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The latest global challenges and events reordered the business scenes and created a new world economic system revolving around the expansion of international markets and trade and the emergence of novel products and services. Consequently, a knowledge-based economy has risen granting huge importance to Intellectual Property (IP). Intellectual properties are intangible assets of high value that generate revenues while Intellectual property rights (IPR) include copyrights, patents, and trademarks rights. IPR promotes innovation and supports economic growth in developed and developing countries. The huge shift from tangible to intangible assets under the new global economy supported the prominence of a major type of intellectual property which is Trademarks. A trademark is a special sign, name or symbol that differentiates a product or service. A trademark is an intangible asset that has value beyond the value of the business it represents. The trademarks sector is responsible for creating jobs driving economic growth, supporting businesses and elevating the competitive advantages of countries. This emphasizes the importance of protecting IPR, especially Trademarks, therefore, countries around the world apply legal measures to protect IPR and establish IPR offices to preserve their economy. The U.A.E has been working on staying in the front row in terms of economic growth, thus, trademarks were part of the U.A.E.'s strategy for the country’s competitiveness and economic position. As such, the Ministry of Economy in the U.A.E. has established an active Trademark management office. This project is supported by the Ministry of Economy. From connecting with the Ministry and going through the literature, it was found that the Trademarks systems suffer from many challenges related to centralization, mishandled trademarks data communications, trademarks authentication and validation difficulties, absence of ownership transfer and rights of usage management platform and lengthy inefficient processes. Our research intends to utilize the powerful blockchain technology to tackle the challenges the trademarks sector suffers from and establish an elevated novel model for trademarks management systems that inherits the useful features of blockchain. Our solution will utilize smart contracts to support verified, transparent, secured, authenticated, trademark registration and payment, modification and renewal, ownership transfer and usage rights management system in addition to updated trademark activities reporting. The resulting system shall enhance the U.A.E.’s competitive position, support its economic growth and fulfill its future strategy. Our solution shall be easily generalized to fit any trademarks office in any nation.

With the continued expansion of e-commerce, logisticians' obligation to address last-mile delivery challenges has grown. To improve delivery operations, innovative solutions such as drone are being integrated into traditional delivery networks. When drones are paired with other vehicles (e.g. truck), they produce a more flexible, if complex, truck-drone delivery system that allows customers to be reached using either the truck or a drone. Combined drone delivery systems have attained interest from academic and practitioners, with focusing mainly on the economic viability of such systems. However, less attention is paid to their environmental and social considerations. While logistics companies are primarily motivated to minimize last-mile costs, regulatory authorities should pursue efficient last-mile processes in order to accomplish broader goals and ensure sustainability. Therefore, regulatory authorities must develop, implement, amend, and enforce legislation more promptly as drone technologies drive new business and service models. Current regulatory frameworks do not yet consider the use of drones in delivery systems. In addition, addressing environmental and social impacts of drone delivery systems is scarce. Therefore, this research aims to identify the critical challenges and enablers of drone delivery systems. Then, a sustainable regulatory framework that promotes the development and implementation of drone delivery systems while improving control and monitoring of safety, security, social, and environmental aspects that go beyond commercial reasons will be proposed.

The traditional agrarian system of the Groundnut Basin, which used to be characterized by the integration of agriculture and livestock, has been transformed over time. This article tried to trace this evolution through a bibliographic review. Its evolution is marked by three periods. At the beginning of the 19th century, the system was based on the continuous cultivation of early millet, which dominates the house-fields where fertility is maintained by spreading domestic waste and park cattle at the end of the dry season. The bush-fields are characterized, on the one hand, by long-cycle millet plots and, on the other hand, by enclosed fallow land grazed during the rainy season. The second period (first half of the 20th century) was marked by the introduction of peanut cultivation in the bush-fields and the development of the animal-draw. This led to the expansion of cultivated areas and, consequently, the gradual disappearance of fallow land and pastoral space. The situation intensified in the second half of the 20th century with the virtual disappearance of traditional soil fertility renewal practices that were based on the integration of agriculture and livestock. In this context, the sustainability of the system would depend on the use of adapted soil regeneration technologies., African and Mediterranean Agricultural Journal - Al Awamia, No 137 (2022)

BACKGROUND: Representative data describing serious infections in over five-year-old children and adults in Africa are limited. METHODS: We conducted population-based surveillance for pneumonia, meningitis, and septicaemia in a demographic surveillance area in The Gambia between May 12, 2008 and December 31, 2015. We used standardised criteria to identify, diagnose, and investigate patients aged ≥5 years using conventional microbiology and radiology. RESULTS: We enrolled 1638/1657 eligible patients and investigated 1618. Suspected pneumonia, septicaemia, or meningitis was diagnosed in 1392, 135, and 111 patients respectively. Bacterial pathogens from sterile sites were isolated from 105 (7·5%) patients with suspected pneumonia, 11 (8·1%) with suspected septicaemia, and 28 (25·2%) with suspected meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 84), Neisseria meningitidis (n = 16) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 15) were the most common pathogens. Twenty-eight (1·7%) patients died in hospital and 40 (4·1%) died during the 4 months after discharge. Thirty post-discharge deaths occurred in patients aged ≥10 years with suspected pneumonia. The minimum annual incidence was 133 cases per 100,000 person-years for suspected pneumonia, 13 for meningitis, 11 for septicaemia, 14 for culture-positive disease, and 46 for radiological pneumonia. At least 2·7% of all deaths in the surveillance area were due to suspected pneumonia, meningitis or septicaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia in over five year-old children and adults in The Gambia are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Many deaths occur after hospital discharge and most cases are culture negative. Improvements in prevention, diagnosis, inpatient and follow up management are needed urgently.

Sorghum is a water-efficient crop and an important cereal in semiarid and arid environments where water availability limits production. Providing farmers with sorghum genotypes with specific agro-morphological characteristics of high double production (grains and biomass) would help to maintain or obtain high yields in these environments. The SAMARA model was used to define dual-purpose sorghum ideotypes for different target environments. Model calibration and evaluation were carried out with experimental data collected in Nioro du Rip in 2015 and Sinthiou Malem from 2013 to 2016 on 10 contrasting sorghum genotypes. Daily weather conditions from 1950 to 2016 were used for the simulations. Also considered were the different environmental (soil and climate) conditions of Bambey, Nioro du Rip, and Sinthiou Malem (Senegal). Simulations for the identification of optimal genotypic parameters in these target environments highlighted three ideotypes showing performances for a dual-purpose (grain and fodder) production superior to the reference genotype Nieleni. This was thanks to their strong capacity to colonize the soil (long roots) and to maintain green leaves (stay-green) throughout the cycle. Hence, long roots and staygreen trait should be strongly considered while selecting or developing dualpurpose genotypes of sorghum for the target environments, especially in less-watered areas like Bambey.

BACKGROUND: The Gambia introduced seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in August 2009, followed by PCV13 in May, 2011, using a schedule of three primary doses without a booster dose or catch-up immunisation. We aimed to assess the long-term impact of PCV on disease incidence. METHODS: We did 10 years of population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and WHO defined radiological pneumonia with consolidation in rural Gambia. The surveillance population included all Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System residents aged 2 months or older. Nurses screened all outpatients and inpatients at all health facilities using standardised criteria for referral. Clinicians then applied criteria for patient investigation. We defined IPD as a compatible illness with isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile site (cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or pleural fluid). We compared disease incidence between baseline (May 12, 2008-May 11, 2010) and post-vaccine years (2016-2017), in children aged 2 months to 14 years, adjusting for changes in case ascertainment over time. FINDINGS: We identified 22 728 patients for investigation and detected 342 cases of IPD and 2623 cases of radiological pneumonia. Among children aged 2-59 months, IPD incidence declined from 184 cases per 100 000 person-years to 38 cases per 100 000 person-years, an 80% reduction (95% CI 69-87). Non-pneumococcal bacteraemia incidence did not change significantly over time (incidence rate ratio 0·88; 95% CI, 0·64-1·21). We detected zero cases of vaccine-type IPD in the 2-11 month age group in 2016-17. Incidence of radiological pneumonia decreased by 33% (95% CI 24-40), from 10·5 to 7·0 per 1000 person-years in the 2-59 month age group, while pneumonia hospitalisations declined by 27% (95% CI 22-31). In the 5-14 year age group, IPD incidence declined by 69% (95% CI -28 to 91) and radiological pneumonia by 27% (95% CI -5 to 49). INTERPRETATION: Routine introduction of PCV13 substantially reduced the incidence of childhood IPD and pneumonia in rural Gambia, including elimination of vaccine-type IPD in infants. Other low-income countries can expect substantial impact from the introduction of PCV13 using a schedule of three primary doses. FUNDING: Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; UK Medical Research Council; Pfizer Ltd.

Espace Géographique et Société Marocaine, No 45-46 (2021)

In Sub-Saharan civilizations, myth has always been a driving force for the foundation and the spreading of ancestral cultural values. It also helps individuals be in perpetual contact with the invisible and the real (visible) world to guarantee their formation and their evolution, and plays the role of a societal reorganizer mostly in particular situations for a better social cohesion. This cultural legacy is conveyed through ideologies related to supernatural forces and to different social representations transmitted to Sub-Saharan Africans through events organized within societies. As a matter of fact, our study intends to show how myth succeeds in maintaining some Black African practices such as circumcision, excision, ndëpp , tattooing, new born massage, sacrifice and funeral rites. Beyond a simple human imagination, myth becomes an undeniable reality deeply rooted in the Blacks’ mentality. Some of those rituals are considered as barbaric; and western civilizations, through badly carried out policies, attempt to rebuke them. As for their persistence, it is worth noticing that their keep influence on revealed religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). However, in spite of prohibitions, they continue to be used for the preservation of social equilibrium. We have produced this article with the support of a documentation technique, the observation and our earlier researches (conducted surveys)., Dans les civilisations négro-africaines, le mythe a depuis toujours constitué un élément moteur de fondement et de diffusion des valeurs culturelles ancestrales. Il permet également aux individus d’être en perpétuel contact avec le monde invisible et celui du réel (visible) afin d’assurer leur formation, leur devenir, et joue le rôle de restructuration sociétale surtout dans les situations particulières pour une meilleure cohésion sociale. Cet héritage culturel est véhiculé au travers d’une idéologie liée à des forces occultes et de différentes représentations sociales transmises aux négro-africains par le biais des événements organisés au sein des sociétés. Notre étude, à cet effet, propose de montrer comment le mythe parvient à maintenir la pérennisation de certaines pratiques telles que la circoncision, l’excision, le ndëpp , le tatouage, le massage du nouveau-né, le sacrifice et les rites funéraires des Nègres. Au-delà d’une simple imagination humaine, le mythe devient une réalité irréfutable fortement ancrée dans la mentalité des noirs. Certains de ces rituels considérés comme barbares, les civilisations occidentales tentent, à travers des politiques mal diligentées, de les réprimander. Quant à la continuité de ces derniers, force est de reconnaître qu’ils gardent une influence des religions révélées (Judaïsme, Christianisme et Islam). Cependant, malgré les interdictions, ils continuent d’être utilisés pour conserver l’équilibre social. Nous avons écrit cet article à l’appui de la technique documentaire, de l’observation et de nos recherches antérieures (enquêtes de terrain).

In Sub-Saharan civilizations, myth has always been a driving force for the foundation and the spreading of ancestral cultural values. It also helps individuals be in perpetual contact with the invisible and the real (visible) world to guarantee their formation and their evolution, and plays the role of a societal reorganizer mostly in particular situations for a better social cohesion. This cultural legacy is conveyed through ideologies related to supernatural forces and to different social representations transmitted to Sub-Saharan Africans through events organized within societies. As a matter of fact, our study intends to show how myth succeeds in maintaining some Black African practices such as circumcision, excision, ndëpp , tattooing, new born massage, sacrifice and funeral rites. Beyond a simple human imagination, myth becomes an undeniable reality deeply rooted in the Blacks’ mentality. Some of those rituals are considered as barbaric; and western civilizations, through badly carried out policies, attempt to rebuke them. As for their persistence, it is worth noticing that their keep influence on revealed religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). However, in spite of prohibitions, they continue to be used for the preservation of social equilibrium. We have produced this article with the support of a documentation technique, the observation and our earlier researches (conducted surveys)., Dans les civilisations négro-africaines, le mythe a depuis toujours constitué un élément moteur de fondement et de diffusion des valeurs culturelles ancestrales. Il permet également aux individus d’être en perpétuel contact avec le monde invisible et celui du réel (visible) afin d’assurer leur formation, leur devenir, et joue le rôle de restructuration sociétale surtout dans les situations particulières pour une meilleure cohésion sociale. Cet héritage culturel est véhiculé au travers d’une idéologie liée à des forces occultes et de différentes représentations sociales transmises aux négro-africains par le biais des événements organisés au sein des sociétés. Notre étude, à cet effet, propose de montrer comment le mythe parvient à maintenir la pérennisation de certaines pratiques telles que la circoncision, l’excision, le ndëpp , le tatouage, le massage du nouveau-né, le sacrifice et les rites funéraires des Nègres. Au-delà d’une simple imagination humaine, le mythe devient une réalité irréfutable fortement ancrée dans la mentalité des noirs. Certains de ces rituels considérés comme barbares, les civilisations occidentales tentent, à travers des politiques mal diligentées, de les réprimander. Quant à la continuité de ces derniers, force est de reconnaître qu’ils gardent une influence des religions révélées (Judaïsme, Christianisme et Islam). Cependant, malgré les interdictions, ils continuent d’être utilisés pour conserver l’équilibre social. Nous avons écrit cet article à l’appui de la technique documentaire, de l’observation et de nos recherches antérieures (enquêtes de terrain).

Cancer of the larynx, the second most common cancer of the head and neck, has long been considered a cancer of the human body in relation to the classic risk factors of alcohol and tobacco...

Cancers of the tongue are the most common cancers of the oral cavity with poor survival [1,2]. The main risk factors are...

Anchored in a constructivist attitude, a theoretical foundation of public management and public organizations, this exploratory thesis in management sciences mobilizes the fields of bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy in order to decipher French public policy of exemplarity in sustainable development and to analyze its effects on public organization and public management. The desire to observe exemplary rhetoric and to understand what it can mean for a public organization leads us to question its content: "What is exemplarity for a public organization - networked": Is it a Weber bureaucracy? Is this new public management? Is it an organizational transformation that tends towards an emerging public organization? We will see that, in reality, exemplarity leads to public organizations that do not always fit into a particular paradigm. They exist in the form of "hybrid" systems whose characteristics of the different bureaucratic, post-bureaucratic paradigms overlap and describe a mix between organizational knowledge and fragmented governance that is neither that of Weberian centralization, nor that offocusing on "managerial voluntarism", at the centre of the logic of the post-bureaucratic organizational model" (De Rozario, Pesqueux, 2018)., Ancrée dans une attitude constructiviste, une fondation théorique du management public et des organisations publiques, cette thèse exploratoire en sciences de gestion mobilise les champs de la bureaucratie et de la post-bureaucratie afin de décrypter la politique publique française d’exemplarité en matière de développement durable et d’analyser ses effets sur l’organisation publique et le management public. La volonté d’observer les rhétoriques exemplaires et de comprendre ce qu’ils peuvent signifier pour une organisation publique amène à en questionner le contenu : « C’est quoi l’exemplarité pour une organisation publique - en réseau » : S’agit-il de bureaucratie wébérienne ? S’agit-il de nouvelle gestion publique ? S’agit-il d’une transformation organisationnelle qui tend vers une organisation publique émergente ? Nous constaterons qu’en réalité, l’exemplarité induit des organisations publiques qui ne s’inscrivent pas toujours dans un paradigme particulier. Elles existent sous la forme de systèmes « hybrides » dont les caractéristiques des différents paradigmesbureaucratiques, post-bureaucratiques se chevauchent et décrivent un mix entre des connaissances organisationnelles et une gouvernance éclatée qui n’est ni celle de la centralisation wébérienne, ni celle de la focalisation autour du « volontarisme managérial au centre de la logique du modèle d’organisation post-bureaucratique (De Rozario, Pesqueux, 2018).

Cet article traite de la mémoire de l’esclavage et de la place accordée à ses patrimoines dans les musées français. Il étudie la structuration du travail de mémoire via la sécrétion de quatre types de discours : juridique, politique, scientifique et social. Ces énoncés infléchissent les stratégies de valorisation des collections muséales, dont les variantes sont observées principalement à travers les cas de Nantes et de Bordeaux. L’identification des limites de ces muséographies conduit à l’analyse des stratégies mobilisées par les conservateurs pour y pallier. Parmi celles-ci, l’auteur insiste sur la façon dont la pratique artistique agit sur l’imaginaire patrimonial et sur la mise en forme de l’Histoire. Puisque le décodage et le ré-encodage des patrimoines par la création contemporaine produisent de nouvelles visualités qui ouvrent sur ce qu’il appelle une post-esthétique du trauma. The article addresses the memory of slavery and the place given to its heritage in French museums. It examines the structuring of memory work by the production of four types of discourse: legal, political, scientific and social. These statements affect the strategies of presentation in museum collections, whose variations are examined here mainly at Nantes and Bordeaux. Identifying the limitations of these museologies leads to an analysis of the strategies adopted by curators to remedy them. The author focuses on the way their artistic practice impacts the heritage imaginary and shapes the presentation of History. The decoding and re-encoding of heritage by contemporary creativity produce new visual effects that open up onto what he calls a post-aesthetics of trauma.

Que ce soit en tant que pratiques ou objets, la notion de patrimoine occupe une place grandissante dans les champs disciplinaires en lien avec la création (théâtre, danse, arts visuels). Pourtant, cette notion est loin de faire consensus. Comment appréhender les approches variées, parfois contradictoires du patrimoine ? Quelles sont les stratégies d’utilisation et d ’institutionnalisation des héritages – mises en œuvre par les politiques culturelles et les acteurs sociaux – auxquelles ils sont soumis ? L’objectif de ce premier volume est de restituer ces diversités dans une approche interdisciplinaire. Chacun des chercheurs a effectué des études de cas de patrimonialisation. Le « patrimoine » est envisagé comme l’opérateur d’un dialogue dont certains des enjeux seront d’expliciter les méthodes et de mesurer les écarts terminologiques et pratiques qui résultent de la pluralité des terrains d’observation. L’analyse des liens entre création et processus de patrimonialisation (historiographie, conservation, publication, archivage, exposition, restauration, numérisation) permet d’interroger le « patrimoine », lieu privilégié de débats, d’interprétation du passé et de lecture du présent.

Soil nutrient deficiency and rainfall variability impair the production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) in Sudano-Sahelian zone. The aim is to study the environmental factors that can determine the effect of fertilizer application on sorghum grain yield and to formulate tailored fertilization strategies according to sorghum varieties (hybrid and open pollinated improved varieties) and environmental context. Field experiments were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Nioro du Rip and in Sinthiou Mal&egrave, me (Senegal). In a randomized complete block design arranged in a split-plot with four replications, three factors were tested: sorghum genotype (G: Fadda, Faourou, Soumalemba and Soumba with different cycle lengths), environment (E: irrigation and rainfed, different soil types and fertility levels), and fertilization management (M: five different combinations of application dose and application time) including T1 = no fertilizer applied, T2 (recommended practice, 100%) = 150 kg/ha of NPK (15-15-15) at emergence + 50 Kg/ha of urea (46%) at tillering + 50 kg/ha of urea at stem extension, T3 = 50% T2, T4 (100% delay) = 150 kg/ha of NPK +50 kg/ha of urea at stem extension +50 kg/ha of urea at heading, T5 = 50% T4. Results showed that: (i) in most environments, stressed plants under late application treatments (T4 and T5) recovered biomass once the fertilizer was applied (ii), grain yield with T5 was higher than with T4 under well-watered conditions (sufficient and well distributed rainfall and eventual complementary irrigations), (iii) Fadda, a hybrid, responded differently to fertilization than the other varieties only for biomass production, (iv) late fertilizer application treatment (T4) gave higher grain yield than the recommended practice (T2) in the environment with low yield potential, and (v) long cycle duration genotypes benefited better from late fertilization compared to short cycle duration genotypes. This study showed that under Sudano-Sahelian conditions late fertilization of sorghum can be beneficial to grain yield if the rainy season has a slow start, depending on sorghum genotypes (i.e., cycle length), and on the initial N content of the soil.

Introducing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes into new environments is necessary for expanding the production of food and fuel, but these efforts are complicated by significant genotype &times, environment interactions that can reduce their effectiveness. This study set out to thoroughly analyze genotype &times, environment interactions and assess trade-offs between the agronomic performance and the stability of grain and biomass yields of ten contrasting genotypes under Sudano-Sahelian conditions. Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. They were conducted from 2013 to 2016 in Bambey, Sinthiou Malem and Nioro du Rip in Senegal. The joint analysis of variance revealed a highly significant effect (p &lt, 0.0001) of genotypes (G), environments (E) and G &times, E interaction. Most genotypes showed specific adaptations. The best grain yields were obtained by the Nieleni and Fadda hybrids, while the improved varieties IS15401 and SK5912 were best for biomass production. An Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that good grain yields were associated with environments having good soil fertility and good rainfall, while biomass yields were more influenced by the sowing date and rainfall. Similarly, we were able to confirm for our 10 sorghum genotypes that yield stability was generally associated with low performance, except for the Nieleni and Fadda hybrids, which performed well for grain and biomass production regardless of the environment. The Senegalese control genotype, 621B, showed particular susceptibility to growing conditions (soil), but remained very productive (more than 3 tons per hectare) under good agro-pedological conditions. These results lead us to recommend the Fadda and Nieleni hybrids for the entire study region, while 621B can also be recommended, but only for highly specific environments with good soils.

Since the conference of Alma - Ata in 1978 on Primary Health Care (PHC) and the integration of traditional medicine in biomedicine, the finding is real on the domination of the contagious diseases that have long scarred the world especially the people of the South. Therefore, it ensued the increase in life expectancy and the change of eating patterns giving birth to new so-called chronic diseases that no medicine can heal permanently. Kidney failure and diabetes covered by this study continue to silently kill patients in Africa and particularly in Senegal. This phenomenon, appeared in a context of modernity, is related to the missed of the two medicines (modern medicine and traditional medicine) opening a door to the healthcare market where healers and biomedical professionals often compete for wealth to the dismay of the patients. Indeed, faced with the challenges and the ambivalence of modernity in the meeting of the secret African cultures, many practitioners of traditional medicine are transformed into charlatans. The State’s failure to control public health problems against the massive population growth and the absence of standardizations of traditional therapies, patients, seeking health, resort to all the forms of care where appears the development of kidney failure and diabetes which this study has attempted to demonstrate through behavioural change and socio-cultural habits with regard to food and the social representations of people., Depuis la conférence d’Alma-Ata en 1978 sur les soins de santé primaires (SSP) et l’intégration de la médecine traditionnelle dans la biomédecine, le constat est réel sur la domination des maladies contagieuses qui ont longtemps meurtri le monde surtout les populations du Sud. Par conséquent, il s’en est ensuivi l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et le changement de comportement alimentaire donnant naissance aux nouvelles maladies dites chroniques qu’aucune médecine n’arrive à soigner définitivement. L’insuffisance rénale et le diabète faisant l’objet de cette étude continuent à tuer silencieusement les patients en Afrique et plus particulièrement au Sénégal. Ce phénomène, apparu dans un contexte de modernité, est lié aurendez-vous manqué des deux médecines (médecine moderne et médecine traditionnelle) ouvrant une porte au marché de la santé où professionnels de la biomédecine et guérisseurs concourent souvent à la richesse au grand désarroi des patients. En effet, face aux enjeux etl’ambivalence de la modernité dans la rencontre des cultures africaines secrètes, beaucoup de praticiens de la médecine traditionnelle se sont transformés en charlatans. La non maîtrise par l’État des problèmes de santé publique face à l’accroissement massive de la population et l’absence de normalisation des thérapies traditionnelles, les patients se rabattent sur toutes les formes de soins en quête de la santé d’où apparaît le développement de l’insuffisance rénale et le diabète que cette présente étude a tenté de démontrer à travers le changement de comportement et les habitudes socioculturelles vis-à-vis de l’alimentation et des représentations sociales des populations.

Summary Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are used in many low-income countries but their impact on the incidence of pneumonia is unclear. The Gambia introduced PCV7 in August, 2009, and PCV13 in May, 2011. We aimed to measure the impact of the introduction of these vaccines on pneumonia incidence. Methods We did population-based surveillance and case-control studies. The primary endpoint was WHO-defined radiological pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation. Population-based surveillance was for suspected pneumonia in children aged 2–59 months (minimum age 3 months in the case-control study) between May 12, 2008, and Dec 31, 2015. Surveillance for the impact study was limited to the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System (BHDSS), whereas surveillance for the case-control study included both the BHDSS and Fuladu West Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Nurses screened all outpatients and inpatients at all health facilities in the surveillance area using standardised criteria for referral to clinicians in Basse and Bansang. These clinicians recorded clinical findings and applied standardised criteria to identify patients with suspected pneumonia. We compared the incidence of pneumonia during the baseline period (May 12, 2008, to May 11, 2010) and the PCV13 period (Jan 1, 2014, to Dec 31, 2015). We also investigated the effectiveness of PCV13 using case-control methods between Sept 12, 2011, and Sept 31, 2014. Controls were aged 90 days or older, and were eligible to have received at least one dose of PCV13; cases had the same eligibility criteria with the addition of having WHO-defined radiological pneumonia. Findings We investigated 18 833 children with clinical pneumonia and identified 2156 cases of radiological pneumonia. Among children aged 2–11 months, the incidence of radiological pneumonia fell from 21·0 cases per 1000 person-years in the baseline period to 16·2 cases per 1000 person-years (23% decline, 95% CI 7–36) in 2014–15. In the 12–23 month age group, radiological pneumonia decreased from 15·3 to 10·9 cases per 1000 person-years (29% decline, 12–42). In children aged 2–4 years, incidence fell from 5·2 to 4·1 cases per 1000 person-years (22% decline, 1–39). Incidence of all clinical pneumonia increased by 4% (–1 to 8), but hospitalised cases declined by 8% (3–13). Pneumococcal pneumonia declined from 2·9 to 1·2 cases per 1000 person-years (58% decline, 22–77) in children aged 2–11 months and from 2·6 to 0·7 cases per 1000 person-years (75% decline, 47–88) in children aged 12–23 months. Hypoxic pneumonia fell from 13·1 to 5·7 cases per 1000 person-years (57% decline, 42–67) in children aged 2–11 months and from 6·8 to 1·9 cases per 1000 person-years (72% decline, 58–82) in children aged 12–23 months. In the case-control study, the best estimate of the effectiveness of three doses of PCV13 against radiological pneumonia was an adjusted odds ratio of 0·57 (0·30–1·08) in children aged 3–11 months and vaccine effectiveness increased with greater numbers of doses (p=0·026). The analysis in children aged 12 months and older was underpowered because there were few unvaccinated cases and controls. Interpretation The introduction of PCV in The Gambia was associated with a moderate impact on the incidence of radiological pneumonia, a small reduction in cases of hospitalised pneumonia, and substantial reductions of pneumococcal and hypoxic pneumonia in young children. Low-income countries that introduce PCV13 with reasonable coverage can expect modest reductions in hospitalised cases of pneumonia and a marked impact on the incidence of severe childhood pneumonia. Funding GAVI's Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and UK Medical Research Council.

In 2012, an outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 occurred in The Gambia. The attack rate was highest among young children. The associated risk factors were male sex, contact with meningitis patients, and difficult breathing. Enhanced surveillance facilitates early epidemic detection, and multiserogroup conjugate vaccine could reduce meningococcal epidemics in The Gambia.

In this paper three related problems of the maximum capture (MAXCAP) model are proposed. These include the case where facilities provide a certain amount of service level for the customers, the possibility where customers do not allocate their demand completely to one facility but prorate their demand based on the service level, and finally we explore the situation where customers will not opt for sharing their demand irrespective of the service level if the next attractive facility is too far way which we express by a distance threshold. These models are put forward to mimic realistic situations related to customer behaviour when it comes to selecting a facility. Their respective mathematical formulations are put forward and tested on a case study and also over a range of larger data sets.

Characterizing the environment, understanding farmers' requirements and evaluating crop responses to the environment is essential to choose which crop or even which variety is better adapted to the farming systems. Crop models can help to direct this choice. However, use of models requires excellent datasets to facilitate their calibration and validation. In West Africa, sorghum is traditionally the lead cereal and staple crop. A high diversity of sorghum varieties is farmed, but detailed data on these varieties in this specific environment is scarce. We aim at addressing this issue by setting up a network of experimentations in West Africa to characterize contrasted sorghum varieties and to assess their adaptability to different agroecological zones of West Africa. These varieties differ with respect to architecture (tall or small), uses (grain, biomass or dual purpose), composition (cellulose, lignin), and phenology adapted to different targeted regions in West Africa. To represent the diversity of the environment, three main sites in three major countries of the region have been chosen to test these ten varieties according to a rainfall gradient: (1) 700mm in Senegal, (2) 950mm in Mali and (3) 1150mm in Burkina Faso. The main crop traits characterized are phenology, number of leaves, plant height, leaf area index, organs biomass and grain yield, all essential data for good model calibration. The first results are (1) a comprehensible database of ten contrasted West African sorghum varieties, all tested in three major sites in West Africa, and (2) calibrated crop models (DSSAT, APSIM and SAMARA). These models will then be used to direct our choice of adapted cultivars to the right environment. Also, calibration of multiple models will enable to assess the uncertainty in the decision we take. (Texte intégral)

Introduction : Il s'agit de determiner les profils epidemiologiques et histologiques des tumeurs submandibulaires. Methodes : Il s'agissait d'une etude retrospective et descriptive de 10 ans (1er janvier 2000 au 31 decembre 2009), realisee dans le service universitaire d'ORL de l'hopital de Fann. Etaient inclus dans cette etude tous patients porteurs d'une tumeur submandibulaire (opere ou non), confirmee par un document histologique. Resultats : Vingt-une tumeurs submandibulaires ont ete colligees. L'âge moyen des patients etait de 34,42 ans (± 14,10), avec des extremes de 2 et 55 ans. Quinze patients (71,4%) etaient de sexe feminin, soit un sex-ratio de 0,4. Les resultats histologiques etaient obtenus a partir de 4 biopsies et de 17 pieces operatoires. Dans 13 cas (61,9%) la tumeur etait benigne et dans 8 cas (38,1%) la tumeur etait maligne. L'adenome pleomorphe dans 12 cas (57,1%), le carcinome epidermoide dans 4 cas (19%) et l'adenocarcinome dans 2 cas (9,5%) etaient les types histologiques frequents. Treize (13) patients etaient porteurs d'une tumeur benigne, dont huit (8) patients etaient de sexe feminin. Huit (8) patients etaient porteurs d'une tumeur maligne. Sept patients etaient de sexe feminin. Conclusion : Cette etude sur les tumeurs submandibulaires est marquee par une predominance feminine et une frequence elevee des adenomes pleomorphes et des carcinomes epidermoides. Key words : Glande submandibulaire, tumeur, epidemiologie, histologie

A pot experiment was set to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on mineral nutrition of a tropical legume tree (Acacia senegal) under three different water status. Acacia senegal seedlings were inoculated with three species of AMF, Glomus intraradices, Glomus fasciculatum or Glomus mosseae. Three water levels (field capacity, moderate water deficiency and severe water deficiency) were applied to the pots after transplantation. A. senegal seedlings were colonized by the three AM fungi. Twelve weeks after water stress imposition, uptake nutrient of A. Senegal was enhanced by mycorrhizal inoculation under moderate and severe water status. Root colonization varied from 30.4 to 62.5%. The lowest intensity (30.4%) was observed on field capacity associated with G. intraradices and the highest root colonization (62.5%) was observed on severe water deficiency associated with G. fasciculatum. Relative improvement was noted in the foliar nutrient content nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and shoot water content of the inoculated plants, whatever the water regime. Mycorrhizal inoculation has no significant effect on shoot calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) compared to uninoculated plants. G. fasciculatum was the most efficiency fungus in nutrient foliar of A. senegal plants under water defiency conditions. Inoculating A. senegal plant with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. fasciculatum increased ability to acquire N, P, and K under water deficiency conditions. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Acacia senegal, mineral nutrient, water deficiency.

De l’exposition coloniale de 1931 à l’occasion de laquelle le Musée Permanent des Colonies fut construit, à l’ouverture en 2006 du Musée du Quai Branly, quelques mois après l’exposition « Africa Remix », Maureen Murphy traque les embryons de savoirs, codés à l’intérieur des méthodes de représentations, et structurant silencieusement la rationalité politique des institutions muséales. Celles-ci, façonnées par les idées de la modernité sont d’emblée abordées sous l’angle des figures qui les dir...

National audience; La crise alimentaire de 2005 au Niger est emblématique des changements survenus à la fois dans les conditions de sécurité alimentaires des ménages au Sahel et dans les réponses aux crises apportées par les acteurs de l'aide internationale. Ce document rend compte d'une journée de débat sur 4 thèmes : la caractérisation de cette crise alimentaire ; les tendances lourdes de l'insécurité alimentaire au Niger ; les réponses à la crise souvent contradictoire des "humanistes" et des "développeurs" ; les nouveaux enjeux de la sécurité alimentaire au Sahel.

In the Senegal pertussis trial, common adverse reactions were actively monitored during the pilot phase II study, while the frequency of severe adverse reactions was monitored as a secondary objective within the phase III efficacy trial. Since the trial was conducted in Niakhar, an area in rural West Africa under intensive surveillance, the safety monitoring during the study was incorporated within the general surveillance system. This was a two-step procedure : detection of a potential reaction by a field worker, followed by confirmation report by a physician. The frequency of severe reactions was slow among both pertussis vaccine groups, receiving either the two-component acellular vaccine or the whole-cell vaccine, currently used in the Senegal Expanded Programme on Immunisation. Among severe reactions, only persistent crying was found to be at a significantly higher rate in the whole-cell group. Common adverse reactions were more frequent in the whole-cell group. (Résumé d'auteur)