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The current inventory was mainly based on revising herbarium specimens collected since the 19th century and confirmed twenty-one Characeae species in Lithuania. They are representatives of five genera: Chara (12 species), Nitella (5), Tolypella (2), Lychnothamnus and Nitellopsis (by one species each). Thirteen species mentioned in references or labels of herbarium specimens were not confirmed. The occurrence of the Characeae species was recorded in 251 map grid cells (42% of the total number 593). Herbarium specimens were collected from 693 water bodies, mainly lakes. Chara globularis was the most common species, recorded in 150 map grid cells and more than 250 water bodies. Ten species (C. aspera, C. contraria, C. filiformis, C. subspinosa, C. tomentosa, C. virgata, C. vulgaris, Nitella mucronata, N. flexilis, Nitellopsis obtusa) were recorded in the interval from 100 to 50 grid cells and also belong to the group of common species. Chara papillosa and C. strigosa were recorded less than in 50 grid cells and should be considered quite common. Eight species (C. baltica, C. canescens, Lychnothamnus barbatus, Nitella confervacea, N. gracilis, N. syncarpa, Tolypella nidifica, T. prolifera) were recorded in ten or fewer grid cells and belong to the group of rare or very rare species. The occurrence of species that have not been confirmed by the herbarium specimens was discussed., Atlikus herbariumo pavyzdžių, surinktų nuo XIX a. pradžios, reviziją, patvirtinta, kad Lietuvoje aptinkama 21 maurabraginių (Characeae) šeimos dumblių rūšis. Jos priklauso penkioms gentims: Chara (12 rūšių), Nitella (5 rūšys), Tolypella (2 rūšys), Lychnothamnus ir Nitellopsis (po 1 rūšį). Trylika rūšių, paminėtų herbariumo pavyzdžių etiketėse ir kituose šaltiniuose, nebuvo patvirtintos. Characeae rūšių paplitimas buvo užfiksuotas 251 geografinio tinklo kvadrate (42 proc. kvadratų iš visų 593 kvadratų). Analizuoti herbariumo pavyzdžiai surinkti 693 vandens telkiniuose, daugiausia ežeruose. Chara globularis yra Lietuvoje labiausiai paplitusi rūšis, užregistruota 150-yje tinklo kvadratų ir daugiau kaip 250-yje vandens telkinių. Dešimt rūšių (Chara aspera, C. contraria, C. filiformis, C. subspinosa, C. tomentosa, C. virgata, C. vulgaris, Nitella mucronata, N. flexilis, Nitellopsis obtusa) yra užregistruotos nuo 100 iki 50 kvadratų ir taip pat priskirtinos prie dažnų rūšių. Chara papillosa ir C. strigosa buvo užregistruotos kiek mažiau negu 50-yje kvadratų ir gali būti priskiriamos prie gana dažnų rūšių. Aštuonios rūšys (Chara baltica, C. canescens, Lychnothamnus barbatus, Nitella confervacea, N. gracilis, N. syncarpa, Tolypella nidifica, T. prolifera) užregistruotos dešimtyje ar mažiau kvadratų ir priskiriamos prie retų arba labai retų rūšių grupės. Straipsnyje taip pat aptariamos rūšys, kurių vardai minimi literatūros šaltiniuose arba įrašyti herbariumo pavyzdžių etiketėse, tačiau jų buvimas Lietuvoje nepasitvirtinovvvvv

Re-establishment of submerged macrophytes and especially charophyte vegetation is a common aim in lake management. If revegetation does not happen spontaneously, transplantations may be a suitable option. Only rarely have transplantations been used as a tool to support threatened submerged macrophytes and, to a much lesser extent, charophytes. Such actions have to consider species-specific life strategies. K-strategists mainly inhabit permanent habitats, are perennial, have low fertility and poor dispersal ability, but are strong competitors and often form dense vegetation. R-strategists are annual species, inhabit shallow water and/or temporary habitats, and are richly fertile. They disperse easily but are weak competitors. While K-strategists easily can be planted as green biomass taken from another site, rare R-strategists often must be reproduced in cultures before they can be planted on-site. In Sweden, several charophyte species are extremely rare and fail to (re)establish, though apparently suitable habitats are available. Limited dispersal and/or lack of diaspore reservoirs are probable explanations. Transplantations are planned to secure the occurrences of these species in the country. This contribution reviews the knowledge on life forms, dispersal, establishment, and transplantations of submerged macrophytes with focus on charophytes and gives recommendations for the Swedish project.

Detta kunskapsuppbyggande program syftar till att förbättra framtida överlevnaden av 15 hotade makrofyter i landet. Programmet innehåller både förslag på redan etablerade åtgärder och kunskapshöjande åtgärder om hur vi aktivt kan gynna framför allt ingående kransalger. Det är ett vägledande aktionsprogram som inte är juridiskt bindande. I programmet ingår fem natearter och tio kransalger. Alla arter växer i sjöar och har omfattats av tidigare åtgärdsprogram. Spretsträfse, trådsträfse och stjärnslinke växer i kalkrika sjöar. Grov-, udd-, späd-, höst-, och dvärgslinke växer i mjuka vatten. Barklöst sträfse har tidigare hittats i insjöar, men är idag endast känd från nordligaste Bottenviken. Fjällrufse växer endast i fjällsjöar. De fem nate-arterna växer alla i måttligt näringsrika sjöar. Styvnate föredrar dock näringsfattigare vatten, medan knöl- och spetsnate även kan växa i riktigt näringsrika vatten. Band- och uddnate förekommer också i Bottenviken, där salthalten är mycket låg. Tillbakagången av dessa arter beror bland annat på fysisk påverkan genom sänkning och reglering av sjöar samt övergödning. I detta program belyser vi problemet i texten, men föreslår inga åtgärder mot övergödning då dessa fångas upp i andra åtgärdsprogram och av andra samhällssektorer, t ex Vattenförvaltningens åtgärdsprogram och Landsbygdsprogrammet. Även brunifieringen av sjöar, som minskar ljusinsläppet i vattnet, påverkar makrofyterna negativt. Tack vare de tidigare åtgärdsprogrammen har en hel del arbete lagts ner på att kartlägga arternas utbredning. Vissa arter som till exempel uddslinke visade sig vara vanligare än man trodde. Däremot har natearter försvunnit från många tidigare lokaler. I programmet föreslår vi riktade inventeringar för tre arter som antagligen är svåra att hitta och därmed förbisedda: dvärgslinke, fjällrufse och grovslinke. Dessutom föreslår vi riktade inventeringar för barklöst sträfse i de historiska insjölokalerna. Exempel på åtgärder som föreslås är utsättningar av natearter. Havs- och vattenmyndigheten ska ta fram en nationell policy för utsättningar som ska följas. När det gäller kransalgerna vet vi inte varför de är så sällsynta. Till exempel behöver vi kunskap om hur konkurrenskraftiga de är, hur de sprider sig och vilka temperaturkrav de har. Vi behöver också kunskap om hur utsättning av de hotade kransalgerna som ingår i detta program kan göras. Utsättningsförsök ska därför genomföras innan man gör utsättningar av dessa i större omfattning. Det är många som har bidragit med värdefull kunskap för att få ihop detta program. Tack för ert bidrag, stöd och uppmuntran Irmgard Blindow, Sofia Brockmark, Maria Carlsson, Gustav Johansson, Tina Kyrkander, Måns Lindell, Mikael Svensson och Mats Thuresson. Stort tack till Roland Bengtsson för synpunkter och inte minst tillgång till ditt digra bibliotek om alger. Tack även till Anna Gustafsson, Håkan Sandsten och Åke Widgren för viktiga bidrag och synpunkter. There is a general lack of knowledge on the efficiency of established methods to increase species conservation status in lake environments. This action plan aims to improve species knowledge, and to get efficient tools to improve the future survival of 15 threatened freshwater macrophytes living in permanent waters. Five of the targeted species belong to the genus Potamogeton and ten are charophytes belonging to the genera Chara, Nitella and Nitellopsis. Chara rudis, C. filiformis and Nitellopsis obtusa grow in calcareous lakes. Nitella translucens, N. mucronata, N. gracilis, N. syncarpa and N. confervacea grow in soft waters. Previously, Chara braunii occurred in lakes, but nowadays is known only from the northern parts of the Bothnian Bay where the salinity is very low and conditions much resemble freshwater habitats. Tolypella canadensis grows in mountain lakes with low water temperature in the northernmost part of Sweden. All five Potamogeton-species grow in mesotrophic waters, but P. rutilus demands more oligotrophic waters, while P. trichoides and P. acutifolius prefer eutrophic water. Beside lakes, P. compressus and P. friesii also grow in slow flowing streams and in the northern parts of the Bothnian Bay. Altered physical conditions, such as lowering and regulating water levels, together with eutrophication are the main reasons why the targeted macrophytes are threatened. From the middle of the 19th century and approximately 100 years onwards, there has been extensive losses of suitable habitats, with many of the original wetlands and lakes drained and converted to farmland. Consequently, many small ponds and lakes dried up and the aquatic organisms living there disappeared. In regulated lakes, the amplitude of the water level fluctuates which can lead to that aquatic macrophytes either dry out or grow too deep to get enough light . During the last decades, increased humification of many waters decreases the amount of light reaching down into the water. The action plan proposes active measures to increase species distribution by introducing plants on historic localities as well as in new lakes and ponds. However, every introduction needs to be prudently considered. It is also recommended to conduct pilot studies before starting large-scale introductions of charophytes, as there is a little knowledge on species requirements. In addition, national guidelines for introduction and reintroduction of aquatic species needs to be established. More knowledge is indeed needed on the ecology of the targeted species, especially the charophytes. One of the suggested actions is therefore studies on how different species of charophytes compete with more common submersed macrophytes. Studies are also suggested on the temperature demands of T. canadensis, since it is unknown if climate change is a threat to this species. Earlier inventories with the aim of mapping species distribution showed that some species, like N. translucens, are more common than expected. In contrast, the Potamogeton-species have disappeared from many earlier localities. In this action plan, there is no general focus on inventories. However, the action plan suggests that inventories of four species should be conducted. C. braunii should be looked for on the historical locality in lake Vänern. T. canadensis grows in inaccessible places in mountain lakes and it is expected to be more common than we think, if only these inaccessible lakes are reached. N. confervacea is a tiny plant with only small parts of the shoots above the sediment. An inventory focusing on this species will hopefully reveal more localities. N. translucens is also expected to be overlooked since it in Sweden often grows in humic forest lakes, having brown water. These kind of lakes are often species poor regarding macrophytes and not chosen for inventerories. The action plan runs 2017-2021, by which we hope to have gained more knowledge on how to favour these species, as well as having conducted some actions that more or less directly increases the occurrence and survival of several species. The plan is a guidance document, and not legally binding.

Using the liquid microelectrode technique, the electrical potentials of nodal cells and the with them internodal cells neighbouring, of Nitellopsis obtusa plants of the Characeae family were determined. A specific variation in the potential of nodal cells in the form of cacophony-type irregular disturbances was also found, indicating that the node is not a passive mechanical element controlled by internodal cells, but is a complex system of coupled-, and different metabolic oscillators.

The distribution and ecology of charophytes in Lubelszczyzna (Eastern Poland) is described based on herbaria collections, literature data, and the author's own investigations. Maps showing the distribution of all 22 charophyte species identified so far are presented, as well as the details of habitats ecology. Some data on species frequency, conservation, and threats are added.

Nitellopsis (Tectochara) merianii (Al. Braun ex Unger, 1852) Grambast & Soulié-Märsche, 1972 (Fig. 8 L-N) Chara meriani Unger, 1852: 82, pl. 25, figs 10-12. Tectochara meriani – Grambast & Grambast-Fessard 1954: 668. Nitellopsis (Tectochara) meriani – Grambast & Soulié- Märsche 1972: 11. DISTRIBUTION. — Nitellopsis (Tectochara) merianii appears to be exclusive to Europe during the Upper Eocene (Upper Priabonian) and Lower Oligocene (Rupelian) (Table 5). It has been reported in Rupelian lacustrine deposits from many French localities, i.e. Paris Basin (Grambast & Paul 1965; Riveline 1986), Aquitaine (Feist & Ringeade 1977), the western sector of Languedoc (Grambast 1962; Feist- Castel 1971) and Provence (Touraine 1971) basins. It was also reported in Lower Oligocene beds in the Rhine Graben in Germany (Mädler 1955; Schwarz 1997) and in Lower Oligocene deposits from the Molassic Swiss Basin (Kissling 1974; Reichenbacher et al. 1996). In Spain, this species has been documented in Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene deposits from the Ebro Basin (Choi 1989; Feist et al. 1994) and from Oligocene rocks in the central Iberian Peninsula (Loranca Basin) by Juliá de Agar (1991). Recently, Sanjuan & Martín-Closas (2012) reported the oldest record of the species in the Upper Priabonian of the eastern Ebro Basin, namely at Torre Casanova (Moià), El Talladell and Vinaixa (Tables 2, 4). During the Uppermost Oligocene-Lower Miocene, this species expanded from western Europe across the Paratethys realm to NE China and SE Asia, ranging from latitude 18°N to 50°N and covering the entire Eurasian landmass (Soulié-Märsche et al. 1997 and references therein; Soulié-Märsche et al. 2002; Sanjuan & Martín-Closas in press). In Eastern Europe, this species was also recorded in Lower Oligocene deposits from Slovenia (Ettinghausen 1872) and Romania (Iva et al. 1970; Baciu & Feist 1999). Mädler & Staesche (1979) reported this species in many localities attributed to Early Oligocene from Turkey (Table 5). DESCRIPTION Large gyrogonites, variable in size, 818-1262 µm high (mean 1084 µm), and 716-1045 µm wide (mean 909 µm), normally ovoid but sometimes ellipsoidal in shape with an isopolarity index of 96-146 (mean 121).Spiral cells 126µm wide, generally convex.Eight to eleven (often nine) convolutions visible in lateral view. Apex nitellopsidoid, slightly convex or subrounded, with well-marked thinning and narrowing of the spiral cells in the periapical zone.Apical nodules present, more or less prominent. Base rounded or slightly conical with large basal pore, 100 µm across, and located within a pentagonal funnel. REMARKS Ŋis species shows a notably reduced size in comparison with coeval Nitellopsis species such as N. (T.) wannacotti, N. (T.) aemula and N. (T.) latispira, which are about 300 µm larger and are in general more rounded in shape., Published as part of Sanjuan, Josep & Martín-Closas, Carles, 2014, Taxonomy and palaeobiogeography of charophytes from the Upper Eocene- Lower Oligocene of the Eastern Ebro Basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), pp. 385-420 in Geodiversitas 36 (3) on page 406, DOI: 10.5252/g2014n3a3, http://zenodo.org/record/4538531, {"references":["UNGER F. 1852. - Iconographia plantarum fossilium. Denkschriften Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenchaftliche Klasse, Wien 4: 73 - 118.","GRAMBAST L. & PAUL P. 1965. - Observations nouvelles sur la flore de charophytes du Stampien du bassin de Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 7: 239 - 247.","RIVELINE J. 1986. - Les Charophytes du Paleogene et du Miocene inferieur d'Europe Occidentale. Cahiers de Paleontologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 227 p.","FEIST M. & RINGEADE M. 1977. - Etude biostratigraphique et paleobotanique (charophytes) des formations continentales d'Aquitaine, de l'Eocene superieur au Miocene inferieur. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 7: 341 - 354.","GRAMBAST L. 1962. - Apercu sur les Charophytes tertiaires du Languedoc et leur signification stratigraphique. Comptes Rendus Sommaires des Seances de la Societe Geologique de France 10: 313 - 314.","FEIST- CASTEL M. 1971. - Sur les Charophytes fossiles du Bassin tertiaire d'Ales (Gard). Geobios 4: 157 - 172.","TOURAINE F. 1971. - L'Oligocene nord-varois. Sa position stratigraphique et sa signification dans la tectogenese subalpine (etat des connaissances actuelles). Annales Guebhard 47: 394 - 421.","MADLER K. 1955. - Zur Taxonomie der Tertiaren Charophyten. Geologisches Jahrbuch 70: 265 - 328.","SCHWARZ J. 1997. - Charophyten aus dem Tertiar des Oberrheingrabens (Mitteleozan-Untermiozan). Palaeontographica Abt. B 243: 1 - 84.","KISSLING D. 1974. - L'Oligocene de l'extremite occidentale du basin molassique Suisse. Stratigraphie et apercu sedimentologique. PhD dissertation Universite de Geneve, 188 p.","REICHENBACHER B., BERGER J. P. & WEIDMANN M. 1996. - Charophytes et otolithes de la Molasse d'eau douce inferieure oligocene de Moutier (Jura Suisse). Abhandlungen Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie 202 (1): 63 - 93.","CHOI S. J. 1989. - Les Charophytes du Bassin Potassique Catalan (Nord-Est de l'Espagne) a la limite Eocene-Oligocene. Paleobiologie continentale 26: 1 - 67.","FEIST M., ANADON P., CABRERA L., CHOI S. J., COLOM- BO F. & SAEZ M. 1994. - Upper Eocene-Lowermost Miocene charophyte in the Ebro Basin (Spain). Contribution to the charophyte biozonation in Western Europe. Newsletter Stratigraphy 30: 1 - 32.","JULIA DE AGAR J. J. 1991. - Contribucion al estudio de carofitas fosiles de la Cuenca Terciaria de Loranca (provincia de Cuenca, Espana). Coloquios de Paleontologia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 43: 57 - 78.","ETTINGHAUSEN C. 1872. - Die fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften / Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 32: 159 - 202.","IVA M., MARGARIT M. & MARGARIT G. 1970. - Asupra citorva caracee din stratele de Turbuta de Pe Valea Hirtoapelor (Nord-Vesul Baxinului Transsilvaniei). Studiai si cercetari de Geologie, Geofizica, Geografie, Seria Geologie, Bucuresti 15: 419 - 430.","BACIU C. & FEIST M. 1999. - Les charophytes oligocenes du nord-ouest de la Transylvanie (Roumanie). Acta Palaeontologica Romana 2: 27 - 29.","MADLER K. & STAESCHE U. 1979. - Fossile Charophyten aus dem Kanozoikum (Tertiar und Quartar) der Turkei. Geologisches Jahrbuch B 33: 81 - 157."]}

16 páginas, 3 figuras., [EN] A critical check-list of the Charophytes from the Iberian Peninsula, based on literature records and original data, is presented. It includes 46 taxa, including 26 species, 14 varieties and 6 forms, from 5 genera: Chara, Lamprothamnium, Nitella, Nitellopsis and Tolypella., [ES] Se presenta un catálogo crítico de los carófitos citados para la Península Ibérica, que comprende 46 táxones, correspondientes a 26 especies, 14 variedades y 6 formas, incluidos en 5 géneros: Chara, Lamprothamnium, Nitella, Nitellopsis y Tolypella. Para cada taxon se incluyen los sinónimos más utilizados, y su distribución ibérica., Este trabajo se incluye en el marco del proyecto Flora iberica de las algas continentales (REN2002-04397-C03-02/GLO).

Se presenta un catálogo crítico de los carófitos citados para la Península Ibérica, que comprende 46 táxones, correspondientes a 26 especies, 14 variedades y 6 formas, incluidos en 5 géneros: Chara, Lamprothamnium, Nitella, Nitellopsis y Tolypella. Para cada taxon se incluyen los sinónimos más utilizados, y su distribución ibérica. A critical check-list of the Charophytes from the Iberian Peninsula, based on literature records and original data, is presented. It includes 46 taxa, including 26 species, 14 varieties and 6 forms, from 5 genera: Chara, Lamprothamnium, Nitella, Nitellopsis and Tolypella.