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Sivakumar Nuvvula,1 Sravani Ega,1 Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni,1,2 Basim Almulhim,2 Abdullah Alassaf,2 Sara Ayid Alghamdi,2 Yong Chen,3 Sami Aldhuwayhi4 1Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Narayana Dental College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India; 2Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sreekanth Kumar MallineniDepartment of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi ArabiaTel +966-507780161Email s.mallineni@mu.edu.saBackground: Midline diastema in children is a prevalent developmental entity, and this pathological condition may remain in many children due to various factors. Nonetheless, the evidence on etiological factors of the midline diastema in children is minimal.Purpose: To evaluate the etiological factors of midline diastema causes in children below 12 years of age from the published data.Methods: A literature search was confined to the English language using MeSH terms conferring to PICO format in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ovidsp covering the period from January 1960 to December 2019. Search in Google Scholar, grey literature, and hand search on references were performed to find additional data. Suitable studies were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality analysis of the chosen studies conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for cross-sectional studies.Results: Only eight studies were available for final analysis among those four studies from India, two studies from Korea, one study from Brazil, and another study from Canada. The most common etiology for midline diastema was supernumerary teeth followed by morphology labial frenum and nasal airflow condensation. The quality analysis of these studies based on NOS showed one study with unsatisfactory, four studies with satisfactory, and three with good quality.Conclusion: Morphology of frenum, pre-maxillary supernumerary teeth, and nasal airflow condensation seem to be the most common causes of midline diastema in children below 12 years.Keywords: aetiological, midline diastema, children

The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created a significant impact on the oral healthcare profession, and dentists are reported to have a higher risk of transmission. Aerosols and droplets are considered as primary reasons for the transmission of this infectious disease. Quality dental treatment may not be possible without the interference of aerosols in daily dental practice. However, dental societies and healthcare communities around the globe developed various protocols and algorithms with standard infection control protocols. Nevertheless, many unanswerable questions strike in dentist minds to start the dental practice during or post COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, this review focuses on the common issues that raises in daily clinical practice and possible solutions.

Nuvvula, Sivakumar/0000-0002-1204-5551; Mallineni, Sreekanth Kumar/0000-0002-9432-2590; mallineni, Sreekanth Kumar/0000-0002-9432-2590 WOS:000546060700002 PubMed: 32238980 Purpose: To assess the efficacy of licorice lollipops in reducing dental caries in children. Materials and Methods: A literature search was confined to the English language using MeSH terms congruent with PICO format in 'PubMed', 'Cochrane Library' and 'Ovid', covering the period from April 1967 to December 2017. Searches in Google Scholar, grey literature and hand search of cross-references were performed to find additional data. Suitable studies were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality analysis and risk of bias of the selected studies were performed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for risk of bias. Results: Overall 519 articles were retrieved, 516 (electronic databases) and 3 (Google scholar). 516 publications were excluded due to non-availability of abstracts, or because they were unrelated studies, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews as well as letters to editors. Only three studies were included for final analysis. Quality analysis of these three studies showed that only one was of high quality, whereas the other two were rated as low. Conclusion: Licorice lollipops showed a promising effect in reducing caries by decreasing Streptococcus mutans counts in the saliva. Further research using randomised controlled clinical trial (RCT) designs with large sample size are recommended. Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University [R-1441-44] The authors would like to thank the Principal, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, P, India for support, as well as the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under project No. R-1441-44.

Although it was believed that attachment was due to the food provided by the parent figure, later it was proved that attachment is because the child considers parent figure as secure base. Hence, when a child feels distressed in dental operatory, the type of attachment pattern will determine the behavior of a child. This, in turn, could determine the weather parental presence is needed or not in dental operatory. Hence, attachment patterns could affect the quality of dental treatment delivered.

Introduction: Metronidazole belongs to the nitroimidazole group of drugs, specifically anti-anaerobic in the nature and has a broad spectrum of activity against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the requisite for metronidazole prescription among children with pulpal infection either during treatment or postoperatively. Materials and Methods: An electronic literature search was done using databases PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, OVID and EBSCO Host from January 1991 to December 2015. Hand search were carried outbased on crossreferences, to find additional citations. Articles that met criteria such as randomised clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, invivo human studies were included. Search was confined to English language. The primary outcome was to evaluate the necessity of metronidazole prescription in children with pulpal pathology. Two independent evaluators were involved in the search and kappa statistics were used to evaluate intra & interexaminer reliability. Results: A total of 335 articles were available, among these, only two studies fulfilled established inclusion criteria. These available two studies were cross-sectional studies (Level III). Kappa statistics showed excellent inter and inter-examiner reliability. Conclusion: Although, metronidazole has antibacterial properties against anaerobic microorganisms, there is no clear evidence regarding its prescription among children with pulpal pathology. Further research is required to support or contradict the use of metronidazole prescription in children during or after pulp therapies.

Anticipatory guidance as a proactive developmentally based counselling technique that focuses on the need of a child at each stage of life. The prevention of dental problems is essential component of oral care particularly for haemophilic children. Parents should be educated and motivated regarding the value of prevention of dental caries, gingival and periodontal diseases, as well as dental trauma. Teething toys like a firm rubber or water filled plastic teething rings used during teething. Brushing twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste.1,000-ppm fluoride toothpaste for children under 7 years of age and 1,400-ppm fluoride toothpaste for people over 7 years of age. High sugar or acid content should be limited to mealtimes Most of the restorative procedures done without factor replacement. Use thin rubber dam, avoid retainers with sub gingival extensions, to protect interdental papilla wedged can be used. High speed vacuum saliva ejector should be used cautiously. Pulpotomy and pulpectomy is preferable to extraction. However, 30- 40% factor replacement is administered one hour prior to the extraction. This article discuss about anticipatory guidance in children with haemophilia.

Cementoblastoma is a benign lesion of the odontogenic ectomesenchymal origin. It rarely occurs in primary dentition. This report describes a case of a cementoblastoma relating to the right mandibular second primary molar in a 7-year-old girl. Her panoramic radiograph revealed a well-defined radiopaque lesion with a radiolucent border extending from the distal surface of the mandibular right first primary molar to the distal surface of mandibular second primary molar. The tumor was attached to the mesial root of primary second molar and was excised along with the teeth involved and sent for histopathological evaluation, which showed irregular trabeculae of mineralized tissue interspersed with fibrovascular connective tissue, trabeculae of mineralized tissue with prominent reversal lines, and peripheral rimming of the mineralized tissue with blast cells. On a six-month follow-up, there has been no recurrence of the lesion.