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This paper aims to investigate the role of educational institutes in heritage management from the local and national policy level to safeguard archaeological heritage perspectives in the Lalmai-Mainamati area, cumilla, Bangladesh. Lalmai-Mainamati area is one of the historical places in Bangladesh and in this area almost 50 archaeological sites were marked by the department of archaeology (DOA), and most of the sites represent our historical remains from 9th to 12 century BC. The Department of archaeology maintained all of these sites under antiquity act 1968 but the drawback of manpower resources and financial budget is that most of the sites are unprotected and lack proper maintenance process. Local people, tourists, Fanatic society, and mischievous people are ruining our historical past evidence in many ways. From the causes of these casualties, people are not aware of it and they are not realizing the importance of our heritage practicing and safeguarding lack of proper information & instruction when they visit these historical places or are attached somehow with these archaeological sites. This paper deals with how our educational institute can play a vital role in safeguarding archaeological heritage in many ways perspectives on the Lalmai-Mainamati area.

Good hygiene and sanitation are essential for the prevention of infectious diseases. Immunization is one of the most important public health interventions to reduce both morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. Thus, the survey study aimed to determine the status of hygienic practices and assess the immunization coverage among 12-59 months old children in urban slums. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 259 under five children's (12-59 months) in Barisal city, Bangladesh, from June to December 2019 using a structured questionnaire. Data was collected by interviewing the mothers from different slum areas. Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the association. Prevalence of good hygiene practices status was 65.3% and fully immunized was 71.4%. Joint family (AOR=0.54; 95% CI: 0.31-0.95; P

Accidental foreign body ingestion is common in the pediatric age group particularly between 6 months and 5 years. Most ingested foreign bodies pass easily through the esophagus, into the stomach, and are expelled from the body without complications. However, endoscopic removal will require only 10% - 20% of cases to avoid complications. We present the endoscopic removal of a metallic hair clip in the duodenum of an 18 month old child that was unnoticed initially and diagnosed incidentally. BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2021; VOL 45 (3) : 182-185

Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive individual is at risk of developing disease of cardiovascular system (CVD). There are scarce of research work regarding this field in Bangladesh. Considering scarcity, this study was conducted at anti-retroviral therapy (ART) center of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh to find out the frequency of the CVD and their common risk factors in HIV seropositive patients from March 2017 to September 2019. Different CVD risk factors were assessed in this study. The demographic data were assessed and World Health Organization STEPS questionnaire were used to collect demographic data. The 10-year CVD risk was calculated by using the Framingham coronary risk score (FRS). Mean age of study population was 38, SD= 9.8. Among them sixty-five (65%) were men and thirty-five (35%) were women. About one third were overweight followed by 5% were obese. High cholesterolemia, high triglyceridemia, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were found in 23%, 58%, 14%. and 63% of the HIV patent, respectively. Hypertension was present in 19% and diabetes in 15% of the patients. In Framingham risk score, 19% of the participants had intermediate to high risk of cardiovascular disease within 10 years. The cardiovascular risk factors were common in HIV patients attending ART center of BSMMU, where base line 10-years CVD risk was low. People living with HIV appear to be an imminent risk to develop CVD. Bangladesh Med J. 2021 May; 50(2) : 40-44

Relaxin (RLX) is a hormone that stimulates renal vasodilation during early pregnancy. Recombinant RLX may have potential as a treatment for heart failure and chronic kidney disease, but its application has been limited in part due to uncertainties about its mechanism of action, and particularly its effect on glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pgc) and fluid status. The objective of this study was to couple mathematical modeling with experimental observations of the renal hemodynamic and natriuretic response to RLX, in order to quantitatively describe the mechanistic effects of relaxin on the kidney, and to predict its effect on clinically difficult-to-measure variables such as Pgc. Utilizing a previously developed mathematical model of kidney function and hemodynamics, we began by hypothesizing a minimum set of RLX mechanisms (afferent/efferent vasodilation), fitting the available hemodynamic/natriuretic response in two previously published rat studies (GFR, renal plasma flow (RPF), mean arterial pressure (MAP), sodium and water excretion), and adding additional RLX mechanisms to the model only when the minimal set could not explain available data. We found that changes in renal vascular resistances alone were sufficient to reproduce observed changes in RPF, but insufficient to explain other data features. Experimental studies reported much larger increases in sodium excretion relative to water excretion with RLX, and this effect could only be reproduced if an effect of RLX on the osmotic setpoint for vasopressin release was included in the model – a mechanism that has previously been reported in ovariectomized rats treated with RLX. A small effect of RLX on heart rate was necessary to produce observed changes in MAP.In addition, the single experimental study in which Pgc has been measured with RLX reported a rise in GFR but fall in Pgc, and this difference could not be explained mathematically by relative afferent/efferent dilation or by downstream shifting of the filtration equilibrium with increased RPF; it could only be reproduced mathematically if RLX was assumed to large positive effect on glomerular membrane permeability. However, the magnitude of this effect is difficult to justify physiologically. Thus, while the model can be forced to fit this limited data, further study is needed to understand whether and how RLX might have such large permeability effects.The fitted model was then able to make predictions consistent with observed renal responses in human subjects, and these effects were better predicted when the RLX effect on permeability was excluded, further suggesting that this effect may not be real. In these simulations, RLX had no net effect on Pgc. In conclusion, while some uncertainty remains, this analysis suggests that RLX acts primarily by dilating the afferent and efferent arterioles and shifting the osmotic setpoint for vasopressin release. AstraZeneca and Eli Lilly This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is the clinical spectrum presenting with hepatic venous outflow obstruction from the hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the right atrium. This syndrome is rare in infants and children, which leads to misdiagnoses or delayed diagnoses. Clinical presentations may be non-specific. A high index of suspicion and imaging findings may help in early diagnosis of this condition. We report a rare case of BCS in a 6-week-old male infant who presented with jaundice and gradual abdominal distension. He was successfully treated with rivaroxaban.

not available BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 92-98

We know that many people suffer from depression, anxiety, stress, hypertension, and many more mental illnesses in this pandemic situation. As a result, the condition of their mental health is getting bad to worse. However, very few of them can consult a psychiatrist, therapist, or professional who'll guide them properly to get rid of their problems. Keeping that in mind, we came up with an idea to build an intelligent web app that will help people suffering from mental health but not consult a doctor/psychiatrist. This system allows professionals to check and follow up on their patients from remote areas. Both patients and professionals can communicate through audio, video, voice, and text messages. Users, as a patient, can also directly search for professional psychiatrists/ doctors or consultants and request appointments through the app to get guidelines. Professionals can check patients' history, review appointments, accept them, schedule them, and provide guidelines for improvement. Patients will also have the facility to get a quick in-app therapy to improve their mindset if they feel they're not okay, which includes breathing exercise, some cardio exercise, a short audio clip on a motivational story, and a feature that will allow expressing user's hidden thoughts or some words they can share with our live chat agent. This system can play a significant role in the life of the people who are introverts, shy from sharing their mental health issues, and the people who don't have the opportunity to consult a mental health professional from their position directly. The overall system has been tested in a lab environment to ensure the best user experience, including a very user-friendly interface. It shows more efficiency in its service to help people countrywide who are suffering from mental illness.

Study design: The study design was cross-sectional. Objective: Assessment of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of primary caregivers of people with tetraplegia owing to traumatic SCI. Setting: A total of 48 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), spinal cord injury unit, at Savar. Methods: Data was collected by using a questionnaire, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 16.0 were used for data analysis, which focused on columns, pie charts, and doughnuts. Results: Among 48 caregivers evaluated, 39 (81.2%) were female and 9 (18.8%) were male, where 22 people (45.8%) were either husbands or wives and 15 people (31.2%) were parents of people with tetraplegia. It was found that most of the caregivers (62.5%) spend about 13–18 hrs/day caring for individuals with tetraplegia. The participants reported lower scores on social functioning and emotional well-being than the other dimensions of SF-36. Conclusion: Primary caregivers of spinal-cord injury patients had low scores on all SF-36 aspects, including social functioning and emotional well-being. Sponsorship: This does not include funding from grants or other sources.

Introduction Exclusive breastfeeding is balanced nutrition for growth and development of the infant, prevents stunting as well as protects from infectious and chronic diseases and has also potential to reduce infant mortality. Thus, the study aimed to assess maternal knowledge, attitudes and other factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 mothers of children aged ≤12 months in Mother and Child Hospital in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, from June to December 2019 using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected by face-to-face interview from hospital’s outdoors, following simple random sampling process from hospital register list. Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the association. Results The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 63.4% for mothers with children aged ≤12 months. Good knowledge (p

Sign language is a form of communication used by the deaf and dumb. However, integrating them into society is challenging because most people do not speak their language. It is a method of generating and disseminating ideas, information, points of view, facts, and sentiments to establish a shared understanding. Unfortunately, almost 5% of the world's population is not blessed with the ability of verbal communication. The situation is the same for Bangladesh. This paper presents a simple, low-cost Bangla sign language (BdSL) recognition model with maximum accuracy to convert signs into Bangla text. We've manually captured images for Bangla sign language following the BdSL model and implemented the dataset to train the system and show output. We used neural networks as a deep learning method to train individual signs to achieve our goals in the suggested model. Using a CNN, we separated the dataset into two parts: training data and test data. The action is mapped to the relevant text in the training data using image processing techniques, and neural networks, so raw images or videos are turned into text that can be read and comprehended with accuracy near 92%. Finally, the system will turn the user's signs and motions into text. It is referred to as "sign language recognition." In the future, This research can also open doors to numerous other applications, like sign language tutorials or dictionaries, and can also help the deaf and dumb search the web or send emails more conveniently. We hope this system will be an excellent opportunity for people who have speaking or hearing disabilities by helping them explore more.

We have Developed an IoT-based real-time solar power monitoring system in this paper. It seeks an opensource IoT solution that can collect real-time data and continuously monitor the power output and environmental conditions of a photovoltaic panel.The Objective of this work is to continuously monitor the status of various parameters associated with solar systems through sensors without visiting manually, saving time and ensures efficient power output from PV panels while monitoring for faulty solar panels, weather conditionsand other such issues that affect solar effectiveness.Manually, the user must use a multimeter to determine what value of measurement of the system is appropriate for appliance consumers, which is difficult for the larger System. But the Solar Energy Monitoring system is designed to make it easier for users to use the solar system.This system is comprised of a microcontroller (Node MCU), a PV panel, sensors (INA219 Current Module, Digital Temperature Sensor, LDR), a Battery Charger Module, and a battery. The data from the PV panels and other appliances are sent to the cloud (Thingspeak) via the internet using IoT technology and a Wi-Fi module (NodeMCU). It also allows users in remote areas to monitor the parameters of the solar power plant using connected devices. The user can view the current, previous, and average parameters of the solar PV system, such as voltage, current, temperature, and light intensity using a Graphical User Interface. This will facilitate fault detection and maintenance of the solar power plant easier and saves time.

This paper presents the development of a sensor based smart irrigation system with the capabilities of remote monitoring and controlling of water usage in the agriculture field using Internet of Things (IoT). With the employment of IoT in irrigation system, all agricultural information can be viewed and controlled at the user's fingertips. The system consists of a microcontroller (Node MCU), sensors (soil moisture, DHT11), and irrigation of a water pump with a decision-making system. Sensors are linked to a Wi-Fi module (Node MCU) and are interdependent to provide increased sensitivity to the irrigation system. The data obtained will be uploaded to the cloud (ThingSpeak) and presented in the form of graphs accessible via the website. A web page is used to control the water pump for irrigation purposes. This paper is managed to meet all of its aims to help farmers in terms of time, project cost, labor, water consumption, power consumption, and reliability by implementing the IoT-based smart irrigation system.

Background: Response to the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak needs to be augmented in Texas, United States, where the first 5 cases were reported on March 6, 2020, and were rapidly followed by an exponential rise within the next few weeks. This study aimed to determine the ongoing trend and upcoming infection status of COVID-19 in county levels of Texas. Methods: Data were extracted from the following sources: published literature, surveillance, unpublished reports, and websites of Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Natality report of Texas, and WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. The 4-compartment Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removal (SEIR) mathematical model was used to estimate the current trend and future prediction of basic reproduction number and infection cases in Texas. Because the basic reproduction number is not sufficient to predict the outbreak, we applied the Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) model to calculate the probability of the COVID-19 outbreak. Results: The estimated mean basic reproduction number of COVID-19 in Texas is predicted to be 2.65 by January 31, 2021. Our model indicated that the third wave might occur at the beginning of May 2021, which will peak at the end of June 2021. This prediction may come true if the current spreading situation/level persists, i.e., no clinically effective vaccine is available, or this vaccination program fails for some reason in this area. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates an alarming ongoing and upcoming infection rate of COVID-19 at county levels in Texas, thereby emphasizing the promotion of more coordinated and disciplined actions by policy-makers and the population to contain its devastating impact.

Introduction Menstrual hygiene practices refers to maintaining specific hygiene during menstrual periods. Excused or unexcused school absenteeism can be attributed to adopted menstrual hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of school absenteeism during menstrual cycle and to explore the association of menstrual hygiene practices with school absenteeism among schoolgoing adolescent girls in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to November 2019 based on a sample of 442 school-going adolescent girls (aged 10–19 years) from randomly selected nine Girls’ Schools in the Dhaka division, Bangladesh. Data were collected by an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a multiple regression model was applied to assess factors associated with school absenteeism. Results The prevalence of school absenteeism was (35.1%) among school-going adolescent girls in Bangladesh. Factors associated with school absenteeism included older adolescent girls (AOR=2.97; 95% CI: 1.66–5.24, p

Increasing concerns regarding wireless systems’ security are leading researchers to exploit the physical properties of a medium while designing any secured wireless network. The secrecy performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a variable gain relaying scheme is investigated in this paper under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper. We assume that the eavesdropper can intrude the target data from the RF link only. Both the RF links (main and eavesdropper) undergo the $\alpha -\mu $ fading statistics and the FSO link experiences the exponentiated Weibull fading statistics. Exploiting the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme while considering two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection and intensity modulation/direct detection) with pointing error impairments, the mathematical formulations of the unified probability density function and cumulative distribution function are performed for the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio of the considered dual-hop RF-FSO link. Closed-form analytical expressions for average secrecy capacity, secrecy outage probability, and the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity are derived in terms of Meijer’s $G$ and Fox’s $H$ functions to quantify the system performance. Capitalizing on these expressions, the secrecy performance is further analyzed for various channel parameters of RF links, aperture sizes of the receiver, pointing errors, and atmospheric turbulence severity. The results reveal that aperture averaging can improve the secrecy performance remarkably by suppressing the effects of turbulence. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to justify the accuracy of the proposed model.

Increasing concerns regarding wireless systems’ security are leading researchers to exploit the physical properties of a medium while designing any secured wireless network. The secrecy performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with a variable gain relaying scheme is investigated in this paper under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper. We assume that the eavesdropper can intrude the target data from the RF link only. Both the RF links (main and eavesdropper) undergo the $\alpha -\mu $ fading statistics and the FSO link experiences the exponentiated Weibull fading statistics. Exploiting the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme while considering two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection and intensity modulation/direct detection) with pointing error impairments, the mathematical formulations of the unified probability density function and cumulative distribution function are performed for the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio of the considered dual-hop RF-FSO link. Closed-form analytical expressions for average secrecy capacity, secrecy outage probability, and the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity are derived in terms of Meijer’s $G$ and Fox’s $H$ functions to quantify the system performance. Capitalizing on these expressions, the secrecy performance is further analyzed for various channel parameters of RF links, aperture sizes of the receiver, pointing errors, and atmospheric turbulence severity. The results reveal that aperture averaging can improve the secrecy performance remarkably by suppressing the effects of turbulence. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to justify the accuracy of the proposed model.

Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is crucial for mothers as well as children’s health, and also has the potential to prevent neonatal mortality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with EIBF among mothers in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2019, based on a sample of 422 mothers of children aged under 6 months. Data were collected by in-person interviews from a hospital’s outdoor through a structured questionnaire consisted of demographic, reproductive, and healthcare utilization information. Association between variables was assessed by multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of EIBF among mothers was 48.3% [95% CI: 43.4–53.3]. Multiple logistic regression showed that being a housewife, having family income of > 10,000 BDT (Bangladeshi currency) per month, mothers education level, being multiparous, normal delivery, ANC (antenatal care) visits for ≥ 3 times, counseling prior to conception, and skin-to-skin contact after delivery significantly increased the likelihood of EIBF among mothers. Besides, mothers who gave birth to low-weight babies and provided pre-lacteal feeds to them were negatively associated with EIBF. EIBF has improved in Bangladesh during MDG era, but progress still remains slower. Key modifiable factors such as maternal education, normal delivery, ANC visits, skin-to-skin contact, and pre-lacteal feeding need to be improved to enhance the EIBF for reducing child malnutrition and mortality.

Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among under five children in developing countries. The burden of child diarrhea in Bangladesh is still significant. Safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) can limit the events. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of WASH education of mothers or caregivers on child diarrhea. A community-based randomized control trial was conducted in the selected households of a rural community in Dumki Upazila, Patuakhali from March–June 2019. A total of 202 mothers/caregivers received intervention and 202 did not receive intervention. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to gather information on household WASH activities and diarrheal cases. Baseline data were collected first from the intervention group before providing education. WASH messages were given to the intervention group by face-to-face discussion. Both groups were followed up for diarrheal episodes for 3 months. Diarrheal prevalence of intervening group is compared with that of baseline and control. The results revealed that diarrheal prevalence was 11.4% (95% CI: 7.4–16.59%), 4.0% (95% CI: 1.7–7.65%), and 14.9% (95% CI: 10.25–20.52%) in baseline, intervention, and control group, respectively. Also, diarrhea was found lower in the intervention group than baseline (Z = − 2.524; P value = 0.012) and control (Z = − 1.85; P value = 0.04). WASH interventions were found effective to reduce the diarrheal episodes among under five children in rural community. Further investigation is necessary to assess the long-term effect of such intervention in other similar settings.

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: An 11-year-old boy presented with 15 months history of diarrhea with up to 10-20 times small volume stool daily with mucus. It was associated with a feeling of incomplete defecation and excessive straining. The frequency of diarrhea increased to 20-30 times per day over the last 8 months. Subsequently, he developed fecal incontinence, for which he couldn't attend his school. He also had a history of significant weight loss in the last 7 months. According to his mother's statement, his body weight was reduced to 64 kg from 77 kg during this illness.

Soymilk (SM) is nutritionally nearly equal to milk from cows and is free of cholesterol, gluten, and lactose. This study's objective was to formulate a cholesterol-free soymilk dessert (SOD) and compare it's to commercial desserts (CODs). Results indicated that the CODs contain substantial amounts of cholesterol while SOD does not. Soymilk dessert has more protein, and vitamin E than CODs, but less fat and calcium. In addition, the result also highlighted that SOD has higher number of amino acids compared to CODs. The total antioxidant, flavonoids and phenolics content of SOD were significantly higher than CODs. Furthermore, the

Background Healthcare-associated infections caused by poor hand hygiene (HH) practices can affect both the care seekers and the health care providers (HCPs) while providing primary health care. No study has been conducted on the compliance of HH practices among the primary level HCPs in Bangladesh. Objective The study aimed to assess the compliance rates of HH and its determinant factors among Community Health Care Providers (CHCPs) in Community Clinics (CC). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020 among 150 randomly selected CHCPs with functional HH facilities in Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. Structured interviews and observation tools were used to collect data. Results Good HH compliance among CHCPs was found to be 16.7% (95% CI: 11.3–21.3). Out of all 1218 possible HH opportunities, only 255 (20.9%) resulted in any HH action. Presence of 70% alcohol-based hand sanitiser at the point of care (aOR: 6.4, 95% CI: 1.1–38.3), HH training (aOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.1–18.9), displayed visual cues (aOR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.1–17.7), knowledge about HH (aOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.1–13.6) and number of HH opportunities (aOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8) were factors associated with HH compliance. Discussion Overall HH compliance among CHCPs was relatively low. It was recommended to implement multimodal HH improvement strategies, including a continuous training program, supply of alcohol-based hand rub, reminder, provision of five moments of HH in the training modules and feedback on HH performance.

OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among university students in Bangladesh. Participants: A total of 403 undergraduate students from Patuakhali Science and Technology University, and Barisal University participated in the study. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Result: The prevalence of depression (BDI ≥ 14) was 47.14%. Depression was 3.4 times (95% CI: 1.6-7.1), 3.8 times (95% CI: 1.7-8.6), and 3.9 times (95% CI: 1.5-8.9) higher among 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-year students, respectively than 1st-year students. Students with a history of stressful life events (aOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7-4.4), suicidal attempts (aOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.9), and who received inadequate monthly allowance from their family (aOR = 0.53 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) were more likely to develop depressive symptoms. Conclusion: This study reports a high level of depression among university students which needs further discussion, exploration, and calls for designing appropriate interventions.

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive inheritance and there is cellular deficiency of enzymes leading to defective/impaired metabolism of galactose resulting in toxic byproducts like galactilol, galactose-1-phosphate and galactonate that affect mainly liver, brain, kidneys, lens and gonads. Galactosemia appears as a rare metabolic cause of neonatal cholestasis syndrome (NCS). The classic disease manifestation after the first milk feeding varies in severity from an acute fulminant illness to a more common subacute illness beginning within the first few days of life. Neonatal sepsis is one of the presentations. Galactokinase deficiency results primarily in cataract formation and galactosuria. The preliminary diagnosis of galactosemia in sick neonates and suspected infants is made by Benedict test in several urine specimens and followed by dipstick test to exclude glycosuria. Gold standard test is demonstration of low enzyme activity in erythrocyte. Galactosemia can be detected by newborn screening methods like the Guthrie test using filterpaper blood samples. Classical form of galactosemia should be treated with an absolute galactose restricted diet without waiting for confirmation of the diagnosis. Here we report a case of a 50-dayold boy with features of neonatal cholestasis, diagnosed as galactosemia by using a simple cost effective method. J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 43-48

Studies in ecological stoichiometry highlight that grazer dynamics are affected by insufficient food nutrient content (low phosphorus (P)/carbon (C) ratio) as well as excess food nutrient content (high P:C). Contaminant stressors affect all levels of the biological hierarchy, from cells to organs to organisms to populations to entire ecosystems. Eco-toxicological modeling under the framework of ecological stoichiometry predicts the risk of bio-accumulation of a toxicant under stoichiometric constraints. In this paper, we developed and analyzed a Lotka-Volterra type predator- prey model which explicitly tracks the environmental toxicant as well as the toxicant in the populations under stoichiometric constraints. Analytic, numerical, slow-fast steady state and bifurcation theory are employed to predict the risk of toxicant bio-accumulation under varying food conditions. In some cases, our model predicts different population dynamics, including wide amplitude limit cycles where producer densities exhibit very low values and may be in danger of stochastic extinction.

This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: A 14-year-old boy, 4th issue of his non-consanguineous parents got admitted in the Department with the complaints of gradual abdominal distension and occasional abdominal pain since two years of his age. There was no history of jaundice, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, fever, contact with a known case of tuberculosis patient or family history of such type of illness. On examination, he was alert, anicteric, no facial dysmorphism, vitally stable, no stigmata of chronic liver disease and anthropometrically well thrived.

Research Question: Do the Bangladeshi business entities concern about the extreme climate change vulnerability of the country? How do they deal with the climate change issues in their corporate reporting? Motivation: As per the Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2014, Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. To cope up this extreme stage not only the government but also all the stakeholders of the country should come forward. This study aims at exploring the attention of business organizations of Bangladesh toward the climate change issues of the country. Idea: When developed nations realized and shared accountability in relation to the adverse effect of climate change, developing nation pay less attention towards the impact of climate change and environmental degradation (Luo et al., 2013; Amran et al., 2014; Jeswani, 2007). Ironically, academic have paid less attention to examine the organizational efforts towards sustainability and environmental safety in the context of developing countries (Kabir & Akinusi, 2012). This research is intended to explore climate change reporting practices in developing countries - Bangladesh. Data: A purposive sampling of 82 companies listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) has been taken based on the year 2016 or 2015-2016. Tools: An un-weighted Climate Change Disclosure Index (CCDI) has been constructed and used to understand the climate change disclosure level practiced by selected companies. Findings: we have found a very poor disclosure levels practiced by the Bangladeshi listed companies as the mean climate change disclosure index (CCDI) is only 3.02 out of the maximum possible score of 28. Surprisingly, heavily polluting industries have very poor climate change disclosure indices compared to the non-polluting industries. Contributions: The study will create awareness to all the stakeholders of the climate change issues so that a holistic approach can be executed not only to accelerate the literatures on climate change but also to ensure sustainability on corporate climate change reporting.

This study aims to investigate the effects of air quality on child mortality in developing countries. We consider annual data covering the period from 2010 to 2016 of 58 countries and estimate the empirical models using recently developed panel quantile regression with the method of moments (MM-QR). It is found that outdoor air quality (measured by the concentration of PM

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a set of lung diseases in which the airways constrict, making it difficult to expel air from the lungs. COPD is caused by longterm lung damage from breathing a potential hazard, mainly frequently cigarette smoking, as well as smoke from other sources and air pollution. Also, some rural areas where people are exposed to dust, flames, and chemicals can contribute to the onset of COPD. COPD is supposed to after 40 years. Some major problems getting short of breath, having cough, wheezing, also produced more sputum, respiration rate abnormal, sometimes getting restless. In Bangladesh, day by day patients with COPD are increasing. So, in this case, need to analyze the symptoms of COPD and finds why it is increasing day by day. In this research, we have taken 101 COPD patients data from the hospital which are in two classes. In the medical sector, work for COPD is rare in Bangladesh. Our goal is to find the most appropriate machine learning approach for COPD prediction which is both computationally efficient and accurate. Decision Tree and Logistic Regression outperformed all other machine learning algorithms, according to the findings in our study.

Simple Summary Year-long, every human race is fighting against SARS-CoV-2 with their all resources. Since 2017, the Bangladeshi government is providing shelter to a huge number of Rohingya refugees, and now in this COVID-19 pandemic, the government is to provide all necessities and medical supports to this population, while the country hardly can fulfill all rights of her own population. This study analyzes the SARS-CoV-2 situation in the Rohingya refugee camps at Cox’s Bazar and found that the authority has done a great job taking control over the murrain compared to the host and over-all the worldwide situation. Although taken precautions are good enough till now, more detailed and pragmatic preparedness should be adopted for the worst scenario in case. Last but not least, this success would not be possible without the help of other non-governmental and international voluntary and professional organizations. Abstract Background: Bangladesh hosts more than 800,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. The low health immunity, lifestyle, access to good healthcare services, and social-security cause this population to be at risk of far more direct effects of COVID-19 than the host population. Therefore, evidence-based forecasting of the COVID-19 burden is vital in this regard. In this study, we aimed to forecast the COVID-19 obligation among the Rohingya refugees of Bangladesh to keep up with the disease outbreak’s pace, health needs, and disaster preparedness. Methodology and Findings: To estimate the possible consequences of COVID-19 in the Rohingya camps of Bangladesh, we used a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) transmission model. All of the values of different parameters used in this model were from the Bangladesh Government’s database and the relevant emerging literature. We addressed two different scenarios, i.e., the best-fitting model and the good-fitting model with unique consequences of COVID-19. Our best fitting model suggests that there will be reasonable control over the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. At the end of December 2020, there will be only 169 confirmed COVID-19 cases in the Rohingya refugee camps. The average basic reproduction number (R0) has been estimated to be 0.7563. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that, due to the extensive precautions from the Bangladesh government and other humanitarian organizations, the coronavirus disease will be under control if the maintenance continues like this. However, detailed and pragmatic preparedness should be adopted for the worst scenario.

Background: A Delphi-Based Consensus Statement: Recommendation for Physiotherapy Management and Rehabilitation of people living with Long COVID in Bangladesh Background: Covid-19 is a new and deadly virus with global consequences with special vulnerabilities in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization confirmed 22,451,122,614 cases and 4,627,540 deaths, worldwide (13th September 2021). In the United Kingdom, 1.5% of the estimated population of 970,000, suffers from Long COVID. Physiotherapy plays a vital role both in decreasing the number of deaths during the acute stage and improving function for patients across the spectrum of severity in the acute, sub-acute, and long-term context. Objectives: This Delphi-Based Consensus, provides recommendations for physiotherapy management and rehabilitation of people living with Long COVID. It includes recommendations for physiotherapy management for acute and subacute respiratory complications, a specific prescriptive exercise guideline for fatigue and musculoskeletal dysfunction and for improving psychological outcomes through combination of both counseling and rehabilitation. Methods: A team of 8 national and 6 international experts working in different disciplines were provided with studies on physiotherapy interventions in Long COVID-19 and were asked to provide treatment opinions based on the current literature for musculoskeletal, neurorehabilitation, respiratory, cardiac and psychological health domains. Statements were ranked and presented with individual opinions measured on a 10-point Likert Scale. The mean scores for each intervention were calculated and a manuscript with recommended physiotherapy interventions was prepared based on currently available evidence as presented and agreed upon by expert consensus. Findings: Experts recommended the following interventions based on mean agreement scores: diaphragmatic breathing (Mean = 7.5), thoracic expansion (with shoulder elevation) (Mean =8.5) and expiratory muscle training (Mean=6.3) for respiratory rehabilitation. Mild to moderate graded exercise (Mean= 7.7) was suggested for recovery from fatigue and McKenzie directional preference exercises for low back pain (Mean= 8.6), neck pain (Mean =7.9) and knee pain (Mean =8.3). Additionally, communicative and educative strategies were recommended for the rehabilitation of COVID-19. Conclusion: This consensus is structured according to the expert opinions of medical and rehabilitation professionals and based on current literature to recommend a series of rehabilitation interventions for physiotherapy professionals to manage Long COVID cases. Funding: This research has not been funded by any other external organization nor received any grants from commercial or not-for-profit organizations. Declaration of Interests: None declared. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical permission was obtained from the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP) ethics committee. The reference number CRP-R&E-0401-337. Trial Registration: Trial registration from the WHO Clinical trial registry platform, the reference number CTRI/2020/10/028179.

A simple and low power standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system with conventional centrifugal pump is presented here. The system uses a DC-DC boost converter which extract the maximum power from the solar array and a Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique based Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) for DC-AC conversion. The DC link voltage is controlled by varying pump speed to match the available solar power to pump power. The proposed control scheme requires no additional current and speed sensor. The simulation is performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK under different radiation condition. The simulation results show that the pump can run under low radiation and can fill up a 1000 liter tank within the average sun hours.

BackgroundInflammatory bowel diseases are the most common chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions, and their incidence has shown a dramatic increase in recent decades. Limited efficacy and questionable safety profiles with existing therapies suggest the need for better targeting of therapeutic strategies. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and has been implicated in intestinal inflammation. Macrophages execute an important role in the generation of intestinal inflammation. Impaired AMPK in macrophages has been shown to be associated with higher production of proinflammatory cytokines; however, the role of macrophage AMPK in intestinal inflammation and the mechanism by which it regulates inflammation remain to be determined. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK with a specific focus on macrophages in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation.MethodsA dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model was used to assess the disease activity index, histological scores, macroscopic scores, and myeloperoxidase level. Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transient transfection of AMPKβ1 and LC3-II siRNA in RAW 264.7 cells was performed to elucidate the regulation of autophagy by AMPK. The expression of p-AMPK, AMPK, and autophagy markers (eg, LC3-II, p62, Beclin-1, and Atg-12) was analyzed by Western blot.ResultsGenetic deletion of AMPKβ1 in macrophages upregulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines, aggravated the severity of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice, which was associated with an increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and impaired autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the commonly used anti-inflammatory 5-aminosalicylic acid (ie, mesalazine) and sodium salicylate ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through the activation of macrophage AMPK targeting the β1 subunit.ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that the development of therapeutic agents targeting AMPKβ1 may be effective in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory conditions including inflammatory bowel disease.