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BackgroundNeonatal birth weight and length are important indicators of neonatal survival and morbidity during later life and are influenced by maternal factors and obstetrical complications. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship of maternal factors and obstetric complications with term singleton vs term twin neonatal outcomes in Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Hubei, China. MethodsA total of 10517 neonatal births were recorded in a tertiary-hospital-based retrospective study and term singleton (n=7787) and termtwins (n=169) were included for data analysis. Birth weight and birth length were measured immediately after birth. Correlation, independent student t-test, and backward multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. ResultsWomen with singleton gestation have an increased rate of obstetric complications compared to women with twin gestation. However, a higher frequency of cesarean section and breech were found in twin gestation compared to singleton gestation. Weight before pregnancy, gestational weight gain, and gestational diabetes mellitus were significantly positive (p

Background: The centre of gravity is altered in pregnant females resulting in hyperextended knees and resulting pain in the lower back and feet due to postural changes to adapt and recreate balance. The frequency and prevalence of back pain in the second and third trimesters are around 43.6% and 34.8% respectively, whereas the frequency of foot swelling is found to be around 32.6% of pregnant females in the third trimester. Similar trends are observed in overweight non-pregnant females with prevalence trends as the frequency of ankle and feet pain, and knees pain found to be in 68.7% and 53.3% respectively. Aims: This study will aim to assess plantar pressure and feet pain in pregnant females in the third trimester. The study will further assess and compare the severity of symptoms between pregnant females and females who are overweight or obese using a visual analogue scale. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period of November 2020 to October 2021. The study was conducted at the Orthopaedic department of Mardan Medical Complex/BKMC, Mardan and Obs and Gynae department of Swabi Medical Complex /GKMC, Swabi. It consisted of 90 females which comprised the study group and control group. The study group consisted of 45 females who were in the third trimester of pregnancy. All the recruited control participants had BMI in the overweight category. The control group consisted of 45 females and the recruitment criteria for the control group as females with Body Mass Index (BMI) ranging between overweight and obese. Both study and control groups were assessed for plantar pressure and foot pain by employing a visual analogue scale for pain severity. Result: The readings showed that the study group 37.7% (17 participants out of 45) complained of an 8/10 severity of pain during the third trimester whereas control participants 24.4% (11 out of 45) showed a 6/10 severity of pain. 91.1% of study group females showed the severity of pain to be 6/10 or more. Results showed that a maximum number of pregnant females had plantar pressure and feet pain similar to or more than that of the control group. Moreover, the control group showed 57.7% of females having symptom severity similar to or greater than 6/10 on the visual analogue scale. Conclusion: The results suggest the prevalence of severe feet pain and plantar pressure is significantly greater in pregnant females in the third trimester with 91.1% as compared to 57.7% of non-pregnant obese females. The severity of pain was also recorded to be higher in pregnant females than in control counterparts. Keywords: Plantar pressure, Feet pain, Pregnancy, Obesity, Visual analogue scale.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key player in cancer and tissue homeostasis and regulates renewal of several stem cell types. The FGF2 role in malignant glioma is proven and tagged FGF2, a novel druggable target, is used for developing potent drugs against glioblastoma. In this study, Asinex 51412372, Asinex 51217461, and Asinex 51216586 were filtered to show the best binding affinity for FGF2 with binding energy scores of −8.3 kcal/mol, −8.2 kcal/mol, and −7.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The compounds showed chemical interactions with several vital residues of FGF2 along the compound length. The noticeable residues that interacted with the compounds were Arg15, Asp23, Arg63, and Gln105. In dynamic investigation in solution, the FGF2 reported unstable dynamics in the first 100 ns and gained structural equilibrium in the second phase of 100 ns. The maximum root mean square deviation (RMSD) value touched by the systems is 3 Å. Similarly, the residue flexibility of FGF2 in the presence of compounds was within a stable range and is compact along the simulation time length. The compounds showed robust atomic-level stable energies with FGF2, which are dominated by both van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. The net binding energy of systems varies between −40 kcal/mol and −86 kcal/mol, suggesting the formation of strong intermolecular docked complexes. The drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties also pointed toward good structures that are not toxic, have high gastric absorption, showed good distribution, and readily excreted from the body. In summary, the predicted compounds in this study might be ideal hits that might be further optimized for structure and activity during experimental studies.

Gefördert durch den Publikationsfonds der Universität Kassel

Cancer of the thyroid is the most common endocrine malignancy. While treatment options are limited for individuals with medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer, understanding the underlying mechanisms is vital to developing a successful thyroid cancer treatment strategy due to the tumor's multistep carcinogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been associated with thyroid cancer progression in several recent studies; however, the role of regulatory interactions among different types of ncRNAs in thyroid cancer remains unclear. Recently, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) has been discovered as a mechanism demonstrating regulatory interactions among non-coding RNAs, including pseudogenes, long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). It has been concluded from the literature that numerous ceRNA networks are deregulated during the development, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer, as well as in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug resistance. Further understanding of these deregulations is important to develop diagnostic procedures for early detection of thyroid cancer and promising therapeutic options for effective treatment. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging roles of some newly found ceRNA members in thyroid cancer and outline the current body of knowledge regarding ceRNA, lncRNA, pseudogenes, and miRNAs.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-scm-10.1177_00369330221134233 for Urinary bladder recurrences following ureteroscopic biopsies of upper tract urothelial cancers: a multi-centre observational study with genomic assessment for clonality by Thineskrishna Anbarasan, Sheikh Nissar, Julie Turbitt, Kathryn Walls, Sarah McLuckie, Caroline Clark and Jean-Christophe Bourdon, Joel Tracey, Susan Bray, Atlaf Shamsuddin, Jason Alcorn, Sunjay Jain, Robert Hislop, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Ghulam Nabi in Scottish Medical Journal

Living lab outdoor experimentation using pervasive computing provides new opportunities: higher realism, external validity, and socio-spatio-temporal observations in large scale. However, experimentation "in the wild" is complex and costly. Noise, biases, privacy concerns, compliance with standards of ethical review boards, remote moderation, control of experimental conditions, and equipment perplex the collection of high-quality data for causal inference. This article introduces Smart Agora, a novel open-source software platform for rigorous systematic outdoor experimentation. Without writing a single line of code, highly complex experimental scenarios are visually designed and automatically deployed to smart phones. Novel geolocated survey and sensor data are collected subject of participants verifying desired experimental conditions, for instance, their localization at certain urban spots. This new approach drastically improves the quality and purposefulness of crowd sensing, tailored to conditions that confirm/reject hypotheses. The features that support this innovative functionality and the broad spectrum of its applicability are demonstrated. ISSN:1536-1268 ISSN:1558-2590

Medicinal plants are a vital source of natural products (NPs) that can cure cancer through modulation of different pathways, including oxidative stress, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK (JNK), MEK/ERK (Raf)-MEK-ERK and autophagy. Puerarin (Pue), an important NP belonging to the isoflavone glycoside group, is derived from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria thomsonii Benth, and Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.). This NP was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Health for the treatment of different diseases in 1993, but it was also later reported to exhibit anticancer activity. Pue causes cancer cells death through modulation of different mechanisms including oxidative stress, intrinsic and extrinsic, Survivin and XIAP, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, JNK, cell cycle, AMPK, NF-kB, inflammation and autophagy pathways. Therefore, this review compiles for the first time the studies about the anticancer mechanism of Pue and provides comprehensive information about the anticancer effects of Pue. This review may serve as a basis for future research and clinical treatment.

The second foremost cause of mortality around the word is cancer. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy have limited accessibility owing to secondary resistance. Therefore, convenient, safe, and nonresistant drugs are urgently needed. Plant-derived natural products have attracted considerable interest owing to their high efficacy, low toxicity, and convenience. Gypenosides (Gyp) inhibit invasion, migration, metastasis, and proliferation and induce apoptosis in different cancers, including oral, lung, colorectal, hepatocellular, and leukemic cancers through different molecular pathways. This review summarizes Gyp studies on cancer to serve as a reference for further research and clinical trials.

At present no Macrophyte WSP system under study in many of developing countries like Pakistan, so for promotion of macrophytes based WSP system, detailed pilot scale studies is needed for treating wastewater that can be used for irrigation purposes. In near future, water scarcity is expected all over the world so efforts should be made to address this issue, as most of economy of our country is dependent on agriculture. The aims of this study is to reduce and evaluate the different parameters of domestic wastewater by treating it with macrophtes WSP system with different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) so that wastewater can be used for irrigation purposes as per FAO Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines. A macrophytes WSP system model was designed /operated for five experimental runs with each run comprising of different HRT i.e. 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. For treating wastewater, locally available Macrophyte specie Duckweed was used. The different parameters used in this study were; ECw , TDS, SAR, Sodium, Chloride, Boron, Nitrate, Bicarbonate, pH and F Coliform. The average reduction in values of different parameters of wastewater at the start of each run was 31.96%, 31.96%, 42.51%, 31.00%, 22.86%, 34.52%, 30.23%, 50.23%, 20.02% and 41.39% for ECw, TDS, SAR, Sodium, Chloride, Boron, Nitrate, Bicarbonate, pH and F Caliform respectively. After treating wastewater with 10 days HRT, the values of different parameters of wastewater was within the range of FAO guidelines with slight to moderate degree of restriction on use. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) is a fast and peer-reviewed journal and is scheduled to publish 12 issues in a year. It publishes original research papers, short communications, and review papers on the main aspects of Environmental Sciences, {"references":["Ali F, Rehman SU, Tareen NM, Ullah K, Ullah A, Bibi T, Laghari S. 2019. Effect of wastewater treatment on the growth of selected leafy vegetables plants. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17(2), 1585-1597.","Ali, Z, Mohammad A, Riaz Y, Quraishi UM, Malik RN. 2018. Treatment efficiency of a hybrid constructed wetland system for municipal wastewater and its suitability for crop irrigation. International journal of phytoremediation 20(11), 1152-1161.","Almuktar SAAAN, Scholz M. 2016. Mineral and biological contamination of soil and Capsicum annuum irrigated with recycled domestic wastewater. Agricultural Water Management 167, 95-109.","Bakari Z, Boujelben N, Bouhamed F, Kallel M, Elleuch B. 2017. Effects of Treated Wastewater Irrigation of Sfax, Agareb and Mahres Stations on Olive Plants. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration (pp. 917-919). Springer, Cham.","Costa DO, Batista RO, Vale HS, Sousa ABD, Dombroski SA, Alves S. 2016. Biological treatment of drippers clogged by the use of treated domestic wastewater. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20(7), 595-599.","David PCL, Camilo LAJ, Farid REJ, Felipe MMJ, Stephanie PC, Julio RR, Marina PRA. 2018. Effect of Domestic Wastewater as Co-Substrate on Biological Stain Wastewater Treatment Using Fungal/Bacterial Consortia in Pilot Plant and Greenhouse Reuse. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 10(03), 369.","Gerba CP, Pepper IL. 2019. Municipal Wastewater Treatment. In Environmental and Pollution Science pp. 393-418. Academic Press.","Ines BS, Imed M, Frikha D, Mohamed C, Adele M. 2017. Reclaimed municipal wastewater for forage production. Water Science and Technology 75(8), 1784-1793.","Khan ZM, Asif Kanwar RM, Farid HU, Sultan M, Arsalan M, Ahmad M, Ahson Aslam MM. 2019. Wastewater Evaluation for Multan, Pakistan: Characterization and Agricultural Reuse. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 28(4).","Laaffat J, Aziz F, Ouazzani N, Mandi L. 2019. Biotechnological approach of greywater treatment and reuse for landscape irrigation in small communities. Saudi journal of biological sciences 26(1), 83-90.","Maryam B, Büyükgüngör H. 2019. Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering 30, 100501.","Perez JM, Davey B, Benites JR. 1987. Nutritional Requirements of Gmeliaarborea\". Tropical Technical Report. North Carolina State University, Raliegn pp. 76-77.","Population Census of Pakistan. 2017. Government of Pakistan.","Shibao Lu a,*, Liang Pei b, Xiao Bai C. 2015. Study on method of domestic wastewater treatment through new-type multi-layer artificial Wetland, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(34), 14 September 2015, Pages 11207-11214.","Zhang Y, Shen Y. 2019. Wastewater irrigation: Past, present, and future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6(3), e1234."]}

The economy of Pakistan relies on the agricultural sector which mainly depends on the irrigation water generating from the upper Indus river basin. Mangla watershed is a trans-boundary basin which shares borders of India and Pakistan, it comprises five major sub-basins, i.e., Jhelum, Poonch, Kanshi, Neelum and Kunhar. The runoff production of this basin is largely controlled by snowmelt in combination with the winter precipitation in the upper part of the basin and summer monsoon. The present study focusses on the application of a statistical downscaling method to generate future climatic scenarios of climatic trends (temperature and precipitation) in Mangla watershed. Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) was applied to downscale the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3, Global Climate Model (HadCM3-GCM) predictions of the A2 and B2 emission scenarios. The surface water analyst tool (SWAT) hydrological model was used for the future projected streamflows based on developing climate change scenarios by SDSM. The results revealed an increasing trend of annual maximum temperature (A2) at the rates of 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2 &deg, C for the periods of 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. However, a consistent decreasing trend of temperature was observed at the high-altitude region. Similarly, the annual minimum temperature exhibited an increasing pattern at the rates of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 &deg, C for the periods of 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. Furthermore, similar increases were observed for annual precipitation at the rates of 6%, 10%, and 19% during 2020, 2050 and 2080, respectively, for the whole watershed. Significant increasing precipitation trends in the future (2080) were observed in Kunhar, Neelum, Poonch and Kanshi sub-basins at the rates of 16%, 11%, 13% and 59%, respectively. Consequently, increased annual streamflow in the future at the rate of 15% was observed attributing to an increased temperature for snow melting in Mangla watershed. The similar increasing streamflow trend is consistent with the seasonal trends in terms of winter (16%), spring (19%) and summer (20%), however, autumn exhibited decreasing trend for all periods.

Rationale and Objectives Prediction of growth, in particular knowing the possibility of aggressive cancer in small renal masses on active surveillance, remains poorly understood. The study was designed to determine whether serial nephrometry score measurements could predict possibility of aggressive malignancy (grade of cancer) in patients with small renal masses opting for active surveillance initially. Materials and Methods One hundred sixteen patients between January 2000 and December 2016 undergoing partial nephrectomy were recruited. Out of these, 97 were analyzed using different nephrometry scoring systems. Measurement of nephrometry scores (Radius of tumors, Exo/Endophytic; Nearness of tumors to the collecting system or sinus; Anterior/posterior; Location in relation to polar lines, Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for Anatomical, Centrality Index) was performed by two researchers. Among the patients opting for partial nephrectomy, 40 were on active surveillance for at least 12 months (mean 32; 12–60 months) before partial nephrectomy. Computed tomography scan images of these patients were retrieved and analyzed including comparison to histopathology. Results Nephrometry scores measured on serial computed tomography scan images showed a significant correlation between change in score and grade of cancer on multivariate analysis (P value .001). Addition of multivariate analysis to nomogram based on change in size alone did not improve predictive value of area under the curve significantly. Conclusions Change in nephrometry scoring measurements correlates with grade of cancer in small renal masses but falls short of significantly predicting presence of malignancy or grade of cancer on nomogram in patients opting for active surveillance for small renal masses. At present, this approach may be inadequate for decision-making.

Objectives: To systematically review studies comparing extraperitoneal (E-RP) and transperitoneal minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (T-RP). Methods: The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in September 2015. Several databases were searched including Medline and Scopus. Only studies comparing E-RP and T-RP (either laparoscopic or robot-assisted approach) were evaluated. The follow-up of the included patients had to be â¥6 months. Results: In all, 1256 records were identified after the initial database search. Of these 20 studies (2580 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The hospital stay was significantly lower in the E-RP cohort, with a mean difference of â0.30 days (95% confidence interval [CI] â0.35, â0.24) for the laparoscopic group and 1.09 days (95% CI â1.47, â0.70) for the robotic group (PÂ

Bashir Ahmad,1,* Suliman Khan,2,3,* Yang Liu,2,3 Mengzhou Xue,2,3 Ghulam Nabi,4 Sunjeet Kumar,5 Mohammed Alshwmi,6 Abdul Wakeel Qarluq7 1Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People’s Republic of China; 2The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s Republic of China; 5The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mengzhou Xue; Ghulam Nabi Email xuemengzhou@zzu.edu.cn; ghulamnabiqau@gmail.comAbstract: Medicinal plants are a vital source of natural products (NPs) that can cure cancer through modulation of different pathways, including oxidative stress, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK (JNK), MEK/ERK (Raf)-MEK-ERK and autophagy. Puerarin (Pue), an important NP belonging to the isoflavone glycoside group, is derived from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria thomsonii Benth, and Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.). This NP was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Health for the treatment of different diseases in 1993, but it was also later reported to exhibit anticancer activity. Pue causes cancer cells death through modulation of different mechanisms including oxidative stress, intrinsic and extrinsic, Survivin and XIAP, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, JNK, cell cycle, AMPK, NF-kB, inflammation and autophagy pathways. Therefore, this review compiles for the first time the studies about the anticancer mechanism of Pue and provides comprehensive information about the anticancer effects of Pue. This review may serve as a basis for future research and clinical treatment.Keywords: medicinal plants, natural products, Puerarin, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria thomsonii, Pueraria tuberosa

This paper introduces a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 live demonstrator for socially responsible real-time data analytics: crowd-sourced decentralized collective measurements by preserving privacy. It provides a proof of concept for the democratization of big data running by citizens, for citizens. The demonstrator connects DIAS, the Dynamic Intelligent Aggregation Service, and GDELT, the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, to monitor planetary activity in different countries. DIAS remains operational for more than 4 months, exchanging millions of messages to self-adapt to data updates from GDELT. It accurately estimates the total news events providing high responsiveness to mobile devices. The demonstrator comes with a community Slack Bot for status updates of system health

Bashir Ahmad,1,2 Suliman Khan,1,3,4 Ghulam Nabi,4,5 Yaser Gamallat,2 Pengyu Su,2 Yazeed Jamalat,2 Pengfei Duan,1,3 Lunguang Yao1,31Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Health Products of Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, People’s Republic of China; 3Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province/Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, People’s Republic of China; 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of ChinaAbstract: The second foremost cause of mortality around the word is cancer. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy have limited accessibility owing to secondary resistance. Therefore, convenient, safe, and nonresistant drugs are urgently needed. Plant-derived natural products have attracted considerable interest owing to their high efficacy, low toxicity, and convenience. Gypenosides (Gyp) inhibit invasion, migration, metastasis, and proliferation and induce apoptosis in different cancers, including oral, lung, colorectal, hepatocellular, and leukemic cancers through different molecular pathways. This review summarizes Gyp studies on cancer to serve as a reference for further research and clinical trials.Keywords: cancer, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, Gyp, oral, lung, leukemic, colorectal, hepatocellular

Khaista Rahman,1,* Shahid Ullah Khan,2,* Shah Fahad,2,3 Ming Xian Chang,4,5 Aqleem Abbas,6 Wasim Ullah Khan,7 Lutfur Rahman,8 Zaheer Ul Haq,9 Ghulam Nabi,4,5 Dilfaraz Khan10 1College of Animal Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 2College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 3Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar, Pakistan; 4State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; 5University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China; 6Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China; 7School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; 8Molecular Systematics & Applied Ethno Botany Lab (MoSEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 9School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China; 10Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Malaria, the exterminator of ~1.5 to 2.7 million human lives yearly, is a notorious disease known throughout the world. The eradication of this disease is difficult and a challenge to scientists. Vector elimination and effective chemotherapy for the patients are key tactics to be used in the fight against malaria. However, drug resistance and environmental and social concerns are the main hurdles in this fight against malaria. Overcoming these limitations is the major challenge for the 21st-century malarial researchers. Adapting the principles of nano-biotechnology to both vector control and patient therapy is the only solution to the problem. Several compounds such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acid and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully used for the control of this lethal malaria disease. Other useful natural reagents such as microbes and their products, carbohydrates, vitamins, plant extracts and biodegradable polymers, are also used to control this disease. Among these particles, the plant-based particles such as leaf, root, stem, latex, and seed give the best antagonistic response against malaria. In the present review, we describe certain efforts related to the control, prevention and treatment of malaria. We hope that this review will open new doors for malarial research. Keywords: malaria, vectors, chemotherapy, drug resistance, nano-biotechnology

Additional file 4: Roles and responsibilities.

Additional file 1: Participant information sheet.

Additional file 2: MULTIPROS study, informed consent form.

Additional file 3: Patient’s biopsy diary.

Yang Xiao, Ghulam Nabi, Jiwei Yang, Yujiang Hao, and Ding Wang (2018) Sex hormones play a crucial role in regulating testicular development and maintaining spermatogenesis in the male reproductive system. Knowledge of hormonal regulation in odontocetes is limited to captive species. In this study, the characteristics of hormonal regulation during the testicular development were assessed by histological and immunohistochemical methods in the East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri), native to the Chinese Yellow/Bohai Sea coast, China. The testes mass, seminiferous tubule cross section diameter, thickness of the tunica albuginea, and the level of testosterone (T) expression increased abruptly at the age of 3-3.5 years (body length 140-145 cm). However, the estradiol (E(2)) expression level decreased with age after 3 years. Therefore, we inferred that the male East Asian finless porpoise (EAFP) > 3 years old (body length > 140 cm) could be classified as the age of puberty onset. Immuno-localization with T was only observed in the interstitial fluid of all animals at all ages. In contrast, a positive reaction for E(2) and its receptor could be observed in the Leydig, myoid, Sertoli, and germ cells at different developmental stages. T is presumed to maintain the tubular microenvironment for spermatogenesis while E(2) may directly regulate spermatogenesis at the level of germ cells. Our findings provide useful information for understanding reproductive status and hormonal regulation in the male EAFP.

Prediction of growth, in particular knowing the possibility of aggressive cancer in small renal masses on active surveillance, remains poorly understood. The study was designed to determine whether serial nephrometry score measurements could predict possibility of aggressive malignancy (grade of cancer) in patients with small renal masses opting for active surveillance initially.One hundred sixteen patients between January 2000 and December 2016 undergoing partial nephrectomy were recruited. Out of these, 97 were analyzed using different nephrometry scoring systems. Measurement of nephrometry scores (Radius of tumors, Exo/Endophytic; Nearness of tumors to the collecting system or sinus; Anterior/posterior; Location in relation to polar lines, Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for Anatomical, Centrality Index) was performed by two researchers. Among the patients opting for partial nephrectomy, 40 were on active surveillance for at least 12 months (mean 32; 12-60 months) before partial nephrectomy. Computed tomography scan images of these patients were retrieved and analyzed including comparison to histopathology.Nephrometry scores measured on serial computed tomography scan images showed a significant correlation between change in score and grade of cancer on multivariate analysis (P value .001). Addition of multivariate analysis to nomogram based on change in size alone did not improve predictive value of area under the curve significantly.Change in nephrometry scoring measurements correlates with grade of cancer in small renal masses but falls short of significantly predicting presence of malignancy or grade of cancer on nomogram in patients opting for active surveillance for small renal masses. At present, this approach may be inadequate for decision-making.

© 2018 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved. Photonics, especially optical coherence elastography (OCE) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging are novel high-resolution imaging modalities for characterization of biological tissues. Following our preliminary experience, we hypothesized that OCE and SHG imaging would delineate the microstructure of prostate tissue and aid in distinguishing cancer from the normal benign prostatic tissue. Furthermore, these approaches may assist in characterization of the grade of cancer, as well. In this study, we confirmed a high diagnostic accuracy of OCE and SHG imaging in the detection and characterization of prostate cancer for a large set of biopsy tissues obtained from men suspected to have prostate cancer using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). The two techniques and methods described here are complementary, one depicts the stiffness of tissues and the other illustrates the orientation of collagen structure around the cancerous lesions. The results showed that stiffness of cancer tissue was ∼57.63% higher than that of benign tissue (Young's modulus of 698.43±125.29 kPa for cancerous tissue vs 443.07±88.95 kPa for benign tissue with OCE. Using histology as a reference standard and 600 kPa as a cut-off threshold, the data analysis showed sensitivity and specificity of 89.6 and 99.8%, respectively. Corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 99.5 and 94.6%, respectively. There was a significant difference noticed in terms of Young's modulus for different Gleason scores estimated by OCE (P-value

Ghulam Nabi, Yujiang Hao, Xianyuan Zeng, and Ding Wang (2017) For the management of endangered species, a periodic health assessment is important, as diet in captivity is restricted due to cost and some nutrients are lost during the processing, storage and thawing of sh. The objective of this study was to compare and assess the nutritional, as well as the physiological health of both the captive and free-ranging Yangtze Finless Porpoises (YFPs) through biochemical markers, selected electrolytes, enzymes and hematological parameters. Our results showed statistically significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of some biochemical markers (HDL-c/LDL-c, globulin, TP, Urea, Creatinine and BUN), enzymes (GGT), electrolytes (K(+), Na(+), PO(4)(3-) and Mg(2+)) and hematological (WBCs, lymphocytes, eosinophil) parameters in wild compared to the captive populations. However, the captive population also showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of some biochemical markers (LDL-c, albumin and albumin/globulin), enzymes (AMS), electrolytes (Cl(-)) and complete blood count (neutrophil, monocytes and basophil) parameters versus wild populations. Differences in the parameters of captive YFPs could be due to their limited diet of only three fish species as well as their environment (captivity). Whereas, wild YFPs, continuously feed on a large variety of live fish species and shrimp as they travel long distances. Our results suggest that mineral supplements be added to their diet. As well, improved physical fitness training and hygienic conditions are required for the effective management of captive finless porpoises.

© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Metastatic prostate cancer resistant to hormonal manipulation is considered the advanced stage of the disease and leads to most cancer-related mortality. With new research focusing on modulating cancer growth, it is essential to understand the biochemical changes in cells that can then be exploited for drug discovery and for improving responsiveness to treatment. Raman spectroscopy has a high chemical specificity and can be used to detect and quantify molecular changes at the cellular level. Collection of large data sets generated from biological samples can be employed to form discriminatory algorithms for detection of subtle and early changes in cancer cells. The present study describes Raman finger printing of normal and metastatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells including analyses with principal component analysis and linear discrimination. Amino acid-specific signals were identified, especially loss of arginine band. Androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells presented a higher content of phenylalanine, tyrosine, DNA and Amide III in comparison to PNT2 cells, which possessed greater amounts of L-arginine and had a B conformation of DNA. The analysis utilized in this study could reliably differentiate the 2 cell lines (sensitivity 95%; specificity 88%).

The aim of this research work was to measure the concentration of essential trace elements, including serum copper, iron and zinc in children suffering from anemia, and also to investigate the effect of heavy metal like lead on causing anemia. The study has been performed on school going children living in Hyderabad, which is a mini industrialized city. The study was carried out in anemic children studying in different schools of Hyderabad having different age groups. 10 ml venous blood samples were obtained after an informed consent form was signed.The samples were used to analyzed the trace elements (Fe,Cu, Zn) and toxic metal Lead (Pb). Trace elements include zinc and copper were found elevated in anemic children than healthy one, Copper is involved in many vital mechanisms in the body, energy production, connective tissue formation, and Fe metabolism, whereas copper found low with relation to the iron in anemic children because copper helps in the absorption of iron. Zinc is an essential micronutrient demanded by living being because of its significant position in-cooperation with structural constituent of proteins and as a cofactor in enzyme catalysis, there is difference between zinc and iron, they have been found to inhibit each other’s absorption due to their competitive absorption pathways. Increased zinc levels found in children with low iron content, whereas control group have normal results of these elements which may be due to their dietary management. The results revealed the environmental pollution and the associated health risks on exposure to lead. Pb concentrations whereas the current research stated a considerable relationship of mild and severe anemia with 10-42.2μg/dl Pb concentrations, the variation in results may be due to a small sample size in the current study, Drinking water from corrosion of plumbing systems through the use of lead sellers and other lead containing materials in connecting household plumbing to public water supplies. Ground and surface water are also contaminated by lead consuming industry and agricultural activities. The concentrations of Pb greater than or equal to (≥)10 μg/dl in children related with an increased threat of mild and severe anemia, diminishing iron absorption . High Lead levels were related with lower concentrations of iron, ferritin and copper, in this study it was found that high levels of lead were found mostly in boys. Lead levels have also found in control group which was below 5 ug/dl, according to WHO ≥ 10 ug/dl is considered as high.

Concha nasalis superior (CNS), labyrinthus ethmoidalis'in medial çıkıntısıdır. Meatus nasi superior'un çatısını oluşturur. Üç konkadan en küçük ve sığ olanıdır. CNS'nin lamina basalis'i koronal ve aksiyal olmak üzere iki parçaya sahiptir. Koronal parçası yukarıda kafa tabanına ve lateralde ise lamina papyracea'ya tutunur. Aksiyal parçası arkada sinus sphenoidalis'in ön yüzüne tutunurken, lateralde ise lamina papyracea'ya tutunur. Kronik baş ağrısı şikayetiyle kulak burun boğaz polikliniğine başvuran 52 yaşında, erkek hastaya çekilen bilgisayarlı tomografide, hastanın sol CNS'sinin bağlanma anomalisi tespit edilmiştir. Sol CNS'nin lamina basalisi'nin koronal parçası, kafatabanı yerine orbita medial duvarına tutunduğu belirlenmiştir. CNS'nin olağandan büyük olması, bağlanma anomalileri, pnömatizasyonu gibi anatomik varyasyonlar, klinisyenlerin tercih edecekleri cerrahi metodun belirlenmesinde oldukça önemlidir. Aynı zamanda olfaktor mukozayla kaplı oldukları için CNS ve concha nasalis suprema'nın gereksiz rezeksiyonlarından da kaçınılmalıdır., The superior nasal turbinate (SNT) is the medial process of the ethmoidal labyrinth and describes as a small curved lamina. It roofs the superior meatus and it is the shortest and shallowest of the tree turbinates. There are two parts of the SNT which called coronal and axial part. The coronal part of the SNT basal lamella is attached superiorly to the skull base and laterally to the lamina papyracea, and thus can be used to identify these two vital structures. The axial part is attached posteriorly to the face of sphenoid and laterally to the lamina papyracea. A 52-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with chronic headache complaint. Attachment variation of the left SNT was determinate by computed tomography. Left SNT attach medial wall of the orbita. Anatomical variations of SNT like as huge concha, attachment variation or pneumatization is very important to prefer surgical method. Also, undesirable resection of the SNT and supreme nasal turbinate must be avoided; because of they are lined with olfactory neuroepithelium.

In the past century, the recombinant DNA technology was just an imagination that desirable characteristics can be improved in the living bodies by controlling the expressions of target genes. However, in recent era, this field has demonstrated unique impacts in bringing advancement in human life. By virtue of this technology, crucial proteins required for health problems and dietary purposes can be produced safely, affordably, and sufficiently. This technology has multidisciplinary applications and potential to deal with important aspects of life, for instance, improving health, enhancing food resources, and resistance to divergent adverse environmental effects. Particularly in agriculture, the genetically modified plants have augmented resistance to harmful agents, enhanced product yield, and shown increased adaptability for better survival. Moreover, recombinant pharmaceuticals are now being used confidently and rapidly attaining commercial approvals. Techniques of recombinant DNA technology, gene therapy, and genetic modifications are also widely used for the purpose of bioremediation and treating serious diseases. Due to tremendous advancement and broad range of application in the field of recombinant DNA technology, this review article mainly focuses on its importance and the possible applications in daily life.

In the recent era, due to tremendous advancement in industrialization, pollution and other anthropogenic activities have created a serious scenario for biota survival. It has been reported that present biota is entering a “sixth” mass extinction, because of chronic exposure to anthropogenic activities. Various ex situ and in situ measures have been adopted for conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animal species; however, these have been limited due to various discrepancies associated with them. Current advancement in molecular technologies, especially, genomics, is playing a very crucial role in biodiversity conservation. Advance genomics helps in identifying the segments of genome responsible for adaptation. It can also improve our understanding about microevolution through a better understanding of selection, mutation, assertive matting, and recombination. Advance genomics helps in identifying genes that are essential for fitness and ultimately for developing modern and fast monitoring tools for endangered biodiversity. This review article focuses on the applications of advanced genomics mainly demographic, adaptive genetic variations, inbreeding, hybridization and introgression, and disease susceptibilities, in the conservation of threatened biota. In short, it provides the fundamentals for novice readers and advancement in genomics for the experts working for the conservation of endangered plant and animal species.

Defining the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using genetic tests is an evolving area. The prognostic significance of 9p status in RCC, although described in the literature, remains underutilised in clinical practice. The study explored the causes of this translational gap. A systematic review on the significance of 9p status in RCC was performed to assess its clinical applicability and impact on clinical decision-making. Medline, Embase, and other electronic searches were made for studies reporting on 9p status in RCC. We collected data on: genetic techniques, pathological parameters, clinical outcomes, and completeness of follow-up assessment. Eleven studies reporting on 1,431 patients using different genetic techniques were included. The most commonly used genetic technique for the assessment of 9p status in RCC was fluorescence in situ hybridization. Combined genomic hybridisation (CGH), microsatellite analysis, karyotyping, and sequencing were other reported techniques. Various thresholds and cut-off values were used for the diagnosis of 9p deletion in different studies. Standardization, interobserver agreement, and consensus on the interpretation of test remained poor. The studies lacked validation and had high risk of bias and poor clinical applicability as assessed by two independent reviewers using a modified quality assessment tool. Further protocol driven studies with standardised methodology including use of appropriate positive and negative controls, assessment of interobserver variations, and evidenced based follow-up protocols are needed to clarify the role of 9p status in predicting oncological outcomes in renal cell cancer.

Quantification of stiffness changes may provide important diagnostic information and aid in the early detection of cancers. Shear wave elastography is an imaging technique that assesses tissue stiffness using acoustic radiation force as an alternate to manual palpation reported previously with quasistatic elastography. In this study, the elastic properties of tissue mimicking materials, including agar, polyacrylamide (PAA), and silicone, are evaluated with an objective to determine material characteristics which resemble normal and cancerous prostate tissue.Acoustic properties and stiffness of tissue mimicking phantoms were measured using compressional mechanical testing and shear wave elastography using supersonic shear imaging. The latter is based on the principles of shear waves generated using acoustic radiation force. The evaluation included tissue mimicking materials (TMMs) within the prostate at different positions and sizes that could mimic cancerous and normal prostate tissue. Patient data on normal and prostate cancer tissues quantified using biopsy histopathology were used to validate the findings. Pathologist reports on histopathology were blinded to mechanical testing and elastographic findings.Young's modulus values of 86.2 ± 4.5 and 271.5 ± 25.7 kPa were obtained for PAA mixed with 2% Al(2)O(3) particles and silicone, respectively. Young's modulus of TMMs from mechanical compression testing showed a clear trend of increasing stiffness with an increasing percentage of agar. The silicone material had higher stiffness values when compared with PAA with Al(2)O(3). The mean Young's modulus value in cancerous tissue was 90.5 ± 4.5 kPa as compared to 93.8 ± 4.4 and 86.2 ± 4.5 kPa obtained with PAA with 2% Al(2)O(3) phantom at a depth of 52.4 and 36.6 mm, respectively.PAA mixed with Al(2)O(3) provides the most suitable tissue mimicking material for prostate cancer tumor material, while agar could form the surrounding background to simulate normal prostate tissue.

Extending from Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour, this paper develops a more integrated entrepreneurial intention model. This incorporates the role of culture, along with motivations, skills and knowledge of the entrepreneurial environment. The cross-cultural applicability of the model is tested across two different countries, Great Britain and Spain, on a total sample of 1005. Partial Least Squares technique is used to try and overcome limitations of previous research. The model broadly holds for both countries. Implications for public decision makers and entrepreneurship education are discussed. In particular, enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and, hence, entrepreneurial intentions. Este trabajo, partiendo del enfoque de Acción Planificada (Ajzen), desarrolla un modelo más integrado de intención emprendedora, incorporando el papel de la cultura, las motivaciones, habilidades y conocimiento empresarial. La aplicabilidad transcultural del modelo se prueba analizando dos países diferentes (Gran Bretaña y España), en una muestra de 1005 individuos. Se utilizan Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales para superar las limitaciones de anteriores investigaciones. El modelo en general es válido para los dos países, derivándose implicaciones para la toma de decisiones y la educación emprendedora. En particular, mejorar el conocimiento y la toma de conciencia sobre el emprendimiento aumentaría la percepción de autoeficacia y, por lo tanto, las intenciones emprendedoras.

Extending from Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour, this paper develops a more integrated entrepreneurial intention model. This incorporates the role of culture, along with motivations, skills and knowledge of the entrepreneurial environment. The cross-cultural applicability of the model is tested across two different countries, Great Britain and Spain, on a total sample of 1005. Partial Least Squares technique is used to try and overcome limitations of previous research. The model broadly holds for both countries. Implications for public decision makers and entrepreneurship education are discussed. In particular, enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and, hence, entrepreneurial intentions., Este trabajo, partiendo del enfoque de Acción Planificada (Ajzen), desarrolla un modelo más integrado de intención emprendedora, incorporando el papel de la cultura, las motivaciones, habilidades y conocimiento empresarial. La aplicabilidad transcultural del modelo se prueba analizando dos países diferentes (Gran Bretaña y España), en una muestra de 1005 individuos. Se utilizan Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales para superar las limitaciones de anteriores investigaciones. El modelo en general es válido para los dos países, derivándose implicaciones para la toma de decisiones y la educación emprendedora. En particular, mejorar el conocimiento y la toma de conciencia sobre el emprendimiento aumentaría la percepción de autoeficacia y, por lo tanto, las intenciones emprendedoras.

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) represents the latest innovation in laparoscopic surgery. We compare in dry and animal laboratory the efficacy of recently introduced pre-bent instruments with conventional laparoscopic and flexible instruments in terms of time requirement, maneuverability, and ease of handling.Participants of varying laparoscopic experience were included in the study and divided in groups according to their experience. The participants performed predetermined tasks in dry laboratory using all sets of instruments. An experienced laparoscopic surgeon performed 24 nephrectomies in 12 pigs using all sets of instruments. Single port was used for all instrument sets except for the conventional instruments, which were inserted through three ports. The time required for the performance of dry laboratory tasks and the porcine nephrectomies was recorded. Errors in the performance of dry laboratory tasks of each instrument type were also recorded.Pre-bent instruments had a significant advantage over flexible instruments in terms of time requirement to accomplish tasks and procedures as well as maneuverability. Flexible instruments were more time consuming in comparison to the conventional laparoscopic instruments during the performance of the tasks. There were no significant differences in the time required for the accomplishment of dry laboratory tasks or steps of nephrectomy using conventional instruments through appropriate number of ports in comparison to pre-bent instruments through single port.Pre-bent instruments were less time consuming and with better maneuverability in comparison to flexible instruments in experimental single-port access surgery. Further clinical investigations would elucidate the efficacy of pre-bent instruments.

The incidence of bleeding during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has been reported to range between 1% and 7.6%. Postoperative bleeding complications have been encountered in 0.7% of endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy cases and require endoscopic or open re-intervention. Thus, bleeding complications represent a significant factor of intra- and postoperative morbidity. We review our experience with endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy, and we propose methods to prevent and manage intraoperative bleeding complications. In addition, special technical considerations regarding the nerve-sparing procedures are presented.

Im Gegensatz zum Rückgang der Gag-spezifischen Antikörperantwort nach Einsetzen der klinischen Phase von HIV und dem Verlust von CD4+ T-Zellen bleiben die env-spezifischen Antikörper erhalten, was indiziert, dass Env möglicherweise ein T-Zell-unabhängiges Antigen ist. Die unterschiedliche Regulation der Gag und Env Antikörperantworten wurde durch einen Vergleich der Antikörperspiegel im SIV- Modell in immunkompetenten (BALB/c) und T-Zell-defizienten (nude) Mäusen untersucht. Primäre humorale Immunantworten gegen SIV wurden in Abwesenheit von CD4+ T-Zellen nicht induziert. Env-spezifische Sekundärantworten wurden nach einer Auffrischimmunisierung mit VLPs oder Ad-SIV unabhängig von CD4+ T-Zellen ausgelöst. VLPs mit einer membranständigen, monomeren Form von gp130 induzierten Env-spezifiche Sekundärantworten, während es für eine lösliche Form des gp130 nicht der Fall war. Gag-spezifische Primär- und Sekundärantworten konnten in Abwesenheit von CD4+ T-Zellen nicht beobachtet werden. The maintenance of Env-specific in contrast to decay of Gag-specific antibody response after the clinical onset of HIV after considerable CD4+ T-cell loss indicates that Env may be T-cell independent antigen. This differential regulation of Gag and Env antibody responses was studied by comparing antibody levels in immunocompetent (BALB/c) and T-cell deficient (nude) mice in SIV model. Primary humoral immune response to SIV was not induced in the absence of CD4+ T-cells. Substantial Env-specific secondary humoral immune response was elicited independent of CD4+ T-cells after VLPs and Ad-SIV boost. Membrane anchored form of monomeric gp130VLPs elicited secondary Env-specific responses while soluble gp130 failed to do so. Gag-specific primary/secondary humoral immune response to SIV was not observed in the absence of CD4+ T-cells.

Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not be optimal, we explored the possibility of improving the HIV Env antibody response to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines by recruiting T helper cells induced by commonly used licensed vaccines to provide help for Env-specific B cells. B cells specific for the surface protein of a VLP can internalize the entire VLP and thus present peptides derived from the surface and core proteins on their major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. This allows T helper cells specific for the core protein to provide intrastructural help for B cells recognizing the surface protein. Consistently, priming mice with an adjuvanted Gag protein vaccine enhanced the HIV Env antibody response to subsequent booster immunizations with HIV VLPs. To harness T helper cells induced by the licensed Tetanolpur vaccines, HIV VLPs that contained T helper cell epitopes of tetanus toxoid were generated. Tetanol-immunized mice raised stronger antibody responses to immunizations with VLPs containing tetanus toxoid T helper cell epitopes but not to VLPs lacking these epitopes. Depending on the priming immunization, the IgG subtype response to HIV Env after the VLP immunization could also be modified. Thus, harnessing T helper cells induced by other vaccines appears to be a promising approach to improve the HIV Env antibody response to VLP vaccines.

Extending from Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour, this paper develops a more integrated entrepreneurial intention model. This incorporates the role of culture, along with motivations, skills and knowledge of the entrepreneurial environment. The cross-cultural applicability of the model is tested across two different countries, Great Britain and Spain, on a total sample of 1005. Partial Least Squares technique is used to try and overcome limitations of previous research. The model broadly holds for both countries. Implications for public decision makers and entrepreneurship education are discussed. In particular, enhancing the level of knowledge and awareness about entrepreneurship would increase self-efficacy perceptions and, hence, entrepreneurial intentions Este trabajo, partiendo del enfoque de Acción Planificada (Ajzen), desarrolla un modelo más integrado de intención emprendedora, incorporando el papel de la cultura, las motivaciones, habilidades y conocimiento empresarial. La aplicabilidad transcultural del modelo se prueba analizando dos países diferentes (Gran Bretaña y España), en una muestra de 1005 individuos. Se utilizan Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales para superar las limitaciones de anteriores investigaciones. El modelo en general es válido para los dos países, derivándose implicaciones para la toma de decisiones y la educación emprendedora. En particular, mejorar el conocimiento y la toma de conciencia sobre el emprendimiento aumentaría la percepción de autoeficacia y, por lo tanto, las intenciones emprendedoras