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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and obesity. NAFLD is considered as hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS). Objectives: The aim of this study was to see the pattern of lipid profile and blood pressure in NAFLD patients. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of gastroenterology, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh from October 2016 to March 2017. A total of 100 patients included in this study underwent abdominal ultrasonography after excluding known case of liver disease with other etiology. Results: The study population were categorized as NAFLD and normal group on the basis of abdominal ultrasonography. NAFLD and normal subjects were 55% and 45% respectively. The mean age was 41.34 + 10.88 years. Male were 62% and 38% were female.40% of study subjects were overweight, 23% were obese and 37% had normal bodyweight. Body mass index (BMI) was higher in NAFLD group; 25.10 ± 1.75 vs 21.64 ± 2.62 , P < 0.001). Dyslipidemia was present in 47% of study population. Total cholesterol (TC) (195.5±45.98 vs 140.33±47.86 mg/dl, P < 0.001), Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (120.28±43.95 vs 95.15±44.90 mg/dl, P < 0.001) and Triglyceride (TG) (230.50 ± 48.96 vs 148.40±46.43 mg/dl , P < 0.001) was higher and High density Lipoprotein (HDL) (32.69±5.49 vs 39.91±5.74 mg/dl, P < 0.001) was lower in NAFLD group in comparison to normal group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) was also significantly higher in NAFLD group (135±12 vs 121±9 mm Hg , P < 0.001) and 82±4 vs 74±3 mm Hg (P < 0.001) respectively. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of dyslipidemia was found in NAFLD patients. TC, LDL-C , TG and blood pressure was significantly higher in NAFLD patient in comparison to normal group. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(1): 68-74

Effects of salt stress on seedling growth and ion accumulation in 6 accessions of two Sesbania species viz. S. bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight (4 accessions: #1, #5, #7 and #59) and S. cannabina (Retz.) Poir. (2 accessions: #82 and #85), was evaluated in a hydroponic experiment under 0 (control) and 10 dS/m salinity stress. Salt stress significantly affected negatively seedling growth and different ion contents in 6 accessions of Sesbania seedling except for Na+. The relative values, per cent reduction over control, of all morphological and physiological descriptors, were significantly higher indicating superior salt tolerance in accession #59 compared to other accessions studied. The Na+ accumulation was higher in root compared to shoot; however, a reverse scenario was observed for K+ and Ca2+. No distinct difference in salt tolerance was observed between S. bispinosa and S. cannabina. Accession #59 could, therefore, be suggested for cultivation at salineprone areas of Bangladesh. However, it needs further confirmation at the farmer’s saline field condition. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(1): 157-167, 2022 (March)

The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Bangladesh in March 2020. The first three known cases were reported on 8 March 2020. COVID-19 is a systemic infection with a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 92 adult patients, confirmed as case of COVID- 19 infection by RT- PCR from April, 2020 to June, 2020. We divided the patients into two groups; ICU and Non – ICU groups. We analyzed haematological indices including haemoglobin, total white cell count, absolute neutrophil count , absolute lymphocyte count, platelet count, D-Dimer, ferritin, LDH in patients of both groups during admission. Our study showed that on admission, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, hyperferritinemia and very high D-DIMER were usually associated with ICU admission.

Dhaincha (Sesbania spp.), a multipurpose quick-growing, succulent and easily decomposable herb, is an ideal green manure crop. Shoot cutting at a specific height or time might be one of the options for the biomass yield maximization. To evaluate the influence of shoot cutting on morphological and reproductive descriptors and biomass yield, an experiment was carried out with eight dhaincha accessions representing three Sesbania species viz. S. bispinosa (Acc #5, 71, 77 and 103), S. cannabina (Acc #25, 28) and S. sesban (Acc #82 and 85). The experiment was laid out on factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The cutting operation was performed at 25 cm above the ground level at 8, 9 and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS). The results revealed that cutting time had a significant effect on biomass yield and other descriptors; and showed a decreasing trend with delay in cutting treatments. The biomass yield ascended to 37% in cutting at 8 WAS than the uncut control plants. Among the species, S. bispinosa responded positively (increase in biomass yield and other descriptors) to the cutting treatments, however, S. cannabina and S. sesban responded negatively. Accession #77 produced the highest fresh weight (340 g 101 plants) and biomass yield (190 g 101 plants) in cutting at 8 WAS and accession #82 and 85 produced the lowest biomass yield in cutting at 10 WAS. The optimum cutting time would be 8 WAS to produce higher biomass of dhaincha. Among the accessions, #77 may be recommended to cultivate as a green manure crop due to its higher biomass yield. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2020; 18(3.000): 585-592]

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a common clinical condition. Diagnosis and managementof this condition is necessary in due to day practice. Methods: A cross sectional study on ectopic pregnancy was conducted in Sir SalimullahMedical College and Mitford Hospital (SSMC & MH) , Dhaka, with the objective to analyzethe risk factors and assess the results of management with respect to maternal morbidityand mortality of ectopic pregnancy during the last two years. Result: Fifty patients were admitted with ectopic pregnancy from 1st January 2008 to 31stDecember 2010.Frequency of ectopic pregnancy were 1.5% of total 3252 pregnancies. Riskfactors were found in 45% of cases. Surgical treatment were performed in total 43 patients.There was one heterotrophic pregnancy and one case of abdominal pregnancy. Four patientswere given intramuscular Methotrexate and two un-ruptured ectopics resolved spontaneouslyafter by expectant management. Conclusion: Conservative management was an option but surgical treatment was donemore often because of late referrals. Screening of high risk cases, early diagnosis and earlyintervention would reduce the morbidity in ectopic pregnancies. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2018; Vol. 33(1) : 49-53

This article addresses the gap between recent scholarly critiques of the broader categorization of religion and the persistence of those categories in the LC classification system. On one hand, since recent scholarly critiques of the category of religion have generally not escaped the ivory tower, the application of these critiques to LC classification functions as a helpful test of the practical viability of these critiques. On the other hand, these critiques expose significant bias in the LC classification of religion that needs to be addressed. Through this novel conversation, this article articulates two possible revision suggestions to the B class and subclasses that would distance the system of categorization from those troubling politics and better reflect the full diversity of human cultural expressions.

The COVID-19 pandemic put dents on every sector of the affected countries, and the informal sector was no exception. This study is based on the quantitative analyses of the primary data of 1,867 informal workers of Bangladesh to shed light on the impact of the pandemic-induced economic crisis on this working class. The survey was conducted between 8 July and 13 August 2020 across the eight administrative divisions of the country. Analysis points out that about ninety percent of these workers faced an income and food expenditure drop during the lockdown. The effect was higher in males, particularly among the urban-centric and educated males engaged in services and sales. The findings suggest that policy support is needed for the informal workers to face such a crisis.

Integrins are cell surface receptors, present in the plasma membrane of cells. The integrin family is composed of 18 α subunits and 8 β subunits, which can combine non-covalently to form 24 different integrin heterodimers. Integrin α11β1 is the major collagen-binding integrin on fibroblasts and is involved in myofibroblast differentiation, wound healing and stromaregulated effects on tumorigenesis. The integrin α11 cytoplasmic tail is suggested to have a role in integrin α11β1 function, but the relative role of individual amino acids in α11 cytoplasmic tail is still unclear. Sequence analysis of α11 cytoplasmic tails revealed that arginine-1174 and lysine-1185 are evolutionary conserved, suggesting that these conserved amino acids contribute to integrin α11 function. To elucidate the potential role of these conserved amino acids in the α11cytoplasmic tail, we mutated the conserved arginine-R1174 and lysine-K1185 to alanines. α11 cDNAs encoding mutant integrin chains, wildtype α11 and cytoplasmic tail deleted α11, were all tagged with EGFP and virally infected and stably expressed in C2C12 mouse myoblasts which lack endogenous collagen receptors. The contribution of the conserved arginine-1174 and lysine-1185 was analyzed in cell adhesion-, focal adhesion formation-, proliferation- and migration assays. Our data demonstrate that the K1185A mutation affected focal adhesion formation, reduced cell proliferation and cell migration. In contrast, the R1174A mutation did not have any significant effect in these assays, except for mediating focal adhesion formation. In summary, our results suggest that conserved lysine-1185 of integrin α11 cytoplasmic tail is essential for α11 integrin function. M.Phil. in Global Health - Thesis INTH395A MAMD-GLOB

ObjectiveThis study explored the illness experiences and healthcare-seeking behaviour of a cross-section of street dwellers of Dhaka City for designing a customised intervention.DesignA qualitative exploratory study of a sample of street dwellers of Dhaka City.SettingSamples were taken from three purposively selected spots of Dhaka City with a high concentration of the target population.ParticipantsFifteen in-depth interviews and six informal group discussions with 40 street dwellers (≥18 years), and key informant interviews with service providers (n=6) and policymakers (n=3) were conducted during January–June 2019 to elicit necessary data.Primary outcome measuresQualitative narrative of illness experiences of the sampled street dwellers, relevant healthcare-seeking behaviour and experiences of interactions with health systems.ResultsWe focused on three main themes, namely, reported illnesses, relevant healthcare-seeking behaviour and health system experiences of the street dwellers. Findings reveal that most of the street dwellers suffered from fever and respiratory illnesses in the last 6 months; however, a majority did not visit formal facilities. They preferred visiting retail drug shops for advice and treatment or waited for self-recovery. Formal facilities were visited only when treatment from drug shops failed to cure them or they suffered serious illnesses or traumatic injury. The reproductive-age women did not seek pregnancy care and most deliveries took place in the street dwellings. Lack of awareness, financial constraints and fear of visiting formal facilities were some of the reasons mentioned. Those who visited formal facilities faced barriers like the cost of medicines and diagnostic tests, long waiting time and opportunity cost.ConclusionsThe street dwellers lacked access to formal health systems for needed services as the latter lags far behind to outreach this extremely vulnerable population. What they need is explicit targeting with a customised package of services based on their illness profile, at a time and place convenient to them with minimum or no cost implications.

This article addresses the gap between recent scholarly critiques of the broader categorization of religion and the persistence of those categories in the LC classification system. On one hand, since recent scholarly critiques of the category of religion have generally not escaped the ivory tower, the application of these critiques to LC classification functions as a helpful test of the practical viability of these critiques. On the other hand, these critiques expose significant bias in the LC classification of religion that needs to be addressed. Through this novel conversation, this article articulates two possible revision suggestions to the B class and subclasses that would distance the system of categorization from those troubling politics and better reflect the full diversity of human cultural expressions.

Background Maternal morbidity is common in Bangladesh, where the maternal mortality rate has plateaued over the last 6 years. Maternal undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies contribute to morbidity, but few interventions have measured maternal outcomes. We compared reported prevalence of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum complications among recently delivered women between maternal nutrition intervention and control areas in Bangladesh. Methods and findings We conducted a cross-sectional assessment nested within a population-based cluster-randomized trial comparing a nutrition counseling and micronutrient supplement intervention integrated within a structured home-based maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) program to the MNCH program alone in 10 sub-districts each across 4 Bangladesh districts. Eligible consenting women, delivering within 42–60 days of enrollment and identified by community-level health workers, completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire detailing the index pregnancy and delivery and allowed review of their home-based care register. We compared pooled and specific reported antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum complications between study groups using hierarchical logistic regression. There were 594 women in the intervention group and 506 in the control group; overall, mean age was 24 years, 31% were primiparas, and 39% reported facility-based delivery, with no significant difference by study group. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in household-level characteristics, including reported mean monthly income (intervention, 6,552 taka, versus control, 6,017 taka; p = 0.48), having electricity (69.6% versus 71.4%, p = 0.84), and television ownership (41.1% versus 38.7%, p = 0.81). Women in the intervention group had higher recorded iron and folic acid and calcium supplement consumption and mean dietary diversity scores, but reported anemia rates were similar between the 2 groups (5.7%, intervention; 6.5%, control; p = 0.83). Reported antepartum (69.4%, intervention; 79.2%, control; p = 0.12) and intrapartum (41.4%, intervention; 48.5%, control; p = 0.18) complication rates were high and not significantly different between groups. Reported postpartum complications were significantly lower among women in the intervention group than the control group (33.5% versus 48.2%, p = 0.02), and this difference persisted in adjusted analysis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.51, 95% CI 0.32–0.82; p < 0.001). For specific conditions, odds of retained placenta (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.19–0.67; p = 0.001), postpartum bleeding (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.92; p = 0.033), and postpartum fever/infection (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.65; p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the intervention group in adjusted analysis. There were no significant differences in reported hospitalization for antepartum (49.8% versus 45.1%, p = 0.37), intrapartum (69.9% versus 59.8%, p = 0.18), or postpartum (36.1% versus 29.9%, p = 0.49) complications between the intervention and control groups. The main limitations of this study are outcome measures based on participant report, non-probabilistic selection of community-level workers’ catchment areas for sampling, some missing data for variables derived from secondary sources (e.g., dietary diversity score), and possible recall bias for reported dietary intake and supplement use. Conclusions Reported overall postpartum and specific intrapartum and postpartum complications were significantly lower for women in intervention areas than control areas, despite similar rates of facility-based delivery and hospitalization for reported complications, in this exploratory analysis. Maternal nutrition interventions providing intensive counseling and micronutrient supplements may reduce some pregnancy complications or impact women’s ability to accurately recognize complications, but more rigorous evaluation is needed for these outcomes., Catherine Todd and colleagues reveal that nutritional education and micronutrient supplements can reduce intrapartum and postpartum complications in pregnant women in Bangladesh., Author summary Why was this study done? Adequate nutrition during pregnancy reduces risks of poor infant outcomes, like low birthweight, but there is relatively little information about whether nutrition is linked to reducing a woman’s risk of pregnancy complications. Maternal nutrition interventions starting during pregnancy are being implemented at scale in multiple settings, including in Bangladesh, and determining whether these interventions reduce maternal complications may strengthen efforts to implement similar interventions to optimize maternal and newborn health. What did the researchers do and find? At the time of the endline evaluation for the parent trial—which compared an intervention of home-based intensive maternal nutrition counseling and iron and calcium supplement provision combined with home-based antenatal care to home-based antenatal care alone—we interviewed women who had delivered within the last 60 days to inquire about complications during pregnancy, during delivery, and after delivery. This study included 594 women in the intervention group and 506 in the control group across 4 districts in Bangladesh; women in the 2 groups were similar with regard to number of prior pregnancies, age, and household assets. Reported complication rates during pregnancy or during delivery were somewhat lower among women from intervention areas, while reported complications after delivery were significantly lower among women from intervention areas, compared to those from control areas. What do these findings mean? Differences in reported complication rates may be due to actual differing levels resulting from intervention exposure, or to different perceptions of what conditions constitute pregnancy complications, which could also result from intervention exposure. The intervention did not appear to impact care-seeking during pregnancy or during labor based on similar skilled/facility-based care statistics for the intervention and control groups. Community-based care providers recorded key obstetric events accurately and at high rates, but greater understanding of client and provider perceptions regarding what constitutes maternal complications and ensuring provision of appropriate care are needed. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study and that complications were self-reported, the findings should be interpreted with caution.

Encoding and channel convolution and the corresponding equalization and decoding are a serial concatenation. One might consider the solution to be iterative equalization and decoding in a Turbo fashion. We are showing that it is not necessary to run LDPC decoding and equalization as separate entities in a Turbo manner, but integrate decision-feedback equalization (DFE) directly into the LDPC decoder, performing DFE-like operations as part of the LDPC message passing.

The reciprocity of the channel transfer functions between legitimate users changing randomly delivers the common randomness used in physical-layer key generation. Time-Division Duplexing (TDD) provides this symmetry of the bidirectional channel measurements, despite of uncorrelated noise on both sides and possible hardware imperfections. We now show that also Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD) yields a usable symmetry as far as the direction of arrival is concerned. Even in wireline communications, be it over power lines or twisted pairs, transfer and far-end crosstalk functions provide useful symmetries, where especially key generation for power line communication may become important for IoT applications.

Belief propagation decoding of binary LDPC codes combines three independent probability estimates, a-priori, intrinsic, and extrinsic information, iterations along the Tanner graph are estimating the value of the received bits, the likelihood of the values increasing with each iteration. The a-priori estimate of the information bits is a measure of the source statistics for generating bit values 0 and 1 (mapped to ±1), reflecting bias and redundancy in the information sequence itself. In this paper, we have modified the a-priori estimate to incorporate memory properties present in the transmitted information sequence resulting from a Markov source. We consider two principle alternatives for decoding. The first option is to use the Markov dependencies directly as further links between variable nodes in the Tanner graph of the LDPC code. The second alternative is to see the Markov source and the LDPC code as a serial concatenation asking for a Turbo iterative decoding between the two corresponding decoders. The latter comes with significant complexity compared to the direct embedding into the LDPC Tanner graph. Especially, one modification applying Jensen’s inequality leads to a very low decoding complexity at no performance loss. The Turbo scheme’s performance depends on the scheduling. Superior performance can be achieved with sufficient iterations in the LDPC decoder itself.

Histopathology is gold standard in diagnosis of prostate cancer but it is a cumbersome method. On the other hand, prostate specific screening has revolutionized in detection of prostate cancer but due to PSA’s lack of sensitivity and as it is not cancer specific novel biomarkers are needed to improve risk assessment. To measure and compare the level of soluble E-cadherin and prostate specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer, this cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Laboratory Medicine in collaboration with the Department of Urology, BSMMU, Dhaka, from March 2017 to February 2018. Total 70 patients were enrolled and divided into Group A (PCa) and Group B (BPH). Each group was consisted of 35 subjects who had histopathologically proven prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. E-cadherin with a cut off value 7.3, 95% CI 0.91-1.00, had 74.3% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity for prediction of PCa. 80 KDa fragment of E-cadherin is more specific but was not available. Comparison of E-cadherin in prostate cancer without metastasis and with metastasis is recommended. Immunohistochemical examination of E-cadherin in biopsy sample is also recommended.

In this paper, we investigate signal space diversity (SSD) of lattice codes to mitigate the effect of impulse noise in wireless MIMO systems. A Middleton Class-A (MCA) model is one of the most accepted models for impulsive interference superimposed to additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). To prove SSD for both Raleigh fading and impulse noise, we evaluate the pairwise-error probability (PEP) of optimum lattice decoding under perfect knowledge of noise states. However, due to the spatial coupling of impulse noise, the extension of the MCA model to MIMO systems leads to a correlated multivariate distribution. To maintain the full diversity advantages of lattice coding in MIMO systems, we investigate a diagonal design of lattice space-time (ST) coding for Rayleigh fading and correlated impulse noise. We also utilize a null space of the MIMO channel to extract noise states using a simple threshold detector. We show that the optimum lattice ST decoder can be realized by a noise-whitening transformation followed by a conventional sphere decoder. Finally, we evaluate the PEP of the optimum lattice ST decoding, which shows how impulse noise coupling limits the performance improvements of SSD with respect to the number of receive antennas.

We propose a multi-level CSI quantization and key reconciliation scheme for physical layer security. The noisy wireless channel estimates obtained by the users first run through a transformation, prior to the quantization step. This enables the definition of guard bands around the quantization boundaries, tailored for a specific efficiency and not compromising the uniformity required at the output of the quantizer. Our construction results in an better key disagreement and initial key generation rate trade-off when compared to other level-crossing quantization methods.

Ayurvedic system of medicine is a major component of indigenous systems of medicine in Bangladesh. We used an Ayurvedic drug ‘Mrityunjay’ which is traditionally used for high blood pressure, heart diseases and heartquake. We measured the electrocardiographical (ECG) parameters using an ECG machine (Vet 300, EDAN, China) in rat model before and after administration of the test drug. We observed that, Mrityunjay at high doses (800 ?g/Kg, 1600?g/kg, 3200?g/kg) produced heart blocks and other arrhythmias, but in normal dose (200?g/Kg) it has no serious untoward effects on cardiac muscle. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i1.14503 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16(1): 99-105, 2013

Physical layer security is a technique that makes use of the physical communication channel or medium to provide additional robustness to eavesdroppers and attackers. Key establishment exploiting a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) reciprocal wireless channel is proposed and its performance investigated, indicating that secure keys can be rapidly generated between two nodes, even in the presence of close eavesdroppers. The use of reconfigurable antennas is investigated and experimentally proven as a key establishment solution for static channels with limited multipath. Additionally, different options are discussed to handle key-differences due to non-correlated noise together with quantization, either by simply introducing guard intervals or by joint source coding with LDPC codes.

A specific, sensitive and rapid analytical procedure based on capillary electrophoresis with UV/Vis detection at 405 and 415 nm was developed and validated to detect human haemoglobin and haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (Hemopure®, Oxyglobin® and Polyheme®) in blood samples collected for doping control. The electrophoretic separation, based on capillary dynamic coating, was achieved in less than 10 min. The effects of capillary temperature, injection conditions and initial ramping were investigated. The optimum separation voltage was 25 kV with a capillary temperature of 20 °C, initial ramping of 1 kV/s and an injection pressure of 0.5 psi for 10 s. The removal of haptoglobin using anti-human haptoglobin antibody prior to the analysis was mandatory to increase the specificity of the analysis. Sufficient resolution between endogenous haemoglobin variants and the three haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers here investigated was obtained, thus allowing discrimination between a normal haemolysed sample and a sample in which Oxyglobin®, Hemopure® or Polyheme® is present. Good repeatability of migration times (CV% less than 1), peak resolution and adequate sensitivity (limit of detection: 2.5 mg/mL) was obtained.

In this work, we investigate a physical-layer key reconciliation protocol for a reciprocal, flat fading channel between two legitimate users. We consider the scenario when the n bits of the secret key are measured independently by Alice and Bob without a transmission over the channel. Due to reciprocity, the generated keys are identical except for noise at both ends. We assume Gaussian noise and ignore non-ideal behavior of circuitry and alike. Redundancy information required to reconciliate the key is transmitted from one legitimate user to the other. LDPC codes are employed for the reconciliation procedure. The main focus of this work lies in designing the code structure through density evolution for a multi-edge-type description.

The bi-directional reading processes in DNA replication and gene expression together with the similarities between the so-called alternative splicing and Lempel-Ziv (LZ) algorithms has motivated us to incorporate bi-directional readings into LZ algorithms. LZ77, LZ78, and LZW84 are universal lossless data compression algorithms. A modified version of these algorithms that takes into account both forward and reverse readings is presented in this work. It is shown that bi-directional reading can improve the compression ratio at the expense of slight modifications in LZ algorithms provided that there exists some symmetry in the information content. Results are presented for text, image, and audio files.

This paper presents a multi-priority and multi-path selection algorithm for heterogeneous traffic for wireless ad-hoc networks. The main objectives are achieving higher throughput, better resource utilization through load balancing and relinquish network congestion. The proposed algorithm has considered signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), available link bandwidth, link delay (transmission delay and queuing delay), trust value of a node and traffic class (such as real time and non-real time traffic) to select optimal path. The performance of the proposed Multi-Priority and Trusted Multi-Path Selection (MTMS) algorithm has been evaluated by OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator. It is found that in terms of average throughput (bit/second) and link delay proposed MTMS algorithm outperforms ad-hoc on-demand distant vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR).

The article tries to explore the current situation and challenges faced by the health system in Bangladesh regarding child immunization and also present the alternative methods adopted to make it functional. Data were collected from various secondary sources along with key informant interviews (KII) over the phone. The vaccination program is largely disrupted due to COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. All static clinics remained open, but satellite clinics needed to be closed due to transport restriction and shortage of health workers. Overall, the attendance rate is low in both types of facilities. Experts suggested to open the centers by maintaining physical distancing and frequent hand washing by health workers. The EPI division of the Directorate General of Health Sciences (DGHS) releases guideline. Vaccine shortage may create problem. Initiatives have taken place like solidarity flights, allocation of more funds and awareness building by developing partner. The reasons include transportation problems, health workers being affected by COVID-19, lack of PPE supply and awareness. The shortage of stock is another problem. A guideline has been prepared by the ministry, several strategies have been taken, like solidarity flights fly to import the vaccine. Effective action is needed to overcome this situation. Otherwise, the giant successes that have been gained over a long time in the country with tremendous effort may be ruined due to the COVID-19 pandemic., {"references":["Bhuiyan MR, Saha T, Islam N, Taramun T, Siddiqueea Y, Momo MA, Momtaj M, Chowdhury S. COVID19 and Challenges in vaccination programs in Bangladesh. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 2021; 31(2): . https://www.eubios.info/ejaib_journal (accessed 10 February 2021)"]}