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Background: Virtual bronchoscopy is a noninvasive tool for assessing the airway. It can be used along with multiplanar CT scan for better assessment of endobronchial tree. A lot of researches has been conducted in various parts of the world weather CT bronchoscopy can replace actual exible beroptic bronchoscopy. We aimed to explore the utility of virtual bronchoscopy (VB) for evaluation of tracheobronchial lesions and weather this can be helpful for pulmonologist for better assessment of airway while using real time exible bronchoscopy. Our age group comprised of patients from 21 years to a maximum a Results : ge of 80 years with a mean age of 52.6 years. VB was better in detecting external compression with a Kappa value of 0.68. VB had a moderate agreement with FOB to detect endoluminal lesions with kappa value of 0.70. None of the mucosal changes detected by FOB was detected by VB. In detecting obstructive lesions VB substantially agreed with FOB with a kappa value of 0.8. Moderate agreement was seen by VB in detecting both malignant and non-malignant lesions vompared to FOB. Virtual bronchoscopy when used in conjunction with axial CT Conclusion: images can enhance diagnostic accuracy of bronchial pathologies. VB cannot replace conventional bronchoscopy due to associated disadvantages such as the inability to perform a biopsy, the inability to detect mucosal inltration, the relatively low specicity rate when compared to high sensitivity rates, and the inability to offer real-time evaluation.

Introduction: Hypoxic Ischaemic Injury (HII) also known as Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in most countries of the world. Perinatal asphyxia being the most frequent cause of HII, some of its long term sequelae include impaired neurological development, cerebral palsy, recurrent seizures, etc. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been found to be most sensitive, in detecting lesions in the brain of neonates with HII. Aim: To evaluate the role of MRI in assessing neurologic damage in newborns with suspected HII and its association with clinical staging. Materials and Methods: An institution based descriptive crosssectional study was conducted in a tertiary care government hospital in Guwahati, Assam, India for a duration of 15 months from May 2017 to July 2018 on 50 neonates with history of perinatal asphyxia. Assessment of conventional T1 and T2 weighted images, Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) was done and association of MRI findings with gestational maturity, Apgar Scores and clinical staging (Sarnat and Sarnat Staging system) was studied. Results: In majority of cases with clinically mild HII, MRI findings were either normal or of mild degree whereas in cases of clinically advanced stages of HII, MRI findings were moderate-to-severe, suggesting a positive association between clinical grading and severity of brain injury on MR. Term neonates sustained injuries mostly in cortical-subcortical/watershed zones of brain whereas preterm neonates were seen to sustain mainly periventricular lesions. Basal ganglia, thalamic and midbrain lesions were seen to be associated with severe degree of HII in term neonates whereas germinal matrix haemorrhage was observed in preterm neonates with severe HII. A positive association was seen between severity of brain lesions with both low Apgar scores and gestational prematurity. Conclusion: MRI is helpful to study the pattern of brain involvement in term and preterm neonates with suspected HII and to assess the severity of injury. MRI findings are seen to correlate well with clinical staging.

Background Preeclampsia is an important cause of pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (AKI). The objective of our study was to determine the incidence, characteristics, and maternal and neonatal outcomes of AKI in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Materials and methods A prospective, observational, single-center study from January 2019 to January 2020. Patients admitted with preeclampsia were included. Patients with obstetric complications were excluded. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 criteria. Results Total number of patients with preeclampsia was 104, out of which 25% developed AKI. Among those with AKI, nulliparity (61.5%) was the most common risk factor for preeclampsia followed by prior history of preeclampsia (15.4%), pregestational hypertension (11.5%), pregestational diabetes mellitus (3.8%), and chronic kidney disease (3.8%). There was no significant difference in maternal mortality between those with AKI (15.4%) and without AKI (7.7%). Intermittent hemodialysis was needed in 15.4%. At the end of 90 days follow-up, complete recovery of renal function occurred in 53.8%, partial recovery in 23.1% and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in 7.7%. Perinatal death occurred in 26.9%, preterm birth in 23.1% and stillbirth in 7.7% of those with AKI and was not significantly different from those without AKI. The mean of birth weight in newborns delivered by patients with AKI (2.53 ± 0.73 kg) was significantly lower compared to those without AKI (2.82 ± 0.58 kg). Conclusion AKI was associated with a lower mean birth weight of newborns. Complete recovery of renal function was seen in 53.8% of patients with AKI and preeclampsia.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease is defined as a clinical disorder in which there is a stenosis or occlusion of the arteries of the limbs. The most common etiology is ischemia due to occlusive disease. The objective of this study is to assess the severity of lower-limb peripheral arterial diseases based on various Doppler parameters. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study comprised 55 patients with clinical signs and symptoms of lower-limb peripheral arterial disease. Both inpatients and outpatients attending the authors' institute were taken up for the study. In this study, Doppler sonography was performed using 3–12 MHz linear array and 1–7 MHz curvilinear array transducers (SAMSUNG RS80A Ultrasound System). Results: Out of 55 patients, Doppler sonography demonstrated echogenic plaques in 32 patients and corkscrew collaterals in 15 patients. Monophasic waveform with peak systolic velocity ratio of >2:1 was found in 42 patients, which is consistent with significant stenoses. Conclusion: Our study shows that Duplex Doppler sonography aided by color Doppler sonography can accurately locate the site and severity of stenosis/occlusion. It is safe, cost-effective, repeatable, and noninvasive.

In his much quoted verse above Rudyard Kipling revealed something of the nucleus of the long-lived tradition of Orientalist thought. According to J.J. Clarke, the ambivalence of the West towards the East is age-old. This ambivalence largely stems from the difference in religion and culture that the two poles share. Religion, an act of cultural construction circulates in a particular form and culture thereby, can be said to be a definer of character. Every culture thus develops its own particular values and beliefs. Elucidating this concept further, the paper intends to examine this thought by applying Said’s study of Orientalism to hegemonically Western discourse about the East and seek to highlight the fact that the East-West dichotomy is a result of ‘selective cultural mapping’, a deliberate attempt to alienate the East. To lay bare the East-West dichotomy and highlight the West’s selective cultural mapping of the East, the paper will analyze E.M Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) and its movie adaptation by David Lean and will do a comparative study. Furthermore, I will concentrate on highlighting the West’s fear of islamophobia and the consequences arising from it with due reference to the movie Khuda Ke Liye (2007), a Pakistani Urdu movie by Shoaib Mansoor.

Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is a rare, non-familial, non-progressive, unilateral cystic disorder of the kidney that is not associated with cysts or disorders in other organs and it is not related to other genetic cystic diseases. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of URCD in an adult male 49 years of age. Absence of a family history, benign clinical course and limitation of the disease to one kidney distinguish this condition from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

OBJECTIVE: Gall bladder carcinoma is the fifth most common tumor of gastrointestinal tract. 70 to 80% of gall bladder carcinomas are associated with gall stones. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of gall bladder carcinoma. Ultrasonography and Computed tomography have revolutionized the diagnosis and management of gall bladder carcinoma. METHODS: The cases were selected based on all patients referred to the Department of Radiology, Gauhati Medical College with clinically suspected Gallbladder carcinoma. Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography were done. Histopathological study was done either by fine needle aspiration cytology or from post-operative specimen. Only the FNAC/histologically proven gall bladder carcinoma cases were included in our study. The age group of the patients ranged from 20 yearrs to 90 yrs. RESULTS: 50 cases of gall bladder carcinoma were studied and among 50 cases, 41 were female and 9 were male. Other parameters like type of tumours, pattern of tumours, adjacent organ involvement etc. was evaluated and tabulated. CONCLUSION: Various findings like female predominance with female to male ratio 3:1, 4th-6th decade was the age group with maximum number of cases etc. can be obtained from the present study. Computed Tomography is more sensitive than ultrasonography in detecting adjacent organ involvement, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis especially lung.

Portal vein aneurysms are extremely rare and intrahepatic variety is the rarest. It is often an incidental, asymptomatic finding or may be associated with portal hypertension. Recognition of this finding can help to avoid potential confusion with abdominal masses of other aetiologies. In this report, we present a case of large intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm measuring approximately 7.7x6.4 cm. till date this is the largest intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm ever reported.

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome or tracheobronchomegaly is a rare congenital abnormality of the trachea and main bronchi characterized by marked cystic dilatation of the tracheobronchial tree, associated with tracheal diverticulosis, bronchiectasis and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. We report a case of 22 years adult male with history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infection.