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Background The aim of current study was to construct, express, purify and immunogenicity evaluate of a novel recombinant fusion protein including Pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (PDHB) and high antigenic region of lipoprotein P80 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Using bioinformatics tools, antigenicity and physiochemical properties of fused protein were assessed. Material and methods The recombinant fusion protein of GST-PDHB-P80 were expressed in pGEX4T-1 and purified then verified by Western blot assay. The purified protein was successfully used for immunization of mice. 30 female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups (10 mice per each group) injected with GST-PDHB-P80, inactivated bacteria vaccine and PBS as negative control, separately. Results Western blot analysis confirmed the interaction between the immunized mice serum and the blotted recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80, demonstrating the immunogenicity of this protein. Moreover, the sera of vaccinated mice with inactivated bacteria vaccine, containing whole cell proteins, detected the recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80 confirming the antigenicity of PDHB-P80. Negative control displayed no reactivity with GST-PDHB-P80. Conclusion We proposed a novel designed chimeric protein of Mycoplasma agalactiae as a potential marker for serodiagnostic assays but still further field research is required.

Background/Aims: Ulcerative colitis (UC), along with Crohn’s disease, is one of the main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). On the other hand, deregulated autophagy is involved in many chronic diseases, including IBD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Atg5 and microRNA-181a (miR-181a) in the pathophysiology of UC. Methods: Colon biopsy, stool, and blood samples of 6 men and 9 women were confirmed for UC. Also, 13 men and 17 women were selected as healthy control (HC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the Atg-5 content of the colon biopsies. Besides, the serum and stool levels of Atg5 were measured using ELISA. Moreover, the total RNA of blood cells was extracted and evaluated for the expression of miR-181a. Results: We found 1.2 ng/mL versus 0.46 ng/mL, 0.34 ng/mL versus 0.24 ng/mL, and 0.082 ng/mL versus 0.062 ng/mL of Atg5 in stool, intestinal tissue, and serum of UC and HCs, respec tively. There was no significant difference in the expression of miR-181a in the blood samples of UC and HCs. Immunohisto chemistry showed high positivity without any significant difference between the 2 groups in the quantitative analysis. Conclu sions: The significant difference observed between the stool Atg5 content of the HCs and UC patients may provide new insight into using this protein as a diagnostic biomarker, however, considering the small size of our studied population further studies are needed. (Intest Res 2020;18:421-429)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heritable metabolic perturbation, rapidly growing across the world. Primary recognition of susceptible individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes (FHD) in the prediabetes stage could delay the onset of T2DM or reduce complications induced by diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the expression levels of miR‐21, miR‐126 as noninvasive predictive biomarkers in individuals with genetic predisposition and investigate the correlation of miRNAs and cardiometabolic risk factors. Our study demonstrated that miR‐21 expression has a notable elevate in both groups of T2DM and pre‐T2DM. miR‐21 expression was distinguished in the pre‐T2DM and T2DM from the nondiabetic individuals by ROC curve analysis with AUC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.65–0.90; p = 0.0004) and AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.92; p = 0.0042), respectively. The relative gene expression of miR‐126 was nearly equal among groups. miR‐21 expression was positively associated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and triglyceride (TG) and might have diagnostic value for T2DM and pre‐T2DM. This study has revealed that the expression level of miR‐21 can be considered as a non‐invasive and rapid tool for distinguishing pre‐T2DM and T2DM counterparts from healthy individuals., MicroRNAs in pre‐T2DM and T2DM: miR‐21 as a potential biomarker in pre‐T2DM and T2DM.

Background The current study was aimed at evaluating the role of the N-SH2 domain of SHP-2 as a partner protein in the expression of a toxic peptide, laterosporulin (LTS). We also investigated its effects on the formation of the disulfide bond and functional folding of the peptide in vitro. The N-SH2-LTS protein was expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein, capable of undergoing enzymatic cleavage. Results Based on the data presented herein, the total yield of the folded fusion protein from inclusion bodies was found to be about 105 mg/l, demonstrating a high-level of heterologous expression. After enzymatic cleavage, 1.5 mg of the folded recombinant laterosporulin was obtained from each 10 mg of the fusion protein. The purity of the recombinant laterosporulin was analyzed by RP-HPLC, to yield peptides with suitable purity (85%). Conclusions Our findings indicated the advantages of using the N-SH2 domain of SHP-2 as a rapid and easy approach not only in producing easy target proteins but also in its function as a chaperone. N-SH2 domain of SHP-2 can influence on the purification of laterosporulin at reasonable yield and in a cost-effective fashion. The N-SH2 domain of SHP-2 as a protein chaperone may be potentially favorable to produce other proteins with disulfide bonds.

Purpose Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a lifelong disease with unclear etiology and increasing prevalence worldwide. Autophagy has been reported to play roles in the pathogenesis and progression of UC. Here, we aimed to analyze the expression of autophagy related protein 10 (ATG10) and its regulator, micro‐RNA (miR) 519a, in UC patients. Methods The level of ATG10 in the serum, stool, and colon biopsies from 15 UC patients and 30 non‐UC healthy individuals (HC) group was measured by ELISA. Also, the blood level of miR‐519a was investigated by quantitative real‐time PCR. Results We found 13.63 ng/ml versus 0.99 ng/ml, 11.01 ng/ml versus 1.11 ng/ml and 6.41 ng/ml versus 3.21 ng/ml of ATG10 in the stool, colon tissue, and serum of UC and HC, respectively. There was no significant difference in the expression of miR‐519a in the blood samples of UC and HC. Conclusions ATG10 might be a potential non‐invasive diagnostic biomarker for UC.

The pharmaceutical use of quercetin is limited due to the problems such as low solubility, bioavailability, permeability, and instability. High doses of quercetin show toxic effects in clinical and experimental studies. Therefore, a method is needed to overcome these problems without the use of toxic doses. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as a drug delivery system. Biocompatible polymers such as dextran are used to cover nanoparticles to increase the stability of nanoparticles. Besides their beneficial effects, nanoparticles can cause toxicity, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and quercetin conjugated with IONPs (QNPs). This study was conducted for 1 week in eight groups of Wistar male rats including control, sham, quercetin (at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg), dextran-coated IONPs (at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg), and QNPs (at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg). Rats were euthanized, and their liver and kidney tissues were evaluated for the changes in oxidative stress indices and important biochemical enzyme activities. Hepatic and renal AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and LDH activities were not significantly different between control group and other groups. Hepatic TAC and GSH levels and CAT activity significantly increased, and MDA level significantly decreased in rats injected with 100 mg/kg quercetin compared to the control group. IONPs of 100 mg/kg induced a significant decrease in hepatic GSH level and CAT activity and a significant increase in hepatic MDA. Hepatic TAC, GSH and MDA levels, and CAT activity were not significantly different between QNP groups and the control group. Renal CAT activity showed a significant increase in 100 mg/kg quercetin group and a significant decrease in 100 mg/kg IONP group compared to the control group. However, renal TAC, GSH, and MDA levels were not significantly different among groups. Dextran-coated IONPs of 100 mg/kg caused oxidative damage in the hepatic tissue, but QNPs did not cause hepatic and renal oxidative injury.

To investigate the effects of ginger extract on renal toxicity of silver nanoparticles, 48 male mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups; control, ginger, silver nanoparticles, and ginger plus silver nanoparticles and treated for 35 days via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ginger (200 mg/kg) and/or silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg). Activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid, histopathological changes in the kidney plus changes in protein electrophoresis pattern were evaluated at day 35. Significant differences were seen for all enzymatic activity and MDA levels in ginger and ginger-silver nanoparticle groups compared with control and silver nanoparticle groups. Furthermore, use of ginger and silver nanoparticles did not cause any changes in concentration and electrophoretic pattern of kidney proteins. Some unspecific minor changes were seen in the serum biomarkers of kidney function. However, some pathological changes related to the use of nanoparticles were detected in the kidney which disappeared in response to ginger consumption. Although silver nanoparticles just induced mild pathological changes in kidney tissue, ginger acts as a powerful antioxidant and leads to an increase in enzyme activity and decrease in MDA level and resolves related renal pathological lesion.

Background: Multiple-organ failure is the main cause of disability and death in diabetes mellitus. Imbalance in oxidative status is responsible for major diabetic complications and multiple-organ failure including blindness. Recently, plants with potential antioxidant properties have been used to manage hyperglycemia in diabetes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the beneficial effects of saffron aqueous extract (SAE) administration in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in the eye lens. Methods: Thirty-two adult rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (I), saffron control (II), diabetic control (III), and saffron treated (IV). Diabetes was induced in animals by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight). Three days after STZ administration, diabetes was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose. At this time, groups II and IV were treated with SAE (200 mg/kg body weight) for a total of 5 doses, and then weekly from the 7th day after STZ injection. At the end of study, fasting blood glucose levels, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined in the lens tissues. Results: In addition to the effects of SAE on blood glucose, SAE was effective on the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. The level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) decreased while there was an increase in the levels of MDA in the lens tissues of diabetic control rats, as compared to normal control rats. SAE could be modulating the changes in these parameters that are induced by diabetes. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that SAE is able to control blood glucose and thus may be useful in delaying the complicated effects of diabetes, such as clouding of the eyes’ lens due to the antioxidant effect of SAE.

3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormone with noticeable metabolic and neurological effects. Alteration of feeding behaviour by this compound was different at various doses in experimental models and it is not clear whether this effect is partially accounted by changes in neuropeptide secretion. In this study, we attempted to find out whether chronic low dose 3-iodothyronamine treatment could modulate some food intake regulatory neuropeptides such as leptin, ghrelin, and galanin in mice brain. Eighteen male mice were divided randomly into control (n = 8) and treatment (n = 10) groups. The experimental procedure was applied for 7 days during which treatment group received T1AM (i.p) whereas the control group received DMSO and normal saline. The brain was analyzed for leptin, ghrelin, and galanin concentrations. There were significant differences in leptin concentration (1.75 ± 0.05 versus 2.9 ± 0.07 ng/ml) and ghrelin concentration (8.4 ± 0.35 versus 5 ± 0.08 ng/ml) between control and treatment groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in galanin concentration (745.87 ± 34.91 ng/l) in control group compared with the treatment group (698.05 ± 66.88 ng/l). Interestingly, the treatment group mice lost weight (~1 g) whereas non-significant increase in weight mean was seen in control group before (day 1) and after the procedure (day 8). Clearly, further works in this area will be required to delineate the central role of T1AM, but based on our findings described here, we propose that some of peripheral metabolic effects of this compound may be accomplished by brain peptide regulation.

Although cell phones have been used worldwide, some adverse and toxic effects were reported for this communication technology apparatus. To analyze in vivo effects of exposure to radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on protein expression in rat testicular proteome, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 30 consecutive days. Protein content of rat testes was separated by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis using immobilized pH gradient (pI 4–7, 7 cm) and 12% acrylamide and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Two protein spots were found differentially overexpressed (P

Biomedical application of quercetin (QT) as an effective flavonoid has limitations due to its low bioavailability. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) is a novel drug delivery system that enhances the bioavailability of quercetin. The effect of short time usage of quercetin on learning and memory function and its signaling pathways in the healthy rat is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of free quercetin and in conjugation with SPION on learning and memory in healthy rats and to find quercetin target proteins involved in learning and memory using Morris water maze (MWM) and computational methods respectively. Results of MWM show an improvement in learning and memory of rats treated with either quercetin or QT-SPION. Better learning and memory functions using QT-SPION reveal increased bioavailability of quercetin. Comparative molecular docking studies show the better binding affinity of quercetin to RSK2, MSK1, CytC, Cdc42, Apaf1, FADD, CRK proteins. Quercetin in comparison to specific inhibitors of each protein also demonstrates a better QT binding affinity. This suggests that quercetin binds to proteins leading to prevent neural cell apoptosis and improves learning and memory. Therefore, SPIONs could increase the bioavailability of quercetin and by this way improve learning and memory.

Background: Silver nanoparticles are capable of inducing toxicity in living organisms. Silver nanoparticles can induce some effect in the liver. Thus silver nanoparticles, due to their wide spread effects, can also affect on hepatic, hematological, and oxidative stress factors. Ginger because of its powerful antioxidantal compounds can influence the toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in different parts of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of hydroalchoholic extract of ginger on cytotoxic silver nanoparticles on enzymes, hematological parameters, blood oxidative stress markers, and hepatic apoptosis in Balb-c mice. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 rats of Balb-c race Syrians were selected and devided into 4 groups, each consisting of 12. They were treated for a period of 35 days; the first group (control) received distilled water, the second group received nano silver, the third group received ginger extract, and the fourth group received both nanosilver and ginger extract at the same time. Bleeding was done to measure hematological factors, liver enzymes, and oxidative stress; then liver tissue was removed for evaluation of apoptosis. Data were compared using SPSS software and one-way ANOVA. Results: Enzymes AST , ALT , ALP, GGT and LDH as liver factors showed significant differences in the groups of the study. Hematological factors including of WBC , RBC , Hb , HCT , MCV , MCH , Plt , Lymphocyte and Monocyte showed significant differences in all the groups. Of oxidative stress factors , only GPX showed significant difference between groups, while no significant difference was observed in other oxidative stress parameters in the blood. Changes in apoptosis showed significant differences in all groups of the study. Conclusion Based on the findings the study, silver nanoparticles with their side effects in different parts of the body can induce changes in various factors and enzymes. Ginger can compensate ,and modify to some extent these side effects. Such effectiveness of ginger can probably be due to its special ingredients.

Extract of Withania coagulans fruit was evaluated for milk clotting activity. The highest enzyme activities were detected at pH 4 and 65°C. A 50 mM CaCl2 was considered sufficient to decrease the milk clotting activity to an effective level. Rennet coagulation time was steadily increased with increasing NaCl and decreasing enzyme concentrations. The enzymatic activity of extract was completely inhibited by pepstatin-A, an aspartic protease inhibitor. Proteomic and zymographic analysis discovered an aspartic protease with Mw of about 35 KDa and pI of 5.91. Our data demonstrated that use of this plant in traditional cheese making has the scientific bases due to existence of an effective protease.

Background Quercetin (QT) as a bioactive flavonoid has a potential therapeutic activity for numerous neuronal injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the low absorption rate of QT, especially through the blood-brain barrier, restricts its bioactivity in the body. The current research took the advantage of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin. Methods Quercetin conjugated with SPIONs was prepared by means of nanoprecipitation method and was characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer analyses. Wistar male rats were orally fed by gavage with QT and QT-SPION at 50 and 100 mg/kg daily doses for 7 days. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, biodistribution of QT was evaluated in plasma and brain tissue. Results The outcomes of this research revealed a higher concentration in the plasma and brain of the rats fed with QT-SPION in comparison to free QT. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that SPION as a targeted drug delivery system enhances the bioavailability of quercetin in the brain about ten folds higher than free quercetin and could be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

Some hormonal disturbances have been demonstrated in starvation, but in ruminants such as goats, the role of galanin in adaptation to starvation or endocrine functions is not well studied. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of long term starvation on galanin, leptin, thyroid hormones, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, ghrelin and factors involved in energy metabolism including HDL, Cholesterol, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, NEFA, TG and VLDL concentrations in adult goats. Eight non-lactating non-pregnant goats aged 4-5 years and BCS 3 were randomly divided to control and test groups. The animals were trained to eat their daily forage ration during a 10 day period. The experimental procedure was applied for 20 days, during which control group received 120% of maintenance energy, while the test group was supplied with 80% of maintenance energy for the first 10 days and with 40% of maintenance energy for another 10 days. Blood samples were collected at day 10 of training and 2, 4, 10, 12, 14 and 20 days after beginning of starvation. Blood parameters were measured according to standard procedures. No significant difference was observed in the concentrations of cholesterol, fT3, T4, T3, growth hormone, NEFA, insulin and ghrelin between control and test groups (P=0.05). There was significant difference in galanin, leptin, fT4, HDL, glucose, TG, VLDL and prolactin concentrations between control and test groups (P=0.05). Control of energy balance and the role of galanin in adaptation to long starvation or endocrine functions in goat are different from other species.

Here and for the first time, we report the isolation and characterization of two novel bacteriocins.Secretome containing bacteriocins of isolated bacteria was separated via SDS-PAGE. Each isolated protein band was characterized and checked for its efficacy in controlling two pathogenic isolates of Xcc via disk diffusion assay. The effects of varieties of carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources were evaluated on both bacterial growth and bacteriocin production via Taguchi orthogonal method.The two bacteriocins showed an activity up to 55ºC that were sensitive to proteases suggesting being protein in nature. Analysis of SDS-PAGE purified protein bands of bacterial secretomes with demonstrated potency againstTwo peptides with novel antibacterial activities effective against

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves different organs. Its most important feature is the production of specific autoantibodies against nuclear or cytoplasmic antigens. Proteomic analysis of serum, as one of the most readily available body fluids, can be used as a method for clarifying the pathogenesis of SLE. In this study the serum proteome of 13 patients with SLE was evaluated and compared with seven healthy control participants. A specific kit was used to remove high-abundance proteins. After depletion, the protein expression patterns created by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS were used to identify disease-associated proteins. We found differential expression of 15 protein spots, including seven up-regulated and eight down-regulated proteins in SLE samples, in comparison with healthy participants. These spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and classified into three groups include keratins, apolipoproteins and albumin, and individual proteins such as transthyretin, haptoglobin and prothrombin. These findings can help to clarify the pathophysiology and mechanism of SLE.

The use of electromagnetic field (EMF) generating apparatuses such as cell phones is increasing, and has caused an interest in the investigations of its effects on human health. We analyzed proteome in preparations from the whole testis in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to 900 MHz EMF radiation for 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 30 consecutive days, simulating a range of possible human cell phone use. Subjects were sacrificed immediately after the end of the experiment and testes fractions were solubilized and separated via high-resolution 2D electrophoresis, and gel patterns were scanned, digitized, and processed. Thirteen proteins, which were found only in sham or in exposure groups, were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Among them, heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-1, and other proteins related to misfolding of proteins and/or stress were identified. These results demonstrate significant effects of radio frequency modulated EMFs exposure on proteome, particularly in protein species in the rodent testis, and suggest that a 30-day exposure to EMF radiation induces nonthermal stress in testicular tissue. The functional implication of the identified proteins was discussed.

Objective: Scutellaria luteo-caerulea Bornm. & Snit. is one of the species of genus Scutellaria, within the family of the Lamiaceae, that is used for immune system stimulation and antibacterial effects in traditional medicine in Iran. The aims of this study were to analyze essential oils and mineral element contents of leaves of S. luteo-caerulea in flowering stage of development. Materials and Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of S. luteo-caerulea and were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Moreover, microwave digestion with atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used for the mineral elements assay. Results: Ninety-seven constituents were detected. Between them, the major components were trans-caryophyllene (25.4%), D-germacrene (7.9%), and linalool (7.4%). Determination of mineral elements showed that the highest minerals were Ca2+ (65.14±1.95 µg/ml) and K+ (64.67±3.10 µg/ml). Conclusion: Presence of different essential oils and rich sources of Ca2+ and K+ candidate this plant as an auxiliary medication in different diseases, but more complementary researches are needed about its potency and side effects.

Cyanide is one of the most toxic substances present in a wide variety of food materials consumed by man and animals. Rhodanese is a sulfur transferase that catalyses the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate, hence cyanide detoxification. In this study, the enzyme levels and distribution of rhodanese in different tissues of rabbit was investigated. The protein content of tissue extracts and enzymatic activities were calculated as units per gram tissue and units per milligram protein of the tissue. Results showed that in both items, the liver was the richest source of the enzyme followed by the kidney (the cortex and medulla), heart, and stomach. The results of this study might indicate the involvement of rhodanese in cyanide detoxification in tissues which might be more exposed to higher levels of cyanide. However, the widespread tissue distribution of rhodanese suggests an additional function for the enzyme which is specific to these tissues.

Background: Proteomics examines the protein content of a cell, tissue or physiological fluid in certain developmental or pathological conditions. Serum, a rich source of protein, is easily accessible and represents the physiological and clinical status of individuals. Emergence of a disease can cause qualitative and quantitative changes in the concentration of certain proteins in the serum. Nevertheless, separation and examination of low abundance proteins at presence of high abundance proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulin, which comprise over 60% of total protein, are limited.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, in order to remove albumin, serum samples from four different removal methods including two trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation and using specific kits to remove albumin and immunoglobulin were compared.Results: The results indicated that precipitation and fractionation techniques considerably remove albumin. Due to its specific performance, using kit removes larger amounts of albumin and immunoglobulin. However, the protein patterns derived from different albumin removal methods were different.Conclusion: It is suggested that several albumin removal methods should be used during the examination of serum protein content.

Aclik durumunda bazi hormonal bozukluklar gosterilmis, ancak keciler gibi gevis getiren hayvanlarda galaninin acliga ya da endokrin fonksiyonlara uyumu iyi arastirilmamistir. Mevcut calisma eriskin kecilerde uzun sureli acligin galanin, leptin, tiroid hormonlari, insulin, prolaktin, buyume hormonu, grelin ve HDL, kolestreol, β-hidroksibutirat, glukoz, NEFA, TG ve VLDL konsatrasyonlari da dahil olmak uzere enerji metabolizmasi ile ilgili faktorler uzerine olan etkisini degerlendirmek icin yurutulmustur. 4-5 yaslari arasinda, sut emzirmeyen ve gebe olmayan vucut kondisyon skoru 3 olan sekiz keci rastgele olarak kontrol ve test gruplarina ayrildi. Hayvanlara 10 gunluk bir sure boyunca yemleme programina alistirildi. Deneysel islem 20 gun uygulandi; bu sure icinde kontrol grup idame enerjisinin %120’sini aldi, test grubuna ise ilk 10 gun icinde idame enerjisinin %80’i verildi; diger 10 gun boyunca ise idame enerjisinin %40’i verildi. Yemleme programina alistirmanin 10. gununde ve aclik baslamasindan sonraki 2, 4, 10, 12, 14 ve 20. gunlerde kan ornekleri alindi. Kan parametreleri standart islemlere gore olculdu. Kontrol ve test gruplari arasinda kolesterol, fT 3 , T 4 , T 3 , buyume hormonu, NEFA, insulin ve grelin yonunden bir farklilik gorulmedi (P=0,05). Kontrol ve test gruplari arasinda galanin, leptin, fT 4, HDL, glukoz, TG, VLDL ve prolaktin konsantrasyonlarinda anlamli farkliliklar vardi (P=0,05). Kecilerde uzun sureli acliga uyumda galaninin rolu ve enerji dengesi kontrolu ya da endokrin fonksiyonlari diger turlerden farklilik gostermektedir.

The aim of this study was to determine a possible relationship between whole-body 900-MHz Global System for Mobile Communication-like electromagnetic field (GSM-EMF) exposure and pathological changes in vital organs of Sprague–Dawley rats. Twenty adult male rats were used in four equal independent groups—control (without EMF) and low-, moderate-, and high-exposure groups—according to the time of exposure to EMF (1, 2, and 4 h). The exposure was performed for 30 consecutive days. Tissue samples of the heart, liver, and left kidney were collected and fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for histopathological examination. Some pathological lesions, especially in the kidney (congestion and inflammation) were seen. Our results demonstrate that the use of GSM-like EMF at these intensities and duration can induce pathological lesions in the heart, liver, or kidney, but these are not EMF specific.

Background Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been largely considered for numerous applications in biomedicine such as magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, cell tracking, anticancer treatment, and targeted delivery of drugs or genes. However, they may have side effects such body weight loss. Quercetin (QT), a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger and a natural flavonoid, has a wide range of biological and therapeutic effects. In this study, the effect of QT on prevention of weight loss due to the using of SPION has been investigated. Materials and methods SPION and QT-SPION were administered orally at 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Then, the body weight was measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Results Rats fed with 50 and 100 mg/kg SPION showed a significant weight loss, whereas those that fed with 50 mg/kg QT-SPION did not. A weight loss was observed in rats treated with 100 mg/kg of QT-SPION. Conclusions The results of this study showed that quercetin could prevent weight loss due to the SPION.

In this study, we attempt to find out whether chronic low dose 3-Iodothyronamine (an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormone) administration could modulate liver de novo cholesterol synthesis, the same as thyroid hormones. Eighteen male mice were divided randomly into treatment (n=10) and control (n=8) groups. The experimental procedure was applied for 7 days during which test group received T1AM whereas the control group received dimethyl sulfoxide and normal saline. The liver was analyzed for HMG-CoA reductase concentration and hepatic lipase activity whiles cholesterol, LDL and HDL concentrations were measured in the blood serum. There was non-significant decrease in HMG-CoA reductase concentration (224±21.2 versus 187±32.5) in test group compared to control. Interestingly LDL and cholesterol concentrations exhibited significant decrease in test group versus the control. There was non-significant decrease in hepatic lipase activity (771±316 versus 645±317) in test group versus the control. It appears that T1AM reduced serum LDL and cholesterol just like T 3 , in contrast, it decreased liver cholesterol biosynthesis contrary to THs.

This work analyzes the effects of radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on the reproductive system of male rats, assessed by measuring circulating levels of FSH, LH, inhibin B, activin B, prolactin, and testosterone. Twenty adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (180 ± 10 g) were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF in four equal separated groups. The duration of exposure was 1, 2, and 4 h/day over a period of 30 days and sham-exposed animals were kept under the same environmental conditions as the exposed group except with no RF-EMF exposure. Before the exposure, at 15 and 30 days of exposure, determination of the abovementioned hormone levels was performed using ELISA. At the end of the experiment, FSH and LH values of the long time exposure (LTE) group were significantly higher than the sham-exposed group (p

Objective: Scutellaria luteo-caerulea Bornm. & Snit. is one of the species of genus Scutellaria, within the family of the Lamiaceae, that is used for immune system stimulation and antibacterial effects in traditional medicine in Iran. The aims of this study were to analyze essential oils and mineral element contents of leaves of S. luteo-caerulea in flowering stage of development. Materials and Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of S. luteo-caerulea and were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Moreover, microwave digestion with atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used for the mineral elements assay. Results: Ninety-seven constituents were detected. Between them, the major components were trans-caryophyllene (25.4%), D-germacrene (7.9%), and linalool (7.4%). Determination of mineral elements showed that the highest minerals were Ca2+ (65.14±1.95 µg/ml) and K+ (64.67±3.10 µg/ml). Conclusion: Presence of different essential oils and rich sources of Ca2+ and K+ candidate this plant as an auxiliary medication in different diseases, but more complementary researches are needed about its potency and side effects.

Erwinia chrysanthemi causes soft-rot diseases of many plants by secreting a battery of enzymes which degrade the plant cell walls. We initiated a proteomic analysis to create a reference map of the E. chrysanthemi secretome. Extracellular proteins were isolated from E. chrysanthemi culture supernatants and resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. By analysis of mutants, Western blotting, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) 55 spots representing 25 unique proteins were identified. In uninduced conditions, we identified spots corresponding to the cellulase Cel5, the proteases PrtA, PrtB, and PrtC, the flagellin FliC, and some intracellular proteins whose presence probably resulted from spontaneous cell lysis. We identified another secreted protein, AvrL, homologous to an avirulence protein of Xanthomonas campestris. After culture in conditions inducing pectinase production, i.e., in the presence of galacturonate and plant extract, we identified spots corresponding to the endopectate lyases PelA, PelB, PelC, PelD, PelE, PelI, PelL, and PelZ, the pectin acetylesterases PaeX and PaeY, the pectin methylesterase PemA, and the polygalacturonase PehX. In the presence of other inducing compounds, we detected the rhamnogalacturonate lyase RhiE and the esterase FaeD. Analysis of mutants, altered for one type of secretion system, was performed to determine the targets of each system. The type I system Prt was necessary for the secretion of three proteases. No proteins secreted by the type III Hrp system could be detected in E. chrysanthemi supernatants. In addition to the already known substrates (eleven pectinases and one cellulase), this analysis revealed that the type II Out system mediates secretion of the esterase FaeD and of the Avr-like protein AvrL.