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Currently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. In recent years, this condition has been considered as a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, which is associated with overweight and impaired glucose and fat metabolism. Despite the obvious role of lifestyle in the development of this disease, it is increasingly being suggested that disorders in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates have a genetic basis, which determines the tendency to develop NAFLD. Mutant polymorphisms of the HSD17B13, GCKR, HFE, and CP genes have been shown to affect the course of NAFLD, but these effects require further study. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze and systematize the available data from foreign articles over the past 10 years. In this study, 573 articles were analyzed, the most important 64 original research works were used here. Mutations in the HSD17B13 gene are associated with a milder course of NAFLD, while GCKR gene polymorphisms, on the contrary, are associated with more severe histological manifestations of this disease, such as steatosis and fibrosis. The HFE and CP genes, although not directly related to macronutrient metabolism, nevertheless contribute to the development of more severe forms of NAFLD, which may be associated with the development of inflammation and oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of iron in hepatocytes.

The main manifestations of COVID-19 are primarily interstitial pneumonia and respiratory failure. No less than 20% of patients have variable skin rashes, which try to be interpreted as markers and predictors of the peculiarities of the course of coronavirus infection. In addition, hair loss is a characteristic manifestation of COVID-19, and the salivary follicles are regarded as a target for SARS-CoV-2. The most common variants of alopecia in patients with a new coronavirus infection or vaccine-induced alopecia are acute telogenic, nondescript, and androgenetic alopecia. This review provides information on the most common variants of hair loss in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the features of their manifestations, and possible mechanisms of development. Acute telogenic hair loss is the most common variant of SARS-CoV-2-induced alopecia, is characteristic of patients with subacute course of COVID-19 and can be combined with trichodynia, anosmia and aguvia, which are markers of nervous syste damage. Given the variability in the time of onset after infection, a heterogeneous pathogenesis of alopecia can be assumed. Nested alopecia after COVID-19 is often a relapse of the disease, its severity and frequency do not correlate with the severity of the infectious disease, and its prevalence in women indicates the importance of hormonal factors in its development. Androgenetic alopecia may be a predictor of high risk of infection, severe course, and recurrence of COVID-19. The first two variants of alopecia may be associated with COVID-19 vaccination, and the latter is a predictor of inadequate immune response to vaccine administration. The mechanisms of the damaging effects of SARS-CoV-2 on hair follicles have not been fully deciphered and are most likely complex, with different leading links in different types of hair loss. Deciphering these mechanisms may provide prerequisites for understanding the mechanisms of COVID-19 damage to other tissues and organs.

Adhesive disease is a syndrome caused by the presence of adhesions in the abdominal cavity, formed due to various reasons, and characterized by frequent bouts of relative intestinal obstruction.Purpose. Determine the complex of rehabilitation measures for adhesive disease.Material and methods. Patients with the following forms were observed: a) with pain syndrome (84.1%); b) with periodically recurring attacks of intestinal obstruction; c) there may also be asymptomatic SB (not found in observations). All patients had the following symptoms as pain, thirst, nausea (sometimes vomiting that does not bring relief), a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, tachycardia, discomfort, flatulence, arterial hypertension. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs and laparoscopy, MSCT of the abdominal organs and plain radiography of the abdominal cavity and electrogastroenterography were performed to detect violations of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract.Results and discussion. The complex of rehabilitation measures included the following rehabilitation. Outside the attack of adhesive disease (an attack of intestinal obstruction) and with adhesive dynamic obstruction, patients were treated conservatively; surgical rehabilitation was prescribed for an attack of adhesive mechanical obstruction. Conservative rehabilitation included exercise therapy, diet, folk remedies, medical correction.

Conflicting data on the role of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) require studies on the influence of molecular factors that are important in the development of HCC in MS, which was the goal of our review. Publications (scientific articles and reviews) over the past 10 years were studied and analyzed using the databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, RSCI. The terms used for the search were “metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease”, “metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis”, “metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma”. The total number of publications studied in all databases exceeded 570 units, while the review presents the most significant results at the present stage. Insulin resistance and obesity, through the development of a systemic chronic inflammatory state, lead to increased inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, which are prodromal signs of hepatocarcinogenesis, increase the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 and disrupt the regulation of the insulin-like growth factor pathway. People with HCC have been shown to overexpress IGF-2. IGF-binding proteins, due to the reduced bioavailability of free IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the circulation, are able to inhibit the growth of HCC. In MS, a pro-inflammatory state is detected, which is caused by the production of cytokines by adipocytes (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), VEGF and chemokine ligands 2 and 5), which recruit immune cells, promoting angiogenesis and enhancing chronic inflammation. Transcription factors (PPAR) are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, the significance of different factors is not fully understood. Leptin has a positive prognostic value in HCC, improving overall survival, and visfatin has a negative effect on hepatocarcinogenesis. Activation of PAI-1 inhibits the progression of HCC through PPARγ stimulation. Adiponectin may be a prognostic marker in HCC, with a lower serum concentration positively correlated with worse prognosis.

Changes in cell metabolism accompany the development of a wide spectrum of pathologies including cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, usage of inhibitors of metabolic enzymes are considered a promising strategy for the development of therapeutic agents. However, the investigation of cellular metabolism is hampered by the significant impact of culture media, which interfere with many cellular processes, thus making cellular models irrelevant. There are numerous reports that show that the results from in vitro systems are not reproduced in in vivo models and patients. Over the last decade a novel approach has emerged, which consists of adaptation of the culture medium composition to that closer to the composition of blood plasma. In 2017‒2019, two plasma-like media were proposed, Plasmax and HPLM. In the review, we have summarized the drawbacks of common media and have analyzed changes in the metabolism of cells cultivated in common and plasma-like media in normal and pathological conditions.

Annotation. The medical chemistry course for medical university students include separate sections of inorganic, analytical, physical and colloidal chemistry. Medical chemistry as an educational discipline lays the foundations for students to study medical and biological disciplines of general training which include biological chemistry, normal physiology, pathological physiology, pharmacology, as well as professional training disciplines – orthopedic, therapeutic and surgical dentistry. The purpose of the work was to reveal the possibilities of the subject “Medical Chemistry” for the development of the personality of a dental student’s, their acquisition of practical skills, the formation of the foundations of chemical competence in the future dentist. The following materials were used when writing the article: Educational and professional program “Dentistry” (Vinnytsia, 2021), a methodical manual created by the teachers of the Department of Biological and General Chemistry “Chemistry in Dentistry”, a workbook on medical chemistry for students of the Faculty of Dentistry, as well as developed test control before practical classes with presentation of laboratory works. The article describes the role of s-, p- and d- elements, organic substances in the processes occurring in the oral cavity, as well as in the treatment and prevention of dental diseases. The contribution of electrochemical processes in the development of dental pathology is considered. Along with this, the need to use various electrochemical methods (electrophoresis and iontophoresis) to prevent and to treat the diseases of the oral cavity is explained. Thus, knowledge of chemical processes and interactions is necessary to understand the principles of chemical action of drugs, chemical interactions between the oral environment and dental material. Which makes it possible to ensure an effective and safe treatment process.

For today, the RNPLS&T’s single network of classifications comprises four classification systems, i. e. State Rubicator of Sci-tech Information (GRNTI, version 2021) as the network foundation and core of the State System of Sci-tech Information, UDC (UDC tables in Russian), Classification Codes of the Higher Attestation Commission, WoS categories and subject areas, and international OECD classification. The semantic matches between the GRNTI headings and codes of the other classifications are defined as logical matching relations, extension inclusion and overlapping including that of key terms and word combinations used for indexing the thematic subject. Three types of semantic relations are determined: equivalency, hierarchy, and association. The statistics of matches in hierarchical levels of GRNTI thematic sections are cited. Based on the statistical analysis, the principal type of semantic matches is identified, along with the largest ratios for every type of relations for each of the classification under examination. The functional options for the single networked headings as the system of interrelated classifications of science objects are demonstrated as exemplified by crossrubrication of subject areas within the Critical Technologies List.

The article presents the results of an empirical study on electronic petitions posted on the Change.org French-speaking segment, geographically linked to France. The relevance of the topic is due to the intervention of modern information and communication technologies in political reality and the need for scientific reflection of the consequences of digital changes in political processes. The authors of the article analyse the regional particularities of the online petition activity by the inhabitants of France on the material of 15 887 electronic petitions (January 2015 – October 2017), 570 of which are petitions with the status of “victory” (4 %). The authors note that the European territories of France form three main groups of online petition activity (with low, medium and high petition activity). Residents of France most often relate to social problems (social security, health care and education) in electronic petitions. In addition, Change.org is actively registering electronic petitions on issues related to crime and terrorism, discrimination, the environment, the economy and animal welfare. Electronic petitions about problems of culture, sports and problems of confessional relations are recorded relatively rarely. The greatest response from the recipients of the petition is caused by problems in the social sphere, education and health. The French society, through the prism of activity on the non-governmental Internet resource Change.org, appears as a modern society with post-industrial values, preoccupied with security issues, in an active and relatively productive dialogue with its political and business elite.

New coronavirus infection (COVID-19) hospital mortality rate is high but vary in different countries. The aim of the study: to analyze the mortality in the COVID-hospital for the period from January to December 2021 taking into account the age as well as the causes of deaths and comorbidity of patients who died in January–February 2021. Material and methods. Hospital mortality was evaluated according to the registers in 2021. The case histories of patients who died in January–February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Results. 984 pa of patients over 60 years old (14.38%) was higher compared to younger people (3.98%), and increased with age. The most frequent complications in 84 patients who died in January–February were acute respiratory distress syndrome, infectious-toxic shock, acute cerebrovascular accident. 78 (92.85%) of the deceased had 2 or more concomitant diseases. Cardiac pathology, chronic kidney disease and diseases of the endocrine system were the leaders in frequency. Vaccination for the previous 6 months was carried out in 3 (3.57%) patients. Conclusion. Mortality rate in the COVID-hospital in 2021 was 10.49% and was significantly higher among patients over 60 years old. A further increase in age was associated with an increase in mortality. The majority of the patients, 78 out of 84 (92.85%) who died in January–February, had multimorbidity.

The Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology has been developing the single network of links between the classifications of various types of scientific subjects with the core GRNTI (State Rubricator of Sci-tech In-formation, The Rubricator) as the backbone classifier of the State System of Sci-tech Information (GSNTI). The key universal approaches toward science data rep-resentation to support compatibility and integration of information resources classified within different systems are defined. The procedure for building the network of matching headings and subjects in sci-tech classifications is described. Based on intellectual analysis method and the principle of classification synonymy through semantic comparison of hierarchy branches and conceptual comparison of subject numbers of individual thematic headings, the tables of interreflections of the Rubricator headings and codes in other classifications are generated. The UDC and Rubricator are matched on the first level of the Rubricator classes. Totally, 144 semantic matches for the Rubricator thematic classes are found. Matching the Rubricator to HAC classifier (Higher Attestation Commission), OECD international classifier, WoS subject domains and categories is accomplished for all three Rubricator levels. Through matching the Rubricator and HAC classifier, approx. 7,000 matches are identified; the Rubricator and OECD classifier – about 11,500 matches, and the Rubricator and WoS classification – over 18,000 match-es identified.

Introduction. The scheduling a transportation route of overweight and oversize goods by road is necessary to perform taken into account road traffic safety and security of artificial engineering structures (bridges, railway crossing and others). The monitoring and control of these procedures are performed by a licensing system in Russia. During the delivery a driver must carry out the transportation of such cargo within the approved route that is specified in a particular paper (authorization) located in the vehicle. Issues appear mostly during first shipment organization and when the route is outside the permanent vehicles location, when road network and bypass schemes are not familiar for the driver and the current GPS-systems bases do not include formal designations of roads according to state register. The authors suppose digital technologies implementation has to facilitate easier abnormal load shipments violations-free sufficiently.The Materials and methods. A transportation organisation model of abnormal loads by BPMN notation has been developed. The key control points have been determined by the authors on the base of their own experience.The results. An information model of forming and transmitting to the carrier authorization to transport abnormal load within the approved route has been developed. In the authorization the link to the cartographic resource is inserted in one of the QR-code field. Such approach makes possible to identify approved route clearly and unambiguously.Uniqueness and practical meaning. The information model uniqueness consists of the transmission way of approves route to the customer – not the sequence of transit localities, but the cartographic resource. The practical implementation of such decision is addressed to help a carrier (a driver) to perform the abnormal load transportation strictly within the approved route.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are one of the major public health problems in the 21st century due to their prevalence. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, chronic inflammation and anemia are non-communicable diseases accompanying obesity. With obesity, there is a violation of iron metabolism, iron deficiency, which further contributes to the development of metabolic disorders. Iron is the second most abundant metal on Earth, and its bioavailability is reduced due to the formation of insoluble oxides, while iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder. Iron metabolism in the body is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species involved in lipid peroxidation processes. Iron metabolism in the human body is regulated at all levels; dysregulation of any stage of metabolism can lead to iron deficiency and the development of anemia associated with obesity. This review article summarizes data on molecular and cellular abnormalities in iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study was to study, according to the literature, pathophysiological disorders in iron metabolism in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In the future, more research is required to study iron metabolism in obesity with the aim of their preventive and therapeutic effects. The role of oxidative stress in impaired iron metabolism in obesity has not been fully studied, while iron deficiency enhances lipid peroxidation processes in antioxidant deficiency. Under these conditions, oxidative stress can damage cells and destroy red blood cells. The question arises whether the restoration of iron homeostasis in obesity can improve metabolic, inflammatory disorders and reduce the manifestation of oxidative stress, becoming a new innovative approach to the treatment of concomitant metabolic diseases associated with obesity.

Alternative ORFs in-frame with the known genes are challenging to reveal. Yet they may contribute significantly to proteome diversity. Here we focused on the individual expression of the SERPINA1 gene exon 5 leading to direct translation of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) C-terminal peptides. The discovery of alternative ways for their production may expand the current understanding of the serpin gene's functioning. We detected short transcripts expressed primarily in hepatocytes. We identified four variants of hepatocyte-specific SERPINA1 short transcripts and individually probed their potential to be translated in living cells. The long mRNA gave the full-length AAT-eGFP fusion, while in case of short transcripts we deduced four active SERPINA1 in-frame alternative ORFs encoding 10, 21, 153 and 169 amino acids AAT C-terminal oligo- and polypeptides. Unlike secretory AAT-eGFP fusion exhibiting classical AAT behavior, truncated AAT-fusions differ by intracellular retention and nuclear enrichment. Immunofluorescence on the endogenous AAT C-terminal epitope showed its accumulation in the cell nucleoli, indicating that short transcripts may be translated in vivo. FANTOM5 CAGE data on SERPINA1 suggest that short transcripts originate from the post-transcriptional cleavage of the spliced mRNA, initiated mainly from the hepatocyte-specific promoter. CONCLUSION: Short SERPINA1 transcripts may represent a source for the direct synthesis of AAT C-terminal peptides with properties uncommon to AAT.

Obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma takes a special place among malignant disorders and surgical pathology in Russia. Involvement of nonspecific immunity and the role of neutrophils in carcinogenesis are ambiguously evaluated. The aim of this study was to study functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophilic granulocytes and their phenotype in obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma. The study included 56 patients with obstructive jaundice associated with cholangiocarcinoma at the T2- 3N0- 1M0 stage (clinical stages II-III), and 90 apparently healthy volunteers of similar age group. Neutrophilic granulocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by means of double-density Ficoll-Urografin gradient.Venous blood was collected in patients into vacutainers with heparin upon admission to the hospital, before the surgery was performed. Spontaneous cytokine production (IL-8, IFNá) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Vector-Best diagnostic kits. To assess phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, the phagocytic index (according to Hamburger), number of phagocytes (according to Wright) and the index of completed phagocytosis (according to Rudik, 2006) were calculated. Immunophenotyping of neutrophilic granulocytes was carried out using an FC500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA) with monoclonal antibodies to CD11b+, CD16+, CD95+. The results were statistically analyzed using the Statistica v.12.0 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). To assess intergroup differences, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests (for three or more comparison groups) and Mann-Whitney tests (for pairwise comparison) were used. Comparison of groups for a qualitative binary trait was carried out using the two-sided Fisher’s exact test. Data are presented as Median (25 quartile-75 quartile).The study of the functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophiles in obstructive jaundice patients caused by cholangiocarcinoma revealed an increase in their relative and absolute number, increased phagocytic index and decreased phagocytic number of neutrophilic granulocytes, increased expression of CD11b+, CD16+, CD95+ immunological markers. The changes in neutrophil secretory activity were characterized by a decrease in cytokine production (IL-2, IFNá). An increase in functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, along with a decrease in their cytokine production suggests that, in obstructive jaundice observed in cholangiocarcinoma at clinical stage T2-3N0-1M0, an equilibrium stage is revealed between the cells of immune system and malignant tumor.

A native potato starch was modififi ed with vinyl acetate by graft polymerization in alkaline medium with pH 10 in the mode of temperature change from 70 to 80°C for 4 hours. The initiator of the process was ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8. The conversion of vinyl acetate was 91,5%. The chemical structure of graft copolymer (Starch:Vinyl acetate) was confifi rmed by IR-spectroscopy. Composite materials of modififi ed starch and triethyl citrate with tensile strength of 24 MPa were obtained. Under natural environmental conditions, materials undergo biodegradation of 96% in 28 days.

One of the main ways to fine-tune the adaptive potential of wheat cultivars is to regulate the timing of flowering using the genes of the Vrn-1 locus, which determines the type and rate of development. Recently, with the use of introgression and isogenic lines of bread wheat, it was shown that this locus is involved in the genetic control of root length and weight both under irrigation and drought conditions. It turned out that the VrnA1 gene is associated with a significant decrease in the size of the root system in a winter genotype. The Vrn-A1 gene had the strongest effect on the reduction of the root system in comparison with the homoeoallelic genes Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1. The aim of this work was to determine whether the allelic composition of the genes at the Vrn-1 locus affects the root size in seven spring cultivars and in two lines of bread wheat differing in flowering time under conditions of normal watering and drought. The research was carried out in a hydroponic greenhouse; drought was created at the tillering stage. In this work, we have shown that early flowering wheat cultivars with the dominant Vrn-A1а allele have more lightweight and shorter roots under normal watering conditions compared to the late flowering carriers of the dominant homoeoalleles Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1. In drought conditions, the root length decreased insignificantly, but the weight of the roots significantly decreased in all genotypes, with the exception of Diamant 2. It has been hypothesized that the level of the transcription factor VRN-1 at the onset of drought may affect the size of the root system. The large variability in root weight may indicate the participation, in addition to the Vrn-1 locus, of other gene networks in the formation of this trait. Breeders working to develop early maturing varieties should consider the possibility of reducing the root size, especially in arid conditions. A significant increase in the root size of line 821 with introgressions into chromosomes 2A, 2B, and 5A from T. timopheevii indicates the possibility of using congeners as a source of increasing the trait in wheat.Одним из главных способов тонкой настройки адаптационного потенциала сортов пшеницы является регулирование сроков цветения с использованием генов локуса Vrn-1, определяющего тип и скорость развития. Исследования, связывающие сроки цветения с формированием корневой системы в нормальных и засушливых условиях, единичны. Недавно с использованием интрогрессированных и изогенных линий пшеницы было показано, что локус Vrn-1 участвует в генетическом контроле длины и массы корней и угла наклона корней в почве как на поливе, так и на засухе. Из трех гомеоаллельных генов – Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 и Vrn-D1 – ген Vrn A1 наиболее сильно уменьшал размеры корневой системы у озимого генотипа. Целью нашей работы было определить, влияет ли аллельный состав генов локуса Vrn-1 на развитие корневой системы у различающихся по срокам цветения семи яровых сортов и двух линий мягкой пшеницы в условиях нормального полива и засухи. Исследования проведены в условиях гидропонной теплицы, засуха создавалась на стадии кущения. Мы показали, что раннецветущие сорта пшеницы с доминантным аллелем Vrn-A1а в нормальных условиях полива имеют корни меньшей массы и длины по сравнению с поздноцветущими носителями доминантных гомеоаллелей Vrn-B1 и Vrn-D1. На засухе длина корней уменьшалась незначительно, а вот масса корней достоверно снижалась у всех генотипов, за исключением сорта Диамант 2. Мы предположили, что уровень транскрипционного фактора VRN- 1 на момент наступления засухи может оказывать влияние на размер корневой системы. Большой размах изменчивости по массе корней может свидетельствовать об участии, помимо локуса Vrn-1, других генных сетей в формировании этого признака. Селекционерам, работающим над созданием скороспелых сортов, следует учиты- вать возможность уменьшения размеров корневой системы, особенно в засушливых условиях. Значительное увеличение массы корней у линии 821 с интрогрессиями в хромосомы 2А, 2В и 5А от вида T. timopheevii указывает на возможность использования сородичей в качестве источника увеличения размера корней у пшеницы.

Background. The problem of gastric cancer remains unresolved throughout the world, while chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) increases the likelihood of its development by 15 times. In the Russian Federation, the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is among the highest, with it prevailing among males. One of the leading mechanisms in molecular pathology of membranes is lipid peroxidation (LPO). The severity of oxidative membrane damage depends on concomitant diseases, contributing to emergence and progression of pathological processes and development of cancer. Currently, the problem of LPO is unsolved in biological systems.The aim of this study was to investigate the state of LPO and antioxidant defense system in CAG and GC. Materials and methods. The parameters were studied in 45 patients with CAG and 50 patients with GC. The control group included 50 practically healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal complaints, who did not have changes in the gastric mucosa according to the fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS) findings.Results. In patients with CAG, an increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase was found in the blood plasma compared with the control group. In patients with CAG, lipid peroxidation was activated, and the malondialdehyde level increased by 3.5 times relative to normal values. At the same time, the body fought against oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. All patients with GC showed pronounced oxidative stress in the blood plasma in the form of a 45-fold increase in malondialdehyde. The activity of the main antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was reduced in GC. Catalase was activated, which indicated pronounced oxidative stress, significant damage to blood vessels, and massive cell death. Glutathione-related enzymes (glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and the antioxidant protein ceruloplasmin were activated, which also indicated significant oxidative stress and severe intoxication in patients with GC.Conclusion. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, an in-depth study of lipid peroxidation and factors of the antioxidant defense system can be used to correct therapy and prevent cancer and can serve as markers of progression and prognosis in gastric cancer.

Aim. A study of the overlap syndrome of uninvestigated dyspepsia and heartburn at an industrial hub city of Eastern Siberia.Materials and methods. A total of 1,382 subjects (684 men and 698 women, mean age 40.6 years) were randomly selected and examined for the central district of Krasnoyarsk. The clinical check-up and interviewing results were registered with a standard questionnaire. Heartburn was diagnosed as per the Montreal Consensus. Since no endoscopic patient examination had been performed, dyspepsia was assumed uninvestigated. Dyspepsia was diagnosed as per the Rome IV criteria. The study conduction complied with ethical standards. Each participant signed an informed examination consent, in accordance to the regulations by the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. The survey data were analysed with common statistical methods.Results. Heartburn, uninvestigated dyspepsia and their overlap syndrome had prevalence of 12.4, 21.1 and 5% in study population, respectively. Uninvestigated dyspepsia was registered in 40.4% patients with and 18.4% — without heartburn (p < 0.001). The risk factors of overlap syndrome were age >40 years (p = 0.002), obesity (p = 0.002), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and/or aspirin intake (p = 0.004) and tobacco smoking (p = 0.007). Among total patients with the heartburn/uninvestigated dyspepsia overlap syndrome, only 33.3% systemically had proton pump inhibitors, and only 17.4% had a prokinetic therapy.Conclusion. The heartburn/uninvestigated dyspepsia overlap syndrome is an actual issue in the Krasnoyarsk population. Attention is warranted to this problem to optimise treatment and prevention measures.

We studied the effect of neural stem cells (NSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from mouse adipose tissue on survival, clonogenic activity, and senescence of NSC after exposure to γ-radiation. It was found that survival and clonogenic activity of NSC irradiated in doses of 1 and 2 Gy was enhanced when irradiated cells were co-cultured with non-irradiated NSC and MSC in permeable Transwell inserts. The proportion of senescent NSC (cells with high β-galactosidase activity) increased with increasing irradiation dose. Co-culturing with non-irradiated NSC in 3 days after irradiation in a dose of 1 Gy led to a decrease in the proportion of senescent cells among irradiated NSC. Factors secreted by NSC and MSC can become the basis for the development of means for prevention and treatment of damage to brain cells resulting from radiation therapy of head and neck cancer.

Progesterone and its synthetic analogues act on cells through different types of receptors, affecting proliferation and apoptosis. These compounds exert their effect through the nuclear receptors and the insufficiently studied membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) belonging to the progestin and adiponectin Q receptor (PAQR) family. We have identified two selective ligands of mPRs that activate only this type of progesterone receptors - 19-hydroxypregn-4-en-20-one (LS-01) and 19-hydroxy-5β-pregn-3-en-20-one (LS-02). The goal of this work is to study the effect of these compounds on proliferation and death of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells BxPC3 and involvement of the two kinases (p38 MAPK and JNK) in signaling pathways activated by progestins through mPRs. It was shown that progesterone and the compound LS-01 significantly (p0.05) inhibited the BxPC3 cell viability, with JNK serving as a mediator. The identified targets of these two steroids are the genes of the proteins Ki67, cyclin D1, PCNA, and p21. Progesterone and the compound LS-01 significantly (p0.05) stimulate DNA fragmentation, enhancing the cell death. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator of this process. The BCL2A1 protein gene was identified as a target of both steroids. The compound LS-02 significantly (p0.05) alters membrane permeability and changes the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane leaflet, also enhancing the cell death. This compound acts on these processes by activating both kinases, JNK and p38 MAPK. The compound LS-02 targets the genes encoding the proteins HRK, caspase 9, and DAPK.

Introduction. The article deals with the actual problem of disposal of industrial waste (sewage sludge). According to the literature data, possible directions of the use of sewage sludge in the production of building materials are identified and considered. Special attention is paid to the proposed variant of systematization of materials, which is based on the dependence of the aggregate state of the sediment on the type of building material. It is proposed to use sewage sludge as a complex additive to improve rheological properties at all stages of heavy concrete hardening.Methods and materials. Studies of the basic properties of raw materials and concrete based on them were determined using standard methods and the requirements of national standards. The material and chemical composition of the sediments, their physical and mechanical characteristics were determined on the basis of the laboratory of the plant of chemical concentrates (Novosibirsk).Results. As a result of the experimental work, the optimal percentage of sewage sludge in the composition of heavy concrete was determined, as well as the ratio of the chemical modifying additive, the optimal composition of concrete was investigated.Conclusion. As a result of the experimental work, the influence of the introduction of sewage sludge modified with plasticizing additives into the concrete composition was established. It has been established that sewage sludge is advisable to use in heavy concrete as a corrective additive without reducing the strength characteristics. In further studies, it is planned to solve the problems of structure formation and study of the interface between the phases of sewage sludge in the composition of concrete; to investigate the relationship between the chemical composition of precipitation and the physical and mechanical properties of a building material.

Sulfonylureas are widely prescribed all over the world, mainly because of their high effectiveness. At the same time, the heterogeneity of the group is obvious, primarily in relation to the effect of drugs on the risk of developing hypoglycemic events. The review presents the results of new studies, including «Comparative effectiveness of gliclazide modified release versus sitagliptin as second-line treatment after metformin monotherapy in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes» and results of a model-based meta-analysis of 24 antihyperglycemic drugs for type 2 diabetes, confirming the higher efficacy of modified release gliclazide (gliclazide MB) compared to DPP-4, as well as a low risk of hypoglycemic conditions. The results of recent studies, as well as the results of the ADVANCE and ADVANCE-ON studies, suggest that gliclazide MB is safe to use as a second-line drug, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease.

The purpose of the work is to identify the most optimal ways to solve the problem of home parenteral nutrition for patients with short bowel syndrome.Basics. Discussion of the current situation will help optimize the work of the Orphan Diseases Center, lead to a greater introduction of online technology, and aim at the search and implementation of new methods of treating patients in this category.Conclusion. The most optimal strategy has been proposed to improve the interaction between various specialists and patients in need of long-term parenteral nutrition.Цель работы - обозначить наиболее оптимальные пути решения проблемы домашнего парентерального питания пациентов с синдромом короткой кишки.Основные положения. Обсуждение сложившейся ситуации поможет оптимизировать работу центра орфанных заболеваний, приведёт к большему внедрению онлайн-технологии, нацелит на поиск и внедрение новых методов лечения пациентов данной категории.Заключение. Предложена наиболее оптимальная стратегия для улучшения взаимодействия различных специалистов и пациентов, нуждающихся в длительном парентеральном питании.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver disease in highly developed countries. The risk of developing NAFLD and associated complications varies greatly among people of different nationalities and is determined by environmental and genetic factors. Genome-wide studies have revealed strong and reproducible associations between gene variations such as PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, GCKR, HSD17B1, and NAFLD. In this article, we consider the influence of genes and environmental factors on the pathophysiological features of NAFLD. The use of a sufficient population sample with the analysis of SNP arrays and the use of sequencing methods (exome and genome as a whole) will lead to the discovery of additional genetic variants, will inevitably improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and will allow the development of a technology for personalized risk in assessing the disease in a patient. The aim of our study was to study the genetic predictors of NAFLD based on literature data with the interpretation of the studies. There is now strong evidence that specific variants of genetic risk have a large effect on NAFLD, and their effect is comparable to that of major metabolic risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The increased risk extends to the onset and progression of the entire spectrum of NAFLD manifestations, including overall mortality due to liver disease. Currently, individual genetic variants do not allow the creation of a personalized risk profile; therefore, the most expedient approach today is the development of polygenic risk assessments. The number of genetic loci associated with the prevalence and outcome of NAFLD remains limited. The use of a sufficient population sample with the analysis of SNP arrays and the use of sequencing methods (exome and genome as a whole) will lead to the discovery of additional genetic variants and will inevitably improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD and will allow the development of a technology for personalized risk in the assessment of the disease.

Aim. To study the content of cytokines in the blood serum of patients with obstructive jaundice of gallstone origin before and after surgical treatment, depending on the development of postoperative complications.Materials and methods. The treatment group consisted of 70 patients with the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice of gallstone origin, verified following a comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination. In 54 patients, the postoperative period was uncomplicated, and in 16 patients, various infectious complications in the postoperative period were revealed. The control group consisted of 125 healthy volunteers. The concentration of six cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-18, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (INF γ)) was determined using reagent kits manufactured by Vector-Best LLC (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the Thermo Scientific analyzer (BioMerieux, France).Results. We identified significantly high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood serum of patients with obstructive jaundice of gallstone origin upon admission, compared with the data obtained in the study of blood serum in the control group and in patients with obstructive jaundice after surgery. In the postoperative period in patients with obstructive jaundice without complications, the proinflammatory cytokines are significantly reduced and IL-4 is increased, whereas with the development of infectious complications, the level of proinflammatory cytokines is significantly elevated.Conclusion. In the pathogenesis of obstructive jaundice, a local inflammatory process plays an essential role. This is confirmed by statistically significant changes in the studied cytokines. The established increase in the concentration of IL-4, which has anti-inflammatory activity, indicates its importance in the mechanisms underlying the absence of infectious complications in the postoperative period of obstructive jaundice of gallstone origin. The revealed increase in the levels of IL-18, TNFα, and INFγ in the blood serum of patients suggests their role in the pathogenesis of infectious complications in the postoperative period of obstructive jaundice of gallstone origin.

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of researches on the operation of public transport vehicles with an electric drive. Electric buses have been tested in megacities, and despite the advantages, problems were identi- fied both in the selection of the charging type, technological features and with the availability and operation of the charging infrastructure. The operation process is associated with a number of technical restrictions, which in prac- tice make it difficult to select routes for the electric bus operation. The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm for selecting a rational regular urban route for the electric bus operation and to test it on the example of the route network of Tyumen.Materials and methods. A structural diagram of the factors influencing the selection of the route for the electric bus operation has been formed. As a result of processing expert assessments, the most significant factors were identified. The diagram of the interconnections of these factors is identified and limitations for the algorithm are for- mulated based on the theory of systems analysis. The algorithm for selecting the rational regular urban route for the electric bus operation has been developed. It enables creating the simulation model for selecting a rational regular urban route for the operation of an electric bus.Results. The diagram of factors influencing the selection of a rational regular urban route for the operation of an electric bus, taking into account their mutual relations, has been formed. The algorithm and simulation model for se- lecting a rational regular urban route for the operation of an electric bus has been developed. Several urban routes in Tyumen were assessed for the rationality of the introduction of electric buses.Discussion and conclusions. Evaluation of five regular urban routes in Tyumen using the developed algorithm and the simulation model revealed three rational routes, and also showed the inefficiency of the other two. It due to the discrepancy between the duration of the charging session and breaks in operation, as well as the insufficient charge level of the traction battery to ensure the required autonomous movement of the vehicle. In the course of the continuation of these studies, the developed algorithm will be supplemented with the stage of economic assess- ment of routes for the operation of electric buses.

The review article is devoted to the history of the discovery of genes that regulate iron metabolism. The natural model that became the basis for the study of genes was hemochromatosis (HC). HC is a hereditary disease caused by excess iron in tissues. The first to be discovered was the HFE gene, whose physiological role is to prevent iron overload in cells by decreasing the binding of transferrin receptor-1 (TFR-1) to metal-saturated transferrin. This happened in 1996; the gene was mapped to chromosome 6p.23.3. In the European population, mutations in the HFE gene were detected in 80-100% of patients with HC. This variant of the disease is classified as type 1 He in OMIM. In 1999, the HJV gene on chromosome 1q21 was discovered, the product of which, hemouvelin, was later found to modulate the expression of hepcidin, and the SLC40A1 gene on chromosome 2q32, which encodes ferroportin, an iron transporter from enterocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes and placental cells into blood plasma. HC associated with mutations in these genes is represented by types 2A and 4 in the OMIM classification. In 2000, the HAMP gene on chromosome 19q13.1 was discovered, encoding the main iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which blocks ferroportin, and the TFR-2 gene on chromosome 7q22. controlling the capture of iron by hepato-cytes and bone marrow cells, as well as the level of metal in the blood plasma. HC associated with mutations in these genes is represented by types 2B and 3 in the OMIM classification.

An overview of existing cancer screening programs, their organization system, and the main implementation parameters is presented. The methods of primary screening that have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality from certain cancers, as well as the reasons for the lack of screening programs in relation to some of them, are listed. The existing screening programs and their main characteristics are considered, and examples of using economic analysis to change screening programs are given. It is noted that in countries even with a large coverage, for example, in the United States and Germany, there is no single national register of screening, and the invitation system does not have a population-based nature. Although the large coverage and development of health systems in these countries allows for the positive effects of opportunistic screening, its effectiveness is lower than in countries with organized programs, and the costs are higher.

Aim. A study of monocyte chemiluminescent activity at variant stages of gastric cancer.Materials and methods. The study enrolled 90 gastric cancer patients and 70 healthy donors. Spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence in monocytes was assessed for 90 min with a “BLM 3607” 36-channel chemiluminescence analyser (Russia). Opsonized zymosan-induced chemiluminescence enhancement was measured as a ratio of the areas under the induced vs. spontaneous chemiluminescence curves, the activation index. Statistical significance was estimated with the Mann—Whitney criterion (p < 0.05).Results. The maximal spontaneous monocyte chemiluminescence intensity significantly decreased in stage IV gastric cancer patients compared to the control cohort (p = 0.035). Time to maximum in spontaneous chemiluminescence increased in all gastric cancer patients vs. control (p = 0.001), and in stage IV gastric cancer vs. stage I patients (p = 0.043). The areas under a curve in spontaneous and induced monocyte chemiluminescence increased in all gastric cancer patients vs. control (p = 0.001), and in stage IV gastric cancer vs. stage I patients (p = 0.037). The activation index was higher in all gastric cancer cases compared to control (p = 0.001).Conclusion. All patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, irrespective of the stage, revealed changes in the monocyte chemiluminescence activity, i.e. a longer time to maximum in spontaneous chemiluminescence and larger area under the curve of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence, the activation index. Maximal monocyte spontaneous chemiluminescence intensity diminished in stage IV gastric cancer compared to the control cohort. Immune activity reflected in monocyte chemiluminescence correlates with the stage of gastric adenocarcinoma.

The chromatographic characteristics were investigated for eight aromatic derivatives of 3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone under conditions of normal-phase thin-layer chromatography for benzene-based binary mobile phase and such polar solvents as chloroform, acetone, acetonitrile, methanol and propan-2-ol. The slope of linear retention dependencies for the investigated compounds on the concentration of the polar component in the mobile phase satisfactorily correlates with the area occupied by the adsorbed analyte molecule in the stationary phase. The intercept in the Soczewinski equation depends on the polar component of the mobile phase.

Leaf pubescence is widespread among higher plants. In bread wheat, a relationship was found between this trait and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes and productivity. In this work, we established the chromosomal localization of the gene for leaf pubescence introgressed from Triticum timopheevii into a bread wheat line 821 and studied its expression in the genetic background of two wheat cultivars differing in genetic control and phenotypic expression of pubescence. To obtain quantitative characteristics of pubescence in cultivars and hybrid populations, the LHDetect2 program was used, which makes it possible to estimate the length and number of trichomes on a leaf fold. A genetic analysis showed the dominant inheritance of the gene. Monosomic analysis F2 was used to establish chromosome localization and investigate the expression of the gene in cultivars Saratovskaya S29 (S29) and Diamant 2 (Dm2). As a result, the gene Hltt, introgressed from T. timopheevii, was identified and localized in the distal region of the long arm of 5A chromosome for the first time. In both F2 populations, the gene reduced the density of trichomes and formed long trichomes, uncharacteristic for the two recipient cultivars S29 and Dm2. A larger number of long trichomes was formed in the genetic background of S29, which carry the bread wheat gene Hl1 and Hl3 for leaf pubescence, than in Dm2. Development of substitution and isogenic lines with the fragment of introgression carrying the gene Hltt will allow determining function and assessing the adaptive significance of the gene more precisely.

The production of new effective hemostatic materials based on a polymer composition of modified chitosan with a three-dimensional cross-linked structure as a polymer matrix and calcium ions coordinated to it is addressed. The optimum concentration of calcium ions in the chitosan-based composition was established as 10 – 20 mM and ensured an effective in vitro blood coagulation time of 40 sec. Compositions of chitosan succinate and chloride in addition to chitosan in solutions with nicotinic acid were shown to have effective hemostatic activity. Statistical differences in the effects of various calcium salts on the blood coagulation time were not found. In vivo tests showed that a chitosan-based composition was effective for stopping bleeding of any degree of severity, both with external and internal injuries to tissues.

The results of biostratigraphic study based on the radiolarian analysis of the rhythmically-layered terrigenous deposits developed in the islands of the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago (Peter the Great Bay) are presented. These deposits are most similar to medium-grained turbidiites (according to [21]). In the study region, the development and stratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic boundary deposits, separated by the marking layer, have been validated for the first time. Based on the comparison with the isochronic zonal subdivision of the Pacific and Tethys paleo areas, the layers with Globolaxtorum tozeri (Upper Rhaetian) are distinguished in the Upper Triassic deposits of the studied sections, while the Pantanellium tanuense Zone (Hettangian) is traced and the layers with Parahsuum simplum (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) are revealed in the Lower Jurassic deposits.

In recent years, studies into the processes of bed agglomeration during the combustion of biomass have become increasingly relevant. The agglomeration processes are most largely influenced by the alkaline components of ash, which form low-melting eutectics by reacting with silicates. Therefore, it is very important to determine the critical concentration, primarily, of potassium that forms the most low-melting eutectics in the bed, at which the particles begin to sinter. The experimental studies are aimed at to investigate the effect of the temperature and the concentrations of alkaline elements on the process of particle agglomeration during the combustion of various types of biomass as well as biomass and coal, studying the presence of bed drain, determining the critical concentration of potassium in the bed, and calculating the estimated time before the start of sintering under conditions of an increase of potassium concentration in the bed. The experimental techniques and characteristics of the four studied types of biomass are described. Data on the fraction of agglomerated particles in the bed at different temperatures and concentrations of alkaline elements are given. Upon replacing a part of the sand by iron oxides, agglomeration is observed only at high temperatures (850°C and more). The obtained data are compared with the results of similar experiments carried out under conditions of the fluidized bed; in these experiments, the effects of the fluidization rate, particle size, and excess air on the agglomeration processes are considered. It is noted that the limiting potassium concentration is lowest in the case of a fixed bed. It is shown that real objects should be used when studying the dependence of the behavior of the potassium concentration in the bed on the operation time. The choice of the fraction of bed drain with the addition of a screened material or fresh sand is of practical interest. The calculation techniques and calculated data obtained with use of them on the behavior of the potassium concentration in the bed under various conditions are presented. The fractions of bed drain during combustion of sunflower husks and bark and wood waste are determined. In addition, it is shown that the joint combustion of husks and coal sharply reduces the probability of bed agglomeration.

Three new organoselenium compounds are synthesized: N-phenyl-2-(2-thienylacetyl)hydrazinecarboselenoamide (I), 4-phenyl-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-selone (II), and 3,3'-di[4-phenyl-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazolyl] diselenide (III). Two of them (compounds II and III) are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (CIF files CCDC nos. 1956602 (II) and 1956603 (III)). Compound II crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system (space group P21/n) with two crystallographically independent molecules A and B being different conformers relative to rotation about the NTrz–CTrz–C(H2)–CTph bond, where Trz is triazole and Tph is thiophene (gauche-A (51.4(3)°) and cis-B (4.2(4)°)). In the crystal of compound II, molecules A and B form chains along the crystallographic axis a due to strong hydrogen bonds N–H···Se. Then the chains are bound into a three-dimensional framework via intermolecular nonvalent interactions Se···S (3.3857(11) A). Owing to the anomeric effect, diselenide III is characterized by the typical gauche conformation of the substituents at the Se–Se bond (torsion angle СSeSeС 83.5(4)°) stabilized by a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond С–H···π. In the crystal of compound III, the molecules form chains along the crystallographic acid b due to intermolecular noncovalent interactions Se···π(C–C) (3.404(6) and 3.458(12) A), Se···Se (3.8975(11) A), and S···N (3.250(5) A). Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of the synthesized compounds is studied.