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Cyphelloporia Karasiński, L. Nagy, Szarkándi, Holec & Kolařík, gen. nov. Figs. 3–6 MycoBank. MB843795 Etymology. Cyphello-: derived from the generic name Cyphella, formerly accommodating many cyphelloid fungi; - poria: resembling polypores with resupinate basidiomata, formerly classified in Poria Pers. sensu lato. Type species. Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis Karasiński, Holec & Dvořák, see below. Diagnosis. Cyphelloporia differs from the most related genus Rectipilus as well as from other cyphelloid fungi, especially Henningsomyces, by large basidiomata resembling some resupinate polypores and consisting of thousands of densely aggregated tubular receptacles that reach an unusual length of up to 10 mm and are crowded on distinct subiculum which is gelatinous when young. Genetically, Cyphelloporia belongs to the Rectipilus lineage but is very distant from Rectipilus in its LSU and ITS rDNA sequences. Description. Basidiomata lignicolous on dead wood, cyphelloid, annual, resupinate, usually covering an area of several square decimeters, white to cream coloured when fresh, with individual receptacles initially sessile then short-stalked, densely packed, up to 10 mm long, arranged on a subiculum which is gelatinous when young. Hyphal system monomitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections, thin to slightly thick-walled. Hyphae on receptacle surface colourless, smooth, occasionally with short tuberculate to cylindrical or long flexuose outgrowths, hyphae of receptacles mouths cylindrical, unbranched, straight with flexuose ends. Basidia clavate with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Cystidia absent. Basidiospores principally ellipsoid to subglobose, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid, non-dextrinoid, acyanophilous., Published as part of Karasiński, Dariusz, Nagy, László G., Szarkándi, János Gergö, Dvořák, Daniel, Kolařík, Miroslav & Holec, Jan, 2023, Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis (Fungi, Agaricales) - a new genus and species for a giant cyphelloid fungus from Białowieża virgin forest in Poland, pp. 119-136 in Phytotaxa 589 (2) on page 124, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.589.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762380

Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis Karasiński, Holec & Dvořák, sp. nov. Figs. 3–6 MycoBank. MB843796 Etymology. The specific epithet represents the latinized version of the locality name, the Białowieża virgin forest in Poland, the only site where the species has been found so far. The same epithet has been used for Dentipratulum bialoviesense Domański (1965: 7). Holotype. Poland, Podlasie Province, the Białowieża National Park, in mixed natural forest of primeval origin, forest section 345 A, N52°44’31.5’’ E23°54’42.2’’, Picea abies: fallen big log ca. 65 cm in diameter, in advanced stage of decay, covered with mosses, 11 August 2009, leg. D. Karasiński 3715 (KRAM F-59691). Isotype in herbarium PRM (PRM 957105). Diagnosis. Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis differs from other species of cyphelloid fungi by the following combination of characters: basidiomata large, covering area of several dm 2 on dead wood, consisting of thousands of tubular, finally short-stalked receptacles reaching a length of up to 10 mm and crowded on a distinct subiculum which is gelatinous when young, monomitic hyphal system with clamps, non-encrusted, colourless, mostly unbranched external hyphae, and mostly ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring (3.5–)4.0–5.0(–5.2) × (2.6–)3.0–3.5(–4.0) µm with Q = (1.00–)1.14–1.50(–1.71) and Qav = 1.40. Description. Basidiomata annual, resupinate, widely effused, growing on dead wood, occupying an area up to 50 (–100) cm long and 30 cm wide, linear, circular or most often irregular in outline, consisting of densely aggregated individual receptacles, superficially resembling tubes of polypores, arranged on relatively thick (up to 100 µm, usually thinner), continuous, partially translucent subiculum which is clearly visible to the naked eye, very distinct especially in young basidiomata where it looks gelatinous-like, subhyaline or watery white, with fimbriate and radially arranged, short white strands on margin forming a sterile zone (without receptacles); in mature specimens subiculum less distinct and agglutinated, in senescent and old basidiomata present as an almost invisible subhyaline translucent coat on wood. Receptacles (1.5–)3–8(–10) mm long and ca. 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, initially cupulate to funnel- or barrelshaped and sessile, then cylindrical to tubular and with short stipe-like base ca. 200–350 × 100–150 µm; white to cream, sometimes yellowish or even brownish in senescent fruitbodies, mouths white. In some well developed and large basidiomata, the receptacles sometimes have a cap-shaped, widely open apical part, but usually receptacle mouths have orifices equal to receptacle diameter or more often slightly folded inwards. Receptacle surface under lens with longitudinally arranged white fibrils. Smell faint, fungoid, taste at first acidulous, then bitterish. Hyphal system monomitic. Hyphae thin to slightly thick-walled, with clamp connections, hyaline, smooth, usually with long cells, not reacting in Melzer’s reagent, 3% KOH and Cotton Blue. Subicular hyphae 1.5–4 µm wide, close to substrate forming dense and more or less agglutinated structure of richly branched interwoven hyphae, toward subicular surface hyphae are more loosely arranged, subparallel to interwoven, embedded in a gelatinous matrix which does not stain in Congo Red (while the hyphae wall does), with age collapsed and agglutinated as same as in basal part. Hyphae in a core of trama 2.5–4.5 µm wide, somewhat agglutinated, slightly thick-walled (or appearing so because they are slightly gelified), parallel, with long cells, usually straight or slightly flexuose, sparsely branched. External hyphae on receptacle surface 2–4 µm wide, thin-walled, colourless, densely to loosely interwoven, more or less projecting (trichoderm-like), some hyphal ends with short tuberculate to cylindrical or long flexuose outgrowths, occasionally with shortly forked tips. Hyphae of receptacle mouths of the same width, straight or slightly interwoven with more or less flexuose ends, unbranched, obtuse at apex, occasionally with shortly forked tips, colourless, smooth, without encrustations. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia 16–26 × 5–7 µm, clavate to narrowly clavate, sometimes constricted in middle part, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Basidioles 12–22 × 4–5.5 µm, narrowly clavate. Basidiospores (3.5–)4.0–5.0(–5.2) × (2.6–)3.0–3.5(–4.0) µm (270 spores from 9 specimens), mean length 4.5 µm, mean width 3.2 µm, Q = (1.00–)1.14–1.50(–1.71), Qav = 1.40, most of them ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose in front view, less frequently ovoid, rarely obovoid to globose, in side view some of them slightly inequilateral with flattened adaxial and convex abaxial side, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with small but distinct apiculus, inamyloid, non-dextrinoid, acyanophilous. Ecology. Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis occurs in mixed lowland forests of primeval origin, most often in forest association Tilio-Carpinetum with admixed Picea abies. Basidiomata are mostly found on moderately to strongly decayed fallen trunks of Picea abies covered by mosses and less frequently on wood of barkless trunks in early stage of decay. Type of rot is unknown. Distribution. So far, C. bialoviesensis is known only from the Białowieża virgin forest in northeastern Poland. The species is widely distributed there, which is documented by the high number of records and forest sections where it was found (see below). All records of our team originate from the strictly protected zone of the Białowieża National Park, mostly from its southern part near the village of Białowieża. However, we expect its occurrence also in well-preserved forest stands outside the strictly protected zone. The BLASTn search against GlobalFungi database (Větrovský et al. 2020) did not reveal any sequence with identity higher than 85%, which further documents that C. bialoviesensis is either a very rare species or has a very restricted distribution. Additional specimens examined. All specimens were studied by us. The specimens are listed chronologically. Elevation range of all Białowieża collections is 150–170 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the range of the strictly protected zone of the Białowieża National Park (Faliński 1986). Ibid.: the same locality data as the previous record. — Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis, recent collections . POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża National Park, mixed natural forest of primeval origin, forest section 339B, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed log covered with mosses, 5 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3254 (PRM 957084).—Ibid., forest section 371D, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk, 5 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3266 (PRM957085).—Ibid., forest section 340A, N52°44’13.8’’ E23°49’44.4’’, Picea abies: fragment of fallen strongly decayed trunk, 6 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3286 (PRM 957086).—Ibid., forest section 340A, Picea abies: fallen log covered with mosses, 6 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3297 (PRM 957087).—Ibid., forest section 346, N52°43’55.6’’ E23°56’17.3’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 27 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3578 (PRM 957088).—Ibid., forest section 319C, N52°44’39.3’’ E23°54’29.0’’, Picea abies: on wood of fallen trunk, 28 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3612 (PRM 957089).—Ibid., forest section 370, N52°43’33.8’’ E23°50’45.7’’, Picea abies: decorticated fallen trunk, 10 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3705 (PRM 957090).—Ibid., forest section 346, N52°44’29.8’’ E23°55’27.8’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 11 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3723 (PRM 957091).—Ibid., forest section 288D, N52°45’11.6’’ E23°54’20.9’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed big log, 12 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3741 (PRM 957092).—Ibid., forest section 316, N52°46’39.1’’ E23°52’38.5’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk in advanced stage of decay, 14 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3788 (PRM 957093).—Ibid., forest section 374, N52°43’33.1’’ E23°54’48.9’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk, 15 September 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 4160 (PRM 957094).—Ibid., forest section 340, N52°44’26.4’’ E23°49’49.2’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed big log covered with mosses, 20 September 2009, leg. D. Karasiński DK 4291 (PRM 957095).—Ibid., N52°45’43.8’’ E23°54’25.7’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk, 22 September 2011 leg. D. Karasiński DK 6453 (PRM 957096).—Ibid., forest section 398B, N52°43.129 E23°50.461, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 12 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 75/2016 (PRM 944786).—Ibid., forest section 402B, N52°43.340 E23°53.015, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 13 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 96/2016 (PRM 944799; duplicate: PRM 956592, for herbarium processed by M. Kříž).—Ibid., forest section 373, Picea abies: upper part of lying mossy trunk, moderately decayed, 80 cm in diam., 13 September 2016 leg. D. Dvořák DD 160913-03 (BRNU).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43.507 E23°54.468, Picea abies: fallen trunk in early stage of decay, without bark, 13 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 107/2016 (PRM 944810).—Ibid., forest section 374C, N52°43’28.0’’ E23°54’38.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 23 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12068 (PRM 957097).—Ibid., forest section 370C, N52°43’24.2’’ E23°51’06.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 24 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12100 (PRM 957098).—Ibid., forest section 399, N52°43’21.8’’ E23°51’26.6’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed log, 24 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12112 (PRM 957099).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43’21.5’’ E23°54’11.7’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed big log covered with mosses, 27 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12125 (PRM 957100).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43’29.5’’ E23°54’06.4’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 27 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12146 (PRM 957101).—Ibid., forest section 314, N52°45’03.4’’ E23°50’15.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12159 (PRM 957102).—Ibid., forest section 284, N52°45’19.4’’ E23°50’26.1’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12170 (PRM 957103).—Ibid., forest section 284, N52°45’17.6’’ E23°50’24.8’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12171 (PRM 957104).—Ibid., forest section 318D, N52°44.760’ E23°54.384’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk covered with mosses, 19 September 2017 leg. J. Holec (PRM 946078).—Ibid., forest section 318D, N52°44.710 E23°54.401, Picea abies: fallen trunk without bark of diameter 110 cm, 19 September 2017 leg. J. Holec (PRM 946149).—Ibid., forest section not given, on fallen decaying trunk of Picea abies, 22 September 2017 leg. M. Kříž (PRM 956593). — Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis, old collections from Domański’s herbarium KRAM F-SD with annotations on labels. Exact sites of occurrence are unknown. Original texts from labels are given. POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża, ad truncum emortuum Piceae excelsae in silva mixta virginea, 5.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 2313 as Cyphella candida / Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, distr. Hajnówka, ad caudicem Piceae abietis, 5.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 5490 as Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, distr. Hajnówka, ad caudicem putridum Piceae abietis, 6.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 5493 as Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, in silva mixta virginea, ad truncum putridum Piceae excelsae, 5.VIII.1965 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 4496 as Henningsomyces sp.). — Henningsomyces puber, collections used for comparison . POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża, DK 8973.— CZECH REPUBLIC. South Bohemia: Boubínský prales virgin forest, fenced core area, 980 m a.s.l., on fallen decayed trunk of Abies alba, 8 October 2013 leg. et det. M. Kříž (PRM 923269).

Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis Karasiński, Holec & Dvořák, sp. nov. Figs. 3–6 MycoBank. MB843796 Etymology. The specific epithet represents the latinized version of the locality name, the Białowieża virgin forest in Poland, the only site where the species has been found so far. The same epithet has been used for Dentipratulum bialoviesense Domański (1965: 7). Holotype. Poland, Podlasie Province, the Białowieża National Park, in mixed natural forest of primeval origin, forest section 345 A, N52°44’31.5’’ E23°54’42.2’’, Picea abies: fallen big log ca. 65 cm in diameter, in advanced stage of decay, covered with mosses, 11 August 2009, leg. D. Karasiński 3715 (KRAM F-59691). Isotype in herbarium PRM (PRM 957105). Diagnosis. Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis differs from other species of cyphelloid fungi by the following combination of characters: basidiomata large, covering area of several dm 2 on dead wood, consisting of thousands of tubular, finally short-stalked receptacles reaching a length of up to 10 mm and crowded on a distinct subiculum which is gelatinous when young, monomitic hyphal system with clamps, non-encrusted, colourless, mostly unbranched external hyphae, and mostly ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring (3.5–)4.0–5.0(–5.2) × (2.6–)3.0–3.5(–4.0) µm with Q = (1.00–)1.14–1.50(–1.71) and Qav = 1.40. Description. Basidiomata annual, resupinate, widely effused, growing on dead wood, occupying an area up to 50 (–100) cm long and 30 cm wide, linear, circular or most often irregular in outline, consisting of densely aggregated individual receptacles, superficially resembling tubes of polypores, arranged on relatively thick (up to 100 µm, usually thinner), continuous, partially translucent subiculum which is clearly visible to the naked eye, very distinct especially in young basidiomata where it looks gelatinous-like, subhyaline or watery white, with fimbriate and radially arranged, short white strands on margin forming a sterile zone (without receptacles); in mature specimens subiculum less distinct and agglutinated, in senescent and old basidiomata present as an almost invisible subhyaline translucent coat on wood. Receptacles (1.5–)3–8(–10) mm long and ca. 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, initially cupulate to funnel- or barrelshaped and sessile, then cylindrical to tubular and with short stipe-like base ca. 200–350 × 100–150 µm; white to cream, sometimes yellowish or even brownish in senescent fruitbodies, mouths white. In some well developed and large basidiomata, the receptacles sometimes have a cap-shaped, widely open apical part, but usually receptacle mouths have orifices equal to receptacle diameter or more often slightly folded inwards. Receptacle surface under lens with longitudinally arranged white fibrils. Smell faint, fungoid, taste at first acidulous, then bitterish. Hyphal system monomitic. Hyphae thin to slightly thick-walled, with clamp connections, hyaline, smooth, usually with long cells, not reacting in Melzer’s reagent, 3% KOH and Cotton Blue. Subicular hyphae 1.5–4 µm wide, close to substrate forming dense and more or less agglutinated structure of richly branched interwoven hyphae, toward subicular surface hyphae are more loosely arranged, subparallel to interwoven, embedded in a gelatinous matrix which does not stain in Congo Red (while the hyphae wall does), with age collapsed and agglutinated as same as in basal part. Hyphae in a core of trama 2.5–4.5 µm wide, somewhat agglutinated, slightly thick-walled (or appearing so because they are slightly gelified), parallel, with long cells, usually straight or slightly flexuose, sparsely branched. External hyphae on receptacle surface 2–4 µm wide, thin-walled, colourless, densely to loosely interwoven, more or less projecting (trichoderm-like), some hyphal ends with short tuberculate to cylindrical or long flexuose outgrowths, occasionally with shortly forked tips. Hyphae of receptacle mouths of the same width, straight or slightly interwoven with more or less flexuose ends, unbranched, obtuse at apex, occasionally with shortly forked tips, colourless, smooth, without encrustations. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia 16–26 × 5–7 µm, clavate to narrowly clavate, sometimes constricted in middle part, with 4 sterigmata and basal clamp. Basidioles 12–22 × 4–5.5 µm, narrowly clavate. Basidiospores (3.5–)4.0–5.0(–5.2) × (2.6–)3.0–3.5(–4.0) µm (270 spores from 9 specimens), mean length 4.5 µm, mean width 3.2 µm, Q = (1.00–)1.14–1.50(–1.71), Qav = 1.40, most of them ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose in front view, less frequently ovoid, rarely obovoid to globose, in side view some of them slightly inequilateral with flattened adaxial and convex abaxial side, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with small but distinct apiculus, inamyloid, non-dextrinoid, acyanophilous. Ecology. Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis occurs in mixed lowland forests of primeval origin, most often in forest association Tilio-Carpinetum with admixed Picea abies. Basidiomata are mostly found on moderately to strongly decayed fallen trunks of Picea abies covered by mosses and less frequently on wood of barkless trunks in early stage of decay. Type of rot is unknown. Distribution. So far, C. bialoviesensis is known only from the Białowieża virgin forest in northeastern Poland. The species is widely distributed there, which is documented by the high number of records and forest sections where it was found (see below). All records of our team originate from the strictly protected zone of the Białowieża National Park, mostly from its southern part near the village of Białowieża. However, we expect its occurrence also in well-preserved forest stands outside the strictly protected zone. The BLASTn search against GlobalFungi database (Větrovský et al. 2020) did not reveal any sequence with identity higher than 85%, which further documents that C. bialoviesensis is either a very rare species or has a very restricted distribution. Additional specimens examined. All specimens were studied by us. The specimens are listed chronologically. Elevation range of all Białowieża collections is 150–170 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the range of the strictly protected zone of the Białowieża National Park (Faliński 1986). Ibid.: the same locality data as the previous record. — Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis, recent collections . POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża National Park, mixed natural forest of primeval origin, forest section 339B, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed log covered with mosses, 5 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3254 (PRM 957084).—Ibid., forest section 371D, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk, 5 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3266 (PRM957085).—Ibid., forest section 340A, N52°44’13.8’’ E23°49’44.4’’, Picea abies: fragment of fallen strongly decayed trunk, 6 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3286 (PRM 957086).—Ibid., forest section 340A, Picea abies: fallen log covered with mosses, 6 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3297 (PRM 957087).—Ibid., forest section 346, N52°43’55.6’’ E23°56’17.3’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 27 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3578 (PRM 957088).—Ibid., forest section 319C, N52°44’39.3’’ E23°54’29.0’’, Picea abies: on wood of fallen trunk, 28 July 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3612 (PRM 957089).—Ibid., forest section 370, N52°43’33.8’’ E23°50’45.7’’, Picea abies: decorticated fallen trunk, 10 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3705 (PRM 957090).—Ibid., forest section 346, N52°44’29.8’’ E23°55’27.8’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 11 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3723 (PRM 957091).—Ibid., forest section 288D, N52°45’11.6’’ E23°54’20.9’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed big log, 12 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3741 (PRM 957092).—Ibid., forest section 316, N52°46’39.1’’ E23°52’38.5’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk in advanced stage of decay, 14 August 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 3788 (PRM 957093).—Ibid., forest section 374, N52°43’33.1’’ E23°54’48.9’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk, 15 September 2009 leg. D. Karasiński DK 4160 (PRM 957094).—Ibid., forest section 340, N52°44’26.4’’ E23°49’49.2’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed big log covered with mosses, 20 September 2009, leg. D. Karasiński DK 4291 (PRM 957095).—Ibid., N52°45’43.8’’ E23°54’25.7’’, Picea abies: fallen trunk, 22 September 2011 leg. D. Karasiński DK 6453 (PRM 957096).—Ibid., forest section 398B, N52°43.129 E23°50.461, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 12 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 75/2016 (PRM 944786).—Ibid., forest section 402B, N52°43.340 E23°53.015, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 13 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 96/2016 (PRM 944799; duplicate: PRM 956592, for herbarium processed by M. Kříž).—Ibid., forest section 373, Picea abies: upper part of lying mossy trunk, moderately decayed, 80 cm in diam., 13 September 2016 leg. D. Dvořák DD 160913-03 (BRNU).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43.507 E23°54.468, Picea abies: fallen trunk in early stage of decay, without bark, 13 September 2016 leg. J. Holec JH 107/2016 (PRM 944810).—Ibid., forest section 374C, N52°43’28.0’’ E23°54’38.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 23 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12068 (PRM 957097).—Ibid., forest section 370C, N52°43’24.2’’ E23°51’06.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 24 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12100 (PRM 957098).—Ibid., forest section 399, N52°43’21.8’’ E23°51’26.6’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed log, 24 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12112 (PRM 957099).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43’21.5’’ E23°54’11.7’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed big log covered with mosses, 27 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12125 (PRM 957100).—Ibid., forest section 373D, N52°43’29.5’’ E23°54’06.4’’, Picea abies: fallen strongly decayed trunk covered with mosses, 27 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12146 (PRM 957101).—Ibid., forest section 314, N52°45’03.4’’ E23°50’15.4’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12159 (PRM 957102).—Ibid., forest section 284, N52°45’19.4’’ E23°50’26.1’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed log covered with mosses, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12170 (PRM 957103).—Ibid., forest section 284, N52°45’17.6’’ E23°50’24.8’’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk, 28 August 2017 leg. D. Karasiński DK 12171 (PRM 957104).—Ibid., forest section 318D, N52°44.760’ E23°54.384’, Picea abies: fallen decayed trunk covered with mosses, 19 September 2017 leg. J. Holec (PRM 946078).—Ibid., forest section 318D, N52°44.710 E23°54.401, Picea abies: fallen trunk without bark of diameter 110 cm, 19 September 2017 leg. J. Holec (PRM 946149).—Ibid., forest section not given, on fallen decaying trunk of Picea abies, 22 September 2017 leg. M. Kříž (PRM 956593). — Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis, old collections from Domański’s herbarium KRAM F-SD with annotations on labels. Exact sites of occurrence are unknown. Original texts from labels are given. POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża, ad truncum emortuum Piceae excelsae in silva mixta virginea, 5.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 2313 as Cyphella candida / Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, distr. Hajnówka, ad caudicem Piceae abietis, 5.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 5490 as Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, distr. Hajnówka, ad caudicem putridum Piceae abietis, 6.VIII.1962 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 5493 as Henningsomyces sp.).—Białowieża, in silva mixta virginea, ad truncum putridum Piceae excelsae, 5.VIII.1965 leg. S. Domański (KRAM F-SD 4496 as Henningsomyces sp.). — Henningsomyces puber, collections used for comparison . POLAND. Podlasie Province: Białowieża, DK 8973.— CZECH REPUBLIC. South Bohemia: Boubínský prales virgin forest, fenced core area, 980 m a.s.l., on fallen decayed trunk of Abies alba, 8 October 2013 leg. et det. M. Kříž (PRM 923269)., Published as part of Karasiński, Dariusz, Nagy, László G., Szarkándi, János Gergö, Dvořák, Daniel, Kolařík, Miroslav & Holec, Jan, 2023, Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis (Fungi, Agaricales) - a new genus and species for a giant cyphelloid fungus from Białowieża virgin forest in Poland, pp. 119-136 in Phytotaxa 589 (2) on pages 124-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.589.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7762380, {"references":["Domanski, S. (1965) Wood-inhabiting fungi in Bialowieza virgin forest in Poland II. The mucronelloid fungus of the Hericium group: Dentipratulum bialoviesense, gen. et sp. nov. Acta Mycologica 1: 5 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.5586 / am. 1965.001","Vetrovsky, T., Morais, D., Kohout, P., Lepinay, C., Algora, C., Awokunle Holla, S., Bahnmann, B. D., Bilohneda, K., Brabcova, V., D'Alo, F., Human, Z. R., Jomura, M., Kolarik, M., Kvasnickova, J., Llado, S., Lopez-Mondejar, R., Martinovic, T., Masinova, T., Meszarosova, L., Michalcikova, L., Michalova, T., Mundra, S., Navratilova, D., Odriozola, I., Piche-Choquette, S., Stursova, M., Svec, K., Tlaskal, V., Urbanova, M., Vlk, L., Voriskova, J., Zifcakova, L. & Baldrian, P. (2020) GlobalFungi, a global database of fungal occurrences from high-throughput-sequencing metabarcoding studies. Scientific Data 7, 228: 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41597 - 020 - 00647 - 3","Falinski, J. B. (1986): Vegetation dynamics in temperate lowland primeval forests. - Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 537 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 4806 - 8"]}

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tag-10.1177_17562848231177151 for Microscopic colitis is a risk factor for low bone density: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Anett Rancz, Brigitta Teutsch, Marie Anne Engh, Dániel Sándor Veres, László Földvári-Nagy, Bálint Erőss, Nóra Hosszúfalusi, Márk Félix Juhász, Péter Hegyi and Emese Mihály in Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

Additional file 2: Table S1. PRISMA checklist 2020; Table S2. Definitions of gut microbiome diversity outcomes reported in the included studies; Table S3. The summarized results of taxonomic analysis of microbiome composition as measured immediately at the end of simultaneous antibiotic and probiotic treatment; Table S4. Outcomes of follow-up as reported in each study; Table S5. Risk of bias assessment for all outcomes - Assignment to intervention; Table S6. Risk of bias assessment for all outcomes - Adhering to intervention; Table S7. GRADE assessment for the meta-analyses of Shannon, Chao1 and Observed OTUs diversity indices.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tag-10.1177_17562848231177151 for Microscopic colitis is a risk factor for low bone density: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Anett Rancz, Brigitta Teutsch, Marie Anne Engh, Dániel Sándor Veres, László Földvári-Nagy, Bálint Erőss, Nóra Hosszúfalusi, Márk Félix Juhász, Péter Hegyi and Emese Mihály in Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

Additional file 1: Supplementary Methods S1. Details of the study protocol; Supplementary Methods S2. Details of the systematic search.

This study aims to determine Hungarian elders' (65 and older) consumer preferences to 100% apple juice and vitamin C enhanced 100% apple juices and determine their willingness to pay towards various type of claims regarding such as health, nutritional and redundant claims. Apple juice is selected as a most common and consumed juice in Hungary, and rich in Vitamin C product is also selected due to its benefit on immune system. Redundant type of claim is selected to conclude in this study as it's a type of claim which has a growing usage tendency in the market due to its marketing and communication values. We would like to observe influence of immune system informative health claim on elderly consumers whether current Covid19 pandemic has effected their approach towards consumption of vitamin C rich product. Elders as the participant profile in this study are particularly preferred due to their high in risk status during the pandemic situation and their sensitiveness towards Covid19 epidemic. Data is going to be collected through BDM incentive compatible mechanism in a district farmer's market in Budapest, Hungary. This study aims to collect at least 250 participants' data through quadruplet participant experiment sessions with their WTP besides of socio-demographics, psycho-graphics, food consumption habits and health-related statuses.

Hemorrhage and hemolysis with subsequent heme release are implicated in many pathologies. Endothelial cells (ECs) encounter large amount of free heme after hemolysis and are at risk of damage from exogenous heme. Here we show that hemorrhage aggravates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human carotid artery plaques compared to healthy controls or atheromas without hemorrhage as demonstrated by RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. In EC cultures, heme also induces ER stress. In contrast, if cultured ECs are pulsed with heme arginate, cells become resistant to heme-induced ER (HIER) stress that is associated with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin induction. Knocking down HO-1, HO-2, biliverdin reductase, and ferritin show that HO-1 is the ultimate cytoprotectant in acute HIER stress. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) but not bilirubin protects cultured ECs from HIER stress via HO-1 induction, at least in part. Knocking down HO-1 aggravates heme-induced cell death that cannot be counterbalanced with any known cell death inhibitors. We conclude that endothelium and perhaps other cell types can be protected from HIER stress by induction of HO-1, and heme-induced cell death occurs via HIER stress that is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of diverse pathologies with hemolysis and hemorrhage including atherosclerosis.

La guerre, fait de civilisation central de l’histoire de l’Europe, y a produit un héritage historique à la fois différencié et commun. À partir d’exemples pris dans le long XXe siècle ainsi que dans les plus récents développements européens, cet ouvrage revient sur le jeu des traditions militaires communes et des cultures nationales issues des expériences propres à chaque société. L’Europe s’est édifiée jusqu’à présent pour l’essentiel sur la base de processus institutionnels, oubliant largement la dimension culturelle, et c’est sans doute dans le domaine de la Défense que cette négligence a fait le plus sentir ses effets sur les réalisations concrètes. Cet ouvrage voudrait réparer une telle lacune en portant à la lumière le rapport complexe que les Européens, confrontés à de lourds héritages historiques de conflits et d’alliances interétatiques, entretiennent avec la guerre. Il s’agit d’abord de redécouvrir l’influence dans l’esprit des dirigeants et dans les populations, de constructions de l’Autre (Européen ou non-Européen) comme ennemi ou comme allié. C’est le préalable nécessaire à un renouvellement de la pensée stratégique en Europe qui identifie les conditions de convergence des cultures militaires, et redonne toute sa place au facteur humain dans les questions de stratégie. Les contributions réunies dans cet ouvrage proposent des analyses nouvelles et originales sur la guerre en Europe, dans une diversité de perspectives aussi bien nationales que transnationales. En combinant des approches stratégiques, historiques, sociologiques et politiques, elles envisagent donc la « sécurité européenne » avant tout dans sa dimension culturelle, pour parvenir à une réflexion critique sur les réalisations et les perspectives de coopération dans le domaine de la « défense européenne ».

L’image de l’OTAN constituée dans les démocraties populaires – suivant la logique de la guerre froide – peut paraître très simple, même simpliste : l’Alliance atlantique est un pacte exclusivement militaire. Mais pour avoir une approche plus réaliste, il est nécessaire de nuancer cette constatation trop schématique. Durant la guerre froide, les relations Est-Ouest ne sont pas restées inertes, il y a eu des hauts et des bas, des moments « doux » et des moments « chauds ». Même si la position d...

In our presentation we would like to give a short overview of the 3D virtual library project (3DVLM) which started seven years ago as part of the Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom) research. The original model was built on the hierarchical classification system of the ancient Library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes which had been elaborated by the scholar-poet Callimachus in the 3rd century BC. Although the hierarchical organization is still essential, the current implementation of the model has a more complex organizational structure which makes use of the innovative 3D presentation features of the MaxWhere Seminar System. As regards our main goals, we would like to improve English language skills of students, to help them develop reading comprehension in a foreign language, to motivate them to read classicliterature and poetry, and, generally, to carry the message of ancient times to young generations. Our main idea is that language learning in advanced level can serve as a bridge between cultures if we carefully select, preprocess and provide interesting and valuable literary texts for the possible learners of the internet period in a flexibly organized and spectacular way. First, we selected and processed some Wikipedia entries about Callimachus and his works, and then built a comprehensive knowledge base of different texts and supporting materials. We also developed efficient navigation and access tools for the users such as timeline, navigation map of content units, a compiled list of keywords, and randomly generated language tests. We have been continuously updating the content and structure of our knowledge base with additional items (vocabulary and thesaurus entries, literary quotations, explanatory notes etc.). We would like to summarize the classroom experiences that we gathered in teaching English as a second language for students of Computer science majors at the Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen in the academic year of 2020 and 2021. Our primary goal was to improve the students’ linguistic competence and skills in English and to collect their ideas and recommendations about the content and structure of the learning material based on the 3DVLM in order to improve, complete and, if necessary, correct it.

The protection of vulnerable developing structures evolved repeatedly in terrestrial organisms and includes, among others, viviparity in animals and the seed in land plants. In mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes), sexual spores are born on fruiting bodies, the growth of which is a complex developmental process that is exposed to environmental factors (e.g., desiccation, fungivorous animals). Mushroom-forming fungi evolved a series of innovations in fruiting body protection, however, how these emerged is obscure, leaving the evolutionary principles of fruiting body development poorly known. Here, we show that developmental innovations that lead to the spore-producing surface (hymenophore) being enclosed in a protected environment display asymmetry in their evolution and are associated with increased diversification rates. 'Enclosed' development evolved convergently and became a dominant developmental type in several clades of mushrooms. This probably mirrors spore production benefits for species with protected fruiting body initials, by better coping with environmental factors. Our observations highlight new morphological traits associated with mushroom diversification that parallel the evolution of protection strategies in other organisms, such as viviparity or the seed in animals or plants, respectively, but in the context of spore development, highlighting the general importance of protecting vulnerable progeny across the tree of life.

Multicellularity has been one of the most important innovations in the history of life. The role of gene regulatory changes in driving transitions to multicellularity is being increasingly recognized; however, factors influencing gene expression patterns are poorly known in many clades. Here, we compared the developmental transcriptomes of complex multicellular fruiting bodies of eight Agaricomycetes and Cryptococcus neoformans, a closely related human pathogen with a simple morphology. In-depth analysis in Pleurotus ostreatus revealed that allele-specific expression, natural antisense transcripts, and developmental gene expression, but not RNA editing or a ‘developmental hourglass,’ act in concert to shape its transcriptome during fruiting body development. We found that transcriptional patterns of genes strongly depend on their evolutionary ages. Young genes showed more developmental and allele-specific expression variation, possibly because of weaker evolutionary constraint, suggestive of nonadaptive expression variance in fruiting bodies. These results prompted us to define a set of conserved genes specifically regulated only during complex morphogenesis by excluding young genes and accounting for deeply conserved ones shared with species showing simple sexual development. Analysis of the resulting gene set revealed evolutionary and functional associations with complex multicellularity, which allowed us to speculate they are involved in complex multicellular morphogenesis of mushroom fruiting bodies.

Assigning species to functional response groups in phytoplankton ecology reduces the number of functional units, which helps understand the processes that shape diversity and functioning of planktonic assemblages. Although the concept has become widespread in recent years, numerical characterization of the groups’ positions in the niche space remained a challenging task. Using a large river phytoplankton dataset, we characterized the functional groups (FGs) of phytoplankton by their niche position and niche breadth in the niche space defined by the relevant environmental variables using the Outlying Main Index approach. The niche space has been defined primarily by trophic-related (nutrients) and river size-related variables (water residence time, discharge). Although we hypothesized that FGs with central niche position would have wide, while those with marginal niche position have narrow niche breadth, these have not been corroborated by the results. Rather, FGs occurred both with central niche position and intermediate breadth, as well as with marginal niche position and wide breadth. Niche position of several FGs was different from that suggested by their known habitat templates in lakes. Furthermore, we found no significant relationship between niche position and niche breadth, suggesting that the occurrence of FGs in rivers is simultaneously influenced by both niche characteristics.

The mobilisation caused a great social mobility in the Maghreb countries that had never been seen before. More than two hundred thousand men participated in the war operations, and almost a hundred and fifty thousand went to work in the metropolitan factories. They have discovered a new world: a more egalitarian society than that of their country. They were influenced by new ideologies: nationalism, Pan-Islamism, bolshevism, and Wilson’s 14 points. The contact with the workers’ world transformed them into thinking beings – says one of their spokesmen, El Emir Khaled. The author presents the activities of Charles-André Julien (1891–1991), a social-communist militant (in 1924 he left the Communist Party) describing the awakening to self-consciousness of the Maghrebis (the “natives”) and the realization of their national and social situation. This militant, and later prominent historian of the Maghreb, contributed a lot to making the colonial problem an important matter in French political life at the beginning of the 1920s.

A Zrínyi 2026 Honvédelmi és haderőfejlesztési program olyan mértékű képességfejlesztést tesz lehetővé, amely páratlan a Magyar Honvédség történelmében. 2018-ban a helikopteres kultúra megújulása megkezdődött a könnyű- és közepes, többcélú helikopterek beszerzésével, amely csak akkor válhat teljessé, ha folytatásként a harcihelikopter-képesség fejlesztésére is sor kerül. Ezen eszközök harci hatékonysága és a megfelelő műszaki megbízhatósága mellett a helikoptervezető állomány, valamint maga a harci helikopter sérülékenységének csökkentése kiemelt jelentőséggel bír. A légierő számára leginkább megfelelő típus kiválasztása során elengedhetetlen vizsgálni azon konstrukciós kialakításokat, amelyekkel a harci helikopterek túlélőképessége növelhető.

In this research we examined the criminological background of aggravated cases of the most serious crime against human life of outstanding severity, the crime of multiple homicide, in Hungary. Pro­cessing the full range of data of the period 2000-2012, we performed a detailed analysis of 217 cases, 250 perpetrators and 532 victims altogether. The research aimed to explore the legal assessment and the perpetration motives of the crime, the perpetrators’ social and psychological backgrounds as well as the victims’ characteristics.

There were errors in the name of author László G. Nagy and in affiliation no. 31 in the original publication. The original article has been corrected.

Bár a hazai tógazdasági termelés hosszabb időhorizontot tekintve stagnál, az egyes évek között jelentős fluktuáció mutatkozik a megtermelt hal mennyiségében, ahogy az egyes régiók és gazdaságok átlagos hozamaiban is szignifikánsak a különbségek. Jelen tanulmány keretében egy termelési függvény elemzésével választ szerettünk volna kapni arra, hogy melyek azok az inputtényezők és termelési infrastrukturális adottságok, amelyek magyarázzák az egyes üzemek és az egyes évek közötti különbségeket a pontyhozamokban. Szintén vizsgáltuk, hogy a termelési függvény alapján a munkaerőpiaci problémák és a klímaváltozással összefüggő esetleges vízhiány mekkora hatással lehet a szektor kibocsátására. Cobb–Douglas-modellt paramétereztünk 180 tógazdasági üzem adatai alapján, amelynek eredményváltozója a pontyhozam volt, magyarázó változói között pedig azon termelési tényezők (takarmány, tenyészanyag, élő munka, víz) és termelési infrastrukturális adottságok (nádas aránya, a tavak átlagos mélysége) szerepeltek, amelyekre elérhető üzemsoros adataink voltak. A termelési függvény paramétereinek elemzése során megállapítottuk, hogy a termelési inputok közül a takarmányhasználat és a tenyészanyag-kihelyezés intenzitásán kívül az egy hektárra jutó élő munka, valamint a felhasznált víz mennyisége is szignifikáns módon befolyásolja a hektáronkénti hozamok alakulását. Ezen túlmenően a termelési infrastruktúra jellemzői közül a nyílt vízfelület és a nádas egymás közötti aránya is meghatározó tényező, ugyanakkor a vízmélység nem bizonyult szignifikáns változónak a vizsgált gazdaságok adatai alapján. A modell szerint az országos termelési eredményt nagymértékben befolyásolja az előző év egy- és kétnyaras pontytermelése, vagyis az adott évre rendelkezésre álló tenyészanyag: 100 tonna behelyezett többlet tenyészanyag mintegy 270 tonnával növeli a lehalászási eredményeket. Ezzel szemben a foglalkoztatás jelenlegi szintje mellett a munkaerő-kínálat esetleges további szűkülése nem jelenthet komoly korlátozó tényezőt a hazai pontytermelés volumenének fenntartását tekintve, amennyiben a termelési függvény határtermékét vizsgáljuk. Végül a vízfelhasználást tekintve a paraméterezett függvény arra enged következtetni, hogy az a mintegy 30-50 millió m3-nyi mennyiség, amely az elmúlt évek során a különbséget képezte az egyes szezonok között a felhasznált víz tekintetében, szintén nincs jelentős hatással az országos termelés kilátásaira. -------- Although Hungarian pond production has long been stagnant, there is a significant fluctuation between years. Moreover, difference in average carp yields of different regions is huge as well. Using econometric tools, the present study aims to identify those production inputs and characteristics of production infrastructure that explain the differences in productivity of carp farms. It was also analyzed whether and to what extent labour shortage and climate-change driven water stress may constrain production in the future. A CobbDouglas production function was parameterized based on data from 180 pond farms: per-hectare carp yield was the dependent variable, while major production inputs (feed, stocking material, labour, water) calculated on a per-hectare basis and infrastructural characteristics (reed coverage and average depth of ponds) were used as explanatory variables. Feed, stocking material, labour and water proved to be statistically significant determinant of carp yields, while pond depth was not significant explanatory variable in the model. Reed coverage occurred with negative and statistically significant coefficient implying that increasing the percentage of reed cover decreases yields. Extrapolation of model results to industry-level revealed that an increase of 100 tonnes in stocking material (1-year-old and 2-year-old age classes) production generates an additional production of 270 tonnes of market size fish in the subsequent year. Contrarily to stockers, model results showed that increase or shrinkage in aquaculture employment would not induce significant changes in industry output, therefore recently experienced reduction in labour supply will not constrain production in the short-term. Concerning the issue of climate change and water scarcity, econometric analysis shows that water stressed periods will not impact carp production if available water for production will not decrease by more 30-50 million m3 per year which number made the difference between dry and rainy years in recent years.

Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation of transposable elements and (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild.

Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition in terrestrial ecosystems. Mycorrhizal symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists in the capacity of mycorrhizal fungi to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis of 135 fungal genomes from 73 saprotrophic, endophytic and pathogenic species, and 62 mycorrhizal species, including 29 new mycorrhizal genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant fungal guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic genomes available, including ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales. Our analyses show that transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses of degrading enzymes acting on lignin and cellulose, (2) co-option of genes present in saprotrophic ancestors to fulfill new symbiotic functions, (3) diversification of novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation of transposable elements and (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild., Mycorrhizal symbioses have evolved repeatedly in diverse fungal lineages. A large phylogenomic analysis sheds light on genomic changes associated with transitions from saprotrophy to symbiosis, including divergent genetic innovations underlying the convergent origins of the ectomycorrhizal guild.

Background. Cerebral thromboembolism is a rare but feared complication of transcatheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Here, we aimed to test which pre-procedural anticoagulation strategy results in less intracardiac activation of hemostasis during ablation. Patients and methods. In this observational study, 54 paroxysmal/persistent AF patients undergoing cryoballoon ablation were grouped according to their periprocedural anticoagulation strategy: no anticoagulation (oral anticoagulation (OAC) free, n = 24), uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists (VKA) (n = 11), uninterrupted dabigatran (n = 17). Blood was drawn from the left atrium before and immediately after the ablation procedure. Cryoablations were performed according to standard protocols, during which heparin was administered. Heparin-insensitive markers of hemostasis and endothelial damage were tested from intracardiac samples: D-dimer, quantitative fibrin monomer (FM), plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP), von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen, chromogenic factor VIII (FVIII) activity. Results. D-dimer increased significantly in all groups post-ablation, with lowest levels in the dabigatran group (median [interquartile range]: 0.27 [0.36] vs. 1.09 [1.30] and 0.74 [0.26] mg/L in OAC free and uninterrupted VKA groups, respectively, p &lt, 0.001). PAP levels were parallel to this observation. Post-ablation FM levels were elevated in OAC free (26.34 [30.04] mg/L) and VKA groups (10.12 [16.01] mg/L), but remained below cut-off in all patients on dabigatran (3.98 [2.0] mg/L, p &lt, 0.001). VWF antigen and FVIII activity increased similarly post-ablation in all groups, suggesting comparable procedure-related endothelial damage. Conclusion. Dabigatran provides greater inhibition against intracardiac activation of hemostasis as compared to VKAs during cryoballoon catheter ablation.

La dernière décennie du xixe siècle a été dominée en Hongrie par la commémoration de l’installation du peuple magyar dans le bassin des Carpates. Le couronnement de ces événements exceptionnels (le « Milléneum ») a trouvé son expression dans les fêtes officielles qui se sont déroulées durant le mois de mai 1896. Tout le Royaume de Hongrie a fêté alors en grande pompe le millième anniversaire de la fondation de l’État hongrois en présence de l’empereur François-Joseph. Ces célébrations rappela...

Additional file 6: Supplementary Table 1. List of upregulated DE genes in NPC-SZ-HU-PROB compared to both NPC-SZ-HU-FA and NPC-SZ-HU-MO.

Additional file 7: Supplementary Table 2. List of downregulated DE genes in NPC-SZ-HU-PROB compared to both NPC-SZ-HU-FA and NPC-SZ-HU-MO.

Additional file 9: Supplementary Table 4. Detailed Statistical analyses.

Additional file 8: Supplementary Table 3. List of DE genes in NPC-SZ-HU-PROB compared to both NPC-SZ-HU-FA and NPC-SZ-HU-MO that are regulated by KHSRP.

The decision support tool for the management of dynamic genetic conservation units (GCUs) gives practical details to GCU managers on how to identify threats and manage GCUs with a long-term perspective. It also explains how to introduce new types of GCUs by including marginal and peripheral populations, and how to integrate additional basic information from GCUs into EUFGIS information system., ISBN:978-952-5980-97-4, ISBN:978-952-5980-98-1

Apoptosis and the proper clearance of apoptotic cells play a central role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that when a high number of cells enters apoptosis in a tissue, the macrophages that engulf them produce retinoids to enhance their own phagocytic capacity by upregulating several phagocytic genes. Our data indicated that these retinoids might be dihydroretinoids, which are products of the retinol saturase (RetSat) pathway. In the present study, the efferocytosis of RetSat-null mice was investigated. We show that among the retinoid-sensitive phagocytic genes, only transglutaminase 2 responded in macrophages and in differentiating monocytes to dihydroretinol. Administration of dihydroretinol did not affect the expression of the tested genes differently between differentiating wild type and RetSat-null monocytes, despite the fact that the expression of RetSat was induced. However, in the absence of RetSat, the expression of numerous differentiation-related genes was altered. Among these, impaired production of MFG-E8, a protein that bridges apoptotic cells to the &alpha, v&beta, 3/&beta, 5 integrin receptors of macrophages, resulted in impaired efferocytosis, very likely causing the development of mild autoimmunity in aged female mice. Our data indicate that RetSat affects monocyte/macrophage differentiation independently of its capability to produce dihydroretinol at this stage.

The impact of cumulative daily solar radiation (CDSR) on the biomass of river phytoplankton (Chl-a) in the growing season was studied using a large dataset of rivers in the Carpathian Basin. The amount of solar radiation was cumulated over the range of 1–60 days. The CDSR–Chl-a relationship could be described by linear regression and appeared to be significant for almost all watercourses with the exception of rivers with short water residence time. To determine the most relevant time period of CDSR impacting phytoplankton biomass, the slopes of regressions were plotted against the accumulating number of days of light exposure (1–60). Two characteristic shapes were obtained: unimodal for rhithral rivers with hard substrate and steady increase for lowland potamal rivers with fine substrate. In both cases, there is an increasing tendency in the slope values with water residence time (WRT). It was demonstrated that CDSR has a pronounced impact on river phytoplankton biomass even in cases when WRT was shorter than the cumulated solar radiation period. These results indicate that development of phytoplankton within the river channel is a complex process in which meroplankton dynamics may have significant impacts. Our results have two implications: First, CDSR cannot be neglected in predictive modelling of riverine phytoplankton biomass. Second, climate models forecast increased drought with subsequently increased CDSR in several regions globally, which may trigger a rise in phytoplankton biomass in light-limited rivers with high nutrient concentrations.

While phytoplankton studies on large potamal rivers have increased in number in recent years, upper river sections have received considerably less attention. However, in order to better understand processes that govern the development of dominance of euplanktonic elements in the lower river sections, detailed studies of the upstream areas are necessary. We studied the composition, diversity and recruitment of the planktonic algal communities in the River Sajo and in its main tributary River Hernad, two characteristic rhithral river systems in Central Europe. Results revealed that diatoms are dominant elements of the phytoplankton in the upper river segments both in terms of taxa richness, and relative abundance. We found that composition of the phytoplankton showed the closest resemblance to that of benthic communities of soft substrates, highlighting the key role of riverbed characteristics in river phytoplankton recruitment. The occurrence of euplanktonic elements was not restricted to human impacted river segments, these taxa also occurred in pristine headwaters. Accordingly, planktonic algae potentially colonise small headwater streams naturally, although their dominance is expected to occur only at downstream reaches following impounded river segments. Diatom metrics used in ecological state assessment were calculated for the rithroplankton. These metrics fell in the range of values calculated for diatom flora on the hard substrates. However, the potential use of rithroplankton for quality assessment might be limited, because the high variability of index values at site level would result in misclassification of the ecological status.

Table S1. Association of gene expression profiles with vascular pathophysiology in biologic-naïve RA patients (n = 16) (study 1). (DOCX 35 kb)

One of the major roles of professional phagocytes is the removal of dead cells in the body. We know less about the clearance of necrotic cells than apoptotic cell phagocytosis, despite the fact that both types of dead cells need to be cleared together and necrotic cells appear often in pathological settings. In the present study, we examined phagocytosis of heat‐ or H2O2‐killed necrotic and apoptotic thymocytes by mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and found that the two cell types are engulfed at equal efficiency and compete with each other when added together to BMDMs. Phagocytosis of both apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes was decreased by (a) blocking phosphatidylserine on the surface of dying cells; (b) inhibition of Mer tyrosine kinase, Tim‐4, integrin β3 receptor signaling, or Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity; or (c) using BMDMs deficient for transglutaminase 2. Stimulation of liver X, retinoid X, retinoic acid or glucocorticoid nuclear receptors in BMDMs enhanced not only apoptotic, but also necrotic cell uptake. Electron microscopic analysis of the engulfment process revealed that the morphology of phagosomes and the phagocytic cup formed during the uptake of dying thymocytes is similar for apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our data indicate that apoptotic and necrotic cells are cleared via the same mechanisms, and removal of necrotic cells in vivo can be facilitated by molecules known to enhance the uptake of apoptotic cells.

Table S2. Association of gene expression profiles with clinical and vascular responses upon anti-TNF therapy in RA patients (n = 19) (study 2). (DOCX 22 kb)

Lentinus tigrinus is a species of wood-decaying fungi (Polyporales) that has an agaricoid form (a gilled mushroom) and a secotioid form (puffball-like, with enclosed spore-bearing structures). Previous studies suggested that the secotioid form is conferred by a recessive allele of a single locus. We sequenced the genomes of one agaricoid (Aga) strain and one secotioid (Sec) strain (39.53-39.88 Mb, with 15,581-15,380 genes, respectively). We mated the Sec and Aga monokaryons, genotyped the progeny, and performed bulked segregant analysis (BSA). We also fruited three Sec/Sec and three Aga/Aga dikaryons, and sampled transcriptomes at four developmental stages. Using BSA, we identified 105 top candidate genes with nonsynonymous SNPs that cosegregate with fruiting body phenotype. Transcriptome analyses of Sec/Sec versus Aga/Aga dikaryons identified 907 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) along four developmental stages. On the basis of BSA and DEGs, the top 25 candidate genes related to fruiting body development span 1.5 Mb (4% of the genome), possibly on a single chromosome, although the precise locus that controls the secotioid phenotype is unresolved. The top candidates include genes encoding a cytochrome P450 and an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, which may play a role in development, based on studies in other fungi.

The molecular basis of signal-dependent transcriptional activation has been extensively studied in macrophage polarization, but our understanding remains limited regarding the molecular determinants of repression. Here we show that IL-4-activated STAT6 transcription factor is required for the direct transcriptional repression of a large number of genes during in vitro and in vivo alternative macrophage polarization. Repression results in decreased lineage-determining transcription factor, p300, and RNA polymerase II binding followed by reduced enhancer RNA expression, H3K27 acetylation, and chromatin accessibility. The repressor function of STAT6 is HDAC3 dependent on a subset of IL-4-repressed genes. In addition, STAT6-repressed enhancers show extensive overlap with the NF-κB p65 cistrome and exhibit decreased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide after IL-4 stimulus on a subset of genes. As a consequence, macrophages exhibit diminished inflammasome activation, decreased IL-1β production, and pyroptosis. Thus, the IL-4-STAT6 signaling pathway establishes an alternative polarization-specific epigenenomic signature resulting in dampened macrophage responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. The molecular bases of repressive transcriptional mechanisms contributing to macrophage polarization are not well understood. Czimmerer et al. show that in alternatively polarized macrophages, IL-4-activated STAT6 represses a large set of enhancers modulating the transcriptional program. STAT6-repressed enhancers are characterized by reduced chromatin accessibility, eRNA expression, LDTF, and p300 binding. IL-4-STAT6-mediated repression limits the inflammatory responsiveness including inflammasome activation, IL-1β production, and pyroptosis. Thus, the IL4-STAT6 pathway establishes an epigenomic signature to selectively repress the macrophage inflammation program.

Hadtudomány, vol. 28. issue 1., ISSN 1215-4121, eISSN 1588-0605

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The in situ phenotypic switch of macrophages is delayed in acute injury following irradiation. The combination of bone marrow transplantation and local muscle radiation protection allows for the identification of a myeloid cell contribution to tissue repair. PET-MRI allows monitoring of myeloid cell invasion and metabolism. Altered cellular composition prior to acute sterile injury affects the in situ phenotypic transition of invading myeloid cells to repair macrophages. There is reciprocal intercellular communication between local muscle cell compartments, such as PAX7 positive cells, and recruited macrophages during skeletal muscle regeneration.Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex interplay between various cell types including invading macrophages. Their recruitment to damaged tissues upon acute sterile injuries is necessary for clearance of necrotic debris and for coordination of tissue regeneration. This highly dynamic process is characterized by an in situ transition of infiltrating monocytes from an inflammatory (Ly6C

Cet ouvrage s'inscrit dans un programme de recherche intitule "Les nations et l'Europe: deux memoires en parallele". Ce programme developpe au sein du Labex de l'universite de Paris-Nanterre, Les passes dans le present, a pour objectif l'analyse des relations entre le sentiment national et l'idee europeenne depuis la fin du XVIIIe siecle. De l'Europe des revolutions qui ouvre le XIXe siecle, a celle de Maastricht, un dialogue a la fois conflictuel et complementaire a ete poursuivi entre les tenants d'une identite nationale privilegiee et ceux qui ont plaide en faveur d'un destin commun des peuples de l'Europe. Ce livre s'est alors donne pour objectif d'identifier les forces politiques, les milieux economiques, les groupes de pensee, les personnalites, les milieux culturels qui ont ete a la source de ces debats et d'isoler les tournants, les moments de stabilisation, les crises, les conflits qui ont redefini profondement le jeu de miroir qui s'est progressivement etabli entre les nations et l'Europe. Ceux et celles qui ont participe a cet ouvrage ont voulu comprendre comment se sont construites par etapes, une memoire des nations et une memoire de l'Europe, comment se sont differenciees, au sein meme des nations et de l'Europe, des memoires concurrentes des regions; comment encore, ces memoires ont ete convoquees sur la scene politique. Cette recherche a eu enfin pour ambition d'alimenter un debat d'actualite sur la place occupee par le sentiment national et l'idee europeenne dans un paysage de crise ou les deux identites sont a l'epreuve.

Application of technical developments in biology and vice versa or biological samples in technology led to the development of new types of functional, so-called “biohybrid” materials. These types of materials can be created at any level of the biological organization from molecules through tissues and organs to the individuals. Macromolecules and/or molecular complexes, membranes in biology, are inherently good representatives of nanosystems since they fall in the range usually called “nano.” Nanohybrid materials provide the possibility to create functional bionanohybrid complexes which also led to new discipline called “nanobionics” in the literature and are considered as materials for the future. In this publication, the special characteristics of photosynthetic reaction center proteins, which are “nature’s solar batteries,” will be discussed in terms of their possible applications for creating functional molecular biohybrid materials.

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Hadtudomány, vol. 27. issue 1-2., ISSN 1215-4121, eISSN 1588-0605