–20 nm), deriving from a green synthesis carried out with a Lemna minor L. extract were used. Different concentrations (0, 2, 6 and 18 mg L−1) of ZnO-NPs were added to the olive growth medium (OM substrate), and three sub-cultures of 45 days each were carried out. ZnO-NPs at 6 and 18 mg L−1 enhanced some growth parameters in the olive tree explants, such as the number of shoots, green fresh and total dry weight. Moreover, the abovementioned concentrations raised the chlorophyll a and b content and soluble protein. Finally, concerning the dosage applied, the treatments stimulated the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins, total phenol content (TPC), and the radical scavenging activity towards DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). In conclusion, this study highlighted that biogenic ZnO-NPs exerted beneficial effects on the olive tree explants in vitro, improving the effectiveness of the micropropagation technique.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of remote and proximal sensing techniques to identify homogeneous zones in a high density irrigated olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard subjected to three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions). An unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a multispectral camera was used to measure the canopy NDVI and two different proximal soil sensors to map soil spatial variability at high resolution. We identified two clusters of trees showing differences in fruit yield (17.259 and 14.003 kg per tree in Cluster 1 and 2, respectively) and annual TCSA increment (0.26 and 0.24 dm2, respectively). The higher tree productivity measured in Cluster 1 also resulted in a higher water use efficiency for fruit (WUEf of 0.90 g dry weight L−1 H2O) and oil (WUEo of 0.32 g oil L−1 H2O) compared to Cluster 2 (0.67 and 0.27 for WUEf and WUEo, respectively). Remote and proximal sensing technologies allowed to determine that: (i) the effect of different irrigation regimes on tree performance and WUE depended on the location within the orchard; (ii) tree vigour played a major role in determining the final fruit yield under optimal soil water availability, whereas soil features prevailed under rainfed conditions.

The olive tree (Olea europaeaL.) is one of the main crops of the Mediterranean region which suffers from drought and soil salinization. We assessed the photosynthetic rate, leaf water content and antioxidative enzyme activity (APX, GPX, SOD and CAT) of three Greek olive cultivars (‘Amfisis’, ‘Mastoidis’ and ‘Lefkolia Serron’) subjected to drought and salinity stresses. Hyperspectral reflectance data were acquired using an analytical spectral device (ASD) FieldSpec®3 spectroradiometer, while principal component regression, partial least squares regression and linear discriminant analysis were used to estimate the relationship between spectral and physiological measurements. The photosynthetic rate and water content of stressed plants decreased, while enzyme activity had an increasing tendency. ‘Amfisis’ was more resistant to drought and salinity stress than ‘Mastoidis’ and ‘Lefkolia Serron’. The NDVI appeared to have the highest correlation with the photosynthetic rate, followed by the PRI. APX enzyme activity was the most highly correlated with the 1150–1370 nm range, with an additional peak at 1840 nm. CAT enzyme activity resulted in the highest correlation with the visible part of the spectrum with two peaks at 1480 nm and 1950 nm, while GPX enzyme activity appeared to have a strong correlation within all the available spectral ranges except for 670–1180 nm. Finally, SOD activity showed high correlation values within 1190–1850 nm. This is the first time the correlation of hyperspectral imagery with photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activities was determined, providing the background for high-throughput plant phenotyping through a drone with a hyperspectral camera. This progress would provide the possibility of early stress detection in large olive groves and assist farmers in decision making and optimizing crop management, health and productivity.

The expansion of olive orchards into regions with no tradition of olive production and humid climates, such as Uruguay, with more than 1200 mm of annual rainfall, calls into question the need for irrigation. In these regions, however, years with water deficit during summers are quite common. The vapor pressure deficit during summer is lower than in countries with a Mediterranean climate. The high variability in interannual water availability in the current context of climate change, with a growing tendency for extreme events to occur, emphasizes the need to evaluate the production response of olive trees to irrigation. To achieve this, three irrigation treatments were applied to Arbequina and Frantoio cultivars according to the value of the maximum crop evapotranspiration: a first treatment applying 100% ETc, corresponding to being fully irrigated; a second treatment applying 50% ETc; and a third treatment in which neither irrigation nor rain inputs occurred from the end of the pit hardening period until harvest. Results show the possibility of an increasing fruit weight and pulp/pit ratio through irrigation in the local environmental conditions. The oil content in response to irrigation was different within cultivars. Water restriction conditions did not affect the oil content of olives in Arbequina, while in Frantoio it increased it. Polyphenols in fruit increased under water stress for both cultivars. The technological applicability of the results obtained must be accompanied by an economic analysis. The results obtained highlight the need for better use of irrigation water during the growth and ripening phase of the olive fruit under a humid climate.

The use of humic substances in agriculture has increased in recent years, and leonardite has been an important raw material in the manufacture of commercial products rich in humic and fulvic acids. Leonardite-based products have been used to improve soil properties and to help plants cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, the effects of two commercial leonardites and an organic compost, in addition to a control treatment, were assessed for pot-grown olive plants over a period of fourteen months on soil properties, tissue elemental composition and dry matter yield (DMY). Three organic amendments were applied at single and double rates of that set by the manufacturer. The study was arranged in two experiments: one containing the seven treatments mentioned above and the other containing the same treatments supplemented with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization. Overall, organic compost increased soil organic carbon by ~8% over the control. In the experiment without NPK supplementation, N concentrations in shoots and P in roots were the highest for the compost application (leaf N 12% and root P 32% higher than in the control), while in the experiment with NPK supplementation, no significant differences were observed between treatments. Total DMY was ~10% higher in the set of treatments with NPK in comparison to treatments without NPK. Leonardites did not affect significantly any measured variables in comparison to the control. In this study, a good management of the majority of environmental variables affecting plant growth may have reduced the possibility of obtaining a positive effect on plant nutritional status and growth from the use of commercial leonardites. The leonardites seemed to have caused a slight effect on biological N immobilization. This is not necessarily an advantage or a drawback; it is rather a feature that must be understood to help farmers make better use of these products. This research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). The research was integrated in the activities of the operational group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

List je središnji dio metabolizma masline ali povezanost folijarne aplikacije mineralnih hraniva i biosinteze fenola još uvijek nije dovoljno istražena. Fenolne komponente lista masline imaju dokazano pozitivan učinak na ljudsko zdravlje te se sve češće koriste kao nutraceutici ili prirodni aditivi u prehrambenoj industriji. Među fenolnim spojevima u lišću masline, domininira oleuropein. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio utvrditi utjecaj folijalno primjenjenog selena (Se) i silicija (Si) na koncentraciju oleuropeina u listovima sorte ‘Leccino’ tijekom berbe. Pokus je postavljen po shemi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda s dva glavna faktora: a) folijarna gnojidba (netretirana kontrola (C), selen (Se), silicij (Si) i tretman selenom i silicijem (Se+Si) i b) starost lista (ovo sezonski list masline (mladi list), prošlo sezonski list masline (stari list)). Svaki tretman činila su četiri stabla masline raspoređena u četiri ponavljanja. Kombinirani tretman Se i Si (Se+Si) kao i primjena Si (Si) rezultirali su većom koncentracijom oleuropeina (5850 mg 100 g -1 DW odnosno 4899 mg 100 g -1 DW) u usporedbi s netretiranom kontrolom (C) (3962 mg 100 g -1 DW). Nadalje, koncentracija oleuropeina bila je veća u mladim (5721 mg 100 g -1 DW) u usporedbi sa starim listovima masline (3962 mg 100 g -1 DW), dok je suprotan učinak uočen za sadržaj silicija u lišću masline. U usporedbi s drugim tretmanima Se i Se+Si, kao i tretmani Si i Se+Si povećali su koncentraciju selena odnosno silicija u listu masline.