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The modern concepts of magmatic plumbing systems have evolved from simple models of melt-dominated crustal magma chambers to magmatic systems that span the continental crust. The geochemistry of these systems is challenging to model numerically because of a complex polybaric and multiphase evolution, which is not well described by mathematic end-member formulas. We propose that a recent modelling tool, the Magma Chamber Simulator (MCS), can reveal part of the petrological complexities of such systems. The MCS numerically models phase equilibria, mineral chemistry and major and trace elements in multicomponent–multiphase systems by finding the extremes of the appropriate state functions. This study presents new petrographical and geochemical data from the Palaeoproterozoic Gallujavri ultramafic intrusion in the Karasjok Greenstone Belt, Arctic Norway. Our data indicate that (1) the intrusion is affected by crustal assimilation, (2) phase equilibria require polybaric crystallisation and (3) spinel compositions are similar to sub-volcanic intrusions of continental flood basalt provinces. We utilise the MCS to simulate the petrogenesis of the intrusion and test the model by comparing it against our reported petrological and geochemical data. Our modelling shows that the parental magma of the intrusion is consistent with coeval Karasjok-type komatiites observed at various places throughout the greenstone belt. First, the komatiitic primary magma intruded Archaean lower crust (c. 700 MPa), where fractionation and assimilation resulted in a hybrid melt. Second, the hybrid melt migrated and accumulated in a mid-crustal magma chamber (c. 400 MPa), where it continued to fractionate and assimilate while remaining open to recharge of mantle-derived komatiitic melts, forming the Gallujavri intrusion. We interpret the Gallujavri intrusion as part of a Palaeoproterozoic trans-crustal magma plumbing system, with many similarities to other Fennoscandian ultramafic-mafic layered intrusions.

Innovation in climate mitigation technologies has seen enormous activity and significant progress in recent years. Innovation has also led to, and exacerbated, trade-offs in relation to sustainable development. (high confidence). Innovation, can leverage action to mitigate climate change by reinforcing other interventions. In conjunction with other enabling conditions innovation can support system transitions to limit warming and help shift development pathways. The currently widespread implementation of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and LEDs, for instance, could not have happened without technological innovation (high confidence). Technological innovation can also bring about new and improved ways of0 delivering services that are essential to human well-being. At the same time as delivering benefits, innovation can result in trade-offs that undermine both progress on mitigation and progress towards other sustainable development goals. Trade-offs include negative externalities – for instance greater environmental pollution and social inequalities – rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases in emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and providers (high confidence). Effective governance and policy has the potential to avoid and minimise such misalignments (medium evidence, high agreement).

Boverket ser ett behov av en kunskapssammanställning kring nuläget om fuktsäkra byggnader i Sverige för att ha en så bred och korrekt förståelse som möjligt för vem branschen är, vilka regler som tillämpas, var det finns kunskapscentra och vilka utvecklingsbehov som behöver stödjas för att branschen ska kunna ta större ansvar. De utmaningar som noteras är: Byggsektorn beredskap och förmåga att möta de nya förändrade byggregler som planeras av Boverket Den stora andelen fuktrelaterade fel och skador som rapporteras i olika utredningar. Kraven kopplat till fuktrelaterade innemiljöproblem är otydliga och ofta svåra att följa upp. Detta kan leda till fuktrelaterade innemiljöproblem som orsakar lidande för de individer som drabbas. Miljö och klimatfrågan ställer krav både på resurseffektivitet och minskad klimatpåverkan samt resiliens och klimatanpassning. Förändrade boendevanor och brukarvanor som ändrar på förutsättningarna i en byggnad. Fragmentering och specialisering med många aktörer med ansvar för sin del endast. Några utvecklingsområden har noterats. Områden där det behövs både forskning och utveckling av teknik, processer och samarbeten: Kvalitetssäkring av nya material, konstruktioner och produktionsmetoder Kompetensutveckling och kompetensspridning. Framtagning och tillgängliggörande av kunskap, teknikutveckling. Samsyn behöver utvecklas när det gäller bl.a. uttorkning i betong och i vilken omfattning byggnader behöver skyddas mot fukt under byggproduktionen. Undersökning av utvecklingsmöjligheter behövs för att ta vara på digitaliseringens möjligheter med sensorer, digitala tvillingar, AI m.m. i samband med fuktsäkerhet. Kartläggningen skulle förstärkas med en bredare internationell utblick. Det tycks finnas en del skillnader både i arbetssätt och erfarenheter kring fuktsäkra byggnader. Förhoppningen är att kartläggning av fuktsäkra byggnader ska bidra till kunskapsspridning om bransch, aktörer, teknik, system, konstruktion, kontroller, drift och underhåll samt forskning och fortsatt utvecklingsarbete.

Based on an interdisciplinary investigation of future visions, scenarios, and case-studies of low carbon innovation taking place across economic domains, Decarbonising Economies analyses the ways in which questions of agency, power, geography and materiality shape the conditions of possibility for a low carbon future. It explores how and why the challenge of changing our economies are variously ascribed to a lack of finance, a lack of technology, a lack of policy and a lack of public engagement, and shows how the realities constraining change are more fundamentally tied to the inertia of our existing high carbon society and limited visions for what a future low carbon world might become. Through showcasing the first seeds of innovation seeking to enable transformative change, Decarbonising Economies will also chart a course for future research and policy action towards our climate goals. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The addition of glycerol to protein solutions is often used to hinder the aggregation and denaturation of proteins. However, it is not a generalised practice against chemical degradation reactions. The chemical degradation of proteins, such as deamidation and isomerisation, is an important deteriorative mechanism that leads to a loss of functionality of pharmaceutical proteins. Here, the influence of glycerol on the chemical degradation of a protein and its correlation to glycerol-induced conformational changes is presented. The time-dependent chemical degradation of a pharmaceutical protein, GA-Z, in the absence and presence of glycerol was investigated in a stability study. The effect of glycerol on protein conformation and oligomerisation was characterised using asymmetric field-flow fractionation and small-angle neutron scattering in a wide glycerol concentration range of 0–90% v/v. The results from the stability study were connected to the observed glycerol-induced conformational changes in the protein. A correlation between protein conformation and the protective effect of glycerol against the degradation reactions deamidation, isomerisation, and hydrolysis was found. The study reveals that glycerol induces conformational changes of the protein, which favour a more compact and chemically stable state. It is also shown that the conformation can be changed by other system properties, e.g., protein concentration, leading to increased chemical stability.

Lunds kommuns klimatpolitiska råd (Rådet) bildades hösten 2018 med uppdrag att utvärdera hur Lunds kommuns samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som antagits av kommunfullmäktige. Rådet, som består av forskare från Lunds universitet (LU) och SLU Alnarp, har sammantaget en bred tvär- och mångvetenskaplig kompetens och en gedigen erfarenhet av samverkan med olika samhällsaktörer.Samarbetet mellan Lunds kommun och akademin har sedan länge stimulerat utvecklingen i Lund och utgör en viktig källa till nytänkande och problemlösning.Rådet uppskattar förtroendet att utvärdera kommunens klimatarbete men uttrycker samtidigt en ödmjukhet inför komplexiteten i detta arbete. Rådets ambition är att sträva efter att vara kritiskt granskande men också konstruktiv och lösningsorienterad för att kunna bidra till utvecklingen av det lokala klimatarbetet.Rådet presenterar årligen en rapport i vilken Lunds kommuns klimatarbete granskas. Detta är Rådets tredje rapport i vilken Rådet valt att fokusera på Lunds kommuns förslag till nya klimatmål i miljömålsprogrammet LundaEko. Denna granskningkompletteras med en uppföljning av de klimatmål som antagits i den tidigare versionen av LundaEko (LundaEko II 2014-2020) inom områdena Minstamöjliga klimatpåverkan och Klimatanpassning. Rådet har i sin granskning utgått från tillgängliga planer, dokument, redovisningar och data. Detta material har kompletterats med samtal med ansvariga tjänstepersoner. Under arbetets gång har Rådet även fört dialog med Ungdomspolitiken i Lund, som på egen hand granskat LundaEko ur ett ungdomsperspektiv.Under 2020 har mandatet för några rådsledamöter löpt ut – Lena Hiselius (LU), Anna Peterson (SLU Alnarp), Markku Rummukainen (LU) och Catharina Sternudd (LU) – och de har avtackats för sina insatser under de inledande två åren. Samtidigt har nya ledamöter tillkommit – Cecilia Akselsson (LU), Susanne Arvidsson (LU), Anders Larsson (SLU Alnarp) och Lars J Nilsson (LU) – som tillsammans med övriga ledamöter har deltagit i den granskning som presenteras i denna rapport.

tat-1 and tat-5 are both very broadly expressed in C. elegans (Lyssenko et al. 2008, Ruaud et al. 2009, Chen et al. 2010, Wehman et al. 2011). tat-2, tat-3 and tat-4 are also expressed in many cells and tissues although apparently not ubiquitously (Lyssenko et al. 2008). No reports exist presently describing the pattern in which tat-6 is expressed. We generated multiple transgenic lines containing a construct encoding the entire TAT-6 protein fused to GFP (Fig.1A,B). The construct contained tat-6 promoter sequences, all exons and introns as well as intragenic sequences to the left and right of the tat-6 coding region (Fig. 1A,B) (Sarov et al. 2012). Expression was seen in cells in the head and tail but in the center of the worm, expression was restricted to a proximal part of the gonad (Fig. 1C,F,G,H,I). Expression in the gonad was absent in early and mid-L4 stage worms but was robust in young adults (Fig. 1D,E,F,G). Prior to ovulation, fluorescence was seen in a region at the junction between the spermatheca and the uterus (Fig. 1C,F,G). In hermaphrodites in which ovulation had occurred, GFP fluorescence was seen partially surrounding the distal-most egg in the uterus (Fig.1H,I). The valve forming the junction between spermatheca and the uterus consists of a toroidal syncytium, sujn, and a core cell syncytium, sujc, which initially occupies the center of the valve (Fig. 1C) (Kimble and Hirsh 1979, Lints and Hall 2013). During the first ovulation, the core is displaced by the passage of the newly fertilized egg from the spermatheca to the uterus (Kimble and Hirsh 1979). The change in the distribution of TAT-6::GFP fluorescence we observed during the first ovulation suggested that TAT-6 might be expressed in sujc. Since existing GFP markers for cells in the spermatheca were available, to determine in which cells tat-6 was expressed, we first constructed strains containing a tat-6p::mCherry transcriptional reporter (Fig. 1B). The marker was expressed in the same way as the GFP reporter (Fig. 1S). In a strain containing the tat-6p::mCherry reporter and a reporter in which GFP expression was driven by promoter sequences from the cog-1 gene active in sujc (Palmer et al. 2002), the mCherry and GFP signals were seen in the same cell (Fig. 1M,N,O). In contrast, in a strain containing the tat-6p::mCherry reporter and an ipp-5p::gfp reporter, which is expressed in distal spermathecal cells that form part of the junction with the ovary (Bui and Sternberg 2002), the two fluorescent signals did not overlap (Fig. 1J,K,L). Similarly, in a strain containing the tat-6p::mCherry reporter and an let-502p::gfp reporter, which is strongly expressed in sujn cells (Wissmann et al. 1999), the mCherry signal was adjacent to the strong GFP expression rather than coincident with it (Fig. 1P,Q,R). To further verify the identity of the cells expressing the tat-6 reporters, we crossed the tat-6p::mCherry transgene into a cog-1(sy607) mutant background. cog-1 encodes a GTX/Nkx6.1 homeodomain transcription factor; in cog-1(sy607) mutant hermaphrodites, cells having the morphology of sujc cells are absent (Palmer et al. 2002). cog-1 is not expressed in sujn cells (Palmer et al. 2002). Consistent with the results with the fluorescent markers, no tat-6 reporter expression was seen in the gonad in the cog-1(sy607) mutant (Fig. 1S,T).

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pul-10.1177_20458940211046831 for Dyspnea after pulmonary embolism: a nation-wide population-based case–control study by Lars T. Nilsson, Therese Andersson, Flemming Larsen, Irene M. Lang, Per Liv and Stefan Söderberg in Pulmonary Circulation

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pul-10.1177_20458940211046831 for Dyspnea after pulmonary embolism: a nation-wide population-based case–control study by Lars T. Nilsson, Therese Andersson, Flemming Larsen, Irene M. Lang, Per Liv and Stefan Söderberg in Pulmonary Circulation

A special group of applications is “monitoring” where a series of moisture measurements are to be done in the same position at a number of occasions. This kind of application requires certain measures to overcome some special challenges when measurements are done during a longer period of time. Examples of such challenges are - robustness of equipment for in-situ measurements (against weather exposure, construction work, etc.), - climatic variations during measurements, - long-term usage of a delicate measurement setup, - less possibilities for repeated calibration, - time lag between moisture variations and measurements, - equipment/probes disturbing the moisture distribution to be measured, - remote collection of data from the measurements, - etc. In this chapter a number of application examples are described where one or more of these challenges are handled in various ways.

Due to the interconnectedness of the SDGs, the potential to meet a specific goal is influenced by efforts to achieve other goals. To maintain the indivisibility of the 2030 Agenda, a growing number of approaches have been developed to provide knowledge of SDG interactions in the form of trade-offs and synergies. In this paper, we take stock of the rapid development, which has characterised the field, and conduct a critical review of the approaches available to support decision makers with the implementation of the UN Agenda. Our overall ambition is to provide a broad understanding of the support provided by existing methodologies to decision makers in light of the challenges emerging from the interconnected nature of the SDGs.To achieve the aim of the study, we elect three specific objectives: (a) identify and categorise the most prominent approaches available for understanding SDG interactions based on a review of the literature and experience of SDG interaction analysis for decision making; (b) evaluate the requirements of decision makers based on an online survey of representatives of private and public organisations committed to SDG implementation at national and subnational level in Sweden; (c) assess how the approaches comply with the requirements of decision makers based on the views and opinions of developers of prominent tools. Sweden was selected due to the widely shared ambition of becoming a front runner of SDG implementation, and also considering the research team’s familiarity with the local context. The focus on local and national organisations is justified by the recognition that, while the 2030 Agenda is global in nature, its implementation is expected to take place primarily at local, regional and national level.The results of the study highlight the existence of both methodological and conceptual challenges that are relevant to the empirical analysis of SDG interactions. To effectively contribute to decision making, approaches and tools need to be easy to apply, transparent in their logic, assumptions and limitations, but also flexible and adaptable to different empirical cases, while the knowledge generated should be directly actionable and easy to interpret by decision makers. Based on the opinions of the developers, the tools evaluated perform very differently against the requirements of decision makers. Most tool are easy to use and to adapt to the analysis of new cases, while the results are directly understandable by decision makers. This applies also to less important requirements, such as the provision of knowledge sufficiently complete, accurate and precise. At the same time, most tools appear unable to provide results directly actionable to develop initiatives. The only criterion against which all tools perform relatively well is that of transparency.In the next steps of the research, we plant to assess the views of decision makers on the selected tools by conducting a focus group exercise with a representative sample of decision makers. Improved understanding of the limitations and potentials of existing approaches for studying SDG interactions is considered vital to advance their analytical validity and use in decision making and, ultimately, the usefulness of the 2030 Agenda as a means of national and global governance.

The present report presents a conceptual assessment model or framework for policy relevant analysis of low carbon transitions. The aim of the study is not to present specific guidelines for how to design assessments of low carbon transitions, but rather to give food for thought on aspects that should be regarded in the design process. The exact design would then depend on the purpose of the assessment, the scope and priorities set for the assessment, and the resources (personal and financial) available for the assessments.We find that there are at least three elements of an assessment model that are important to provide policy relevant knowledge: i) monitoring, ii) policy evaluation, and iii) domain knowledge building processes, including research. Monitoring is here understood as a process that is intended to inform whether society is on track on meeting set-up political priorities. Policy evaluation concentrates on the effects of low carbon transition policies and effects of other policies. Domain knowledge building through research and other processes is important both for identifying relevant assessment criteria and designing monitoring systems, as well as for policy evaluations. A domain knowledge base can include knowledge of i) drivers and barriers for low carbon transitions, ii) the sustainability of various technologies, policies and practices, iii) previous policy experiences, and iv) contextual knowledge of the market, actors, mitigation technologies and pathways, etc. in various sectors. This information and background knowledge will help inform how policies can be redesigned for overcoming the barriers and enable change in various contexts while safeguarding that the changes are not in conflict with other key societal goals and sustainability aspects. Monitoring can cover direct outcomes such as greenhouse gas emissions or diffusion of low carbon technologies. But with a long-term transitions perspective it is also important to look into the preparedness for change with regard to existence of factors such as visions and expectations, knowledge, feasible policies and policy instruments (taking into account stringency as well as coverage and policy coherence), societal norms, innovation networks, or the readiness of key technologies.Evaluation of policies can in turn cover several aspects beyond policy relevance and effectiveness including synergies and conflicts with other objectives. It could also evaluate the consistency of targets with overarching objectives as well as specific strategies, policy instruments or policy packages. In the conceptual assessment model, policy adjustments are expected to be informed by the monitoring process regarding what is needed and by policy evaluation with regard to what works. Together these processes can inform on how both the stringency and the design of policies could be developed over time.

Dagens planeringssystem är uppdelat på många aktörer och har traditionellt drivits av fokus på prognoser, kostnadseffektivitet, och samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet. Klimatutmaningen ställer delvis helt nya krav på planeringen, med ett fokus på att utveckla styrmedel som på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt leder till de utsläppsminskningar som behövs. I detta behövs en större uppmärksamhet på de sociala effekterna av styrmedlen, liksom på rättviseaspekter. Detta innebär att vi behöver en ökad känslighet för hur styrmedel påverkar olika grupper av människor, baserat på t.ex. kön, ålder, inkomst och geografi. I projektet vidareutvecklas och testas två metoder för att utvärdera strategier för fossilfria transporter. Dels en systematisk ramverksanalys av styrmedel utifrån sociala effekter och fördelningseffekter, dels Mobility labs där en informerad dialog förs i fokusgruppsform med de som berörs av omställningen med syfte att tillsammans utforma styrmedelspaket som säkrar en hållbar tillgänglighet i det fossilfria samhället. Mobility labs har i projektet testats i Örebro, Odensbacken och Hällefors. Resultatet indikerar att det i dagens debatt saknas tydliga visioner för fossilfria transporter på landsbygden samt att debatten visar på bristande förståelse för hur en omställning kommer att påverka boende där. Resultatet indikerar vidare att det behövs kompletterande strategier för att se till att människor på landsbygden inte lämnas utanför omställningen och för att öka legitimiteten för styrmedel och åtgärder. Några exempel kan vara en förändrad roll för kollektivtrafiken, så att den inte bara syftar till att öka volymerna i starka stråk utan även bidrar till att alla har en tillräckligt god service, samt styrmedel som bidrar till att kompensera för ökade kostnader med bil på landsbygd.

International audience

A multiple regression model was evaluated to predict pulp and handsheet properties including z-directional tensile strength (z-strength) and Scott bond values. One hypothesis that was central for the model evaluation was that the crill content, as measured with ultraviolet and infrared lights, would improve the statistical models. A chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) mill designed with two parallel primary refining lines and a reject refiner was the basis for this study, and all process data and pulp samples were gathered from the specific process. Pulp was extracted from the process for an extended period from a position after the latency chest (primary refined pulp) and from the pulp-stream exiting the mill to the board machine (accept pulp). The crill content was positively correlated to the z-strength of the accept pulp, explaining 55% of the variance with a linear regression model with the drill content as the sole predictor. The estimation model of the z-strength of accept pulp was based on a combination of the crill content, freeness, fibril perimeter for longer fibers, and mean kink angle, and resulted in an R-2 of 0.79. When applying cross-validation to determine the predictive model performance, the highest R-2 obtained was 0.67. This latter model included the crill content, fibril perimeter, and mean kink angle as predictors. DOI på artikel 10.15376/biores.15.1.654-676

Efter flera år av stöd har sol- och vind-el blivit ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftiga och börjat konkurrera ut stora termiska anläggningar för elproduktion. Det stängs nu kol- och kärnkraftverk i flera länder i världen och förespråkare för dessa teknologier hävdar, på olika sätt, att marknaden styr fel och att dessa kraftverk ”behövs” av olika skäl. I denna rapport har vi undersökt om det finns någon grund för ett sådant ”behov” av kärnkraftverk i Sverige som motiverar att det sker nyinvesteringar trots att konkurrensen på marknaden håller på att slå ut dem. Syftet med denna rapport är inte att fastslå om man bör ha ett framtida elsystem med eller utan kärnkraft, utan att analysera grunderna, dvs kunskapsläget, för påståendet att det är nödvändigt att ha kärnkraft. Alla diskussioner om framtiden är osäkra, så vi gör heller inte anspråk på att förutse hur framtiden kommer se ut. Upplägget är att gå igenom olika frågeställningar, och koppla dessa till frågan om huruvida kärnkraften är nödvändig för framtiden, så som framförts med exempelvis följande argument: a) Kärnkraft behövs av ekonomiska skäl b) Kärnkraft behövs för att vi inte ska vara importberoende c) Kärnkraft behövs eftersom det finns kapacitetsbrist i t ex Malmö och Stockholm d) Kärnkraft behövs för att klara elektrifieringen av transporterna och industrin e) Kärnkraft behövs för att klara klimatmålet f) Kärnkraft behövs för att vi ska få el alla timmar, dvs klara leveranssäkerheten g) Kärnkraften behövs för att klara frekvensstabiliteten h) Kärnkraft behövs för stödtjänster till elsystemet I avsnitt 2-7 finns en genomgång av dagsläget. I avsnitt 8 finns en mer detaljerad genomgång av listan a)-h) ovan. Mer tekniska detaljer om systembalansering och effektbalansberäkningar finns i Bilaga A-C. Den slutsats vi drar är att kärnkraften inte är nödvändig för att vi ska kunna få ett stabilt, säkert och fossilfritt elsystem i Sverige i framtiden. Ett elsystem med stor mängd sol- och vindkraft ser dock annorlunda ut än ett med stor mängd kärnkraft. Frågan är då om detta system blir dyrare. Ingen vet vad olika kraftslag kommer att kosta år 2045, men under senare år har det skett en kraftig minskning av kostnaderna för sol- och vindkraft. Samtidigt har kärnkraftens kostnader istället ökat kraftigt. Den är nu betydligt dyrare än ny vindkraft. QC 20200520

Figure S2. Between-group comparisons of microglial- and astroglial activation with inflammation based on clinical staging. (PDF 277 kb)

Molecular neurobiology 56(7), 5146-5156 (2019). doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1439-4, Published by Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

“Min plats i biosfären” är en skrift som presenterar forskningsresultat om vilken roll kulturmiljön och de kulturella ekosystemtjänsterna kulturarv och platsidentitet har för människors välbefinnande och för hållbar landskapsförvaltning inom Biosfärområde Vänerskärgården med Kinnekulle. Resultaten i skriften baseras på forskningsprojektet “Kulturmiljö och kulturarv som en del av hållbar landskapsförvaltning” och har genomförts av forskare vid Göteborgs universitet och Högskolan i Gävle.

Figure S1. Correlation between CSF YKL-40 and age. (PDF 805 kb)

Table S1. Literature overview CSF immune markers in AD clinical groups. (DOCX 72 kb)

Frequently sampled process data from a conical disc refiner and infrequently sampled pulp data from a full scale chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) mill were evaluated to study autocovariance with aspects of potential dynamic modelling applicability. Two trial measurements with an online pulp analyzer at decreased sampling intervals were performed. For variability analysis, time-series containing up to one day of operational data were used. At the chip refiner, the clearest significant autocovariance was identified for the specific electricity consumption, based on the longer sequences. Most of the estimated pulp properties indicated low or non-significant autocovariance, limiting applicability of a specific dynamic model. A mill trial was conducted to investigate the impact from an increase in the conical disc gap on the specific electricity consumption and the resulting freeness. The response time from the gap change in the refiner to measured change in freeness was estimated at 19 min, which was approximately the hydraulic residence time in the latency chest. The relevance of this study lies in applicability of mill-data-driven modelling to capture the dynamics of a specific refining process. Through mill trials the sampling speed of pulp properties was more than doubled to gain insights into short term systematic variations by applying time-series-analysis. Artikeln ingick som manuskript i Ekbåges licentiatuppsats (2018) Process modelling based on data from an evaporation and a CTMP processDOI 10.15376/biores.14.3.5451-5466

The addition of nano-and micro-fibrillated cellulose to conventional softwood Kraft pulps can enhance the product performance by increasing the strength properties and enabling the use of less raw material for a given product performance. However, dewatering is a major problem when implementing these materials to conventional paper grades because of their high water retention capacity. This study investigated how vacuum dewatering is affected by different types of additives. The hypothesis was that different types of pulp additions behave differently during a process like vacuum suction, even when the different additions have the same water retention value. One reference pulp and three additives were used in a laboratory-scaled experimental study of high vacuum suction box dewatering. The results suggested that there was a linear relationship between the water retention value and how much water that could be removed with vacuum dewatering. However, the linear relationship was dependent upon the pulp type and the additives. Additions of micro-fibrillated cellulose and dialcohol cellulose to the stock led to dewatering behaviors that suggested their addition in existing full-scale production plants can be accomplished without a major redesign of the wire or high vacuum section. DOI: 10.15376/biores.14.3.6370-6383

Age-related differences in sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory have been identified as three significant predictors of the age-related performance decline observed in complex cognitive tasks. Yet, the assessment of their relative predictive capacity and interrelations is still an open issue in decision making and cognitive aging research. Indeed, no previous investigation has examined the relationships of all these three predictors with decision making. In an individual-differences study, we therefore disentangled the relative contribution of sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory to the prediction of the age-related decline in cognitively-demanding judgment and decision-making tasks. Structural equation modeling showed that the age-related decline in working memory plays an important predictive role, even when controlling for sensory functioning, processing speed, and education. Implications for research on decision making and cognitive aging are discussed.

Article, Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness with high heritability. Brain structure and function differ, on average, between people with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. As common genetic associations are emerging for both schizophrenia and brain imaging phenotypes, we can now use genome-wide data to investigate genetic overlap. Here we integrated results from common variant studies of schizophrenia (33,636 cases, 43,008 controls) and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures (11,840 subjects). We did not find evidence of genetic overlap between schizophrenia risk and subcortical volume measures either at the level of common variant genetic architecture or for single genetic markers. These results provide a proof of concept (albeit based on a limited set of structural brain measures) and define a roadmap for future studies investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders., final draft, peerReviewed

Plastics are efficient materials for many purposes, e.g. packaging and construction, but are also associated with significant problems. These span from littering in forests and oceans, toxicity of additives, to the fundamental dependence on fossil resource for the production of the plastic material. This report aims to give an overview of the challenges for decarbonisation of plastics, i.e. moving away from a dependency on fossil resources for the production. Firstly, it identifies different possible development pathways for the industry towards decarbonisation and the key arguments for and against these pathways – reduced use of plastics, recycled plastics, and bio-based plastics. Secondly, it presents an analysis of structural characteristics of the industry that affect the potential for low-carbon innovation. This includes identifying and understanding the potential that traditional as well as new types of agents have to affect the direction of development. The report presents decarbonisation initiatives and engagement throughout the system of plastics, i.e. not only by primary production firms but also by knowledge organisations, intermediary firms, consumer groups etc. As the development pathways are contested and challenged both on technological and other grounds, the issue of power becomes pressing. The formation and use of coalitions to support and/or counteract certain developments is important, as political regulation of this highly globalised and diffuse sector has previously been difficult. The interaction between geographical particularities and scales must be given due consideration. Finally, the aspect of materiality is a key concern for the development of a system of specific materials. This relates of course to the limits of different types of feedstocks and material properties, but also to other resources and their exploitation within a system that is deeply entrenched in a system with capital invested in technologies and facilities adapted for processing fossil resources into fuels, plastics, and other products. Despite the strong carbon lock-in that the plastics industry is in, the identified pathways show that there are possibilities for decarbonisation. New types of actors are creating pressure for the sector to move towards a future plastic sector that is both circular and independent of fossil resources.

Figure S1. CSF sTREM2 and the relation to age in hip fracture patients. Figure S2. Triplex MSD measurements of CSF Aβ peptides in dementia patients. Table S1. CSF t-tau/Aβ42 and p-tau/Aβ42 ratios and correlations to CSF sTREM2 in the hip fracture cohort. Figure S3. CSF sTREM2 and the ratios of t-tau/Aβ42 and p-tau/Aβ42. Figure S4. CSF sTREM2 and age in medical delirium patients (PDF 4106 kb)

The European pulp and paper industry (PPI) directly emits 31.9 Mton CO2 (2016) and indirectly 12.3 and 5 Mton CO2 from purchased electricity and transport respectively. It also accounts for 68 Mton of biogenic CO2 emissions. The PPI is a mature industry with overall stagnating market demand in the past ten years and relatively high levels of recycling. Forest countries like Sweden and Finland dominate the production of virgin fibres whereas paper production in other countries relies more on recycled fibre and purchased pulp. Decarbonisation across all sectors is expected to increase the competition for biomass feedstock for fuel in heat and power production, biofuels for transport, bio-based materials and chemicals, and perhaps wood for construction. This development implies new interdependencies between the PPI and other sectors. Decarbonisation of the PPI itself can be achieved through energy efficiency, fuel switching and electrification (assuming decarbonised power). This decarbonisation is ongoing and carbon intensity has been steadily declining for decades. Two other decarbonisation pathways are important to consider. One is the transition to biorefineries and a bioeconomy where several other products than pulp and paper are produced (including liquid fuels, lignin, textile fibres and bio-composites). The other is the transition to a closed-loop carbon society where biogenic CO2 becomes an important feedstock through carbon capture and use (CCU). For the biorefinery pathway the PPI must develop in new directions, operate in new markets, and form partnerships with other actors. So far, there is less of a clear direction for this pathway and it appears that low levels of collaboration between the chemical industry and the forestry industry constitute a barrier. For the PPI, decarbonisation is an opportunity but increased competition for feedstock is also a threat. Feedstock scarcity in the EU as well as globally is a serious problem in scenarios where the heat, power and transport sectors use biomass for energy at scale. The limits to biomass may necessitate the use of biogenic CO2 (e.g., from chemical recovery boilers and waste incineration) as feedstock for the production of organic compounds (e.g., liquid fuels and plastics) in a fossil free society. This pathway is relatively unexplored but our preliminary analysis shows that biogenic CO2 is also a scarce resource unless demand for organic compounds, in particular liquid fuels, is reduced considerably. It requires large amounts of emissions-free electricity for hydrogen production and implies completely new value chains and collaborations between the forestry, energy and chemicals industries.

Swedish healthcare is facing major challenges both today but more critically looking at predictions for the next 20 years. Healthcare costs will increase dramatically and competent personnel to support all the needs will be lacking. E-health solutions and the possibilities they open up regarding how care can be organized and administrated are seen in Sweden as the most important tool to counter those healthcare challenges. The Swedish government see this as a prioritized area and has together with Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL) signed on a vision to become the world leader in E-health by the year 2025. Studies have shown that E-health can give substantial cost savings with up to 180 billion SEK in saving yearly. We have in this thesis investigated to what extent E-health solutions in the area of chronic diseases are used by Regions/Counties as well as the outcome from a cost saving perspective. Problem formulation and the questions that have been investigated are, which E-health solutions are the different Swedish Regions/County councils (Landsting) using for chronic diseases and what are the cost (and capacity) benefits? What challenges are seen to implement new E-health solutions? We have been using the case study method in our research with interviews and questionnaires with the Regions/County councils as our main source of information. In our contacts we have explained that answers given in the general discussion will be anonymous and not to be linked to any specific Region/County council. This approach was made to get frankly and informative answers. Key findings are that there are today not many E-health solutions for chronic diseases made available by the County councils and the ones offered are generally not reaching a large percentage of the population with those diseases. The implementation curve for E-healthsolutions has been slow, but it differs considerably between regions. We can see that in the northern regions with more rural areas focus is put on solutions to solve the challenges with geographical distance to the patient. In the southern regions with more urban areas the regions more commonly use models to facilitate care for the patient in their home environment. We see a large potential to both improve quality of life for many people as well as reducing costs for healthcare by introducing digital tools in the area of chronic diseases. Especially methods easily accessed for a large part of the population through the 1177.se portal that can be used without extensive support from healthcare staff is something we see as an important area. Those methods have a potential to reach and impact a large part of the population without using much of healthcare resources. We suggest that regions collaborate in order to evaluate and introduce those systems and in the end reach a larger part of the population

Age-related declines in hearing, cognition and social participation are well recognized, as are associations between hearing loss and cognitive decline, hearing loss and increased risk for social isolation, and cognitive decline and lower participation in social leisure activities (PSLA). Nevertheless, how age and the three domains of hearing, cognition, and social participation relate to one other in the same study is unclear. Behavioural measures of hearing and memory and self-reported participation in common social leisure activities from two samples of adults with hearing loss (N=297, N=273) were analysed in the current study. Structural equation modelling on both samples yielded two models with good and similar statistical properties. The two models had the following in common: age effects on hearing and memory, an effect of hearing on memory, but no direct effect of hearing on PSLA. The models differed on the direction of the path between memory and PSLA as well as the existence of the effect of age on PSLA. The majority of participants in both samples were not candidates for hearing aids, but most of those who were candidates used them. Of note, typical pure-tone average thresholds did not contribute significantly to the models, but high-frequency hearing thresholds did, suggesting that even early stages of hearing loss can increase demands on memory that in turn may deter participation in social leisure activities.

This book addresses soapstone use in Norway and the North Atlantic region, including Greenland. Although the majority of the papers deal with the Iron Age and Middle Ages, the book spans the Mesolithic to the early modern era. It deals with themes related to quarries, products and associated people and institutions in a broad context. Recent years have seen a revival of basic archaeological and geological research into the procurement and use of stone resources. With its authors drawn from the fields of archaeology, geosciences and traditional crafts, this anthology reflects cross-disciplinary work born of this revival. Norges forskningsråd 210449 Universitetsmuseet i Bergen Tromsø museum - Universitetsmuseet NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet publishedVersion

Supplementary Material. (DOCX 1372 kb)

Trade policy is being increasingly scrutinized by various stakeholders, and trade has become a contentious issue in the general public debate. Some observers claim that estimated positive impacts of free trade agreements (FTAs) are exaggerated and that effects of FTAs are rather more likely to be negative. But relatively few ex post assessments of EU FTAs have been carried out to shed light on the issue. Against this background, the present short article compares the economic assessment of the negotiated outcome of the EU–Korea FTA with observed data. Our results point to sound projections against observed data at the aggregate level and in the largest sectors, such as machinery, as opposed to trade in less important sectors.

Chapter from Hansen, G., Storemyr, P. (eds.). (2017) Soapstone in the North. Quarries, Products and People. 7000 BC - AD 1700. UBAS. ISBN: 978-82-90273-90-8. Archaeological research on the extraction, distribution and utilization of soapstone artifacts in northern Norway has been limited, but systematic geological documentation of soapstone exposures that includes quarry activity provides an opportunity to expand archaeological insights into soapstone provenance and extraction. This article brings together geological and archaeological evidence related to soapstone use in northern Norway to the north of Saltfjellet in Nordland in order to evaluate the current state of knowledge for this resource. The initial section provides a chronological overview of archaeological evidence for soapstone use and associated site contexts, including the distribution of artifact types in time and space. This is followed by a presentation of soapstone geology from a historical perspective focusing on quarry documentation. Quarry evidence is reviewed and results from recent collaborative geological and archaeological surveys presented within a framework of relevant research problems. The final section outlines potential avenues for future interdisciplinary soapstone research.

This note offers reflections on qualified market access (QMA)—the practice of linking trade agreements to values such as human rights, labour standards, or environmental protection. This idea has been suggested by political theorists as a way of fulfilling our duties to the global poor and of making the global economic system more just, and it has influenced a number of concrete policies, such as European Union (EU) trade policies. Yet, in order to assess its merits tout court , different perspectives and disciplines need to be brought together, such as international law, economics, political science, and philosophy. It is also worth reflecting on existing practices, such as those of the EU. This note summarises some insights about QMA by drawing such research together and considers the areas in which further research is needed, whilst reflecting also on the merits of interdisciplinary exchanges on such topics. Keywords: trade justice; qualified market access; generalised system of preferences; human rights; labour standards; World Trade Organization; inter-disciplinarity (Published: 28 May 2014) Citation: Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 7 , No. 2, 2014, pp. 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/egp.v7.24507

In engineering practise, interior relative humidity (RH) of concrete significantly affects the transport properties and thus the service life of concrete structures. In this paper, the development of RH due to self-desiccation in blended cement pastes was studied from 1 day to 1.5 years. The pore structure and non-evaporable water content at same ages were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results revealed that interior RH was significantly reduced at the first 105 days’ curing and falls off slightly afterwards, regardless of water to binder ratios and type of blends. Compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste, the OPC paste blended with slag shows much lower interior RH, whereas the addition of fly ash slightly increases the interior RH. Minor amount of limestone addition i.e., 5% wt. greatly increases the RH in ternary system consisting of OPC, slag and limestone, whilst slightly decreases the RH in OPC paste blended with fly ash. In the presence of blends, high total porosity corresponds to low interior RH. In case of self-desiccation, it is concluded that interior RH is mainly controlled by average pore size in the cement-based materials.

Figure S1 showing ELISA validation; Figure S2 showing freeze–thaw cycles; Figure S3 showing PET imaging versus CSF Aβ42 in patients; Figure S4 showing a scatter plot of CSF sTREM2 in relation to CSF levels of Aβ38 MSD (A), Aβ40 MSD (B) and Aβ42 MSD (C) in the Norwegian AD/MCI/control cohort; Figure S5 showing a scatter plot of different CSF Aβ measures with Innotest® and MSD; Figure S6 showing a scatter plot of CSF sTREM2 in relation to levels of Aβ42 (A), T-tau (B) and P-tau (C) in CSF in the Swedish AD/control cohort; Figure S7 showing a surface plot of CSF sTREM2 in relation to age and Aβ38 MSD (A) and in relation to age and Aβ40 MSD (B) in controls; Table S1 presenting correlations between different CSF Aβ measures (Aβ42 Innotest®, Aβ38 MSD, Aβ40 MSD and Aβ42 MSD); and Table S2 presenting correlation analyses between different CSF sTREM2 and age and biomarkers (Aβ42 Innotest®, Aβ38 MSD, Aβ40 MSD and Aβ42 MSD, T-tau and P-tau). (PDF 647 kb)

Tuff stone elements with a large length/width ratio often suffer damage in the form of cracks parallel to the surface and spalling of the outer layer. The response of tuff to moisture might be a reason for this behaviour. This research aimed at verifying if differential dilation between parts with different moisture content (as outer and inner part of partially encased mullion) can lead to damage. The effect of moisture on the degradation of Ettringen and Weibern tuff from the Eifel, Germany, has been investigated. A purpose-made weathering test was carried out to simulate the wetting-drying process. Despite no cracks developed during the test, existing cracks widened up and the flexural tensile strength of both materials decreased. The moisture transport properties their porosity and pore size of the stones were determined. Ettringen tuff has a considerable amount of very fine porosity, resulting in slow moisture transport and significant hygroscopic adsorption. Both tuff stones have an extreme hydric dilation. Environmental X-ray diffraction analyses showed that Ettringen tuff undergoes (reversible) mineralogic changes when subjected to RH cycles, whereas this does not occur for Weibern. The results support the hypothesis that moisture gradients in tuff elements may enhance decay in this stone.