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Heterosis is a complex biological phenomenon regulated by genetic variations and epigenetic changes. However, the roles of small RNAs (sRNAs), an important epigenetic regulatory element, on plant heterosis are still poorly understood. Here, an integrative analysis was performed with sequencing data from multi-omics layers of maize hybrids and their two homologous parental lines to explore the potential underlying mechanisms of sRNAs in plant height (PH) heterosis. sRNAome analysis revealed that 59 (18.61%) microRNAs (miRNAs) and 64,534 (54.00%) 24-nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) clusters were non-additively expressed in hybrids. Transcriptome profiles showed that these non-additively expressed miRNAs regulated PH heterosis through activating genes involved in vegetative growth-related pathways while suppressing those related to reproductive and stress response pathways. DNA methylome profiles showed that non-additive methylation events were more likely to be induced by non-additively expressed siRNA clusters. Genes associated with low-parental expression (LPE) siRNAs and trans-chromosomal demethylation (TCdM) events were enriched in developmental processes as well as nutrients and energy metabolism, whereas genes associated with high-parental expression (HPE) siRNAs and trans-chromosomal methylation (TCM) events were gathered in stress response and organelle organization pathways. Our results provide insights into the expression and regulation patterns of sRNAs in hybrids and help to elucidate their potential targeting pathways contributing to PH heterosis.

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a highly nutritious winter-season pulse crop. It is used as food, feed, and fodder and offers nutritional security to low-income people in developing countries. Different graphical approaches like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Genotype + Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplots were used along with the conventional line × tester to identify efficient parents, combining ability effects and distinct heterotic groups in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The study used a line tester design (9 × 3) for seed yield and its associated traits. In the conventional analysis, lines Aman and HFP 715 and the tester GP02/1108, as well as crosses HFP 715 × GP02/1108, Aman × GP02/1108, and Pant P-243 × HFP 1426 showed the best GCA (General Combining Ability) and SCA (Specific Combining Ability) effects, respectively, for seed yield and its attributes. The σ2SCA > σ2GCA, and σ2D > σ2A in almost all the traits indicated control of non-additive gene effects. High manifestations of heterobeltiosis for seed yield were evidenced by the superiority of 24 out of 27 crosses over the better parent. The highest significant heterobeltiosis was observed in the cross HFP 715 × GP02/1108, followed by IPF 14-16 × GP02/1108, IPF 14-16 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × GP02/1108, and Aman × GP02/1108 for yield and its attributes. The biplot techniques were used to analyze data and compare their results with conventional line × tester analysis. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to those of traditional analysis. Consequently, it can surely be assumed that these methods could be helpful in presenting data from field pea breeding experiments carried out with line × tester design.

This research was undertaken to assess genetic control and combining effects of some essential traits of yield under drought stress. Forty-two hybrids under water-stressed and well-watered conditions were tested in field experiments for two years. Evaluation of the various genetic components of variation was performed. Both the additive (D) and the dominant (H1) variance components were important in most of the traits suggesting both additive and non-additive gene effects under both conditions. The study showed that the minimum number of genes under water-stressed (WS) conditions ranged from 0.02 for pod length to 16.13 for days to 50% flowering. The narrow-sense heritability ranged from 24% for the number of pods per plant and pod length to 66% for the number of days to 50% flowering under WS condition. The impacts of SCA and GCA have been determined. In both conditions IT93K-432-1 and IT97K-499-35 showed the strongest GCA results on both of the traits. Danila×IT93K-432-1, Danilla×IT97K-499-35, and TVu7778×IT99K-573-2-1 have been observed to have the best SCA effect under both conditions for most of the traits. In most traits, additive and non-additive gene effects plus additive × additive and additive × dominance gene interactions were common. In summary, additive and non-additive gene actions were detected; however, there was a preponderance of non-additive gene action in both conditions. As a result, the enhancement of these traits would involve a repetitive selection technique as a result of the prevalence of the dominant gene effect, which would allow favorable recombination of the genes in both conditions in later generations., Bu araştırma, kuraklık stresi altında verime ait bazı temel özelliklere genetik kontrol ve uygulamaların ortak etkilerini değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Su stresli ve iyi sulanmış koşullar altında kırk iki hibrit, arazi deneylerinde iki yıl boyunca test edildi. Varyasyonun çeşitli genetik bileşenlerinin değerlendirilmesi yapıldı. Hem eklemeli (D) hem de baskın (H1) varyans bileşenleri, her iki koşulda da hem eklemeli hem de eklemeli olmayan gen etkilerini düşündüren özelliklerin çoğunda önemliydi. Çalışma, su stresi (WS) koşulları altında minimum gen sayısının, % 50 çiçeklenme döneminde, bakla uzunluğu için 0.02 ila 16.13 arasında değiştiğini gösterdi. Dar anlamda kalıtsallık, bitki başına bakla sayısı ve bakla uzunluğu için % 24'ten gün sayısı için % 66'ya, WS koşulunda % 50 çiçeklenmeye kadar değişmektedir. SCA ve GCA'nın etkileri belirlendi. Her iki koşulda da IT93K-432-1 ve IT97K-499-35, her iki özellik üzerinde de en güçlü GCA sonuçlarını gösterdi. Danila × IT93K-432-1, Danilla × IT97K-499-35 ve TVu7778 × IT99K-573-2-1'in, özelliklerin çoğu için her iki koşulda da en iyi SCA etkisine sahip olduğu gözlemlendi. Çoğu özellikte, eklemeli ve eklemeli olmayan gen etkilerinden artı eklemeli × eklemeli ve eklemeli × baskın gen etkileşimleri yaygındı. Özetle, eklemeli ve eklemeli olmayan gen aktiviteleri tespit edildi; fakat, her iki koşulda da eklemeli olmayan gen eyleminin üstünlüğü vardı. Sonuç olarak, bu özelliklerin geliştirilmesi, baskın gen etkisinin prevalansının bir sonucu olarak her iki koşulda da genlerin sonraki nesillerde uygun şekilde yeniden birleştirilmesine izin verecek tekrarlayan bir seçim tekniğini içerecektir.

Understanding the mode of inheritance of traits is vital in the selection of breeding methods for the grain yield and improvement of associated traits in a target environment. Combining ability is one of the powerful indices for the selection of the best cross combinations, parental lines that combine with other lines and the best breeding method for high grain yield improvement programmes. A total of 45 crosses were generated from ten maize varieties developed in low nitrogen environment in a diallel mating fashion without reciprocal. The resultant progenies were investigated in low- and highnitrogen soil to identify the mode of grain yield inheritance and those of related traits in the tested environments. Mean square analysis revealed the preponderance of additive and non-additive gene actions in the expression of maize grain yield and related characters tested under stress and optimal conditions. In this study, it is proved that both standard selection and hybridization breeding strategies are effective for the improvement of most traits involved. This experiment also confirmed the adequacy of sufficient variation in the gene pool present in the maize population that could be exploited in maize grain yield improvement programmes in the tropics. The ratio of SCA to GCA however emphasized the superiority of additive gene effects in the expression of most traits in the tested environments. The results, therefore, suggest that additive gene actions primarily condition the expression of maize grain yield and associated characters in the tested environments. Therefore, suggesting that the standard selection method would be effective for the improvement of most traits tested under the two environments.

Background Consumers purchase fresh strawberries all year long. Extending the fruiting season for new strawberry cultivars is a common breeding goal. Understanding the inheritance of repeat fruiting is key to improving breeding efficiency. Several independent research groups using multiple genotypes and analytic approaches have all identified a single genomic region in strawberry associated with repeat fruiting. Markers mapped to this region were used to evaluate breeding parents from the United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) strawberry breeding program at Beltsville, Maryland. Results Markers mapped to repeat fruiting identified once-fruiting genotypes but not repeat-fruiting genotypes. Eleven of twenty-three breeding parents with repeat-fruiting marker profiles were actually once fruiting, indicating at least one additional locus acting epistatically to suppress repeat fruiting. Family segregation ratios could not be predicted reliably by the combined use of parental phenotypes and marker profiles, when using a single-gene model. Expected segregation ratios were calculated for all phenotypic and marker-profile combinations possible from the mapped locus combined with a hypothetical dominant or recessive suppressor locus. Segregation ratios specific to an epistatic suppressor acting on the mapped locus were observed in four families. The segregation ratios for two families were best explained by a dominant suppressor acting on the mapped locus, and, for the other two, by a recessive suppressor. Not all of the observed ratios could be explained by one model or the other, and when multiple families with a common parent were compared, there was no predicted genotype for the common parent that would lead to all of the observed segregation ratios. Conclusions Considering all lines of evidence in this study and others, repeat-fruiting in commercial strawberry is controlled primarily by a dominant allele at a single locus, previously mapped by multiple groups. At least two additional genes, one dominant and one recessive, exist that act epistatically to suppress repeat fruiting. Environmental effects and/or incomplete penetrance likely affect phenotype through the suppressor loci, rather than the primary mapped locus. One of the dominant suppressors acts only in the first year, the year the plant is germinated from seed, and not after the plant has experienced a winter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1984-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundQuantitative traits are typically considered to be under additive genetic control. Although there are indications that non-additive factors have the potential to contribute to trait variation, experimental demonstration remains scarce. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of growth in Atlantic salmon by exploiting the high level of genetic diversity and trait expression among domesticated, hybrid and wild populations.ResultsAfter rearing fish in common-garden experiments under aquaculture conditions, we performed a variance component analysis in four mapping populations totaling ~ 7000 individuals from six wild, two domesticated and three F1 wild/domesticated hybrid strains. Across the four independent datasets, genome-wide significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with weight and length were detected on a total of 18 chromosomes, reflecting the polygenic nature of growth. Significant QTLs correlated with both length and weight were detected on chromosomes 2, 6 and 9 in multiple datasets. Significantly, epistatic QTLs were detected in all datasets.DiscussionThe observed interactions demonstrated that the phenotypic effect of inheriting an allele deviated between half-sib families. Gene-by-gene interactions were also suggested, where the combined effect of two loci resulted in a genetic effect upon phenotypic variance, while no genetic effect was detected when the two loci were considered separately. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of epistasis in a quantitative trait in Atlantic salmon. These novel results are of relevance for breeding programs, and for predicting the evolutionary consequences of domestication-introgression in wild populations.

One routing problem with constraints is considered. These constraints are reduced to precedence conditions which be to visiting sequence of megalopolises. This sequence is selected together with concrete trajectory and initial state for minimization of nonadditive criterion. These criterion is some generalization of known criterion for the bottleneck routing problem. The basis singularity of the used solving method consists of using of unique dynamic programming procedure for all initial states. The used criterion includes a controlled parameter influences on significance of different fragments of solution.

A field experiment was carried out with a view to estimate, combining ability and gene effects in brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.). The experimental material comprised of 37 genotypes including 8 parents, 28 hybrids and one standard check (Surati Ravaiya) was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications at Regional Horticultural Research Station (R.H.R.S.), Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during Rabi 2015-16. Combining ability analysis revealed that both additive as well as non-additive gene effects were important in the inheritance of all the traits studied. However, magnitude of variances due to sca were comparatively larger than those of gca for most of the economic traits indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action. Among the parents, JBGR-1, NSR-1 and JBL-08-8 were good general combiners for majority of the traits. The crosses viz., AB-09-1 × AB-12-10, AB-09-1 × AB-08-5, AB-08-5 × JBL-08-8 and GJB-3 × AB-12-10 showed higher order sca effects in addition to performance for fruit yield and its component characters.

Recent work in personality development has indicated that the magnitude of individual differences in personality increases over child development. Do such patterns reflect the differentiation of individuals by genotype, an increasing influence of environmental factors, or some (interactive) combination of the two? Using a population-based sample of over 2,500 twins and multiples from the Texas Twin Project, we estimated age trends in the variances in self- and parent-reported measures of the Big Five personality traits between Ages 8 and 18 years. We then estimated age trends in the genetic and environmental components of variance in each measure. Individual differences in personality increased in magnitude from childhood through mid-adolescence. This pattern emerged using both children’s self-reports and ratings provided by their parents, and was primarily attributable to increases in the magnitude of genetic influences. Most of the increasing genetic variance appeared nonadditive, pointing to the possibility that developmental processes tend to make genetically similar individuals disproportionately more alike in their personality traits over time. These findings could reflect increasing or accumulating effects of trait-by-trait interactions; person-by-environment transactions, whereby genetically similar people are disproportionally likely to experience similar environments; the activation of dominant genes across developmental transitions (e.g., puberty); or some combination of these three processes, among other factors. Theories of personality development will need to accommodate these descriptive findings, and longitudinal, genetically informed designs are needed to test some of the specific hypotheses springing from this study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)o

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The idea of synergistic interactions between drugs and chemicals has been an important issue in the biomedical world for over a century. As complex diseases, especially cancer, are being treated with various drug cocktails, understanding the interactions among these drugs is increasingly vital to ensuring successful treatment regimens. However, the idea of synergy is not limited to only the biomedical realm and these ideas have developed across many different disciplines, as well. In this review, we first discuss the various terminology surrounding the idea of synergy, providing a comprehensive list of terms defined across numerous disciplines. We then review the most common methodology for detection and quantification of synergy, including the two most prominent reference models for describing additive interactions: Loewe Additivity and Bliss Independence. We also discuss advantages and limitations to each method, with a focus on the Chou-Talalay Combination Index method. Finally, we describe how methods development and terminology have developed among disciplines outside of biomedicine and pharmacology, to synthesize the literature for readers.

Genomic selection is a powerful tool for predicting phenotypes or genetic values of non-observed individuals, based on a panel both phenotyped and genotyped. The mixed models GBLUP usually utilized take into account all markers simultaneously, assuming that all their effects all follow the same Gaussian distribution. Knowledge of the biological mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation is therefore not taken into account in such modeling. The aim of this thesis is to integrate in GBLUP models a priori knowledge, such as genomic regions involved in the variation of the traits of interest or networks of genes, in order to evaluate the potential for improvement of accuracies. These models were applied to the Helianthus annuus L. sunflower specie on three traits (flowering time, yield and leaf senescence) in 13 several environments. One of the main challenges of genetic studies on sunflower hybrids is to model hybrid vigor, or heterosis. Different hypotheses, including dominance, over-dominance and epistasis have been proposed to clarify the genetic mechanisms underlying the heterosis phenomenon, but their importance is not clearly known. In this context, the first part of this study aimed to test the efficiency of the GS in an hybrid population from the crossing of 36 female lines with 36 male lines. For this purpose, models taking into account non-additive effects were experimented, and the results validated experimentally in field over two years. The prediction of the genetic values of the hybrids was conclusive, so we looked for a priori information to integrate with these models. SNPs involved in the variation of the three traits of interest were searched using several models of GWAS (additive and non-additive). Moreover, in order to test models taking into account epistatic interactions, SNPs located in known gene networks have been sought. Finally the integration of the genomic regions involved in the variation of the traits, into the GBLUP models, was conducted. Two methods were implemented for this, namely the modeling of a priori information in the random part (MultiBLUP model) or in the fixed part of the models. These methods do not show significant improvement in accuracies compared to GBLUP models without a priori information., La sélection génomique (GS) est un outil puissant pour prédire les phénotypes ou les valeurs génétiques d'individus encore non observés, sur la base d'un panel à la fois phénotypé et génotypé. Les modèles mixtes GBLUP habituellement utilisés prennent en compte tous les marqueurs simultanément, en postulant que leurs effets suivent tous la même distribution gaussienne. Les connaissances des mécanismes biologiques sous-jacent à la variation phénotypique ne sont donc pas pris en compte dans une telle modélisation. Le but de cette thèse est d'intégrer dans des modèles GBLUP des connaissances a priori, comme des régions génomique impliquées dans la variation des caractères d'intérêt ou encore des réseaux de gènes, afin d'évaluer le potentiel d'amélioration de la précision de prédiction. Ces modèles ont été appliqués à l'espèce de tournesol Helianthus annuus L., sur trois caractères (la floraison, le rendement et la sénescence foliaire) dans 13 environnements différents. L'un des principaux défis des études sur les hybrides de tournesol est de modéliser la vigueur hybride, ou hétérosis. Différentes hypothèses, incluant la dominance, la superdominance et l'épistasie ont été proposées pour clarifier les mécanismes génétiques sous-jacents au phénomène de l'hétérosis, mais leur importance n'est pas clairement connue. Dans ce contexte, la première partie de cette étude a eu pour but de tester l'efficacité de la GS dans une population d'hybrides provenant du croisement de 36 lignées femelles avec 36 lignées mâles. Pour cela des modèles prenant en compte des effets non-additifs ont été expérimentés, et les résultats validés expérimentalement en champ sur deux années. La prédiction des valeurs génétiques des hybrides ayant été concluante, nous avons ensuite cherché des informations a priori à intégrer à ces modèles. Des SNPs impliqués dans la variation des trois caractères d'intérêt ont été recherchés à l'aide de plusieurs modèles de GWAS (additifs et non-additifs). De plus, dans la perspective de tester des modèles prenant en compte des interactions épistatiques, des SNPs localisés dans des réseaux de gènes connus ont été recherchés. La dernière partie de cette thèse a eu pour but d'intégrer aux modèles GBLUP ces régions génomiques impliquées dans la variation des caractères. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées pour cela, à savoir la modélisation des informations a priori dans la partie aléatoire (modèle MultiBLUP) ou dans la partie fixe des modèles. Ces méthodes ne montrent pas d'amélioration significative des précisions de prédiction par rapport aux modèles GBLUP sans information a priori.

A line x tester crossing programme was done using male sterile lines and a set of 11 genetically diverse pollinators as testers. F1's along with parents were evaluated during winter and summer seasons. During the seasons, for plant height and flower size, additive gene action was higher compared to non-additive gene action, while for flowering days and stalk length, non-additive and non-additive gene actions played important role during both the seasons, indicating the usefulness of hybrids in marigold cultivation. Similarly, for flower number during winter and for plant spread during summer, both additive and non-additive gene action played significant role. For other traits, gene action was inconsistent during different seasons.

Because of essential economic and ecological concerns, there is increased interest worldwide in developing wheat cultivars that are more efficient in utilizing nitrogen (N) and better suited to N limitations. The objective of the present investigation was to get information on the type of gene action controlling the inheritance of wheat low-N tolerance traits in order to start a breeding program for improving such traits. Six parents of contrasting low-N tolerance were crossed in a diallel fashion. Evaluation of 6 parents, 15 F1crosses and 15 F2 crosses was done using a randomized complete block design with three replications under two levels of soil N, i.e. low-N (0 kg N/ha) and high-N (180 kg N/ha).The magnitude of dominance variance inF2's for all studied traits was much greater than that of additive variance under both high N and low N, suggesting that selection should be postponed to later segregating generations in order to eliminate masking effects of dominance variance and take advantage of the additive variance for the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h2n) in F2's was generally of higher magnitude under low-N than high-N, suggesting that it is better to practice selection for studied nitrogen efficiency and grain yield traits under low-N conditions to obtain higher values of selection gain.

Background Plants with heterosis/hybrid vigor perform better than their parents in many traits. However, the biological mechanisms underlying heterosis remain unclear. To investigate the significance of DNA methylation to heterosis, a comprehensive analysis of whole-genome DNA methylome profiles of Populus deltoides cl.'55/65' and '10/17' parental lines and their intraspecific F1 hybrids lines was performed using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and high-throughput sequencing. Results Here, a total of 486.27 million reads were mapped to the reference genome of Populus trichocarpa, with an average unique mapping rate of 57.8%. The parents with similar genetic background had distinct DNA methylation levels. F1 hybrids with hybrid vigor possessed non-additive DNA methylation level (their levels were higher than mid-parent values). The DNA methylation levels in promoter and repetitive sequences and transposable element of better-parent F1 hybrids and parents and lower-parent F1 hybrids were different. Compared with the maternal parent, better-parent F1 hybrids had fewer hypermethylated genes and more hypomethylated ones. Compared with the paternal parent and lower-parent L1, better-parent F1 hybrids had more hypermethylated genes and fewer hypomethylated ones. The differentially methylated genes between better-parent F1 hybrids, the parents and lower-parent F1 hybrids were enriched in the categories metabolic processes, response to stress, binding, and catalytic activity, development, and involved in hormone biosynthesis, signaling pathway. Conclusions The methylation patterns of the parents both partially and dynamically passed onto their hybrids, and F1 hybrids has a non-additive mathylation level. A multidimensional process is involved in the formation of heterosis.

The present investigation was carried out at Horticultural Research Station, Lam farm, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh during kharif, 2013-14 and 2014-15 to estimate the combining ability effects employing the line x tester mating design with nine lines and six testers. The analysis of variance revealed that significant differences among the parents and crosses for all the 12 characters studied. Six characters viz. fruit yield per plant, plant spread, days to 50% flowering, days to fruit maturity, number of fruits per plant and number of seeds per fruit were exhibited higher magnitude of sca variances than gca variances which revealed that non-additive gene action was played an important role in the inheritance of these trait. According to gca effects, the genotypes LCA-442, LCA-654, LCA-655, LCA-703-2 and LCA-453 found to be promising general combiners for yield and yield components. The sca effects revealed that nine crosses viz., LCA 466 x LCA 705-2, LCA 607 x LCA 703-2, LCA 355 x LCA 678, LCA 504 x LCA 705-2, LCA 446 x LCA 703-2, LCA 615 x LCA 453, LCA 442 x LCA 453, LCA 607 x G4 and LCA 654 x LCA were identified as promising hybrids for fruit yield and it’s yield component characters.

A field experiment was carried out with a view to estimate, combining ability and gene effects in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). The experimental material comprised of 37 genotypes including 8 parents, 28 hybrids and one standard check (Surati Ravaiya) was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications at Regional Horticultural Research Station (R.H.R.S.), Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during Rabi 2015-16. Combining ability analysis revealed that both additive as well as non-additive gene effects were important in the inheritance of all the traits studied. However, magnitude of variances due to sca was comparatively larger than those of gca for most of the economic traits indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action. Among the parents, JBGR-1, NSR-1 and JBL-08-8 were good general combiners for majority of the traits. The crosses viz., AB-09-1 × AB-12-10, AB-09-1 × AB-08-5, AB-08-5 × JBL-08-8 and GJB-3 × AB-12-10 showed higher order sca effects in addition to performance for fruit yield and its component characters.

This paper offers comments on a previously published paper, titled “Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in economics: an overview,” by Zavadskas and Turskis (2011). The paper's authors made great efforts to summarize MCDM methods but may have failed to consider several important new concepts and trends in the MCDM field for solving actual problems. First, the traditional model assumes the criteria are independently and hierarchically structured; however, in reality, problems are often characterized by interdependent criteria and dimensions and may even exhibit feedback-like effects. Second, relatively good solutions from the existing alternatives are replaced by aspiration levels to fit today's competitive markets. Third, the emphasis in the field has shifted from ranking and selection when determining the most preferable approaches to performance improvement of existing methods. Fourth, information fusion techniques, including the fuzzy integral method, have been developed to aggregate the performances. Finally, the original fixed resources in multi-objective programming are divided such that both decision and objective spaces are changeable. In this paper, we add new concepts and provide comments that could be thought of as an attempt to complete the original paper.

— Tingginya jumlah kematian ibu dan anak menempatkan Indonesia di rangking teratas kawasan Asia Tenggara.Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi jumlah angka kematian ibu dan anak yaitu penyedian sarana dalam hal ini klinik bersalin disuatu daerah, demi tercapainya Milenium Development Goals (MDGs) di tahun 2015. Pengumpulan data yang mendukung penelitian ini, yaitu melakukan konsultasi dengan kepala Dinas Kesehatan Sulawesi Selatan sehingga dihasilkan kriteria-kriteria terbaik dalam pendirian klinik bersalin. Kriteria-kriteria tersebut disusun berdasarkan studi literatur, observasi, dan wawacara.Selanjutnya kriteria tersebut diberi penilaian perbandingan berpasangan dengan AHP untuk mencari bobot prior dengan skala penilaian antara 1 – 9, sedangkan untuk mencari bobot informasional dan upper excepted value menggunakan TFN (Triangular Fuzzy Number). Hasil yang didapat dengan menggunakan Fuzzy AHP non-additive dalam pendirian klinik bersalin menunjukkan bahwa kriteria prevalensi, penduduk, kesakitan, petugas, dan sarana merupakan kriteria utama dalam pendirian klinik besalin. Metode Fuzzy AHP non-additive didalam penilaian tingkat konsistensi dilakukan pada setiap level struktur hirarki dan mampu mengakomodir ketidak konsistenan dalam penilaian. Kata Kunci— AHP(Analitycal Hierarchy Process), non-additive, TFN (Triangular Fuzzy Number), upper excepted value.

In order to explain the Ellsberg paradox, a non-additive expected utility has recently been proposed. In this paper we determine dominance conditions for non-additive expected utilities. In the univariate case all the well-known stochastic dominance theorems can be extended to the non-additive framework, whereas in the multivariate case the generalization applies only to those results that assume a weak preference ordering or do not require extension to linear combinations of utilities.