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Cellulose acetate is a promising thermoplastic polymer to be developed since it has some characteristics, among others are easy to be formed, non-toxic, high stability, and its raw materials are renewable. The most used source of cellulose acetate raw material is bacterial cellulose because bacterial cellulose has the higher purity and the process cost is lower rather than plant cellulose. Nowadays, the production of bacterial cellulose is highly developed using coconut water media. Nevertheless, coconut water costs expensive and the supply is rare. Materials that are being potential to be developed as raw materials of bacterial cellulose through fermentation process is palm flour liquid wasted since it contains high amounts of carbon and nitrogen. This study began with the synthesis of bacterial cellulose from palm flour oil liquid waste and coconut water using Acetobacter xylinum bacteria and then cellulose acetate is synthesized through an acetylation reaction. This study aims to determine the optimum acetylation time on its performance as a reinforcement filler to be applied as a packaging material. Based on the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis on predetermined variables, it resulted particles in the form of bacterial cellulose and cellulose acetate with the highest yield of cellulose acetate at 3 hours of acetylation was 94.74%.

In this study the effect of Chitosan-PLA (CH-PLA) film enriching with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and ginger essential oil (GEO) were analyzed to investigate the mechanical and antibacterial properties. Resulting were improved the tensile strength (TS) effect of CEO and GEO addition to CH-PLA film by decrease about 47.39% for CEO and 66.85% for GEO compared to the film without essential oil. Blending CEO and GEO into CH-PLA film can also increase with increasing essential oil. CEO and GEO oil can increase 2.95 and 2.9 of elongation percentage compared to the film without essential oil on 2%of essential oil. CH-PLA film containing additional of CEO and GEO had no important effect on the CH-PLA film thickness. The film thickness for each essential oil composition varied from 0.10 to 0.13 m, while CH-PLA film containing CEO and GEO decrease total weight loss and bacterial population of milkfish satay compared with uncoated and coated without EO milkfish satay.

Dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami seperti puntung rokok sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi limbah dan juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai untuk mencegah laju korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengendalikan laju korosi pada Baja API 5L menggunakan ektrak puntung rokok menggunakan metode ultrasonic bath serta pengaruh konsentrasi inhibitor ektrak puntung rokok dan waktu perendaman terhadap kekerasan Baja API 5L. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengurangi laju korosi Baja API 5L menggunakan ektrak puntung rokok dengan konsentrasi 0%; 1%; 3%; 5%; 7%; dan 9%. Untuk medium korosi yang digunakan adalah NaCl dan HCl. Sampel direndam dalam medium korosi dengan penambahan inhibitor dan non-inhibitor. Lama perendaman bervariasi yaitu 1 hari sampai dengan 10 hari, metode yang digunakan adalah ultrasonic bath sebagai metode ekstraksi serta kehilangan berat untuk menentukan laju korosi dan nilai efisiensinya. Laju korosi berkurang seiring dengan penambahan konsentrasi inhibitor ektrak puntung rokok. Nilai efisiensi terhitung mencapai 98% pada medium korosi NaCl dan 81% pada medium korosi HCl dengan konsentrasi 9%. Nilai kekerasan Baja API 5L dimana terjadi perbedaan kekerasan antara material satu dengan yang lainnya. Untuk pelarut medium korosif NaCl, inhibitor bekerja lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pelarut medium korosif HCl. Hal ini disebabkan bahwa pelarut medium korosif HCl memiliki tingkat keasaman lebih tinggi dibandingkan NaCl yang menyebabkan sampel sangat cepat terkorosif oleh larutan medium korosif HCl.

Recently, drug nanoparticles formulation using Poly Lactic Acid-Cellulose nanocrystal (PLA-CNC) have been introduced. PLA-CNC were prepared by emulsion method for antidiabetic drug delivery applications. PLA is one of polymer which potentially used as raw material of drug delivery because it has the ability to bind and carry drugs into cell target, but the hydrophilic character of PLA can cause the degradation of PLA in the body run slowly, so it is necessary combining PLA with CNC to improve its property. In this study, special attention has been given to the modification of PLA-CNC as a drug delivery matrix to obtain the optimum drug release of antidiabetic drugs. In this study drug release analysis was conducted at 35-39 °C and pH range 3 to 9 with varied of time dissolution 0 to 180 min. PLA-CNC matrixs were characterized using FTIR and SEM, its drug loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release behavior was determined by using UV spectrophotometer. It gave the initial burst release at the first hour at 37 °C pH 3.

Using inhibitors becomes an alternative way to reduce the level of corrosion. One type of the inhibitors proven effective is inorganic or chemical inhibitors. Regarding this, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of chemical inhibitors in reducing the level of corrosion. This study showed that the addition of natrium acetate and natrium was proven effective in reducing the corrosion, with the level of inhibitor efficiency of 75%. The result also showed that the inhibitors gave good performance to inhibit corrosion attack in natrium chloride acid medium, the form of corrosion that occurs in API 5L material is uniform corrosion.

In this work, polylactic acid (PLA) matrix was reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) to form bio-composite films. The films were produced via two step processes; (1) isolation of ...

MicroCrystalline Cellulose (MCC) is commonly produced from wood pulp, cotton linters or any other fiber sources by thermal hydrolysis using mineral acids. This is a time-consuming process and high ...

Blend film is a thin layer made of biomaterial. One of the ingredients commonly used as blend film is chitosan. In the manufacture of blend films, chitosan can be used as a basic component of film manufacture. Chitosan has magnificent features due to its biodegradable and biocompatible and non-toxicity, but unfortunately chitosan is fragile material and generally insoluble in water. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and Glycerol was added to improve the characteristics of the film. The purpose of this study was to get the optimum ratio between chitosan and PLA, and get the characteristics of blend film from chitosan-PLA blended. The study was conducted in three step processes: (1) chitosan preparation, which was derived by deacetylation of chitin in the sodium hydroxide solution 50% w/w (2) PLA preparation, which was performed by direct polycondensation mechanism and (3) synthesis chitosan-PLA blend film. Blend film formation that was used the concentration ratio of chitosan: PLA (2:0 to 2:2 w/w), concentration of glycerol 0.03% v/v of chitosan solution, and drying temperature 70 °C for 10 hours. The analysis shows that the more percent of PLA added will decrease the value of tensile strength and elongation at break. The more percent of PLA added will increase the permeability of the film. The results showed that the best combination of chitosan: PLA concentration was on the ratio 2:0.4 of chitosan: PLA with the value of tensile strength and elongation of break of the film were 23.74 MPa and 14.82%.

L-Lactic acid oligomers (OLLA) which are produced from polycondensation without catalysts is safe to use as food packaging. However the nature of the brittle oligomer is an obstacle in its application. The oligomer is then blended with other materials to solve the problem. Modification of OLLA with the addition of cassava starch and glycerol plasticizer is a way to improve the mechanical properties of OLLA. The aim of this study is to obtain the best characteristics of the blending film of OLLA/cassava starch. OLLA was synthesized with L-lactic acid by direct polycondensation at 180°C for 4 hours. The synthesized glycerol-coated cassava starch was carried out by mixing cassava starch (3% w/v) and glycerol (1% v/v) at 65°C. The blending polymer was conducted at 80°C, then formed to be thin films and dried at 60°C for 24 hours. The results showed that the best OLLA/ cassava starch ratio were obtained at 40/60 with tensile strength was 2.78 MPa and elongation at break was 20.5% While the degree of crystallinity of OLLA films, cassava starch film and OLLA/cassava starch blend film were 30.1; 15.7 and 19.2% respectively.

Penggunaan baja pada saat ini telah berkembang pesat dan digunakan dalam teknologi industri sebagai salah satu material penunjang. Ada beberapa penggunaan baja yang digunakan pada industri sepeda motor, kereta api, mobil, kapal laut, serta kontruksi lainnya. Namun dalam penggunaan baja, banyak faktor yang menyebabkan daya guna baja ini menurun. Salah satu penyebabnya yaitu fenomena korosi pada baja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi inhibitor ekstrak daun teh terhadap laju korosi pada baja API 5L dan menghambat laju korosi pada baja API 5L. Metode yang digunakan adalah kehilangan berat. Medium korosif yang digunakan adalah NaCl dan HCl. Lama perendaman yaitu 10 hari untuk melihat kemampuan inhibitor menghambat laju korosi. Metode pembuatan inihibitor ekstrak daun teh menggunakan ultrasonic bath. Konsentrasi inhibitor yang dibuat pada penelitian ini adalah 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, dan 9%. Sebelum baja direndam dalam larutan korosif, larutan korosif dicampur terlebih dahulu dengan larutan inhibitor sesuai dengan konsentrasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi inhibisi korosi yang paling besar terjadi pada larutan korosif NaCl dengan konsentrasi 9% pada perendaman selama 10 hari yaitu sebesar 95% dan pada larutan korosif HCl dengan konsentrasi 9% sebesar 45%. Morfologi permukaan yang diperoleh menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope dari baja API 5L memperlihatkan permukaan baja yang dilapisi dengan ekstrak daun teh mengalami korosi lebih sedikit. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa inhibitor ekstrak daun teh baik dalam menghambat laju korosi yang terjadi pada baja API 5L.

Pengemasan merupakan proses perlindungan suatu produk pangan yang bertujuan menjaga keawetan dan konsistensi mutu. Bahan pengemas dari plastik banyak digunakan dengan pertimbangan ekonomis, namun penggunaan material sintesis tersebut berdampak pada pencemaran lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif untuk menangani permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan material ramah lingkungan ( biodegradable ) seperti edible film . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh temperatur pengeringan terhadap swelling dan tensile strength edible film hasil p emanfaatan pati limbah kulit singkong dengan penambahan ekstrak jahe merah. Penelitian ini diawali dengan tahap pembuatan ekstrak jahe merah dan pati dari limbah kulit singkong, setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan edible film dengan variasi penambahan ekstrak jahe merah (0.5-1.1% w/v) dan diberi plasticizer berupa gliserol (1% v/v). Selanjutnya dilakukan tahapan pembuatan dan pencetakkan edible film dan pengeringan pada temperatur ( 50;60;70 0 C). Hasil yang diperoleh selanjutnya dilakukan analisa swelling dan tensile strength. Hasil menunjukkan nilai swelling dan tensile strength tertinggi diperoleh pada pada penambahan ekstrak jahe merah 1.1% dan temperatur pengeringan 70 0 C yaitu masing-masing 88.89 % dan 50,66 kg/cm 2 . Kata Kunci : Kemuluran, Kuat tarik, Lapisan edibel ABSTRACT Packaging is a protection food product to maintain the quality and durability of food. Plastic packaging is widely used for economic consideration, but it leads to environmental pollution. The alternative way to handle this problem is by using biodegradable material such as edible film. This study aims to examine the effect of dying temperature on the swelling and tensile strength of edible cassava peel starch film with the addition of red ginger extract. This research was started with the extraction of red ginger and cassava peel starch, followed by edible film making with variation of red ginger extract addition (0.5-1.1% w/v) and glycerol (1% v/v) as plasticizer. The next stages were production and molding of the edible film. The edible films were then dried at the temperature of (50;60;70 0 C ) . Furthermore swelling and tensile strength analysis was conducted to the product of edible film. The results showed that the highest swelling and tensile strength values were obtained on the addition of red ginger extract of 1.1% and the drying temperature of 70 0 C which were 88.89% and 50,664 kg / cm 2 respectively. Keywords : Edible film, Swelling, Tensile strength

Longan fruit (Dimacorpus longan lour) is one of non-climacteric tropical fruit. Longan fruit has a short shelf life under room temperature. Pericarp browning and microbial decay are the majir factors reducing the longan shelf life, it can cause the limitation of consuming the longan fruits. An alternative means without toxic and pollution effect for preventing and controlling the the post harvesting fruits are needed such as blend film and edible coating application. Application of edible coating is promising to improve the quality and extend live of post harvested vegetable and fruits. Therefore the aim of this study is to define the potential of Chitosan-PLA (Ch-PLA) composites to extend the shelf life of longan fruits. In this experiment, we investigated those with the effect of PLA content to the chitosan film on water vapour permeability, pH condition, film thickness and weight loss of longan fruits.

API 5L steel, a low carbon steel with a high alloy content, is often used as an underwater construction material or oil and gas pipeline. Banten has a wide sea area and has a long coastline where part of the coastline is used for petrochemical industries. There are three coast areas of Banten, namely Bayah Rangkasbitung, Anyer and Merak, that are used for petrochemical industries. Most of those industries use API 5L steel for underwater construction materials and pipes to channel seawater, chemical compounds, gas and oil. Whereas, seawater will greatly affect the lifetime of API 5L construction steel because it can cause corrosion. The purpose of this study is to analyze the corrosion characteristics of API 5L steel affected by the environment of seawater media and the temperature of seawater in accordance with its natural conditions. The samples of API 5L steel were immersed in seawater media with variation of immersion time of 5, 10, 15 Days and variation of immersion temperature of 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C. In this study, a series of tests were carried out, namely immersion test, weight loss test, and SEM test (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The highest corrosion rate on API 5L steel is 0.39 mmpy which belongs to Merak’s seawater media in the immersion time of 15 Days and the temperature of 60°C, while the lowest corrosion rate on the API 5L steel is 0.013 mmpy which belongs to Bayah’s seawater media with a time of immersion of 10 Days and a temperature of 20°C.

This research aims at investigating the corrosion behavior and hardness of AISI Stainless Steel 304 (AISI SS 304) in corrosive hydrochloric acid solution and temperature variation treatment. In this study, the samples of AISI SS 304 are immersed for six (6) days in the corrosive acid solution at the temperature of 30°C and 50°C. The solution used as the corrosive media are HCl, FeCl3, and NaCl in the concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%. The results show that the higher the concentration of the solution, the higher the corrosion rate of AISI SS 304 will be, and the higher the temperature, the higher corrosion rate will also occur in all corrosion media. The corrosion that occurs in AISI SS 304 is mostly in the form of uniform corrosion and some pitting corrosion, and the value of hardness decreases after corrosion.

White turmeric (Curcuma Mangga) is rhizome that plantyful in Pandeglang Banten, It has not optimally applied. White turmeric is a potential antioxidant that can be used as skin sun screen. The aim of the research is to observe the potential of curcuma manga to be a sunscreen. This study was initially prepared by slicing the rhizome into the small size, after that blanching by adding 0.05% of citric acid into the ryzome, and then followed by exctracting process in different temperature (30;50;70 o C). The next one was vaporization solvent (ethyl acetate and methanol) using water bath at 40-45 o C and dried at 37 o C for 8 hours with oven. The extract was then analyzed by spectrophotometry UV-Vis analysis. The result was then measured show that white turmeric the product potentially used for sun screen. It gave the the highest SPF value about 4.107 of SPF using solvent of ethyl acetate and 3.295 by using methanol solvent. From the GC-MS (Gas Chromathography – Mass Spectro) analysis show that white turmeric contain Oroselone, Xanthone, Curcumin, Calamen, And Palmitic Acid. Key words : antioxidant, White turmeric, Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

Asam laktat merupakan bahan baku industri polimer PLA (poliasam laktat) yang bersifat biodegradable dan biocompatible . Harga PLA masih jauh diatas harga plastik konvensional. Upaya terus dilakukan untuk mengurangi harga produksi PLA agar bisa bersaing dengan plastic konvensional, salah satunya adalah mencari alternatif bahan baku yang murah. Bahan baku yang menjanjikan adalah molase. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan laju pembebanan substrat molase yang menghasilkan asam laktat optimum. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahapan yaitu inokulasi Lactobacillus acidophilus , fermentasi molase dan pemurnian asam laktat. Bioreaktor yang digunakan adalah biorektor anaerobik dengan volume 1000 ml. Inokulasi Lactobacillus acidophilus dilakukan dalam medium MRS pada suhu 38°C selama 12 jam. Pada sistem fed batch , substrat dimasukkan secara simultan, dengan variasi laju alir pembebanan substrat 22,2; 33,3; 44,4 dan 66,7 ml/jam. Temperatur fermentor dijaga konstan pada 38 o C selama 72 jam. Proses pemurnian dilakukan dengan menambahkan kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH) 2 ) dan diasamkan dengan larutan asam sulfat 0,01M pada temperature 70°C sehingga menghasilkan asam laktat dan kalsium sulfat (gypsum). Gipsum dan asam laktat disaring sehingga asam laktat terpisah dari gipsum. Laju spesifik pembentukkan produk (q p ) tertinggi sebesar 16,065 gP/gS dengan konsentrasi asam laktat sebesar 8,3 g/L terbentuk pada laju pembebanan substrat sebesar 33,3 mg/L.

Styrofoam merupakan suatu polistirena yang sudah dipadatkan dan dibentuk sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Styrofoam banyak digunakan untuk pengemasan barang-barang elektronik dan sebagai kemasan makanan. Beberapa hal pada styrofoam yang sangat menguntungkan bagi para penjual makanan dan penjual alat elekrtonik adalah tidak mudah bocor, praktis, ringan dan ekonomis. Disisi lain setelah styrofoam tidak digunakan, akan menjadi limbah yang sulit untuk diuraikan. Bahkan pada proses produksinya sendiri menghasilkan limbah yang banyak sehingga dikategorikan sebagai penghasil limbah berbahaya ke-5 terbesar di dunia oleh EPA (Enviromental Protection Agency). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan upaya mengurangi limbah styrofoam dengan merubahnya menjadi Lem Lateks. Metode penelitianya adalah mencampurkan 30 gram limbah Styrofoam dengan 70 ml Toluen. Lem Lateks pekat yang terbentuk bersifat tidak stabil atau cepat mengalami penggumpalan. Agar lateks tersebut tidak menggumpal maka dilakukan proses emulsi dengan menambahkan emulsifier ABS (Alkil Benzena Sulfonat) yang merupakan senyawa aktif. Hasil yang baik dieroleh pada campuran 90 ml larutan polistirena dengan 10 ml aquades dan dengan penambahan 5% Alkil Benzena Sulfonat (ABS) pada waktu penyimpanan selama 3 hari.

Empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB f ) is a type of biomass waste generated by the palm oil industry, which accounts for approximately 22-23% of the total fresh fruit produced to make CPO. Currently, the total waste of EFB f in Indonesia stands at about 5 million tons per year. It is necessary, therefore, to find solutions for utilizing this abundance. One alternative is to produce bio-hydrogen from the EFB f bio-mass waste. The early stage of the process was to convert EFB F biomass waste into bio-ethanol, which could then be subjected to high temperatures in a ‘cracking’ process to produce bio-hydrogen. The characteristics of the bio-ethanol were analysed, and it was used as Bio-ethanol Reformer, a raw material in the cracking process. The results showed that a pre-treatment process using sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 6% for 60 minutes resulted in an 86.69% elimination of lignin. Pre-treated EBF f bio-mass waste hydrolysed using sulphuric acid at a concentration of 6% for 60 minutes, produced 0.6054% glucose. The fermentation process showed 6.58% bio-ethanol. Based on the characteristics of the bio-ethanol produced in this experiment, a simulation calculation for the production of bio-hydrogen was then performed using the cracking process of bio-ethanol with specified process conditions. The simulation calculations showed that the yield of bio-hydrogen in the cracking process reached 21.4%.

Tongkol jagung merupakan salah satu limbah lignoselulosik yang banyak tersedia di Indonesia. Limbah lignoselulosik adalah limbah pertanian yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin. Delignifikasi dapat dilakukan untuk melepaskan ikatan lignin dari suatu senyawa kompleks. Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk melepaskan ikatan lignin dengan menggunakan jenis pelarut berupa (H2SO4/CH3COOH / NaOH), konsentrasi (0,5 % ; 1,5 % ; 2,5 %), suhu pemanasan 100 C dan waktu ekstraksi selama 60 menit. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pelarut terbaik yang digunakan untuk memperbesar daya larut lignin ialah pelarut asam sulfat pada konsentrasi 1,5% yaitu sebesar 0,33%.