Search

Siberian Bukharans were one of the most agile group of the native population of Western Siberia and the Urals in the 17th and 18th centuries. This paper analyzes information about the border activities of Bukharans, characterizes their participation in the implementation of Russian foreign policy. The author considers the phenomenon of intelligence and the intermediary and diplomatic role of the Bukharans through the study of various aspects of Russian policy on the southeastern borderlands. The result shows that Bukharans were involved in intelligence activities in several forms. The Russian authorities could interview Bukharans who came to trade; they could include Bukharans in Russian embassies; or they could send them into the steppe as independent agents. The geography of their missions in the 17th and 18th centuries included the Kuchum lands, the Kazakh khanates, the Oirat and Dzungar lands, as well as the Qing Empire. Bukharans participated in the negotiations as interpreters and they were sometimes allowed to participate in diplomatic ceremonies such as gift exchange. The intelligence activities of some Bukharans could go hand in hand with their trade operations. Recruiting Bukharans for intelligence gathering tsks allowed the Siberian and Orenburg authorities to conduct a more effective policy in the steppe borderlands, based on the knowledge of local realities. The Russian authorities used information provided by the Bukharans for purposes such as drawing up maps, informing the voivodes of the borderlands about military dangers, the movement of troops, and diplomatic negotiations.

The Greek cities of the western coast of the Black Sea knew both foundation myths and the phenomenon of the second foundation, associated with the rebuilding of civic life after the invasion of Burebista, the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82 bce to 44 bce. In most foundation stories the ktistes is either a god (in the case of the city of Dionysopolis) or a hero (in the cases of the cities of Kallatis, Tomis and Anchialos), and the stories date mostly to the Antonine age. The story of Tomos of Tomis stands out owing to its wide acceptance among the local elite, while that of Melsas of Mesambria may have never gained official acceptance: it was created in the late Hellenistic age, probably reviving a Thracian tale of Melsas, perhaps a hero, known from early-third century bce coins. The Melsas story is a prime example of cultural transfers from the native population to Greek-majority Mesambria in the Hellenistic and early Roman ages.

Prior to the Age of Mass Migration, Germans left central Europe to settle primarily in modernday Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Ukraine and Russia. Despite the harsh conditions that the first generation of settlers had to endure, their descendants often fared better, not worse, compared to native population groups. This study offers a possible explanation for this surprising outcome. We use data on approximately 11,500 individuals to estimate and compare basic numeracy scores of German settlers and other populations groups in target regions. We find that German settlers generally had superior basic numeracy levels, suggesting that these settlers must have contributed positively to the human capital endowment in their target regions. The numeracy of Germans was somewhat higher than the numeracy of Hungarians and substantially higher than the numeracy of Russians, Ukrainians and Serbs. We do not find noteworthy differences in terms of numeracy between German emigrants and the population they left behind, suggesting the absence of substantial migrant selection.

La música desempeñó un papel estratégico como medio de evangelización y aculturación de los nativos en el Nuevo Mundo. Esto se manifiesta fundamentalmente en el villancico, género muy difundido en las colonias. Los manuscritos de Santa Eulalia, provenientes de zonas rurales del noroccidente de Guatemala, constituyen las fuentes más tempranas de este género en territorio americano. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la técnica usada en estas fuentes para la composición polifónica de villancicos y asimismo constata una estrecha relación entre algunas de estas piezas y el modelo musical de la folía.

The study explores the impacts of the bi-demographic structure on the current account and gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Using structural vector autoregressive modeling (SVAR), we track the dynamic impacts on these underlying variables. New insights about the dynamic interrelation between bi-population age dependency rate, current account, and GDP growth have been developed. In the short and medium terms, the reactions of GDP growth to both shocks of native and immigrant working-age populations move unsteadily in opposite directions. However, in the long run, both effects become moderately positive. Additionally, the positive long-run contribution of immigrant workers to the current account growth largely compensates for the negative contribution of the native population. We find a negative hump-shaped reaction of Saudi Age Dependency Rate to immigration policy shocks during a generation. When the shocks emanate from immigrants’ working age, there is a complex mechanism from the complementarity process to the substitutability process between immigrants and the Saudi workforce. In the short and medium term, the immigrant workers are more complement than substitutes for native workers.

Studies on relationships between psychosocial factors and health among North African (NA) women are scarce. This research investigated the self-perceived psychosocial well-being of NA women by a structured questionnaire and anthropometric survey examining the possible explanatory variables of their mental health in comparison to a sample of NA migrants. The association of endogenous stress, psychological well-being, discomfort, and quality of life with migrant/non-migrant status, demographic characteristics, and adiposity indices was examined. Moreover, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha. A sample of 228 women living in Tunis and Casablanca participated in a survey in Tunisia and Morocco. According to multiple regression models, migrant/non-migrant status was the best explanatory variable of well-being and quality of life, marital status, educational level and the number of children were explanatory variables of discomfort and endogenous stress. Among anthropometric variables, central adiposity was a significant explanatory variable of well-being. The comparison with women who migrated mainly from Morocco and Tunisia to Italy (NA migrants) exhibited higher weight status and central adiposity in NA migrants. The perceived stress and discomfort were the same in the two groups; the migrants, despite reporting lower psychological well-being, presented a higher quality of life than residents. Our findings emphasise the potential to promote monitoring of the psychosocial health of NA women, planning effective interventions.

Our intervention fits readily with the theme of the review. We opt for a lexico-semantic analysis of a sample of French and Mostaganemois surnames from 1900 to 1903, the period which followed the establishment of the code of the native population between 1873 and 1883. This analysis will highlight the policy of identity erasure undertaken by the colonizer.Our approach within the framework of this contribution consists in illustrating the mode of attribution of Algerian surnames according to a structure already in place in France and which remains at the antipodes of the traditional Maghreb onomastic tradition. Indeed, through a comparative reading between a series of surnames chosen on a site specializing in French surnames and another series collected by us in previous research, we will highlight this deliberate desire of the colonizer to sweep away an Arab-Muslim identity already in place via a Maghrebian onomastic destructuring on a French onomastic model. Keywords: French surnames, Mostaganemois surnames, identity erasure, onomastic destructuring, onomastic restructuring.

Lateral fruiting in walnut is an important feature and many breeding programs follow this criterion. Following the evaluation of walnut genotypes from Padea population (Romania), a genotype with fruiting in clusters (P1) was identified, located on its own roots. The paper presents the phenological and pomological characteristics of this perspective genotype. The results obtained show that at the age of 15, the tree has a height of 9.2 m, a trunk height of 1.1 m, a trunk circumference of 75 cm, a trunk diameter of 23.88 cm, it is fruiting in clusters, the number of nuts/clusters is between 5 and 11 nuts. The flowering period is in the 2nd half of April, the genotype being protandrous. The average weight of nut is 10.73 g, and kernel percentage is 51.55%. The coefficients of variability indicate a high uniformity of nut within the cluster in terms of physical characteristics. In conclusion, the P1 genotype sums up several valuable characteristics (nut weight, kernel percentage, fruiting constancy) and will be focused on genetic conservation, and also for introduction into culture. It was propagated by grafting, and it is going to be studied in culture.

The year 1993, by Jose Saramago, published in 1975, portrays a society invaded by a despotic foreign coutry, which oppresses the native population. The date indicated in the title, as opposed to the publication of the book, points to a catastrophic future, which associates the poem with the dystopian genre. The atrocities committed violate the civil rights of the inhabitants of the occupied country. Thus, The year 1993 provides a reflection on the relationship between the dystopian gender and the practice of policies in the name of human rights in a literary text.

The author refers to the image deeply rooted in the European literature (Platon, Thomas Hobbes, Giorgio Agamben) of a social group pictured as an organism, with the head representing its leadership centre, and applies an anthropologicalanalysis to the group of the “Silesian native population” (Marian Gerlich). A metaphor of a decapitated body seems to be a proper way to describe this group’s well consolidated pursuit of distinctiveness or even its separatist tendencies. The concept emerges from a number of tragic historical experiences, such as the death of Henry II the Pious in the Battle of Legnica (1241), the execution of Andrzej Kochcicki, the leader of the Silesian protestant nobility (1634) or a mysterious death of the leader of the 3rd Silesian Uprising, Wojciech Korfanty (1939). The research revolves around the analysis of Wojsko św. Jadwigi (St. Hedwig’s Army), a “Young Poland” drama of 1920 by Jan Nikodem Jaron, whose main characters are Prince Henry’s closest relatives and their subsequent incarnations (the most important being the final ones – those of a Silesian insurgent family members). The concept of Upper Silesia as a Decapitated Body, which, although deprived of a leader, wants to live its separate life, or picturing this group as a monstrum (a dragon in Szczepan Twardoch’s novel Drach) can be treated as a reflection of the region’s autonomous tendencies. Such a vision of Silesia, autonomous or at least clearly distinctive from the rest of Poland – by cultural memory (Jan Assmann) if nothing else – emerges also from the results of the research conducted by modern sociologists (Marian Gerlich, Maria Szmeja).

This article summarizes the findings relating to a spatially localized group of graves at the Andronovo (Fedorovka) cemetery Tartas-1 in the Baraba forest-steppe. Several rows of graves combine with ash pits suggestive of ritual activity. In the infill of graves, there were ash lenses with mammal and fish bones, and potsherds with traces showing the signs of applied heat. Ash had been taken from nearby ash pits with similar infill and artifacts. Faunal remains from graves and ash pits (limb bones of cattle, sheep/goat, and horse) indicate sacrificial offerings. In the ash layer of grave No. 282, there was an incomplete human burial, also believed to be a sacrifice. Features such as the orientation of the graves, their alignment, the position of human remains, and the grave goods in that area are similar to the Andronovo (Fedorovka) burial practice and do not differ from those in other parts of the cemetery. No complete parallels to this rite have been revealed. Some similarities, such as the use of ash, and the presence of animal bones, sacrificial pits, etc. at other sites are listed. A reconstruction of the funerary sequence and possible interpretations are considered. It is concluded that those graves were left by a group of Andronovo migrants who maintained close ties with the native population. Unusual features of the burial rite, therefore, can reflect an attempt to consolidate the immigrant groups on the basis of traditional ritual practices, where the major role was played by fire and its symbols.

Resumen El objetivo en esta investigación es dar a conocer que en el Estado colombiano con la promulgación de la Constitución de 1.991 los indígenas Mokaná han logrado el reconocimiento de una jurisdicción propia, la Jurisdicción Especial Indígena. La metodología utilizada es de corte cualitativo y socio jurídica, con enfoque histórico-hermenéutico, el método ideado para la recolecta de la información fue el diseño de un guion para aplicarlo al grupo de discusión. Resultados y conclusión en el estudio los adolescentes indígenas Mokaná como consecuencia de la hibridación cultural son juzgados según las normas y procedimientos de la legislación juvenil. Abstract The objective of this research is to make known that in the Colombian State, with the promulgation of the Constitution of 1991, the indigenous Mokaná have achieved the recognition of their own jurisdiction, the Special Indigenous Jurisdiction. The methodology used is qualitative and socio-legal, with a historical-hermeneutic approach, the data collection technique was the design of a script for the discussion group. Results and conclusion: in the study, Mokaná indigenous adolescents, as a consequence of cultural hybridization, are judged according to the norms and procedures of the Juvenile legislation.

Background: Chronic diseases disproportionately affect minority and rural populations. Specialist access improves health outcomes in many chronic diseases but access to specialist care may be limited. Video telemedicine can expand access to specialists in rural locations. Introduction: The objective of this study was to understand patient and provider perspectives on the benefits, barriers, and best uses of video telemedicine in chronic disease specialty care in the setting of a well-established store-and-forward telehealth network with recent expansion of video telemedicine. Materials and Methods: Patients and providers were recruited from specialty clinics at the Alaska Native Medical Center. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after a brief survey. Interview questions focused on perceived benefits and barriers to use of video telemedicine for chronic disease specialty care, as well as the best uses of telemedicine and factors that improve the ease of use. Results: Participants considered the major benefit of telemedicine to be a reduction in travel and related costs. Telemedicine was considered by most participants as less appropriate for new conditions or for new patients. Limitations included the need to perform a physical examination or needing tests, procedures, or medications that cannot be performed in rural clinics. Discussion: This study describes the views of patients and providers who have experience with telemedicine. It did not evaluate the cost-effectiveness or impact on health outcomes, although further studies are planned. Conclusions: Patients and providers view video telemedicine as a reasonable addition to in-person visits for the management of chronic disease, although there are limitations.

Bangka Belitung Province have a community called a native population known as the Lom or Urang Lom. Legal recognition of the Urang Lom community in the formation of the Village Customary Institution where Urang Lom still lives is a very important part of the perspective of legal protection. The form of legal protection against the existence of Urang Lom is only limited to the recognition of a traditional institution called Mapur Customary Institution which is under the auspices of the Malay Customary Institution of Bangka. The formal and material legality problem in the formation of the Urang Lom Customary Institution in Gunung Muda and Gunung Pelawan Villages is related to the synergy of the Mapur Customary Institution that has been formed with the Village Customary Institutions based on the Village Law. Gunung Muda Village, and Gunung Pelawan Village made the formation of the Village Customary Institution be difficult because it clashed with the village territorial area.

The establishment of European colonies across the world had important demographic consequences because it brought together diverse and distant civilizations for the first time. One clear example of this phenomenon is observed in the Canary Islands. The modern Canarian population is mainly the result of the admixture of natives of North African origin and European colonizers. However, additional migratory flows reached the islands due to the importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugarcane and the intense commercial contact with the American continent. In this review, we evaluate how the genetic analysis of indigenous, historical and current populations has provided a glimpse into the Canary Islands’ complex genetic composition. We show that each island subpopulation’s characterization is needed to fully disentangle the demographic history of the Canarian archipelago. Finally, we discuss what research avenues remain to be explored to improve our knowledge of the impact that the European colonization had on its native population.

espanolIntroduccion El objetivo fue analizar la frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta en atencion primaria ordinaria y en urgencias pediatricas hospitalarias de la poblacion pediatrica autoctona y de origen inmigrante, y su asociacion con variables socioeconomicas. Pacientes y metodos El estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes se realizo en 301 ninos de 2 comarcas de Guipuzcoa. La poblacion inmigrante se represento siguiendo la proporcion real por nacionalidades en 2011. La poblacion autoctona respeto la misma distribucion por edades que la poblacion inmigrante. La muestra fue seleccionada por aleatorizacion simple. La frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta se obtuvieron a traves de las bases datos administrativas. Los datos socioeconomicos se obtuvieron a traves de una encuesta presencial ad hoc, dirigida a los tutores de los sujetos a estudio. Resultados No se observan diferencias en la frecuentacion ni en la duracion de las consultas. El perfil del nino significativamente mas frecuentador a atencion primaria ordinaria respondio a los ninos de 0 a 6 anos, con un hermano como maximo. Este perfil se repitio a la hora de asistir a urgencias hospitalarias. Por su parte, respecto al tiempo de consulta ambulatoria destaco la relacion entre ser madres con estudios universitarios o superiores y realizar consultas mas largas. Conclusiones La edad, el numero de hermanos y el nivel de estudios de la madre son las variables que mejor han explicado la variabilidad en cuanto a la frecuentacion y tiempo de consulta, afectando a ambos grupos de poblacion infantil en el mismo sentido y por igual. EnglishIntroduction The aim of the study was to analyse the frequency and time of consultation in Primary Care and in paediatric hospital emergencies, between the native (Spanish-Born) paediatric population and children of immigrant origin, as well as its relationship with socioeconomic variables. Patients and methods The retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on 301 children in two regions of the Basque Country (Gipuzkoa). The immigrant population was represented following the proportion of nationalities distribution in 2011. The native population had the same age distribution as the immigrant origin population. The sample was selected by simple randomisation. Frequency and consultation time data were obtained through the administrative databases. An ad hoc face-to-face survey, addressed to the guardians of the study subjects, was carried out in order to obtain socio-economic data. Results No differences were observed in frequency or mean duration of the consultation visits. The profile of the significantly more frequent child in Primary Care responded to children from 0 to 6 years old, with maximum one sibling. This profile was repeated when attending hospital emergencies. On the other hand, as regards outpatient consultation time, the relationship between mothers with a high education level or university degree and longer duration of Primary Care visits was highlighted. Conclusions Age, the number of siblings, and mother's education level were the variables that have best explained the variability in terms of frequency and time of consultation, affecting both groups of children equally and in the same direction.

A partir del Índice de Rezago Social y el Índice de Gini se analizan las desigualdades intraurbanas en las principales ciudades del estado de Oaxaca durante 1990-2010. Los resultados muestran que al medir la desigualdad, los factores más visibles son la calidad de la vivienda, el nivel educativo y, en menor medida,la cantidad de población originaria, los cuales revelan dinámicas diferentes en las ciudades con una tendencia a acrecentar la desigualdad. Se concluye que el proceso de desarrollo vigente en las ciudades estudiadas no se ha resuelto y que incrementa la desigualdad en las ciudades que poseen una menor población originaria.

We study the immigration policy that maximizes the welfare of the native population in an economy where the government designs an optimal redistributive welfare system and supplies public goods. We show that when the government can design different tax systems for immigrants and natives, free immigration is optimal. It is also optimal to use the tax system to encourage the immigration of high-skill workers and discourage that of low-skill workers. When immigrants and natives must be treated alike, banning low-skill immigration and allowing free immigration for high-skill workers is optimal. However, there might be no high-skill immigration when heavy taxes are levied on all high-skill workers, both natives and immigrants.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention at improving Oral Health Professionals (OHP's) knowledge of HPV and comfortability to discuss vaccination with their American Indian and Alaskan Native patients. OHP's attended an educational lecture covering HPV vaccination. Participants completed four validated questionnaires that encompassed a sociodemographic survey, a pre-lecture questionnaire (pre-Q), a post-lecture questionnaire (post-Q), and a follow-up questionnaire (follow-Q). The McNemar test was used to assess the significance of marginal probabilities in the responses between the pre-Q and post-Q and the Chi-square test to assess responses between the post-Q and follow-Q. A total of 122 OHP's completed the sociodemographic survey, pre-Q, and post-Q. Among these, 29 OHP's completed the eight-week follow-Q. The majority of all the participants were White/Caucasian (41%), 31 to 60years of age (72%), females (64%), and held a graduate/professional degree (52%). Analysis of the pre-Q responses showed that only 6.8% of OHP's discuss the connection between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer with patients and a lack of information on the topic was the major barrier reported. After the educational intervention (post-Q), 86.5% of OHP's reported they were more likely to recommend the HPV vaccine and 69.8% felt more comfortable administering it. Comparison between the pre-Q and the post-Q showed a significant improvement in overall HPV knowledge. Similarly, a comparison between the post-Q and the follow-Q showed retained knowledge overtime. Our study suggests that the educational intervention was effective at improving OHP's knowledge of HPV and enhancing their comfortability and preparedness to discuss the vaccination with their patients.

Immigration may put a strain on the health care system, adversely impacting the health of the native population. At the same time, recent studies have documented the role of immigration in nudging native workers from risk‐intensive, physically demanding jobs toward occupations that require more communication and interactive ability, potentially improving their health. In this article, I examine the relationship between immigration and the health of the native population in the United States. The results of the analysis fail to show that immigration adversely affects the health of U.S. natives. Instead, the findings suggest that the presence of low‐skilled immigrants may improve the health of low‐skilled U.S.‐born individuals.

Objective: To determine the blood levels of two oxidative stress biomarkers among native women exposed to wood smoke living at high altitude (3,850 m a.s.l.). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) percentage in venous blood, which is also a cellular hypoxia biomarker, were analyzed.Materials and methods: A descriptive case-series study conducted in 74 women between 14 and 55 years of age exposed to wood smoke and coming from the rural area of the Copacabana Municipality (La Paz, Bolivia) at 3,850 m a.s.l. Screening was carried out through a survey and a complete physical examination. MDA levels and COHb percentage in venous blood were determined, and the demographic variables and transcutaneous oxygen saturation were measured. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed and measures of central tendency were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 18.Results: Seventy-four (74) women between 14 and 55 years of age were examined. This examination resulted in a mean level of 5.5 μmol/L ± 2 MDA and a median percentage of 1 % COHb (p25 –p75: 0.7 - 1.6). Women who used to burn a mixture of eucalyptus and cow or sheep dung had a higher mean level of MDA and a median percentage of 2.5 % COHb.Conclusions: Indoor air pollution (CAI) due to wood smoke increases the oxidative stress among this native population living at high altitude. This is demonstrated by the increased levels of MDA, and the difference against the biomarker levels of healthy native populations living at high altitude and at sea level. In addition, MDA levels and COHb percentages were higher among women who used to burn a mixture of wood and cow or sheep dung due to the higher harmful effects of such mixture.

The crime among the native people of the North and the activities of national courts in the northern regions of Western Siberia are attracting increasing attention from researchers. This article is based on unpublished archival materials. The purpose of the article is to highlight the characteristic features of crime among the native population in the second half of the 1920 ’ s on the example of the modern territory of the KMAO–Yugra. The author comes to the conclusion that in the mentioned period and territory two main groups of crimes dominated: against the government and family.

The last few years have witnessed an explosive generation of genomic data from ancient and modern Native American populations. These data shed light on key demographic shifts that occurred in geographically diverse territories of South America, such as the Andean highlands, Southern Patagonia and the Amazon basin. We used genomic data to study the recent population history of the Mapuche, who are the major Native population from the Southern Cone (Chile and Argentina). We found evidence of specific shared genetic ancestry between the Mapuche and ancient populations from Southern Patagonia, Central Chile and the Argentine Pampas. Despite previous evidence of cultural influence of Inca and Tiwanaku polities over the Mapuche, we did not find evidence of specific shared ancestry between them, nor with Amazonian groups. We estimated the effective population size dynamics of the Mapuche ancestral population during the last millennia, identifying a population bottle-neck around 1650 AD, coinciding with a period of Spaniards’ invasions into the territory inhabited by the Mapuche. Finally, we show that admixed Chileans underwent post-admixture adaptation in their Mapuche subancestry component in genes related with lipid metabolism, suggesting adaptation to scarce food availability.

We explore the relation between immigration, crime, and local government spending on security in Italian municipalities. We find that immigration increases the share of public resources devoted to police protection, particularly when migrants are culturally distant from the native population. We uncover a misalignment between perception and reality, as immigration is associated to fear of future crimes rather than the actual probability of being victim of a crime. We also demonstrate that immigration from culturally distant societies corresponds to a deterioration in civic cooperation and interpersonal trust, which can affect perceptions of safety and the demand for police services.

Objectives-This report presents a mortality profile of the U.S. non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) population for 2019. Standard mortality statistics, adjusted for race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates, are provided along with comparisons with the three major U.S. populations: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.

Simple Summary Aggressive-invasive species often interact with native ones, thus considerably changing the biological communities, with ecological, economic, and even social effects. It is a challenge to evaluate the direction and the rate of microevolution in native and introduced populations. One of the ways to do this is to estimate the genetic diversity. An introduction often imposes a reduction in population size (genetic drift, bottleneck, founder effect), which has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. However, after a lag, the genetic diversity can be restored due to repeated invasions (multiply introductions), hybridization between individuals from two different subspecies or species in the invaded ranges, as well as during rapid genetic changes under selection pressures in the novel environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity in successful invasive species Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, and whether it may be associated with the strategy of their further expansion. Abstract In our study, two aggressive-invasive species, Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. from Russia and Ukraine, were investigated. The success in naturalization of both species is associated with human activities, since they have been used in agriculture and floriculture and both have qualities such as environmental tolerance, high fertility and phenotypic plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of genetic diversity of both species. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., genetic diversity was compared in invasive and native populations. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity was compared in variety, feral and invasive populations. A genetic diversity was formulated using RAPD, ISSR and REMAP. For Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., the average genetic diversity within the invasive population was similar (0.432), but slightly less (0.502) than within the native Caucasian population. This may suggest the successful naturalization of invaders and almost complete reconstruction of their genetic diversity. For Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., the genetic diversity for the invasive population was the highest, with an average of 0.294, while for variety, it was the lowest, with an average of 0.194. The feral population had an intermediate place with an average of 0.248, which could suggest an increase of diversity in the process of naturalization.

Fil: Nuñez, Yamila Irupé. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina. Fil: Nuñez, Yamila Irupé. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina. En Argentina, la propuesta de una Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (eib) surge en 1999 como un enfoque flexible y abierto, dirigido a atender las necesidades de aprendizaje de las poblaciones indígenas, sus intereses y expectativas. No obstante, la eib se implementó de manera dispar tanto en el tiempo como en la modalidad, con considerables variaciones según la provincia y la población originaria a la que estaba destinada. A partir de las experiencias educativas y laborales de un auxiliar docente indígena (adi) mbya-guaraní de la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina), este artículo tiene como propósito presentar cómo se llevó a cabo el proceso de incorporación de la población guaraní de Misiones en la educación formal de la sociedad dominante y las implicancias tanto individuales como comunitarias de ello. In Argentina, the proposal of Intercultural Bilingual Education (ibe) emerged in 1999 as a flexible and open approach, aimed at meeting the learning needs of indigenous populations, their interests and expectations. However, ibe was implemented unevenly both in time and modality, with considerable variations depending on the province and the native population for which it was intended. Based on the educational and work experiences of a mbya-guarani indigenous teaching assistant (adi) in the Province of Misiones (Argentina), the purpose of this article is to present how the process of incorporation of the Guarani population of Misiones into the formal education of the dominant society was carried out and the individual and community implications of this process. Na Argentina, a proposta de uma Educação Intercultural Bilingue (eib) surge em 1999 como um enfoque flexível e aberto, dirigido a atender as necessidades de aprendizagem das populações indígenas, seus interesses e expectativas. Porém, a eib se implementou de maneira desigual tanto no tempo como na modalidade, com consideráveis variações segundo a província e a população originária à que estava destinada. A partir das experiências educativas e laborais de um auxiliar docente indígena (adi) mbya-guaraní da Provincia de Misiones (Argentina), este artigo têm como propósito apresentar como realizou o processo de incorporação da população guarani de Misiones na educação formal da sociedade dominante e as implicações tanto individuais como comunitárias disso.

Este artigo percorre a temática do exílio colonial. Louvando nos registos escriturários produzidos pelos portugueses deportados para o Tarrafal, na colónia de Cabo Verde, entre 1936-1954, exumaremos do espólio desse memorialismo diferentes tópicos que transcrevem o teor da experiência. Num primeiro momento, traçaremos uma breve genealogia histórica do exílio colonial sob o regime de Salazar (Estado Novo). Seguidamente, dos registos escriturários dos exilados, exumaremos algumas observações temáticas, nomeadamente, a caraterização do espaço, a situação colonial, as visões acerca da população nativa e os espectros da diferença colonial.

Among the traits whose relevance for plant invasions has recently been suggested are genome size (the amount of nuclear DNA) and ploidy level. So far, research on the role of genome size in invasiveness has been mostly based on indirect evidence by comparing species with different genome sizes, but how karyological traits influence competition at the intraspecific level remains unknown. We addressed these questions in a common‐garden experiment evaluating the outcome of direct intraspecific competition among 20 populations of Phragmites australis, represented by clones collected in North America and Europe, and differing in their status (native and invasive), genome size (small and large), and ploidy levels (tetraploid, hexaploid, or octoploid). Each clone was planted in competition with one of the others in all possible combinations with three replicates in 45‐L pots. Upon harvest, the identity of 21 shoots sampled per pot was revealed by flow cytometry and DNA analysis. Differences in performance were examined using relative proportions of shoots of each clone, ratios of their aboveground biomass, and relative yield total (RYT). The performance of the clones in competition primarily depended on the clone status (native vs. invasive). Measured in terms of shoot number or aboveground biomass, the strongest signal observed was that North American native clones always lost in competition to the other two groups. In addition, North American native clones were suppressed by European natives to a similar degree as by North American invasives. North American invasive clones had the largest average shoot biomass, but only by a limited, nonsignificant difference due to genome size. There was no effect of ploidy on competition. Since the North American invaders of European origin are able to outcompete the native North American clones, we suggest that their high competitiveness acts as an important driver in the early stages of their invasion.

We examine the effect of ethnic residential segregation on short- and long-term education and labor market outcomes of immigrants and natives. Our identification strategy builds on the one-sided tipping point model, which predicts that neighborhood native population growth drops discontinuously once the immigrant share exceeds a certain threshold. After having identified a statistically and economically significant discontinuity in native population growth at candidate tipping points in the three metropolitan areas of Sweden between 1990 and 2000, we show that these thresholds also are associated with a discontinuous jump in ethnic residential segregation. We exploit these thresholds to estimate the intent-to-treat effect of tipping. We find modest adverse education effects among both immigrants and natives. These effects do not carry over to the labor market.

Objective: Highlands Aksay of Naryn region of Kyrgyzstan has specific natural and climatic conditions and located at altitude of 3000 m above sea level. We aimed to study 10-years risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the native population of highlands Aksay of Naryn Region of Kyrgyzstan. Methods: Overall, 152 indigenous people (50 men and 102 women) of highlands Aksay of Naryn region (3260-3680 m) were studied using one-step sampling. The study was random, subjected to the conditions of singleness and territoriality. FINDRISС questionnaire was used to calculate the risk of T2DM. Results: Women of highlands Aksay had a significantly higher prevalence of waist circumference (WC) &qt;80 cm, body mass index (BMI) &qt;25 kg/m2 and irregular intake of fruits and vegetables, whereas men showed irregular intake of fruits and vegetables, BMI&qt;25 kg/m2, and WC&qt; 94 cm. Conclusion: The features of the 10-year-old risk of developing T2DM in the indigenous people of the highlands of Kyrgyzstan include the predominance of abdominal obesity and the irregular intake of fruits and vegetables. When stratifying the risks of developing T2DM, low risk predominates, and a very high risk does not occur. The prognosis of the indigenous people of the highlands of Kyrgyzstan regarding the risk of developing T2DM depends on phenotypic factors and living conditions in the highlands, with hypoxia playing the leading role. Among the mountain people of Kyrgyzstan, metabolic factors are dominated by abdominal obesity and, probably, to reduce the risks of developing diabetes, along with the fight against other negative factors, regular intake of vegetables and fruits is effective.

Os estabelecimentos de alojamento turístico têm uma função estruturante na exploração do destino por parte dos visitantes. Os seus rececionistas assumem um papel relevante, pois enquanto componente humana do serviço têm, também, grande responsabilidade na divulgação das atividades de animação existentes no destino. Isto sucede com as atividades criadas para o turista, como com as exis‐ tentes para a população autóctone, funcionando, pois, os rececionistas como hub de acesso à experiência e aos processos criativos locais. Apresentam, então, capacidade de influenciar as opções tomadas pelos hóspedes em matéria de visitação de locais, participação em eventos e experienciação de atividades de animação. Este estudo centra‐se em três centros históricos portugueses, classificados como Património Mundial: Coimbra, Évora e Porto. As informações, recolhidas mediante inquéritos próprios e tratadas estatisticamente, permitiram avaliar as relações entre oferta e procura turística, intermediadas pelos rececionistas, comprovando que as suas sugestões influenciam, efetivamente, as decisões dos hóspedes no destino. Tourist accommodation establishments have a structuring function in the exploration of the destination by visitors. Its receptionists assume an important role, because as a human component of the service, they also have great responsibility in disseminating the animation activities existing in the destination. This happens with the activities created for the tourist, as with the existing ones for the na‐ tive population. So, the receptionist operates as a hub for access to local experience and creative processes and, also, can influence the choices made by guests in visiting places, participating in events and expe‐ riencing entertainment activities. This study focuses on three Portuguese historic centres, classified as World Heritage: Coimbra, Évora and Porto. The information, collected through own inquiries and treated statistically, allowed to evaluate the relationship between tourism supply and demand, intermediated by the receptionists, proving that their suggestions effectively influence the decisions of the guests at the destination.

Labour resources of countries are important for their economic growth and national security. The problem of the native population decline in many countries is solved by increasing an influx of international immigrants. Russia is not an exception. The main research object of this study is the special category of immigrants - foreign-born population. The character of integration of foreign-born population on the Russian labour market is the main research subject in this study. For our analysis we use the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey data of 2006-2012 and apply Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions. Our findings show that integration of the foreign-born in the Russian labour market depends on their ethnicity and income level. The ethnic Russian foreign-born have similar income compared to the natives. However, income of the non-Russian ethnic foreign-born is lower than income of the natives. At the same time, the income differences between two groups decrease with their income level growth.

La investigación se realizó en una población nativa de huizache de Naica, Saucillo y una plantación urbana de Delicias, Chihuahua. En el ecosistema nativo se realizó un estudio exploratorio con tres tratamientos (10%, 15%, 20%) de una hormona y un testigo, para determinar la altura de aplicación del fuste principal que fue desde 50 cm y la distancia de corte de las ramas secundarias desde su bifurcación que fue de 15 cm. La longitud de corte fue de 2.5 cm y la profundidad de 0.5 cm. Se observó que las plantas no manifestaron signos externos en el follaje y en la producción de flores y vainas en el ciclo siguiente. Se realizó como segunda fase, un experimento de bloques completamente al azar con los tres tratamientos de la hormona vegetal con seis repeticiones. Los resultados promedio por tratamiento indicaron que el 20% fue el mejor tratamiento con 170.97 gr. de goma durante dos meses. En la plantación urbana de una hectárea de huizache, se aplicó el mismo diseño experimental evaluando los mismos tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el mejor tratamiento en promedio fue el de 10% con 374.14 gr. de goma durante tres meses.

In 1539, don Cristobal Paullo, one of the sons of the Inca rulerHuayna Capac, was named «Inca» as a political strategy of theSpaniards. Since then, he received anencomienda. Don Cristobalwas married to doña Catalina Tocto Oxica and had two sons,don Carlos Inquill Topa and don Felipe Inquill Topa. Don Carlos Inquil Topa married doña Maria Esquivel Amarilla and hadonly one son named Melchor Carlos Inca. The birth of Melchor was seen by the native population as a great event because an“Inca king” had been born, he even became feared by the colonial Spanish officials when they knew he was referred as the«Capac Inca». Don Melchor Carlos Inca identified himself asgrandson of don Cristobal Paullo Inca and great-grandson ofthe Inca Huayna Capac. He became an important figure withinthe Cuzco›s colonial society. Don Melchor was baptized and married doña Leonor Arias Carrasco, daughter of the Spanishconquistador Pedro Alonso Carrasco, both events were meaningful for Cusco society. Don Melchors’ encomienda of Pichiguawas of great economic and social importance, in order to maintain this encomienda and his social/political activities, he had to sell or mortgage part of his inherited patrimony. In 1599, the Viceroy Luis de Velasco ordered captain Antonio Pereira («regidor perpetuo») to ascertain the ancestry and services ofdon Mechor and his ancestors. In 1603, don Melchor traveledto Spain in order to claim his privileges and succeeded at obtaining a knighthood in the Order of Santiago. The descendantsof Cristóbal Paullo Inca established the Chapel of Our Lady ofGuadalupe in the Convent and Church of San Francisco wherethey had the honour of having a burial vault which was carefullyguarded and maintained by their descendants until 17thCentury. En 1539, don Cristóbal Paullo, uno de los hijos del inca HuaynaCápac, fue nombrado «inca» como parte de una estrategia políticade los españoles. Desde entonces tuvo acceso a encomiendasde indios. Don Cristóbal se casó con doña Catalina ToctoOxica y tuvieron dos hijos: don Carlos Inquill Topa y don FelipeInquill Topa. Don Carlos Inquil Topa se casó con doña MaríaEsquivel Amarilla y tuvieron un solo hijo llamado Melchor CarlosInca. El nacimiento de Melchor fue visto por la poblaciónnativa como un gran acontecimiento pues había nacido un «reyinca», el cual incluso llegó a ser temido por los funcionariosespañoles coloniales al saber que se referían a él como «CápacInca». Don Melchor Carlos Inca se identificaba como nieto dedon Cristóbal Paullo Inca y bisnieto del inca Huayna Cápac.Se convirtió en un personaje importante dentro de la sociedadvirreinal cusqueña. Don Melchor fue bautizado y se casó condoña Leonor Arias Carrasco, hija del conquistador Pedro Alonso Carrasco, ambos eventos fueron significativos para la sociedadcusqueña. La encomienda de Pichigua, de propiedad de donMelchor, era de mucha importancia económica y social, por ellopara mantener esta encomienda y sus actividades sociales/políticas,se vio obligado a vender e hipotecar por vía de censoparte de su patrimonio. En 1599, el virrey Luis de Velasco diouna comisión al capitán Antonio Pereira (regidor perpetuo) paraaveriguar la ascendencia y los servicios de los ancestros de donMelchor. En 1603, don Melchor viajó a España para reclamarsus privilegios y logró su inclusión como Caballero de la Ordende Santiago. La descendencia de Cristóbal Paullo Inca logró establecery constituir la capilla de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupeen el convento e iglesia de San Francisco, donde tuvieron elhonor de tener una bóveda funeraria, la cual fue cuidada y mantenidapor sus descendientes hasta el siglo XVII.&nbsp

The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyse the differences in maternal mortality in immigrant women in European countries and in the USA with respect to native-born women. We performed a literature search in PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed those papers that analysed this perinatal outcome between the native-born and foreign-born populations in these countries. The initial number of articles identified was 172 in PubMed and 159 in EMBASE. Fifteen articles were included in the review after applying the exclusion criteria. In most of the publications, maternal mortality was statistically higher in the groups of pregnant foreigners with respect to that in the native population. Maternal mortality is an important public health burden. We should implement epidemiological systems and further research to monitor and analyse social and demographic factors that have an important impact on the perinatal prognosis of pregnant women.

The article shows that multiculturalism can be an opportunity for host cities to develop a more open-minded, tolerant, and diverse culture and a more ethical society. The cultural differences betwe...

What are the security consequences of population movements? This article seeks to provide a better understanding of when, how, and under what conditions terrorism diffuses across countries via migration flows as a vehicle. We contribute to this debate by studying the influence of migrants’ cultural proximity to the native population of their host country. It is argued that cultural closeness can contain such terrorism diffusion. Similarities in societal norms, customs, or beliefs seem likely to induce trust in the social interactions between migrants and locals. This, in turn, makes it more difficult for terrorist organizations to exploit transnational population movements for radicalization and as a recruitment pool – one of the core mechanisms linking population flows with terrorism. Conversely, migrants from culturally distant societies may find it more challenging to integrate into their new homes. A fertile ground for terrorist organizations for the recruitment of new followers is thereby more likely. Our analyses present consistent evidence that the effect of terrorism diffusing across countries weakens when accounting for cultural closeness between migrants and host societies. This key finding of our research has crucial implications for policy’s and scholars’ understanding of terrorism, the diffusion of terrorism across countries, and the security consequences of population movements.

Securing pensions relates to careful planning, which in turn requires adequate predictions. Among the many factors in an increasingly globalized world that impede adequate predictions is the factor of migrant flows. To date, most pension models do not consider migrant worker cohort flows. This has critical implications, particularly for pension planning in small open economies with a high inflow and outflow of migrant workers. To close that gap, the article provides a highly innovative model that considers not only population aging but also the cohort of cross-border workers and their entitlement to a partial pension in the future. It is doing that through forecasting pension cohorts annually for the native population, cross-border workers, and net migrations. Based on demographic variables, the article develops an enabling framework for policymakers. This framework outlines a set of scenarios for the long-term sustainability of pension systems in small open economies. The framework also offers important insights for larger economies with high levels of migrant flows. TOPICS:Pension funds, emerging markets, retirement

La cuestión de la conciliación constituye un eje vertebrador fundamental del análisis social. Los cambios sociales acaecidos en las últimas décadas han colocado esta cuestión como un elemento fundamental del funcionamiento social. En España, al igual que en otras partes del mundo, el empleo del hogar se ha venido desarrollado como una solución a las necesidades de conciliación de la población nativa, favoreciendo una organización de los cuidados que no pone en entredicho la organización social y de género imperantes. El papel de las empleadas de hogar, como facilitadoras de la conciliación, trae consigo el cuestionamiento de sus propias posibilidades de ejercer su derecho a conciliar. En este artículo, por ende, se pretende analizar el proceso de la conciliación a través del empleo del hogar y en este propio sector de actividad. Nowadays, reconciliation of family and working life constitutes an essential element of social analysis, as social transformations of the last decades have positioned this issue as a key part of the social structure. In Spain, as well as in other countries, domestic work has emerged as a solution to fulfil the needs of the native population. Consequently, a relegation of a deep reflection towards gender relations and social organization has taken place. The role of domestic workers as facilitators of everyday life questions the possibilities of these women to exercise their own work-life balance. This article, therefore, has the double aim of analysing the process of reconciliation acquired through domestic work as well as the strategies developed by the workers inside the sector Universidad Pablo de Olavide

The number of female marriage migrants in East and Southeast Asia has grown significantly over the past three decades. However, little is known about the health of this population. Following Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19-32, 2005) framework, a scoping review of English language research databases was used to synthesize knowledge on the health of Asian marriage migrants. This will be used to inform recommendations for health care practice and research. Fifty-five eligible studies were included and presented using five identified categories-mental health, women's health and maternal-child health, public health, general well-being, and social challenges. Overall, studies consistently document that marriage migrants experience worse health outcomes, multiple barriers to health care services, and multilevel social challenges compared with the native population in the receiving countries.

Introducción: el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (dih) es un conjunto de normas que busca limitar los efectos de los conflictos armados e incluye la protección a las personas que no participan o que ya no participan en los combates, así como la limitación de medios y métodos de guerra. Materiales y métodos: en los años 2014 y 2015 se realizaron evaluaciones por psiquiatría y clínica forense, en la Regional Oriente, a cerca de diez personas, miembros del Ejército y la Policía Nacional, vinculadas a hechos ocurridos en 1998 durante tomas guerrilleras en las que fueron privados de su libertad y liberados meses después. La mayoría eran hombres jóvenes para el momento de los hechos, pertenecientes a población indígena o nativa, con factores de estrés por circunstancias asociadas al conflicto. Resultados y discusión: se presentan los hallazgos comunes en ámbito psíquico individual y social, así como el impacto en estilos de vida, en áreas culturales y comunitarias, con ausencia de daño físico documentado, pero descrito y percibido por los examinados. Se describe la situación particular del conflicto armado colombiano, sin referentes en el plano internacional. Conclusiones: desde el quehacer forense es necesario reconocer estas situaciones y dar visibilidad para ayudar a la recuperación de la salud psicosocial del país, a la reparación armoniosa del tejido social y a la conservación de culturas ancestrales en peligro.

In Southeast Asia the term 'lazy natives' was introduced by colonial rulers to identify the notion of indolence among the natives. In this chapter, the author have tried to establish the knowledge production by colonialism to justify the characteristics of natives in Southeast Asia. It portrayed a negative image of natives and their society to justify and rationalize European conquest and domination of the area. The author have examined the native population of Assam in the nineteenth century. Colonial capitalist ideas of development were largely based on unlimited greed for profit and after the emancipation of slaves; British, French and Dutch colonist again reinvented it in the name of indentured laborers. The Moamoria rebellion transmuted the course of history of Assam and later led to the British occupation of Assam. In most of the literatures, it is often referred that it was the laziness of Assamese peasants which helped to recruit bonded labor from different parts of the country.

Este artículo analiza los modos de relación que los grupos indígenas de las zonas fronterizas de Florida occidental y Luisiana entablaron con los enclaves españoles del curso inferior del río Misisipi durante las tres últimas décadas del siglo XVIII. Para ello revisamos el uso que se hizo del regalo como instrumento diplomático y de control, de compra de voluntades y de prestigio, destinado a modelar las pautas de comportamiento del indígena en una estrategia de contención de las autoridades españolas frente a la política de frontera desplegada por el gobierno estadounidense.

espanolEste articulo pretende analizar el aporte de la Comunicacion para el Cambio Social como area conceptual y de practica que tiene el potencial para contribuir con la integracion de la poblacion inmigrante en las sociedades de acogida. Se entiende que los procesos de integracion plantean retos importantes tanto para los inmigrantes como para la poblacion autoctona, al tiempo que historicamente se ha gestionado la integracion sin tomar en cuenta las voces de la poblacion inmigrante. En este sentido, la Comunicacion para el Cambio Social aporta en el reconocimiento de estas voces, tomando en cuenta su pluralidad y cultura, y con ello ayudando a consolidar los Derechos Humanos de esta poblacion. EnglishThis article aims to analyze the contribution of the Communication for Social Change as a conceptual and practice area that has the potential to contribute to the integration of the immigrant population in the societies that host them. It is understood that the integration processes pose important challenges for both immigrants and the native population, while historically integration has been managed without taking into account the voices of the immigrant population. In this sense, the Communication for Social Change contributes to the recognition of these voices, taking into account their plurality and culture, and thereby helping to consolidate the Human Rights of immigrant population.

Background Most first-generation migrants have lower mortality compared to the native population. Finnish-born migrants in Sweden instead have higher mortality; possibly because of health behaviours established before migration. To increase our understanding of this excess mortality, we compared the cause-specific mortality of Finnish migrants in Sweden to both the native population of Sweden and the native Finnish population residing in Finland. Methods We used Swedish and Finnish register data, applying propensity score matching techniques to account for differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the migrants, Swedes and Finns. The index population were Finnish migrants aged 40–60, residing in Sweden in 1995. We compared patterns of all-cause, alcohol- and smoking-related, and cardiovascular disease mortality across the groups in the period 1996–2007. Results Finnish migrant men in Sweden had lower all-cause mortality compared to Finnish men but higher mortality compared to the Swedish men. The same patterns were observed for alcohol-related, smoking-related and cardiovascular disease mortality. Among women, all three groups had similar levels of all-cause mortality. However, Finnish migrant women had higher alcohol-related mortality than Swedish women, similar to Finnish women. Conversely, migrant women had similar levels of smoking-related mortality to Swedish women, lower than Finnish women. Conclusions Finnish-born migrants residing in Sweden have mortality patterns that are typically in between the mortality patterns of the native populations in their country of origin and destination. Both the country of origin and destination need to be considered in order to better understand migrant health.

The last years have evinced a remarkable growth in neuroimaging studies around the world. All these studies have contributed to a better understanding of the cerebral outcomes of dementia, even in the earliest phases. In low- and middle-income countries, studies involving structural and functional neuroimaging are challenging due to low investments and heterogeneous populations. Outstanding the importance of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of neuroimaging dementia research in Brazil. The review includes a brief scientometric analysis of quantitative information about the development of this field over the past 10 years. Besides, discusses some peculiarities and challenges that have limited neuroimaging dementia research in this big and heterogeneous country of Latin America. We systematically reviewed existing neuroimaging literature with Brazilian authors that presented outcomes related to a dementia syndrome, published from 2010 to 2020. Briefly, the main neuroimaging methods used were morphometrics, followed by fMRI, and DTI. The major diseases analyzed were Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia, respectively. Moreover, research activity in Brazil has been restricted almost entirely to a few centers in the Southeast region, and funding could be the main driver for publications. There was relative stability concerning the number of publications per year, the citation impact has historically been below the world average, and the author's gender inequalities are not relevant in this specific field. Neuroimaging research in Brazil is far from being developed and widespread across the country. Fortunately, increasingly collaborations with foreign partnerships contribute to the impact of Brazil's domestic research. Although the challenges, neuroimaging researches performed in the native population regarding regional peculiarities and adversities are of pivotal importance.

Our goal was to examine inequality in healthcare utilization and the factors that contribute to inequality between China's floating and native populations. Based on the China Labor-force Dynamics Surveys from 2014 to 2018, which used three rounds of data, we utilized a panel probit model that included fixed effects for time and province to estimate the probability of healthcare utilization for floating and native populations. In addition, we calculated the degree of inequality in healthcare utilization by using the method of mobility-related inequality and a decomposition approach was used to explain the contribution of each factor to the inequality. The floating population utilized healthcare at a lower rate, with a 10.5% probability of visiting a hospital and a 20.9% probability of receiving hospitalized treatment. The concentration index of mobility-related inequality in healthcare utilization shows a negative coefficient of −0.137 for hospital visits and −0.356 for hospitalized treatment. Contribution decomposition shows that self-assessed health, job category and household registration account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospital visits, contributing −0.038, 0.021 and −0.017, respectively. Age, household registration and insurance account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospitalized treatment, contributing −0.053, 0.024 and −0.023, respectively. The floating population was less likely to use health services and faced an inequality in treatment compared with the native population.

Asclepias angustifolia is a Mexican milkweed that barely enters the U.S.A. Its pollinators and other insect visitors have not been investigated. During 2018 and 2019, insect visitors were photographed at a native population and three gardens in and near the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona. A total of 216 site visits produced at least 369 species of insects in seven orders. Images revealed 140 potential pollinators with a preponderance of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Orders of insects are discussed, as are flowering phenology, potential pollinators in functional groups, introduced insects, and the value of A. angustifolia for monarch butterflies and other insects in pollinator gardens and in planting palettes created for restoration sites. NOTE: Supplementary files can be found in the left menu.