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1. Stationary expansion of gas mixture from a spherical source into vacuum

Author: V.V. Zakharov, A. Rotundi, D. Bockelée-Morvan, N.Y. Bykov, M. Fulle, N. Biver, V. Della Corte, A.V. Rodionov, and S.L. Ivanovski
Subjects: gas dynamics, Space and Planetary Science, Comets, Numerical simulations, Astronomy and Astrophysics, General, methods
Published: 2023
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2. Size and albedo of the largest detected Oort-cloud object: Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)

Author: E. Lellouch, R. Moreno, D. Bockelée-Morvan, N. Biver, P. Santos-Sanz, European Commission, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Comets: individual: C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein), individual: C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) [Comets], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Context. The recently announced Oort-cloud comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) is remarkable in at least three respects: (i) it was discovered inbound as far as 29 au from the Sun (with prediscovery images up to 34 au); (ii) it already showed cometary activity at almost 24 au; and (iii) its nuclear magnitude (Hr 8.0) indicates an exceptionally large object. Detection of gases is expected in the upcoming years as the comet heads toward a perihelion of 11 au in 2031. Aims. The goal is to determine the objecta s diameter and albedo from thermal measurements. Methods. We used ALMA in extended configuration (resolution 0.064a) to measure the 1287 μm (233 GHz) continuum flux of the comet. Observations were performed on August 8, 2021, at a 20.0 au distance from the Sun. The high spatial resolution was chosen in order to filter out any dust contribution. We also used a recently published Afρ value to estimate the dust production rate and the expected dust thermal signal for various assumptions on particle size distribution. Results. We detected the thermal emission of the object at 10I, with a flux of 0.128 ± 0.012 mJy. Based on observational constraints and our theoretical estimates of the dust contribution, the entirety of the measured flux can be attributed to the nucleus. From NEATM modeling combined with the Hr magnitude, we determine a surface-equivalent diameter of 137 ± 17 km and a red geometric albedo of 5.3 ± 1.2%. This confirms that C/2014 UN271 is by far the largest Oort-cloud object ever found (almost twice as large as comet C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp) and, except for the Centaur 95P/Chiron, which shows outburst-like activity, the largest known comet in the Solar System. On the other hand, the C/2014 UN271 albedo is typical of comets, adding credence to a a universalacomet nucleus albedo. Conclusions. With its distant perihelion and uniquely large size, C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) is the prominent archetype of distant comets whose activity is driven by hypervolatiles. Monitoring of dust and gas emission as the comet approaches and passes perihelion will permit its activity time pattern to be studied and compared to the distant (outbound) activity of Hale-Bopp. Post-perihelion thermal measurements will permit the study of possible albedo changes, such as a surface brightening compared to pre-perihelion, as was observed for Hale-Bopp. © E. Lellouch et al. 2022., This paper is based on ALMA program 2019.A.00038. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. P.S-S. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 “LEO-SBNAF” (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709).
Published: 2022

3. Coma composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from radio-wave spectroscopy

Author: N. Biver, D. Bockelée-Morvan, J. Crovisier, Aa. Sandqvist, J. Boissier, D. C. Lis, M. Cordiner, B. P. Bonev, N. Dello Russo, R. Moreno, S. Milam, N. X. Roth, R. Vervack, and M. A. DiSanti
Subjects: Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the results of a molecular survey of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko undertaken with the Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m radio telescope in November–December 2021, when it had its most favourable apparition in decades. Observations at IRAM 30-m during the 12–16 November period covered 8 GHz bandwidth at 3 mm, 16 GHz at 2 mm, and 60 GHz in the 1 mm window domain. These were completed by snapshots at 1 mm on 12–13 December and a short observation of the H2O line at 557 GHz with the Odin sub-millimetre observatory on 17.0 November 2021, and with 18-cm observations of OH with the Nançay radio telescope. Less sensitive observations obtained at a previous perihelion passage on 18–22 September 2015 with IRAM and 9–12 November 2015 with Odin are also presented. The gas outflow velocity, outgassing pattern, and temperature have been accurately constrained by the observations. They are perfectly consistent with those measured in situ with the Rosetta/MIRO sub-millimetre instrument in 2015. In particular, the asymmetry of the line is well represented by a jet concentrating three-quarters of the outgassing in about π steradians. We derived abundances relative to water for seven molecules and significant upper limits for approximately five others. The retrieved abundances were compared to those measured in situ at the previous perihelion with Rosetta. While those of HCN, CH3OH, and HNCO are comparable, 67P is found to be depleted in H2S and relatively normal in CS (H2S/CS ≈ 3) in strong contradiction with the Rosetta/ROSINA mass spectrometer measurement of the H2S/CS2 (≈100) abundance ratio. While the formaldehyde total abundance found with IRAM 30-m when assuming it to be mostly produced by a distributed source (Haser parent scale length ≈8000 km) is similar to the one derived by Rosetta/ROSINA, we find that the formaldehyde coming from the nucleus is one order of magnitude less abundant than measured in situ by Rosetta/ROSINA.
Published: 2023
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4. Observations of comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) with IRAM telescopes

Author: N. Biver, J. Boissier, D. Bockelée-Morvan, J. Crovisier, H. Cottin, M. A. Cordiner, N. X. Roth, and R. Moreno
Subjects: Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the results of millimetre-wave spectroscopic and continuum observations of the comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) undertaken with the Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m and the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) telescopes on 22, 25–27 July, and 7 August 2020. Production rates of HCN, HNC, CH3OH CS, H2CO, CH3CN, H2S, and CO were determined with upper limits on six other species. The comet shows abundances within the range observed for other comets. The CO abundance is low (3.2% relative to water), while H2S is relatively abundant (1.1% relative to water). The H2CO abundance shows a steep variation with heliocentric distance, possibly related to a distributed production from the dust or macro-molecular source. The CH3OH and H2S production rates show a slower decrease post-perihelion than water. There was no detection of the nucleus point source contribution based on the interferometric map of the continuum (implying a size of r < 4.7 km), but this yielded an estimate of the dust production rate, leading to a relatively low dust-to-gas ratio of 0.7 ± 0.3 on 22.4 July 2020.
Published: 2022
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5. A molecular wind blows out of the Kuiper belt

Author: Amy Bonsor, Luca Matrà, Mark C. Wyatt, Quentin Kral, A. Guilbert-Lepoutre, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Emmanuel Lellouch, F. Le Petit, N. Biver, J. E. Pringle, Julianne I. Moses, G. Randall Gladstone, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI)
Subjects: Solar System, Comet, Interplanetary medium, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, circumstellar matter, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Physics - Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Sun: heliosphere, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, planetary systems, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), Solar wind, solar wind, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Kuiper belt: general, interplanetary medium, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Heliosphere, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Gas has been detected in many exoplanetary systems ($>$10 Myr), thought to be released in the destruction of volatile-rich planetesimals orbiting in exo-Kuiper belts. In this letter, we aim to explore whether gas is also expected in the Kuiper belt (KB) in our Solar System. To quantify the gas release in our Solar System, we use models for gas release that have been applied to extrasolar planetary systems, as well as a physical model that accounts for gas released due to the progressive internal warming of large planetesimals. We find that only bodies larger than about 4 km can still contain CO ice after 4.6 Gyr of evolution. This finding may provide a clue as to why Jupiter-family comets, thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, are deficient in CO compared to Oort-clouds comets. We predict that gas is still produced in the KB right now at a rate of $2 \times 10^{-8}$ M$_\oplus$/Myr for CO and orders of magnitude more when the Sun was younger. Once released, the gas is quickly pushed out by the Solar wind. Therefore, we predict a gas wind in our Solar System starting at the KB location and extending far beyond with regards to the heliosphere with a current total CO mass of $\sim 2 \times 10^{-12}$ M$_\oplus$. We also predict the existence of a slightly more massive atomic gas wind made of carbon and oxygen (neutral and ionized) with a mass of $\sim 10^{-11}$ M$_\oplus$. We predict that gas is currently present in our Solar System beyond the Kuiper belt and that although it cannot be detected with current instrumentation, it could be observed in the future with an in situ mission using an instrument similar to Alice on New Horizons with larger detectors. Our model of gas release due to slow heating may also work for exoplanetary systems and provide the first real physical mechanism for the gas observations., accepted for publication as a Letter to the editor in A&A; abstract shortened; 15 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables
Published: 2021
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6. Low Water Outgassing from (24) Themis and (65) Cybele: 3.1 μ m Near-IR Spectral Implications

Author: T. G. Müller, Michael Küppers, D. Teyssier, I. Valtchanov, N. Biver, Hideaki Fujiwara, T. L. Lim, Sonia Fornasier, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Laurence O'Rourke, Humberto Campins, Sunao Hasegawa, Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Faculty of Science and Technology [Tokyo], Seikei University, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AUTRES, and Dept. of Physics
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Thermal inertia, Main belt asteroids, Main-belt comets, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Far infrared, Bond albedo, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astronomy data modeling, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Spectrometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Small solar system bodies, Space observatory, Asteroids, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols, Water vapor
Abstract: International audience; Asteroids (24) Themis and (65) Cybele have an absorption feature at 3.1 μm reported to be directly linked to surface water ice. We searched for water vapor escaping from these asteroids with the Herschel Space Observatory Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared. While no H 2 O line emission was detected, we obtain sensitive 3σ water production rate upper limits of Q(H 2 O)
Published: 2020
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7. Monitoring of the evolution of H2O vapor in the stratosphere of Jupiter over an 18-yr period with the Odin space telescope

Author: Emmanuel Lellouch, R. Moreno, Paul Hartogh, Aa. Sandqvist, Urban Frisk, K. Bermudez-Diaz, Alain Lecacheux, N. Biver, Thierry Fouchet, Å. Hjalmarson, Michel Dobrijevic, Bilal Benmahi, Vincent Hue, Thibault Cavalié, Michael Olberg, F. Billebaud, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ASP 2020, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ASP 2019, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], and The Odin Team
Subjects: planets and satellites: atmospheres, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], submillimeter: planetary systems, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, planets and satellites: individual: Jupiter, 01 natural sciences, Jovian, Eddy diffusion, Jupiter, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Water vapor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. The comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacted Jupiter in July 1994, leaving its stratosphere with several new species, with water vapor (H2O) among them. Aims. With the aid of a photochemical model, H2O can be used as a dynamical tracer in the Jovian stratosphere. In this paper, we aim to constrain the vertical eddy diffusion (Kzz) at levels where H2O is present. Methods. We monitored the H2O disk-averaged emission at 556.936 GHz with the space telescope between 2002 and 2019, covering nearly two decades. We analyzed the data with a combination of 1D photochemical and radiative transfer models to constrain the vertical eddy diffusion in the stratosphere of Jupiter. Results. Odin observations show us that the emission of H2O has an almost linear decrease of about 40% between 2002 and 2019. We can only reproduce our time series if we increase the magnitude of Kzz in the pressure range where H2O diffuses downward from 2002 to 2019, that is, from ~0.2 mbar to ~5 mbar. However, this modified Kzz is incompatible with hydrocarbon observations. We find that even if an allowance is made for the initially large abundances of H2O and CO at the impact latitudes, the photochemical conversion of H2O to CO2 is not sufficient to explain the progressive decline of the H2O line emission, which is suggestive of additional loss mechanisms. Conclusions. The Kzz we derived from the Odin observations of H2O can only be viewed as an upper limit in the ~0.2 mbar to ~5 mbar pressure range. The incompatibility between the interpretations made from H2O and hydrocarbon observations probably results from 1D modeling limitations. Meridional variability of H2O, most probably at auroral latitudes, would need to be assessed and compared with that of hydrocarbons to quantify the role of auroral chemistry in the temporal evolution of the H2O abundance since the SL9 impacts. Modeling the temporal evolution of SL9 species with a 2D model would naturally be the next step in this area of study.
Published: 2020
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8. Long-term monitoring of the outgassing and composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Rosetta/MIRO instrument

Author: Mathieu Choukroun, W-H. Ip, N. Biver, Paul Hartogh, Jacques Crovisier, C. Leyrat, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, F. P. Schloerb, M. Hofstadter, Emmanuel Lellouch, Samuel Gulkis, Pierre Encrenaz, Sukhan Lee, Ladislav Rezac, Gerard Beaudin, P. von Allmen, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: planetary systemssubmillimeter, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Equator, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, general -comets, Spectral line, Latitude, 0103 physical sciences, comets, individual, 67P/churyumov-Gerasimenko -radio lines, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, planetary systems, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Jet (fluid), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Nadir (topography)
Abstract: We present the analysis of ≈100 molecular maps of the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko that were obtained with the MIRO submillimeter radiotelescope on board the Rosetta spacecraft. From the spectral line mapping of H216O, H218O, H217O, CH3OH, NH3, and CO and some fixed nadir pointings, we retrieved the outgassing pattern and total production rates for these species. The analysis covers the period from July 2014, inbound to perihelion, to June 2016, outbound, and heliocentric distancesrh= 1.24–3.65 AU. A steep evolution of the outgassing rates with heliocentric distance is observed, typically inrh−16, with significant differences between molecules (e.g. steeper variation for H2O post-perihelion than for methanol). As a consequence, the abundances relative to water in the coma vary. The CH3OH and CO abundances increase after perihelion, while the NH3abundance peaks around perihelion and then decreases. Outgassing patterns have been modeled as 2D Gaussian jets. The width of these jets is maximum around the equinoxes when the bulk of the outgassing is located near the equator. From July 2014 to February 2015, the outgassing is mostly restricted to a narrower jet (full width at half-maximum ≈80°) originating from high northern latitudes, while around perihelion, most of the gaseous production comes from the southernmost regions ( − 80 ± 5° cometocentric latitude) and forms a 100°–130° (full width at half-maximum) wide fan. We find a peak production of water of 0.8 × 1028molec. s−1, 2.5 times lower than measured by the ROSINA experiment, and place an upper limit to a 50% additional production that could come from the sublimation of icy grains. We estimate the total loss of ices during this perihelion passage to be 4.18 ± 0.18 × 109kg. We derive a dust-to-gas ratio in the lost material of 0.7–2.3 (including all sources of errors) based on the nucleus mass loss of 10.5 ± 3.4 × 109kg estimated by the RSI experiment. We also obtain an estimate of the H218O/H217O ratio of 5.6 ± 0.8.
Published: 2019
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9. Distributed glycine in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Corrigendum)

Author: P. Zapf, V.V. Zakharov, K. Hadraoui, Jérémie Lasue, Yves Bénilan, Nicolas Fray, V. Della Corte, Stavro Ivanovski, Hervé Cottin, Kathrin Altwegg, N. Biver, Sihane Merouane, and Alessandra Rotundi
Subjects: Physics, Astrochemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Glycine, Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrobiology
Published: 2021
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10. ALMA Autocorrelation Spectroscopy of Comets: The HCN/H 13 CN Ratio in C/2012 S1 (ISON)

Author: M. Y. Palmer, Dariusz C. Lis, Steven B. Charnley, Stefanie N. Milam, Martin A. Cordiner, Geronimo Villanueva, N. Biver, J. Crovisier, Lucas Paganini, M. J. Mumma, Yi-Jehng Kuan, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Anthony J. Remijan, M. de Val-Borro, Departament d'Astronomia i Meteorologia [Barcelona] (DAM), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Autocorrelation, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a powerful tool for high-resolution mapping of comets, but the main interferometer (comprised of 50x12-m antennas) is insensitive to the largest coma scales due to a lack of very short baselines. In this work, we present a new technique employing ALMA autocorrelation data (obtained simultaneously with the interferometric observations), effectively treating the entire 12-m array as a collection of single-dish telescopes. Using combined autocorrelation spectra from 28 active antennas, we recovered extended HCN coma emission from comet C/2012 S1 (ISON), resulting in a fourteen-fold increase in detected line brightness compared with the interferometer. This resulted in the first detection of rotational emission from H^13CN in this comet. Using a detailed coma radiative transfer model accounting for optical depth and non-LTE excitation effects, we obtained an H^12CN/H^13CN ratio of 88+-18, which matches the terrestrial value of 89, consistent with a lack of isotopic fractionation in HCN during comet formation in the protosolar accretion disk. The possibility of future discoveries in extended sources using autocorrelation spectroscopy from the main ALMA array is thus demonstrated.
Published: 2019
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11. Distributed glycine in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: P. Zapf, Stavro Ivanovski, Yves Bénilan, V. Della Corte, Katia Hadraoui, Kathrin Altwegg, Hervé Cottin, V.V. Zakharov, Alessandra Rotundi, Nicolas Fray, Jérémie Lasue, Sihane Merouane, N. Biver, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Bern, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Dust particles, Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, comets: individual: 67P, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment, Comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Glycine, Sublimation (phase transition), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Nucleus
Abstract: International audience; Most of the gaseous molecules that are detected in cometary atmospheres are produced through sublimation of nucleus ices. Distributed sources may also occur, that is, production within the coma, from the solid component of dust particles that are ejected from the nucleus. Glycine, the simplest amino acid, was observed episodically in the atmosphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) by the ROSINA mass spectrometer on board the Rosetta probe. A series of measurements on 28 March 2015 revealed a distributed density profile at between 14 and 26 km away from the nucleus. We here present and discuss three study cases: (i) glycine emitted directly and only from the nucleus, (ii) glycine emitted from the sublimation of solid-state glycine on the dust particles that are ejected from the nucleus, and (iii) glycine molecules embedded in water ice that are emitted from the sublimation of this ice from the dust particles that are ejected from the nucleus. A numerical model was developed to calculate the abundance of glycine in the atmosphere of comet 67P as a function of the distance from the nucleus, and to derive its initial abundance in the lifted dust particles. We show that a good fit to the observations corresponds to a distributed source of glycine that is embedded in sublimating water ice from dust particles that are ejected from the nucleus (iii). The few hundred ppb of glycine embedded in water ice on dust particles (nominally 170 ppb by mass) agree well with the observed distribution.
Published: 2019
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12. Erratum: Comet 67P outbursts and quiescent coma at 1.3 au from the Sun: dust properties from Rosetta/VIRTIS-H observations

Author: Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, G Rinaldi, S Erard, C Leyrat, F Capaccioni, P Drossart, G Filacchione, A Migliorini, E Quirico, S Mottola, G Tozzi, G Arnold, N Biver, M Combes, J Crovisier, A Longobardo, M Blecka, M-T Capria, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IASI (IASI), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Fisica Spazio Interplanetario, Dysoxie, suractivité : aspects cellulaires et intégratifs thérapeutiques (DS-ACI / UMR MD2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and bibliotheque, la.
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Asteroiden und Kometen, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, comets: general, Leitungsbereich PF, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS] Physics [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], infrared: planetary systems, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, addenda, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, errata, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The paper 'Comet 67P outbursts and quiescent coma at 1.3 AU from the Sun: dust properties from Rosetta/VIRTIS-H observations' was published in MNRAS 469, S443 (2017). While performing a follow-up investigation, we discovered a numerical error in the algorithms that were developed to model the infrared continuum emission from a population of dust particles. The results of the scattering models for compact or moderately porous grains (Mie theory) and fluffy grains (Rayleigh-Gans-Debye theory, RGD) are both affected. Though the general conclusions of the paper are unchanged, the quantitative constraints obtained on the dust size distribution in the quiescent coma are slightly different.
Published: 2018
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13. Comet 67P outbursts and quiescent coma at 1.3 au from the Sun: dust properties from Rosetta/VIRTIS-H observations

Author: Gabriele Arnold, Eric Quirico, G. P. Tozzi, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Stefano Mottola, Alessandra Migliorini, M. I. Blecka, Pierre Drossart, M. Combes, Andrea Longobardo, N. Biver, Stéphane Erard, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, C. Leyrat, Gianrico Filacchione, M. T. Capria, Giovanna Rinaldi, Jacques Crovisier, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Roma (IASF-Roma), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), and Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN)
Subjects: Asteroiden und Kometen, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, Comet dust, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, Ejecta, infrared: planetary systems, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Scattering, comets: general, Leitungsbereich PF, Astronomy, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Absorption band, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present 2-5 $\mu$m spectroscopic observations of the dust coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko obtained with the VIRTIS-H instrument onboard Rosetta during two outbursts that occurred on 2015, 13 September 13.6 h UT and 14 September 18.8 h UT at 1.3 AU from the Sun. Scattering and thermal properties measured before the outburst are in the mean of values measured for moderately active comets. The colour temperature excess (or superheat factor) can be attributed to submicrometre-sized particles composed of absorbing material or to porous fractal-like aggregates such as those collected by the Rosetta in situ dust instruments. The power law index of the dust size distribution is in the range 2-3. The sudden increase of infrared emission associated to the outbursts is correlated with a large increase of the colour temperature (from 300 K to up to 630 K) and a change of the dust colour at 2-2.5 $\mu$m from red to blue colours, revealing the presence of very small grains ($\leq$ 100 nm) in the outburst material. In addition, the measured large bolometric albedos ($\sim$ 0.7) indicate bright grains in the ejecta, which could either be silicatic grains, implying the thermal degradation of the carbonaceous material, or icy grains. The 3-$\mu$m absorption band from water ice is not detected in the spectra acquired during the outbursts, whereas signatures of organic compounds near 3.4 $\mu$m are observed in emission. The H$_2$O 2.7-$\mu$m and CO$_2$ 4.3-$\mu$m vibrational bands do not show any enhancement during the outbursts., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Published: 2017
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14. Ion composition at comet 67P near perihelion: Rosetta observations and model-based interpretation

Author: Myrtha Hässig, Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Arnaud Beth, André Bieler, Kirk C. Hansen, Marina Galand, Martin Rubin, Hans Balsiger, S. A. Fuselier, Nicolas Fougere, Erik Vigren, M. R. Combi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, K. L. Heritier, Anders Eriksson, Elias Odelstad, Véronique Vuitton, J. De Keyser, N. Biver, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), European Space Agency / Estec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Data analysis, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Ion, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Sun, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Plasmas
Abstract: International audience; We present the ion composition in the coma of comet 67P with newly detected ion species over the 28 to 37 u mass range, probed by Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). In summer 2015, the nucleus reached its highest outgassing rate and ion-neutral reactions started to take place at low cometocentric distances. Minor neutrals can efficiently capture protons from the ion population, making the protonated version of these neutrals a major ion species. So far, only NH>sup>+4 has been reported at comet 67P. However, there are additional neutral species with proton affinities higher than that of water (besides NH3) that have been detected in the coma of comet 67P: CH3OH, HCN, H2CO and H2S. Their protonated versions have all been detected. Statistics showing the number of detections with respect to the number of scans are presented. The effect of the negative spacecraft potential probed by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)/LAngmuir Probe (LAP) on ion detection is assessed. An ionospheric model has been developed to assess the different ion density profiles and compare them to the ROSINA/DFMS measurements. It is also used to interpret the ROSINA/DFMS observations when different ion species have similar masses, and their respective densities are not high enough to disentangle them using the ROSINA/DFMS high resolution mode. The different ion species that have been reported in the coma of 67P are summarised and compared with the ions detected at comet 1P/Halley during the Giotto mission.
Published: 2017
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15. Spatially resolved evolution of the local H 2 O production rates of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from the MIRO instrument on Rosetta

Author: Wing-Huen Ip, N. Biver, Ladislav Rezac, P. von Allmen, David Marshall, Paul Hartogh, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Mark Hofstadter, Christopher Jarchow, Pierre Encrenaz, Jacques Crovisier, Samuel Gulkis, Seungwon Lee, Emmanuel Lellouch, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE-POSTECH), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continuum (design consultancy), Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Nadir, Sublimation (phase transition), Variation (astronomy), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation)
Abstract: International audience; Aims: Using spectroscopic and continuum data measured by the MIRO instrument on board Rosetta of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, it is possible to derive and track the change in the water production rate, to learn how the outgassing evolves with heliocentric distance. The MIRO data are well suited to investigate the evolution of 67P, in unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. Methods: To obtain estimates of the local effective Haser production rates we developed an efficient and reliable retrieval approach with precalculated lookup tables. We employed line area ratios (H216O/H218O) from pure nadir observations as the key variable, along with the Doppler shift velocity, and continuum temperature. This method was applied to the MIRO data from August 2014 until April 2016. Perihelion occurred on August 13, 2015 when the comet was 1.24 AU from the Sun. Results: During the perihelion approach, the water production rates increased by an order of magnitude, and from the observations, the derived maximum for a single observation on August 29, 2015 is (1.42 ± 0.51) ×1028. Modeling the data indicates that there is an offset in the peak outgassing, occurring 34 ± 10 days after perihelion. During the pre-perihelion phase, the production rate changes with heliocentric distance as rh-3.8±0.2; during post-perihelion, the dependence is rh-4.3±0.2. The comet is calculated to have lost 0.12 ± 0.06 % of its mass during the perihelion passage, considering only water ice sublimation. Additionally, this method provides well sampled data to determine the spatial distribution of outgassing versus heliocentric distance. The time evolution is definitely not uniform across the surface. Pre- and post-perihelion, the surface temperature on the southern hemisphere changes rapidly, as does the sublimation rate with an exponent of -6. There is a strong latitudinal dependence on the rh exponent with significant variation between northern and southern hemispheres, and so the average over the comet surface may only be of limited importance. We present more detailed regional variation in the outgassing, demonstrating that the highest derived production rates originate from the Wosret, Neith and Bes regions during perihelion.
Published: 2017
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16. Detection of CO and HCN in Pluto’s atmosphere with ALMA

Author: Xun Zhu, Panayotis Lavvas, Bruno Sicardy, Emmanuel Lellouch, R. Moreno, Alan Stern, Eliot F. Young, Bryan J. Butler, Thierry Fouchet, Harold A. Weaver, Leslie A. Young, Mark Gurwell, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, John Stansberry, Darrell F. Strobel, Jérémie Boissier, N. Biver, Arielle Moullet, Dariusz C. Lis, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Astronomy, Harvard University, Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Harvard University [Cambridge], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Condensation, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Mole fraction, 01 natural sciences, Mesosphere, Pluto, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Stratopause, 0103 physical sciences, Cloud condensation nuclei, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation)
Abstract: Observations of the Pluto-Charon system, acquired with the ALMA interferometer on June 12-13, 2015, have yielded a detection of the CO(3-2) and HCN(4-3) rotational transitions from Pluto, providing a strong confirmation of the presence of CO, and the first observation of HCN, in Pluto's atmosphere. The CO and HCN lines probe Pluto's atmosphere up to ~450 km and ~900 km altitude, respectively. The CO detection yields (i) a much improved determination of the CO mole fraction, as 515+/-40 ppm for a 12 ubar surface pressure (ii) clear evidence for a well-marked temperature decrease (i.e., mesosphere) above the 30-50 km stratopause and a best-determined temperature of 70+/-2 K at 300 km, in agreement with recent inferences from New Horizons / Alice solar occultation data. The HCN line shape implies a high abundance of this species in the upper atmosphere, with a mole fraction >1.5x10-5 above 450 km and a value of 4x10-5 near 800 km. The large HCN abundance and the cold upper atmosphere imply supersaturation of HCN to a degree (7-8 orders of magnitude) hitherto unseen in planetary atmospheres, probably due to the slow kinetics of condensation at the low pressure and temperature conditions of Pluto's upper atmosphere. HCN is also present in the bottom ~100 km of the atmosphere, with a 10-8 - 10-7 mole fraction; this implies either HCN saturation or undersaturation there, depending on the precise stratopause temperature. The HCN column is (1.6+/-0.4)x10^14 cm-2, suggesting a surface-referred net production rate of ~2x10^7 cm-2s-1. Although HCN rotational line cooling affects Pluto's atmosphere heat budget, the amounts determined in this study are insufficient to explain the well-marked mesosphere and upper atmosphere's ~70 K temperature. We finally report an upper limit on the HC3N column density (< 2x10^13 cm-2) and on the HC15N / HC14N ratio (< 1/125)., Revised version. Icarus, in press, Oct. 11, 2016. 57 pages, including 13 figures and 4 tables
Published: 2017
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17. Exposed water ice on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Giancarlo Bellucci, Katrin Stephan, Yves Langevin, Sergio Fonti, G. Peter, Gianrico Filacchione, Ulrich Schade, G. P. Tozzi, Jacques Crovisier, Costanzo Federico, Eleonora Ammannito, M. I. Blecka, S. Jacquinod, Jean-Michel Reess, M. Cartacci, Michael R. Combi, Vito Mennella, Federico Tosi, Marcello Fulchignoni, Armando Blanco, Giuseppe Piccioni, Roberto Orosei, Bernard Schmitt, Andrea Longobardo, Giovanna Rinaldi, Ralf Jaumann, Vincenzo Orofino, Alessandra Migliorini, Andrea Raponi, Pierre Drossart, M. Combes, David Kappel, Mauro Ciarniello, D. Despan, Murthy S. Gudipati, C. Leyrat, T. Encrenaz, Ernesto Palomba, Andrea Cicchetti, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Michelangelo Formisano, Maria Teresa Capria, Romolo Politi, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Stefano Mottola, Enrico Flamini, Pierre Beck, L. Moroz, Gianfranco Magni, U. Fink, Eric Quirico, Fredric W. Taylor, Sonia Fornasier, J-Ph. Combe, F. Merlin, Jean-Pierre Bibring, N. Biver, M. C. De Sanctis, Florence Henry, Uri Carsenty, M. A. Barucci, Gabriele Arnold, Y. Hello, Patrick G. J. Irwin, R. W. Carlson, Wing-Huen Ip, E. Kuehrt, Kathrin Markus, Davide Grassi, S. Giuppi, Raffaella Noschese, Alessandro Frigeri, F. Mancarella, Stéphane Erard, Luigi Colangeli, Lydie Bonal, T. B. McCord, J. Benkhoff, D. Tiphene, Priscilla Cerroni, G., Filacchione, M. C., De Sancti, F., Capaccioni, A., Raponi, F., Tosi, M., Ciarniello, P., Cerroni, G., Piccioni, M. T., Capria, E., Palomba, G., Bellucci, S., Erard, D., Bockelee Morvan, C., Leyrat, G., Arnold, M. A., Barucci, M., Fulchignoni, B., Schmitt, E., Quirico, R., Jaumann, K., Stephan, A., Longobardo, V., Mennella, A., Migliorini, E., Ammannito, J., Benkhoff, J. P., Bibring, Blanco, Armando, M. I., Blecka, R., Carlson, U., Carsenty, L., Colangeli, M., Combe, M., Combi, J., Crovisier, P., Drossart, T., Encrenaz, C., Federico, U., Fink, Fonti, Sergio, W. H., Ip, P., Irwin, E., Kuehrt, Y., Langevin, G., Magni, T., Mccord, L., Moroz, S., Mottola, Orofino, Vincenzo, U., Schade, F., Taylor, D., Tiphene, G. P., Tozzi, P., Beck, N., Biver, L., Bonal, Combe, J. P. h., D., Despan, E., Flamini, M., Formisano, S., Fornasier, A., Frigeri, D., Grassi, M. S., Gudipati, D., Kappel, Mancarella, Francesca, K., Marku, F., Merlin, R., Orosei, G., Rinaldi, M., Cartacci, A., Cicchetti, S., Giuppi, Y., Hello, F., Henry, S., Jacquinod, J. M., Ree, R., Noschese, R., Politi, G., Peter, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Roma (IASF-Roma), Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique Textiles (LPMT), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (OAC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEAV), Institut, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Lecce, Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford, Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Department of Physics [Lecce], Università del Salento [Lecce], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alenia Aerospazio, DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), JDS Uniphase/Cronos, USA, JDS Uniphase/Cronos, CNR-IASF, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-ENSITM-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ENSITM-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Extraterrestrial Environment, Comet, Mineralogy, comet 67P, 01 natural sciences, water ice, Astrobiology, Diffusion, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, medicine, Diffusion (business), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, Meteoroid, Spectrum Analysis, Ice, food and beverages, Meteoroids, VIRTIS, Debris, Asteroids, Grain growth, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, comets and Kuiper belt Early solar system, Gases, Layering, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Nucleus, Water vapor
Abstract: Although water vapour is the main species observed in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko1, 2 and water is the major constituent of cometary nuclei3, 4, limited evidence for exposed water-ice regions on the surface of the nucleus has been found so far5, 6. The absence of large regions of exposed water ice seems a common finding on the surfaces of many of the comets observed so far7, 8, 9. The nucleus of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko appears to be fairly uniformly coated with dark, dehydrated, refractory and organic-rich material10. Here we report the identification at infrared wavelengths of water ice on two debris falls in the Imhotep region of the nucleus. The ice has been exposed on the walls of elevated structures and at the base of the walls. A quantitative derivation of the abundance of ice in these regions indicates the presence of millimetre-sized pure water-ice grains, considerably larger than in all previous observations6, 7, 8, 9. Although micrometre-sized water-ice grains are the usual result of vapour recondensation in ice-free layers6, the occurrence of millimetre-sized grains of pure ice as observed in the Imhotep debris falls is best explained by grain growth by vapour diffusion in ice-rich layers, or by sintering. As a consequence of these processes, the nucleus can develop an extended and complex coating in which the outer dehydrated crust10 is superimposed on layers enriched in water ice. The stratigraphy observed on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko11, 12 is therefore the result of evolutionary processes affecting the uppermost metres of the nucleus and does not necessarily require a global layering to have occurred at the time of the comet’s formation.
Published: 2016
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18. The organic-rich surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by VIRTIS/Rosetta

Author: Gabriele Arnold, Maria Teresa Capria, Y. Hello, Kathrin Markus, Vincenzo Orofino, A. Semery, Romolo Politi, Stéphane Erard, Roberto Orosei, Robert W. Carlson, Davide Grassi, M. Combes, J. Crovisier, Gianfranco Magni, Andrea Raponi, Michael R. Combi, Priscilla Cerroni, Yves Langevin, L. Moroz, Pierre Drossart, Ulrich Schade, G. P. Tozzi, Wing-Huen Ip, Luigi Colangeli, Fredric W. Taylor, Angioletta Coradini, J. Ph. Combe, Raffaella Noschese, Enrico Flamini, Giancarlo Bellucci, Ernesto Palomba, Sonia Fornasier, F. Merlin, Lydie Bonal, Andrea Longobardo, G. Peter, M. Cartacci, Alessandro Frigeri, Giuseppe Piccioni, Bernard Schmitt, Uwe Fink, Ralf Jaumann, Mauro Ciarniello, D. Despan, M. A. Barucci, Giovanna Rinaldi, Pierre Beck, M. C. De Sanctis, S. Giuppi, S. Jacquinod, Uri Carsenty, D. Bockelee-Morvan, Eric Quirico, Stefano Mottola, F. Henry, N. Biver, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Patrick G. J. Irwin, T. Encrenaz, Katrin Stephan, Andrea Cicchetti, Johannes Benkhoff, C. Leyrat, Gianrico Filacchione, D. Tiphene, J. M. Reess, T. B. McCord, Sergio Fonti, Costanzo Federico, Eleonora Ammannito, M. I. Blecka, Pasquale Palumbo, Armando Blanco, M. Gudipati, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Vito Mennella, Federico Tosi, E. Kuehrt, F., Capaccioni, A., Coradini, G., Filacchione, S., Erard, G., Arnold, P., Drossart, M. C., De Sancti, D., Bockelee Morvan, M. T., Capria, F., Tosi, C., Leyrat, B., Schmitt, E., Quirico, P., Cerroni, V., Mennella, A., Raponi, M., Ciarniello, T., Mccord, L., Moroz, E., Palomba, E., Ammannito, M. A., Barucci, G., Bellucci, J., Benkhoff, J. P., Bibring, Blanco, Armando, M., Blecka, R., Carlson, U., Carsenty, L., Colangeli, M., Combe, M., Combi, J., Crovisier, T., Encrenaz, C., Federico, U., Fink, Fonti, Sergio, W. H., Ip, P., Irwin, R., Jaumann, E., Kuehrt, Y., Langevin, G., Magni, S., Mottola, Orofino, Vincenzo, P., Palumbo, G., Piccioni, U., Schade, F., Taylor, D., Tiphene, G. P., Tozzi, P., Beck, N., Biver, L., Bonal, Combe, J. P. h., D., Despan, E., Flamini, S., Fornasier, A., Frigeri, D., Grassi, M., Gudipati, A., Longobardo, K., Marku, F., Merlin, R., Orosei, G., Rinaldi, K., Stephan, M., Cartacci, A., Cicchetti, S., Giuppi, Y., Hello, F., Henry, S., Jacquinod, R., Noschese, G., Peter, R., Politi, J. M., Ree, A., Semery, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Roma (IASF-Roma), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEAV), Institut, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Lecce, Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Department of Physics [Lecce], Università del Salento [Lecce], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Alenia Aerospazio, JDS Uniphase/Cronos, USA, JDS Uniphase/Cronos, CNR-IASF, IASI (IASI), Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Oxford, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, TWN, NLD, and POL
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Opacity, Rosetta mission, VIRTIS, comets, Infrared, Comet, Imaging spectrometer, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, comet, 0103 physical sciences, Spectral slope, Thermal, Rosetta, Rosetta mission, comets, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, Albedo, VIRTIS, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], organic-rich
Abstract: The VIRTIS (Visible, Infrared and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft has provided evidence of carbon-bearing compounds on the nucleus of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The very low reflectance of the nucleus (normal albedo of 0.060 ± 0.003 at 0.55 micrometers), the spectral slopes in visible and infrared ranges (5 to 25 and 1.5 to 5% kÅ −1 ), and the broad absorption feature in the 2.9-to-3.6–micrometer range present across the entire illuminated surface are compatible with opaque minerals associated with nonvolatile organic macromolecular materials: a complex mixture of various types of carbon-hydrogen and/or oxygen-hydrogen chemical groups, with little contribution of nitrogen-hydrogen groups. In active areas, the changes in spectral slope and absorption feature width may suggest small amounts of water-ice. However, no ice-rich patches are observed, indicating a generally dehydrated nature for the surface currently illuminated by the Sun.
Published: 2015
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19. Evolution of CO 2 , CH 4 , and OCS abundances relative to H 2 O in the coma of comet 67P around perihelion from Rosetta /VIRTIS-H observations

Author: Gianrico Filacchione, Michael R. Combi, M. Combes, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Uwe Fink, Gabriele Arnold, N. Biver, S. Erard, C. Leyrat, M. T. Capria, Alessandra Migliorini, T. Encrenaz, G. P. Tozzi, Bernard Schmitt, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, W-H. Ip, Ekkehard Kührt, Jacques Crovisier, Pierre Drossart, M. C. De Sanctis, Nicolas Fougere, G. Piccioni, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica - Roma (IASF-Roma), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), ITA, USA, FRA, and DEU
Subjects: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, comets: general: comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko: infrared: planetary systems, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Infrared observations of the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko were carried out from July to September 2015, i.e., around perihelion (13 August 2015), with the high-resolution channel of the VIRTIS instrument onboard Rosetta. We present the analysis of fluorescence emission lines of H$_2$O, CO$_2$, $^{13}$CO$_2$, OCS, and CH$_4$ detected in limb sounding with the field of view at 2.7-5 km from the comet centre. Measurements are sampling outgassing from the illuminated southern hemisphere, as revealed by H$_2$O and CO$_2$ raster maps, which show anisotropic distributions, aligned along the projected rotation axis. An abrupt increase of water production is observed six days after perihelion. In the mean time, CO$_2$, CH$_4$, and OCS abundances relative to water increased by a factor of 2 to reach mean values of 32%, 0.47%, and 0.18%, respectively, averaging post-perihelion data. We interpret these changes as resulting from the erosion of volatile-poor surface layers. Sustained dust ablation due to the sublimation of water ice maintained volatile-rich layers near the surface until at least the end of the considered period, as expected for low thermal inertia surface layers. The large abundance measured for CO$_2$ should be representative of the 67P nucleus original composition, and indicates that 67P is a CO$_2$-rich comet. Comparison with abundance ratios measured in the northern hemisphere shows that seasons play an important role in comet outgassing. The low CO$_2$/H$_2$O values measured above the illuminated northern hemisphere are not original, but the result of the devolatilization of the uppermost layers., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Published: 2016
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20. The 2016 Feb 19 outburst of comet 67P/CG: an ESA Rosetta multi-instrument study

Author: Andrew J. Steffl, Harold A. Weaver, Lori M. Feaga, Paul R. Weissman, B. J. R. Davidsson, Francesco Marzari, Chia-Yu Tzou, Roberto Sordini, J. L. Bertaux, Philippe Lamy, Michaël Gillon, Hans Rickman, P. Yanamandra-Fisher, Matthew M. Knight, O. Mousis, Nicolas Altobelli, Sonia Fornasier, Jessica Agarwal, Marco Fulle, Marina Galand, A. I. Erikson, J. J. López-Moreno, Eric Schindhelm, Mihaly Horanyi, Charlotte Götz, James L. Burch, Giampiero Naletto, Kathrin Altwegg, E. Mazzotta Epifani, Jean Manfroid, Mark Bentley, Jörg Knollenberg, Emmanuel Jehin, Ekkehard Kührt, M Muller, M. A. Barucci, Cesare Barbieri, Pierre Henri, V. Della Corte, P. J. Gutiérrez, Stavro Ivanovski, Carsten Güttler, Harald Krüger, Ralf Srama, Cecilia Tubiana, Rafael Rodrigo, F. Schmidt, J. E. Rodriguez, Vladimir Zakharov, J.-R. Kramm, Roland Schmied, S. A. Stern, Eberhard Grün, Thurid Mannel, Jakob Deller, A. Gicquel, Colin Snodgrass, Bernhard Geiger, M. De Cecco, B. Grieger, Monica Lazzarin, Seungwon Lee, Wing-Huen Ip, Laurent Jorda, Holger Sierks, Stubbe F. Hviid, Marc Hofmann, Paul D. Feldman, J. Wm. Parker, M. Sommer, Michael Küppers, Matthew Taylor, M. F. A'Hearn, Olivier Groussin, Simon F. Green, Detlef Koschny, Nicolas Thomas, Horst Uwe Keller, Cyrielle Opitom, Gabriele Cremonese, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Mark Hofstadter, R. H. Soja, M. Ferrari, E. Morales, Ivano Bertini, N. Biver, Pasquale Palumbo, Nilda Oklay, Stefano Debei, V. Da Deppo, L. M. Lara, Luigi Colangeli, Alessandra Rotundi, Xian Shi, J. B. Vincent, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Swedish National Space Board, European Space Agency, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Imperial College London, Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Jaicoa Observatory, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Operations Center (ESOC), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Institute of Physics [Graz], Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme (IRS), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Industrial Engineering [Padova], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Operations Department (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Department of Information Engineering [Padova] (DEI), SwRI Planetary Science Directorate [Boulder], Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), Department of Space Studies [Boulder], Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), ANR-15-CE31-0009,SPECTRA,Sonder le Plasma dans l'Environnement d'une ComètE avec RosettA(2015), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), European Space Agency (ESA), Universität Bern [Bern], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], Universita degli Studi di Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, and ESP
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Brightness, Electron density, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, 67P/Churyumov-gerasimenko, Comets, Individual, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Comet, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, law, Dust collector, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Radius, 620 Engineering, Wavelength, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Magnitude (astronomy), individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [comets]
Abstract: On 2016 Feb 19, nine Rosetta instruments serendipitously observed an outburst of gas and dust from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Among these instruments were cameras and spectrometers ranging from UV over visible to microwave wavelengths, in situ gas, dust and plasma instruments, and one dust collector. At 09:40 a dust cloud developed at the edge of an image in the shadowed region of the nucleus. Over the next two hours the instruments recorded a signature of the outburst that significantly exceeded the background. The enhancement ranged from 50 per cent of the neutral gas density at Rosetta to factors >100 of the brightness of the coma near the nucleus. Dust related phenomena (dust counts or brightness due to illuminated dust) showed the strongest enhancements (factors>10). However, even the electron density at Rosetta increased by a factor 3 and consequently the spacecraft potential changed from ~-16 V to -20 V during the outburst. A clear sequence of events was observed at the distance of Rosetta (34 km from the nucleus): within 15 min the Star Tracker camera detected fast particles (~25 m s-1) while 100 ¿m radius particles were detected by the GIADA dust instrument ~1 h later at a speed of 6 m s-1. The slowest were individual mm to cm sized grains observed by the OSIRIS cameras. Although the outburst originated just outside the FOV of the instruments, the source region and the magnitude of the outburst could be determined. © 2016 The Authors., Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium led by DLR, MPS, CNES and ASI. We thank all elements of the Rosetta project for the magnificent job they are doing to make this mission an astounding success. The Alice team acknowledges continuing support from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory through contract 1336850. GIADA/Univ Parthenope NA/INAFOAC/IAA/INAF-IAPS: this research was supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within the ASI-INAF agreements I/032/05/0 and I/024/12/0. OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck- Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany, CISAS University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofìsica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politéechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, the UK(STFC), and the Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France(CNES), Italy(ASI), Spain(MEC), Sweden(SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. Work at LPC2E/CNRS was supported by CNES and by ANR under the financial agreement ANR-15-CE31-0009-01. Work on ROSINA COPS at the University of Bern was funded by the State of Bern, the Swiss National Science Foundation and by the European Space Agency PRODEX program. OM: this work has been partly carried out thanks to the support of the A*MIDEX project (no ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the ‘Investissements d'Avenir’ French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). This work also benefited from the support of CNRS-INSU national program for planetology (PNP).
Published: 2016
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21. Cometary spectroscopy

Author: N. Biver
Subjects: Space and Planetary Science, General Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2011
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22. Present and Future Cometary Science with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer

Author: J. Crovisier, N. Biver, Emmanuel Lellouch, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, R. Moreno, Jérémie Boissier, R. Neri, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Physics, geography, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, Comet, Continuum (design consultancy), Northern Hemisphere, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Outgassing, Interferometry, Planetary science, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Interferometric observations are essential to probe the molecular emission in the inner cometary atmospheres and study the outgassing from the nucleus. Mapping the continuum emission can provide information about the dust and/or nucleus properties. We present here a summary of the observations of the dust and gas coma of comet 17P/Holmes and nuclear observations of 8P/Tuttle, both carried out with the IRAM interferometer at Plateau de Bure (PdBI) in 2007-2008. The observations of these two comets demonstrate the ability of the PdBI in terms of cometary science. In the near future, several improvements will be made (new receivers at 0.8 mm, a new wide-band correlator) allowing more frequent and more detailed studies of comets. On the long term, NOEMA, an expansion project, may add up to six antennas to the Plateau de Bure Interferometer, and increase the baseline lengths. Such an instrument would offer a complement to ALMA to track comets of the northern hemisphere with about half the sensitivity of ALMA for continuum studies.
Published: 2009
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23. RPC observation of the development and evolution of plasma interaction boundaries at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: T. W. Broiles, Andrew J. Coates, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Chris Carr, Arnaud Beth, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Martin Volwerk, Pierre Henri, Christoph Koenders, Charlotte Goetz, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Prachet Mokashi, Esa Kallio, Kirk C. Hansen, Hans Nilsson, Markku Alho, N. Biver, Kathleen Mandt, S. A. Fuselier, James L. Burch, J. D. Haiducek, Zoltán Németh, Karoly Szego, Marina Galand, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, K. Chae, G. Stenberg Wieser, Andrea Opitz, Anders Eriksson, Marilia Samara, C. Simon Wedlund, Ingo Richter, Raymond Goldstein, Chia-Yu Tzou, Emanuele Cupido, UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Wigner Research Centre for Physics [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), School of Electrical Engineering [Aalto Univ], Aalto University, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] (CPS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, University of Michigan, Department of Atmospheric, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Southwest Research Institute, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Observatoire de Paris, University College London, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Bern, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Oslo, Aalto-yliopisto, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Electron, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ion, general [comets], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, ta115, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, comets: general, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Magnetic field, Solar wind, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, solar wind, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Diamagnetism, Dynamic pressure, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics
Abstract: International audience; One of the primary objectives of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium, a suite of five plasma instruments on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, is to observe the formation and evolution of plasma interaction regions at the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG). Observations made between 2015 April and 2016 February show that solar wind–cometary plasma interaction boundaries and regions formed around 2015 mid-April and lasted through early 2016 January. At least two regions were observed, separated by an ion-neutral collisionopause boundary. The inner region was located on the nucleus side of the boundary and was characterized by low-energy water-group ions, reduced magnetic field pileup and enhanced electron densities. The outer region was located outside of the boundary and was characterized by reduced electron densities, water-group ions that are accelerated to energies above 100 eV and enhanced magnetic field pileup compared to the inner region. The boundary discussed here is outside of the diamagnetic cavity and shows characteristics similar to observations made on-board the Giotto spacecraft in the ion pileup region at 1P/Halley. We find that the boundary is likely to be related to ion-neutral collisions and that its location is influenced by variability in the neutral density and the solar wind dynamic pressure.
Published: 2016
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24. Distribution of water around the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at 3.4 AU from the Sun as seen by the MIRO instrument on Rosetta

Author: Wing-Huen Ip, F. P. Schloerb, Ladislav Rezac, Pierre Encrenaz, Christopher Jarchow, M. Hofstadter, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Jacques Crovisier, Seungwon Lee, C. Leyrat, Emmanuel Lellouch, Mathieu Choukroun, Paul Hartogh, Samuel Gulkis, N. Biver, P. von Allmen, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Northern Research Station, Forestry Commission, Human Computer Technology Laboratory (HCTLab), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Comet, Solid angle, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Rotation, law.invention, Wavelength, Outgassing, Orbiter, medicine.anatomical_structure, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], medicine, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Nucleus, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The Microwave Instrument on the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) has been observing the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko almost continuously since June 2014 at wavelengths near 0.53 mm. We present here a map of the water column density in the inner coma (within 3 km from nucleus center) when the comet was at 3.4 AU from the Sun. Based on the analysis of the H2 16 O and H2 18 O (110-101) lines, we find that the column density can vary by two orders of magnitude in this region. The highest column density is observed in a narrow region on the dayside, close to the neck and north pole rotation axis of the nucleus, while the lowest column density is seen against the nightside of the nucleus where outgassing seems to be very low. We estimate that the outgassing pattern can be represented by a Gaussian distribution in a solid angle with FWHM ≈ 80°.
Published: 2015
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25. A study of Trans-Neptunian object 55636 (2002 TX$\mathsf{_{300}}$)

Author: J. L. Ortiz, E. Lellouch, Isabel Márquez, P. J. Gutierrez, V. Casanova, Alfredo Sota, N. Biver, R. Moreno, R. M. González Delgado, Alain Doressoundiram, and Philippe Rousselot
Subjects: Physics, Rotation period, Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Light curve, 01 natural sciences, Photometry (optics), Wavelength, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, Geometric albedo, 0103 physical sciences, Trans-Neptunian object, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We report on physical properties of the bright Trans-Neptunian Object 2003 TX300 based on a large set of observa- tions taken in different wavelength ranges. Broad band CCD observations aimed at studying the short-term rotational variability show a low amplitude periodic signal of 7.89 ± 0.03 h. We cannot yet determine whether the lightcurve is single-peaked (i.e. the rotation period would be 7.89 h) or double-peaked (i.e. the actual spin period would be 15.78 h). From a sinusoidal fit, the peak to peak amplitude of the brightness changes is 0.09 ± 0.08 mag. If the brightness changes are due to irregular shape, this amplitude implies a minimum axial ratio of 1.09. BVRI photometry indicates similar colors as other large Kuiper Belt members, with B − V = 0.64 ± 0.04, V − R = 0.40 ± 0.07, and R − I = 0.22 ± 0.05. Thermal observations at 250 GHz (1.2 mm) result in no confident detection of the body, with a measured flux of 0.22 ± 0.51 mJy. Combining all the data and using the same thermophysical model as in Lellouch et al. (2002) we find (at a 3-σ confidence level) a lower limit for the geometric albedo (pv > 0.06) and an upper limit for the size of this object (D 0.08, which is significantly higher than the typical 0.04 cometary value and also higher than that of Varuna.
Published: 2004
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26. Production and kinematics of CO in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) at large post-perihelion distances

Author: F. Rantakyrö, Florence Henry, John K. Davies, N. Biver, P. Colom, J. Crovisier, L. E. B. Johansson, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, R. Moreno, Didier Despois, M. Gunnarsson, Hans Rickman, Gabriel Paubert, Anders Winnberg, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ingénieurs, Techniciens et Administratifs, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Kinematics, Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrobiology
Abstract: Production and Kinematics of CO in Comet 1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) at Large Post-Perihelion Distances
Published: 2003
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27. Cometary science. The organic-rich surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by VIRTIS/Rosetta

Author: F, Capaccioni, A, Coradini, G, Filacchione, S, Erard, G, Arnold, P, Drossart, M C, De Sanctis, D, Bockelee-Morvan, M T, Capria, F, Tosi, C, Leyrat, B, Schmitt, E, Quirico, P, Cerroni, V, Mennella, A, Raponi, M, Ciarniello, T, McCord, L, Moroz, E, Palomba, E, Ammannito, M A, Barucci, G, Bellucci, J, Benkhoff, J P, Bibring, A, Blanco, M, Blecka, R, Carlson, U, Carsenty, L, Colangeli, M, Combes, M, Combi, J, Crovisier, T, Encrenaz, C, Federico, U, Fink, S, Fonti, W H, Ip, P, Irwin, R, Jaumann, E, Kuehrt, Y, Langevin, G, Magni, S, Mottola, V, Orofino, P, Palumbo, G, Piccioni, U, Schade, F, Taylor, D, Tiphene, G P, Tozzi, P, Beck, N, Biver, L, Bonal, J-Ph, Combe, D, Despan, E, Flamini, S, Fornasier, A, Frigeri, D, Grassi, M, Gudipati, A, Longobardo, K, Markus, F, Merlin, R, Orosei, G, Rinaldi, K, Stephan, M, Cartacci, A, Cicchetti, S, Giuppi, Y, Hello, F, Henry, S, Jacquinod, R, Noschese, G, Peter, R, Politi, J M, Reess, and A, Semery
Abstract: The VIRTIS (Visible, Infrared and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft has provided evidence of carbon-bearing compounds on the nucleus of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The very low reflectance of the nucleus (normal albedo of 0.060 ± 0.003 at 0.55 micrometers), the spectral slopes in visible and infrared ranges (5 to 25 and 1.5 to 5% kÅ(-1)), and the broad absorption feature in the 2.9-to-3.6-micrometer range present across the entire illuminated surface are compatible with opaque minerals associated with nonvolatile organic macromolecular materials: a complex mixture of various types of carbon-hydrogen and/or oxygen-hydrogen chemical groups, with little contribution of nitrogen-hydrogen groups. In active areas, the changes in spectral slope and absorption feature width may suggest small amounts of water-ice. However, no ice-rich patches are observed, indicating a generally dehydrated nature for the surface currently illuminated by the Sun.
Published: 2015

28. The volatile composition of 81P/Wild 2 from ground-based high-resolution infrared spectroscopy

Author: Anita L. Cochran, N. Biver, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Ronald J. Vervack, Hideyo Kawakita, Harold A. Weaver, Hitomi Kobayashi, Walter M. Harris, J. Crovisier, N. Dello Russo, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Comet, Analytical chemistry, High resolution, Infrared spectroscopy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Small sample, Astrophysics, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Volatile abundances in Jupiter-family Comet 81P/Wild 2 were measured on four dates in February and March 2010 using high-dispersion ( λ Δ λ ∼ 2.5 × 10 4 ) infrared spectroscopy with NIRSPEC at the W.M. Keck Observatory. H 2 O was detected on all dates, including measurements on UT March 29 of lines from the ν 2 + ν 3 − ν 2 hot-band not previously targeted in comets. C 2 H 6 and HCN were detected on three dates, and CH 3 OH was detected on one date. Tentative detections or upper-limits are reported for CH 3 OH on other dates, as well as for C 2 H 2 , H 2 CO, and NH 3 . Abundances of all species relative to H 2 O are in the typical range with the exception of CH 3 OH, which is depleted compared to other comets. Gas production was significantly higher in late February than in late March. Rotational temperatures were determined for H 2 O on UT February 22 and 23 and found to be about 30–40 K. The spatial distributions of H 2 O, C 2 H 6 , and CH 3 OH are all symmetric and similar to the spatial distribution of the dust continuum. H 2 O abundances from this work are compared to other measurements from both the 1997 and 2010 apparitions. There is no clear evidence of a change in overall gas productivity between the two apparitions within measurement accuracy. Abundances of C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , HCN and NH 3 are consistent with these species being the primary parents of C 2 , CN, NH and NH 2 as measured at optical wavelengths. Although optically classified as carbon-chain depleted, Wild 2 appears more chemically similar in parent volatile chemistry to carbon-chain typical comets; however, we note that in the small sample of Jupiter-family comets measured to date, each comet is chemically distinct.
Published: 2014
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29. Herschel observations of gas and dust in comet C/2006 W3 (Christensen) at 5 AU from the Sun

Author: Miriam Rengel, Jean Manfroid, C. Waelkens, Emmanuel Jehin, D. Teyssier, Th. de Graauw, L. M. Lara, Christopher Jarchow, Paul Hartogh, Ladislav Rezac, Michael Küppers, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Damien Hutsemekers, M. de Val-Borro, M. R. Kidger, C. Opitom, Slawomira Szutowicz, Dariusz C. Lis, N. Biver, B. M. Swinyard, B. Vandenbussche, J. Crovisier, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy (MPAe), foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Subsolar point, individual: C/2006 W3 (Christensen) [comets], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Thermal emission, planetary systems [submillimeter], Spectral line, Blueshift, photometric [techniques], Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sublimation (phase transition), spectroscopic [techniques], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Hyperfine structure, Order of magnitude, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We aimed to measure the H2O and dust production rates in C/2006 W3 (Christensen) with the Herschel Space Observatory at a heliocentric distance of ~ 5 AU. We have searched for emission in the H2O and NH3 ground-state rotational transitions at 557 GHz and 572 GHz, simultaneously, with HIFI onboard Herschel on UT 1.5 September 2010. Photometric observations of the dust coma in the 70 and 160 {\mu}m channels were acquired with the PACS instrument on UT 26.5 August 2010. A tentative 4-{\sigma} H2O line emission feature was found in the spectra obtained with the HIFI wide-band and high-resolution spectrometers, from which we derive a water production rate of $2.0(5) \times 10^{27}$ molec. s$^{-1}$. A 3-{\sigma} upper limit for the ammonia production rate of, Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2014
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30. Gas and dust productions of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 from millimetre observations: Interpreting rotation-induced time variations

Author: R. Moreno, N. Biver, Jacques Crovisier, D. C. Lis, Jérémie Boissier, Laurent Jorda, Olivier Groussin, Vladimir Zakharov, P. Colom, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Rotational temperature, Astrophysics, Light curve, 01 natural sciences, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Millimeter, Emission spectrum, Longitude, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Comet 103P/Hartley 2 made a close approach to the Earth in October 2010. It was the target of an extensive observing campaign and was visited by the Deep Impact spacecraft (mission EPOXI). We present observations of HCN and CH3OH emission lines conducted with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer on 22-23, 28 October and 4, 5 November 2010 at 1.1, 1.9 and 3.4 mm wavelengths. The thermal emission from the dust coma and nucleus is detected simultaneously. Interferometric images with unprecedented spatial resolution are obtained. A sine-wave variation of the thermal continuum is observed in the 23 October data, that we associate with the nucleus thermal light curve. The nucleus contributes up to 30-55 % of the observed continuum. The large dust-to-gas ratio (in the range 2-6) can be explained by the unusual activity of the comet for its size, which allows decimeter size particles and large boulders to be entrained by the gas. The rotational temperature of CH3OH is measured. We attribute the increase from 35 to 46 K with increasing beam size (from 150 to 1500 km) to radiative processes. The HCN production rate displays strong rotation-induced variations. The HCN production curve, as well as those of CO2 and H2O measured by EPOXI, are interpreted with a geometric model which takes into account the rotation and the shape of the comet. The HCN and H2O production curves are in phase, showing common sources. The 1.7h delay, in average, of HCN and H2O with respect to the CO2 production curve suggests that HCN and H2O are mainly produced by subliming icy grains. The scale length of production of HCN is determined to be on the order of 500-1000 km, implying a mean velocity of 100-200 m/s for the icy grains producing HCN. The modulation of the CO2 prouction and of the velocity offset of the HCN lines are interpreted in terms of localized sources of gas on the nucleus surface., Comment: 22 pages, accepted for publication in Icarus
Published: 2014
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31. [Untitled]

Author: Dariusz C. Lis, Heike Rauer, Jacques Crovisier, R. Moreno, N. Biver, Dominic J. Benford, Lars E B Johansson, Gabriel Paubert, J. Wink, Didier Despois, D. Mehringer, John K. Davies, William R. F. Dent, Per Bergman, Emmanuel Lellouch, Anders Winnberg, M. Gunnarsson, Hans Rickman, P. Colom, Thomas G. Phillips, M. Gardner, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, and B. Germain
Subjects: Physics, Mean kinetic temperature, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Comet Hale–Bopp, Radio telescope, Outgassing, Planetary science, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Line (formation)
Abstract: C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) has been observed on a regular basis since August 1995 at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths using IRAM, JCMT, CSO and SEST radio telescopes. The production rates of eight molecular species (CO, HCN, CH3OH, H2CO,H2S, CS, CH3CN,HNC) have been monitored as a function of heliocentric distance(rh from 7 AU pre-perihelion to 4 AU post-perihelion. As comet Hale-Bopp approached and receded from the Sun, these species displayed different behaviours. Far from the Sun, the most volatile species were found in general relatively more abundant in the coma. In comparison to other species, HNC, H2CO and CS showed a much steeper increase of the production rate with decreasing rh. Less than 1.5 AU from the Sun, the relative abundances were fairly stable and approached those found in other comets near 1 AU. The kinetic temperature of the coma, estimated from the relative intensities of the CH3OH and CO lines, increased with decreasing rh, from about10 K at 7 AU to 110 K around perihelion. The expansion velocity of the gaseous species, derived from the line shapes, also increased with a law close torh 3.
Published: 1997
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32. [Untitled]

Author: Dominic J. Benford, D. Mehringer, Dariusz C. Lis, Thomas G. Phillips, Heike Rauer, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Jacques Crovisier, M. Gardner, P. Colom, Didier Despois, and N. Biver
Subjects: Carbon-13, Comet, Carbon-12, Analytical chemistry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, Abundance (ecology), Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Cyanoacetylene, Spectroscopy
Abstract: We present millimeter-wave observations of HNCO, HC3N, SO, NH2CHO, H(13)CN, and H3O(+) in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) obtained in February-April, 1997 with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). HNCO, first detected at the CSO in comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake), is securely confirmed in comet Hale-Bopp via observations of three rotational transitions. The derived abundance with respect to H2O is (4-13) x 10(exp -4). HC3N, SO, and NH2CHO are detected for the first time in a comet. The fractional abundance of HC3N based on observations of three rotational lines is (1.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(exp -4). Four transitions of SO are detected and the derived fractional abundance, (2-8) x 10(exp -3), is higher than the upper limits derived from UV observations of previous comets. Observations of NH2CHO imply a fractional abundance of (1-8) x 10(exp -4). H3O(+) is detected for the first time from the ground. The H(13)CN (3-2) transition is also detected and the derived HCN/H(13)CN abundance ratio is 90 +/- 15, consistent with the terrestrial C-13/C-12 ratio. in addition, a number of other molecular species are detected, including HNC, OCS, HCO(+), CO(+), and CN (the last two are first detections in a comet at radio wavelengths).
Published: 1997
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33. Herschel and IRAM-30 m observations of comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) at 4.5 AU from the Sun

Author: Colin Snodgrass, Michael Küppers, N. Biver, M. F. A'Hearn, T. G. Müller, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Laurent Jorda, Laurence O'Rourke, Bruno Altieri, D. Teyssier, V. Debout, Tony L. Farnham, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Radius, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, IRAM 30m telescope, Cover (topology), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Production (computer science), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Our goal was to characterize the distant gaseous and dust activity of comet C\2012 S1 (ISON), inbound, from observations of H2O, CO and the dust coma in the far-infrared and submillimeter domains. In this paper, we report observations undertaken with the Herschel Space Observatory on 8 & 13 March 2013 (rh = 4.54 - 4.47AU) and with the 30m telescope of Institut de Radioastronomie Millim\'etrique (IRAM) in March and April 2013 (rh = 4.45 - 4.18 AU). The HIFI instrument aboard Herschel was used to observe the H$_{2}$O $1_{10}-1_{01}$ line at 557 GHz, whereas images of the dust coma at 70 and 160 {\mu}m were acquired with the PACS instrument. Spectra acquired at the IRAM 30m telescope cover the CO J(2-1) line at 230.5 GHz. The spectral observations were analysed with excitation and radiative transfer models. A model of dust thermal emission taking into account a range of dust sizes is used to analyse the PACS maps. While H$_{2}$O was not detected in our 8 March 2013 observation, we derive a sensitive 3 $\sigma$ upper limit of QH$_{2}$O < 3.5 x 10$^{26}$ molecules/s for this date. A marginal 3.2 $\sigma$ detection of CO is found, corresponding to a CO production rate of QCO = 3.5 x 10$^{27}$ molecules/s. The Herschel PACS measurements show a clear detection of the coma and tail in both the 70 {\mu}m and 160 {\mu}m maps. Under the assumption of a 2 km radius nucleus, we infer dust production rates in the range 10 - 13 kg/s or 40 - 70 kg/s depending on whether a low or high gaseous activity from the nucleus surface is assumed. We constrain the size distribution of the emitted dust by comparing PACS 70 and 160 {\mu}m data, and considering optical data. Size indices between -4 and -3.6 are suggested. The morphology of the tail observed on 70 {\mu}m images can be explained by the presence of grains with ages older than 60 days., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Accepted by A&A
Published: 2013
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34. DETERMINATION OF AN UPPER LIMIT FOR THE WATER OUTGASSING RATE OF MAIN-BELT COMET P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS)

Author: Marco Micheli, Yanga R. Fernandez, Michael Kueppers, Henry H. Hsieh, M. de Val-Borro, Colin Snodgrass, D. Teyssier, Paul Hartogh, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, N. Biver, Laurence O'Rourke, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Very Large Telescope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Space observatory, On board, Outgassing, Far infrared, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: A new Main-Belt Comet (MBC) P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS) was discovered on 2012 October 6, approximately one month after its perihelion, by the Pan-STARRS1 survey based in Hawaii. It displayed cometary activity upon its discovery with one hypothesis being that the activity was driven by sublimation of ices; as a result, we searched for emission assumed to be driven by the sublimation of subsurface ices. Our search was of the H2O 110-101 ground state rotational line at 557 GHz from P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS) with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared on board the Herschel Space Observatory on 2013 January 16, when the object was at a heliocentric distance of 2.504 AU and a geocentric distance of 2.064 AU. Perihelion was in early 2012 September at a distance of 2.411 AU. While no H2O line emission was detected in our observations, we were able to derive sensitive 3σ upper limits for the water production rate and column density of
Published: 2013
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35. Continuum and spectroscopic observations of asteroid (21) Lutetia at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths with the MIRO instrument on the Rosetta spacecraft

Author: Thomas R. Spilker, L. W. Kamp, Stephen Keihm, Wing-Huen Ip, M. A. Janssen, Jacques Crovisier, Gerard Beaudin, N. Biver, Peter Schloerb, Emmanuel Lellouch, P. Encrenaz, Mark Hofstadter, Ingrid Mann, P. von Allmen, Samuel Gulkis, T. Encrenaz, C. Backus, Paul Hartogh, Paul R. Weissman, Sukhan Lee, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Radiometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spacecraft, business.industry, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Regolith, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, 0103 physical sciences, Millimeter, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Exosphere
Abstract: The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft made a close flyby of asteroid (21) Lutetia on July 10, 2010. The spacecraft carries a dual-band radiometer/spectrometer instrument, named MIRO, which operates at 190 GHz (1.6 mm) and 560 GHz (0.5 mm). During the flyby, the MIRO instrument measured the temperature of Lutetia in both the northern and southern hemispheres. At the time of the flyby, the northern hemisphere was seasonally sun-lit and warmer than the southern hemisphere. Subsurface (depths from ∼2 mm to ∼2 cm) temperatures ranged from ∼200 K on the northern hemisphere to ∼60 K on the southern hemisphere. A lunar-like regolith – very low thermal inertia
Published: 2012
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36. Ammonia and other parent molecules in comet 10P/Tempel 2 from Herschel /HIFI and ground-based radio observations

Author: N. Dello Russo, M. de Val-Borro, R. Moreno, Slawomira Szutowicz, Dariusz C. Lis, M. R. Kidger, Michael Küppers, Ronald J. Vervack, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, HssO Team, N. Biver, Jérémie Boissier, Paul Hartogh, Harold A. Weaver, J. Crovisier, Gabriel Paubert, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Ammonia, chemistry.chemical_compound, Far infrared, law, 0103 physical sciences, Molecule, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Hyperfine structure, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3. Good health, Outgassing, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The Jupiter-family comet 10P/Tempel 2 was observed during its 2010 return with the Herschel Space Observatory. We present here the observation of the (J, K) = (1, 0)-(0, 0) transition of ammonia at 572 GHz in this comet with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) of Herschel. We also report on radio observations of other molecules (HCN, CH3OH, H2S and CS) obtained during the 1999 return of the comet with the CSO telescope and the JCMT, and during its 2010 return with the IRAM 30-m telescope. Molecular abundances relative to water are 0.09%, 1.8%, 0.4%, and 0.08% for HCN, CH3OH, H2S, and CS, respectively. An abundance of 0.5% for NH3 is obtained, which is similar to the values measured in other comets. The hyperfine structure of the ammonia line is resolved for the first time in an astronomical source. Strong anisotropy in the outgassing is present in all observations from 1999 to 2010 and is modelled to derive the production rates., 6 pages and 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2012
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37. In-orbit performance of Herschel-HIFI

Author: N. Whyborn, Per Bjerkeli, Pieter R. Roelfsema, Dominicus Kester, L. Dubbeldam, Q. Xie, Claudia Comito, Z. Nagy, A. Marston, R. Moreno, J. Rector, C. Gal, M. H. D. van der Wiel, M. Akyilmaz, Christian Leinz, Michael Olberg, Miriam Rengel, Mihkel Kama, T. Klein, D. R. Higgins, Tomasz S. Kaminski, Yoko Okada, E. Sánchez-Suárez, S. Pacheco, G. de Lange, J. Stutzki, I. M. Avruch, W. Salomons, R. Assendorp, Tom Bell, R. Shipman, W. Nowosielski, O. Coeur-Joly, Volker Ossenkopf, Adwin Boogert, C. Kramer, W. M. Laauwen, S. D. Lord, J. C. Pearson, M. Marseille, Rudolf Schieder, Piotr Orleanski, J. Braine, C. K. Wafelbakker, D. Rabois, C. McCoey, Marco Soldati, A. de Jonge, L. Ravera, Charlotte Vastel, Christopher Jarchow, S. Wang, F. Schlöder, F. Flederus, W. Luinge, Pieter Dieleman, Umut A. Yildiz, Robin Lombaert, Christophe Risacher, Emmanuel Caux, Nathan R. Crockett, B. Delforge, M. Melchior, M. De Luca, Willem Jellema, Fabrice Herpin, N. Biver, A. Lorenzani, Thomas G. Phillips, B. Thomas, Patrick W. Morris, K. Wildeman, E. De Beck, P. Zaal, Hideo Sagawa, Jesús Martín-Pintado, K. Edwards, R. Huisman, Colin Borys, M. Caris, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens, Michel Fich, Jacob Kooi, Th. de Graauw, M. Michalska, Z. Makai, M. Xilouris, A. Hoac, Frank Helmich, Thibault Cavalié, F. Schmülling, Bengt Larsson, D. A. Beintema, A. M. di Giorgio, José Cernicharo, Holger S. P. Müller, Bertrand Lefloch, D. Teyssier, Pierre Hily-Blant, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], foreign laboratories (FL), CERN [Genève], ESO, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FORMATION STELLAIRE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS INSU, UMR 5187, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France, UMR 5187 Toulouse, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, I. Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, SSE 2012, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA, CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Univ Toulouse UPS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Centre Etud Spatiale Rayonnements Toulouse, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid 28850, Spain, Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA, Lab Astrofis Mol, Madrid, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany, Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Universität zu Köln, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Heterodyne, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Instrumentation, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, ASTRONOMY, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Methods observational, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Orbit (dynamics), Calibration, methods: observational, space vehicles: instruments, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, instrumentation: spectrographs
Abstract: International audience; Aims: In this paper the calibration and in-orbit performance of the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) is described. Methods: The calibration of HIFI is based on a combination of ground and in-flight tests. Dedicated ground tests to determine those instrument parameters that can only be measured accurately using controlled laboratory stimuli were carried out in the instrument level test (ILT) campaign. Special in-flight tests during the commissioning phase (CoP) and performance verification (PV) allowed the determination of the remaining instrument parameters. The various instrument observing modes, as specified in astronomical observation templates (AOTs), were validated in parallel during PV by observing selected celestial sources. Results: The initial calibration and in-orbit performance of HIFI has been established. A first estimate of the calibration budget is given. The overall in-flight instrument performance agrees with the original specification. Issues remain at only a few frequencies. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.
Published: 2012
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38. Odin space telescope monitoring of water vapor in the stratosphere of Jupiter

Author: J. Brillet, N. Biver, E. Lellouch, Michael Olberg, Michel Dobrijevic, Urban Frisk, Thibault Cavalié, Alain Lecacheux, Åke Hjalmarson, F. Billebaud, Paul Hartogh, Aa. Sandqvist, SSE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Jupiter, Interplanetary dust cloud, Spitzer Space Telescope, Rings of Jupiter, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Satellite, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Odin space telescope has monitored the H2O (110-101) line in Jupiter's stratosphere over the 2003-2009 period. When comparing these data with previous spectra obtained with SWAS and Odin over the 1999-2002 period, we see no significant variations in the line-to-continuum ratio of the H2O line over the whole period. We have however tentatively identified a decrease by ∼15% of the line-to-continuum ratio between 2002 and 2007-2009, indicating that there was less H2O in the stratosphere of Jupiter in 2007-2009 than anticipated. We have tested the IDP (interplanetary dust particles) and SL9 (Shoemaker-Levy 9) 1D time-dependent models presented in Cavalié et al. [2008, Observation of water vapor in the stratosphere 613 of Jupiter with the Odin space telescope. Planetary and Space Science 56, 1573-1584]. We present a series of scenarios that lead to satisfactory fits of the whole data set (1999-2002 and 2003-2009 periods) based on IDP and SL9 models. The evolution of Jupiter's stratospheric H2O that we have tentatively observed has however to be confirmed by Herschel/HIFI observations. If the decrease of the line-to-continuum ratio is confirmed by future observations, it would be a direct evidence that Jupiter's H2O comes from SL9. In addition, this study shows that new constraints on Jupiter's eddy diffusion coefficient profile could be obtained (in the pressure ranges that are probed) from the monitoring of SL9 species in its stratosphere.
Published: 2012
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39. Direct detection of the Enceladus water torus with Herschel

Author: M. Kidger, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Frank Helmich, J. Crovisier, Miriam Rengel, Paul Hartogh, R. Moreno, N. Biver, Emmanuel Lellouch, T. Cassidy, Christopher Jarchow, Thibault Cavalié, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, submillimetre: planetary system, STRATOSPHERE, Enceladus, Space research, CARBON-MONOXIDE, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, JUPITER, planets and satellites: individual: Saturn, ORIGIN, Astronomy, ASTRONOMY, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Torus, Scale height, PLUME, Gas torus, SATURNS ATMOSPHERE, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, VAPOR, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Titan (rocket family), EMISSION, Water vapor, planets and satellites: individual: Enceladus, techniques: spectroscopic, SYSTEM
Abstract: International audience; Cryovolcanic activity near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus produces plumes of H2O-dominated gases and ice particles, which escape and populate a torus-shaped cloud. Using submillimeter spectroscopy with Herschel, we report the direct detection of the Enceladus water vapor torus in four rotational lines of water at 557, 987, 1113, and 1670 GHz, and probe its physical conditions and structure. We determine line-of-sight H2O column densities of ~4 × 1013 cm-2 near the equatorial plane, with a ~50 000 km vertical scale height. The water torus appears to be rotationally cold (e.g. an excitation temperature of 16 K is measured for the 1113 GHz line) but dynamically excited, with non-Keplerian dispersion velocities of ~2 km s-1, and appears to be largely shaped by molecular collisions. From estimates of the influx rates of torus material into Saturn and Titan, we infer that Enceladus' activity is likely to be the ultimate source of water in the upper atmosphere of Saturn, but not in Titan's. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. HIFI has been designed and built by a consortium of institutes and university departments from across Europe, Canada and the United States under the leadership of SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Groningen, The Netherlands and with major contributions from Germany, France and the US.Figures 4 and 5 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
Published: 2011
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40. Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2

Author: Miriam Rengel, R. Moreno, Martin Emprechtinger, Michael Küppers, Miguel de Val-Borro, Dariusz C. Lis, Paul Hartogh, Slawomira Szutowicz, Edwin A. Bergin, Geoffrey A. Blake, N. Biver, Jacques Crovisier, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Rosetta Science Operations Centre, Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, and Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (Wroclaw)
Subjects: Physics, Jupiter, Solar System, Multidisciplinary, Meteorite, Chondrite, Asteroid, Carbonaceous chondrite, Comet, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Accretion (astrophysics), Astrobiology
Abstract: For decades, the source of Earth's volatiles, especially water with a deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) of (1.558 ± 0.001) × 10^(−4), has been a subject of debate. The similarity of Earth’s bulk composition to that of meteorites known as enstatite chondrites suggests a dry proto-Earth with subsequent delivery of volatiles by local accretion or impacts of asteroids or comets. Previous measurements in six comets from the Oort cloud yielded a mean D/H ratio of (2.96 ± 0.25) × 10^(−4). The D/H value in carbonaceous chondrites, (1.4 ± 0.1) × 10^(−4), together with dynamical simulations, led to models in which asteroids were the main source of Earth's water, with ≤10 per cent being delivered by comets. Here we report that the D/H ratio in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper belt, is (1.61 ± 0.24) × 10^(−4). This result substantially expands the reservoir of Earth ocean-like water to include some comets, and is consistent with the emerging picture of a complex dynamical evolution of the early Solar System.
Published: 2011
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41. Earth-based detection of the millimetric thermal emission of the nucleus of comet 8P/Tuttle

Author: Laurent Jorda, R. Moreno, N. Biver, P. Colom, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, P. L. Lamy, J. Crovisier, Olivier Groussin, E. Lellouch, Jérémie Boissier, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Beaussier, Catherine
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spitzer Space Telescope, 0103 physical sciences, Emissivity, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Albedo, [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Millimeter, SPHERES, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Little is known about the physical properties of cometary nuclei. Apart from space mission targets, measuring the thermal emission of a nucleus is one of the few means to derive its size, independently of its albedo, and to constrain some of its thermal properties. This emission is difficult to detect from Earth but space telescopes (Infrared Space Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, Herschel Space Observatory) allow reliable measurements in the infrared and the sub-millimetre domains. We aim at better characterizing the thermal properties of the nucleus of comet 8P/Tuttle using multi-wavelentgh space- and ground-based observations, in the visible, infrared, and millimetre range. We used the Plateau de Bure Interferometer to measure the millimetre thermal emission of comet 8P/Tuttle at 240 GHz (1.25 mm) and analysed the observations with the shape model derived from Hubble Space Telescope observations and the nucleus size derived from Spitzer Space Telescope observations. We report on the first detection of the millimetre thermal emission of a cometary nucleus since comet C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp in 1997. Using the two contact spheres shape model derived from Hubble Space Telescope observations, we constrained the thermal properties of the nucleus. Our millimetre observations are best match with: i) a thermal inertia lower than ~10 J K-1 m-2 s-1/2, ii) an emissivity lower than 0.8, indicating a non-negligible contribution of the colder sub-surface layers to the outcoming millimetre flux., Comment: 7 pages. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2011
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42. First detection of hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) in Titan's atmosphere

Author: Paul Hartogh, L. M. Lara, Miriam Rengel, R. Moreno, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Emmanuel Lellouch, Régis Courtin, A. Gonzalez, Marek Banaszkiewicz, N. Biver, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC (IAA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (Wroclaw)
Subjects: Physics, Hydrogen isocyanide, Rotational transition, Astronomy and Astrophysics, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Radiative transfer, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Titan (rocket family), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Dissociative recombination
Abstract: International audience; We report on the first identification of hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) in Titan's atmosphere, from observations using the HIFI instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory. An emission line from the HNC J = 6 --> 5 rotational transition at 543.897 GHz was measured in Titan on June 14 and December 31, 2010. Radiative transfer modeling indicates that the bulk of HNC is located above 400 km, with a column density in the range (0.6-1.5) × 1013 cm-2, but the observations cannot establish its vertical profile. In particular HNC could be restricted to the upper thermosphere (~1000 km), in which case its local abundance relative to HCN could be as high as ~0.3. HNC is probably formed mostly at ionospheric levels (950-1150 km) from dissociative recombination of HCNH+ and possibly other heavier nitrile ions. Ionospheric loss of HNC occurs by protonation with XH+ ions. Additional formation (e.g. from N(4S) +3CH2) and loss routes (e.g. from isomerization to HCN) in the neutral atmosphere remain to be investigated.
Published: 2011
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43. A study of the distant activity of comet C/2006 W3 (Christensen) using Herschel and ground-based radio telescopes

Author: L. M. Lara, Trevor Fulton, Miriam Rengel, M. R. Kidger, G. A. Blake, R. Moreno, Emmanuel Jehin, E. Lellouch, Michael Küppers, David A. Naylor, C. Waelkens, D. C. Lis, T. de Graauw, E. A. Bergin, Jean Manfroid, M. I. Blecka, T. Encrenaz, M. de Val-Borro, L. Decin, J. Crovisier, Slawomira Szutowicz, Christopher Jarchow, Bart Vandenbussche, José Cernicharo, J. A. D. L. Blommaert, Damien Hutsemekers, N. Thomas, Paul Hartogh, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Alexander S. Medvedev, Sarah Leeks, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Rudolf Schieder, P. J. Encrenaz, F. Bensch, B. M. Swinyard, N. Biver, Martin Emprechtinger, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Institut d'Astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie, Université de Liège, European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC (IAA), Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (Wroclaw), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Blue Sky Spectroscopy (BSS), Herschel Science Center, ESAC/ESA, Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) (CAB), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instrumentation et télédétection, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Dynamique des milieux interstellaires et plasmas stellaires, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Department of Physics, University of Lethbridge, Lulea University of Technology (LTU), and University of Bern (UBERN)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Range (particle radiation), Continuum (design consultancy), Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Spectral line, Radio telescope, Spire, Space and Planetary Science, Spectral energy distribution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Comet C/2006 W3 (Christensen) was observed in November 2009 at 3.3 AU from the Sun with Herschel. The PACS instrument acquired images of the dust coma in 70- and 160-micrometers filters, and spectra covering several H2O rotational lines. Spectra in the range 450-1550 GHz were acquired with SPIRE. The comet emission continuum from 70 to 672 micrometers was measured, but no lines were detected. The spectral energy distribution indicates thermal emission from large particles and provides a measure of the size distribution index and dust production rate. The upper limit to the water production rate is compared to the production rates of other species (CO, CH3OH, HCN, H2S, OH) measured with the IRAM 30-m and Nancay telescopes. The coma is found to be strongly enriched in species more volatile than water, in comparison to comets observed closer to the Sun. The CO to H2O production rate ratio exceeds 220%. The dust to gas production rate ratio is on the order of 1., Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (special issue on Herschel first results)
Published: 2010
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44. High-dispersion infrared spectroscopic observations of comet 8P/Tuttle with VLT/CRIRES

Author: Kobayashi D. Bockelee-Morvan H. Kawakita N. Dello Russo E. Jehin J. Manfroid A. Smette D. Hutsemekers J. Stuwe M. Weiler C. Arpigny N. Biver A. Cochran J. Crovisier P. Magain H. Sana R. Schulz R.J. Vervack H Weaver J.M. Zucconi, H., Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2010

45. The Herschel-SPIRE submillimetre spectrum of Mars

Author: José Cernicharo, M. de Val-Borro, L. Decin, J. A. D. L. Blommaert, Ganna Portyankina, M. Renge, R. Moreno, Edwin A. Bergin, M. I. Blecka, Sarah Leeks, B. M. Swinyard, T. Encrenaz, Michael Kueppers, Geoffrey A. Blake, J. Crovisier, Emmanuel Jehin, N. Biver, Matthew Joseph Griffin, E. Lellouch, L. M. Lara, F. Bensch, Dariusz C. Lis, P. J. Encrenaz, G. S. Orton, G. Davis, Daphne Stam, C. Waelkens, Alexander S. Medvedev, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, H. J. Walker, Christopher Jarchow, Régis Courtin, Bart Vandenbussche, Eva Verdugo, Paul Hartogh, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Rudolf Schieder, Hideo Sagawa, Nicolas Thomas, Thibault Cavalié, Slawomira Szutowicz, Trevor Fulton, M. R. Kidger, Sunil Sidher, T. de Graauw, David A. Naylor, F. Billebaud, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Mathematics and Physics, University of Aizu, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Princeton], Princeton University, Instituut voor Sterrenkunde [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Centre Alexis Vautrin (CAV), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Fourier transform spectrometers, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Mixing ratio, Calibration, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QB, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Atmospheric models, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Computational physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Data reduction
Abstract: We have obtained the first continuous disk averaged spectrum of Mars from 450 to 1550 Ghz using the Herschel-SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The spectrum was obtained at a constant resolution of 1.4 GHz across the whole band. The flux from the planet is such that the instrument was operated in "bright source" mode to prevent saturation of the detectors. This was the first successful use of this mode and in this work we describe the method used for observing Mars together with a detailed discussion of the data reduction techniques required to calibrate the spectrum. We discuss the calibration accuracy obtained and describe the first comparison with surface and atmospheric models. In addition to a direct photometric measurement of the planet the spectrum contains the characteristic transitions of 12CO from J 5-4 to J 13-12 as well as numerous H2O transitions. Together these allow the comparison to global atmospheric models allowing the mean mixing ratios of water and 12CO to be investigated. We find that it is possible to match the observed depth of the absorption features in the spectrum with a fixed water mixing ratio of 1 x 10-4 and a 12CO mixing ratio of 9 x 10-4, Accepted for publication in Astronomy&Astrophysics, Herschel First Results special issue
Published: 2010
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46. Water and related chemistry in the solar system. A guaranteed time key programme for Herschel

Author: Slawomira Szutowicz, Michael Küppers, M. R. Kidger, N. Biver, David A. Naylor, Sunil Sidher, Emmanuel Jehin, M. I. Blecka, Dariusz C. Lis, Jean Manfroid, A. Gonzalez, Rudolf Schieder, Christopher Jarchow, Marek Banaszkiewicz, F. Billebaud, Régis Courtin, T. de Graauw, Ganna Portyankina, B. M. Swinyard, José Cernicharo, H. Walker, L. Decin, Bart Vandenbussche, F. Bensch, Gary R. Davis, P. J. Encrenaz, E. Verdugo, J. Crovisier, Thibault Cavalié, Paul Hartogh, A. de Lange, G. S. Orton, Hideo Sagawa, Nicolas Thomas, E. A. Bergin, R. Lorente, Alexander S. Medvedev, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, G. D. Thornhill, Daphne Stam, Damien Hutsemekers, J. A. D. L. Blommaert, M. Sanchez-Portal, Geoffrey A. Blake, L. M. Lara, Emmanuel Lellouch, Thérèse Encrenaz, Miriam Rengel, R. Moreno, C. Waelkens, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Princeton], Princeton University, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departamento de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotopica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Center for Mathematics and Physics, University of Aizu, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Centre Alexis Vautrin (CAV), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Herschel spaceobservatory Water Mars Giant planets Titan Comets, Solar System, Outer planets, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Interplanetary dust cloud, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Enceladus, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Atmosphere of Mars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; "Water and related chemistry in the Solar System" is a Herschel Space Observatory Guaranteed-Time Key Programme. This project, approved by the European Space Agency, aims at determining the distribution, the evolution and the origin of water in Mars, the outer planets, Titan, Enceladus and the comets. It addresses the broad topic of water and its isotopologues in planetary and cometary atmospheres. The nature of cometary activity and the thermodynamics of cometary comae will be investigated by studying water excitation in a sample of comets. The D/H ratio, the key parameter for constraining the origin and evolution of Solar System species, will be measured for the first time in a Jupiter-family comet. A comparison with existing and new measurements of D/H in Oort-cloud comets will constrain the composition of pre-solar cometary grains and possibly the dynamics of the protosolar nebula. New measurements of D/H in giant planets, similarly constraining the composition of proto-planetary ices, will be obtained. The D/H and other isotopic ratios, diagnostic of Mars' atmosphere evolution, will be accurately measured in H2O and CO. The role of water vapor in Mars' atmospheric chemistry will be studied by monitoring vertical profiles of H2O and HDO and by searching for several other species (and CO and H2O isotopes). A detailed study of the source of water in the upper atmosphere of the Giant Planets and Titan will be performed. By monitoring the water abundance, vertical profile, and input fluxes in the various objects, and when possible with the help of mapping observations, we will discriminate between the possible sources of water in the outer planets (interplanetary dust particles, cometary impacts, and local sources). In addition to these inter-connected objectives, serendipitous searches will enhance our knowledge of the composition of planetary and cometary atmospheres.
Published: 2009
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47. Interferometric imaging of carbon monoxide in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): evidence for a strong rotating jet

Author: Jérémie Boissier, R. Moreno, Florence Henry, Didier Despois, J. Crovisier, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, P. Colom, N. Biver, J. Wink, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et écologie tropicale et méditerranéenne [2007-2010] (BETM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, Spectral resolution, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Jet (fluid), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Plateau de Bure Interferometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Observations of the CO J(1-0) 115 GHz and J(2-1) 230 GHz lines in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) were performed with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer on 11 March, 1997. The observations were conducted in both single-dish (ON-OFF) and interferometric modes with 0.13 km s-1 spectral resolution. Images of CO emission with 1.7 to 3" angular resolution were obtained. The ON-OFF and interferometric spectra show a velocity shift with sinusoidal time variations related to the Hale-Bopp nucleus rotation of 11.35 h. The peak position of the CO images moves perpendicularly to the spin axis direction in the plane of the sky. This suggests the presence of a CO jet, which is active night and day at about the same extent, and is spiralling with nucleus rotation. The high quality of the data allows us to constrain the characteristics of this CO jet. We have developed a 3-D model to interpret the temporal evolution of CO spectra and maps. The CO coma is represented as the combination of an isotropic distribution and a spiralling gas jet, both of nucleus origin. Spectra and visibilities (the direct output of interferometric data) analysis shows that the CO jet comprises ~40% the total CO production and is located at a latitude ~20 degrees North on the nucleus surface. Our inability to reproduce all observational characteristics shows that the real structure of the CO coma is more complex than assumed, especially in the first thousand kilometres from the nucleus. The presence of another moving CO structure, faint but compact and possibly created by an outburst, is identified., 20 pages, 26 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2009
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48. Radio Monitoring of 9P/Tempel 1 Outgassing and Gas Released by the Impact

Author: Åke Hjalmarson, Sun Kwok, R. Moreno, P. Colom, Michael Olberg, N. Biver, Aage Sandqvist, J. Crovisier, H. G. Floren, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, M. C. Sumner, Urban Frisk, Dariusz C. Lis, Alain Lecacheux, Gabriel Paubert, Jérémie Boissier, Anders Winnberg, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des plasmas, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Radio telescope, Physics, Rotation period, Outgassing, Comet, Astronomy, Satellite, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Production rate
Abstract: As part of the international observing campaign in support of the NASA Deep Impact mission to comet 9P/Tempel 1, we conducted a monitoring of its outgassing at radio wavelengths. OH observations conducted at the Nancay radio telescope provided a 4-month monitoring of the comet from March to July, followed by the observation of H2O with the Odin satellite from June to August 2005. The peak of outgassing was found to be around 1028 molec. s-1 between May and July. Observations of HCN conducted with the IRAM 30 m radio telescope in May 2005 showed a variation of the production rate with a period of 1.73±0.10 days, consistent with the rotation period of the nucleus.
Published: 2009
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49. A multi-wavelength simultaneous study of the composition of the Halley Family Comet 8P/Tuttle

Author: Hugues Sana, Anita L. Cochran, N. Biver, Harold A. Weaver, Alain Smette, Jean Manfroid, J.-M. Zucconi, Emmanuel Jehin, J. A. Stüwe, Heike Rauer, J. Crovisier, N. Dello Russo, Hideyo Kawakita, Damien Hutsemekers, Claude Arpigny, M. Weiler, Pierre Magain, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Hitomi Kobayashi, Rita Schulz, Ronald J. Vervack, Institut d'Astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie, Université de Liège, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Kyoto Sangyo University, Research and Scientific Support Department, ESA-ESTEC (RSSD), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Leiden Observatory, Department of Astronomy and McDonald Observatory, University of Texas, Austin, DLR Institut für Planetenerkundung, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: Physics, Very Large Telescope, spectroscopy, Infrared, comet 8P/Tuttle, Comet, Infrared spectroscopy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, gas composition, Jupiter, Planetary science, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), comets, Spectroscopy, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Long-slit spectroscopy
Abstract: International audience; We report on simultaneous optical and infrared observations of the Halley Family comet 8P/Tuttle performed with the ESO Very Large Telescope. Such multi-wavelength and coordinated observations are a good example of what can be done to support space missions. From high resolution optical spectroscopy of the CN (0,0) 388 nm and NH2 (0,9,0) 610 nm bands using UVES at UT2 we determined 12C/13C = 90 ± 10 and 14N/15N = 150 ± 20 in CN and we derived a nuclear spin temperature of NH3 of 29 ± 1 K. These values are similar to those found in Oort-Cloud and Jupiter Family comets. From low resolution long slit spectroscopy with FORS1 at UT2 we determined the CN, C3 and C2 production rates and the parent and daughter scale lengths up to 5.2 105 km tailward. From high resolution IR spectroscopy with CRIRES at UT1 we measured simultaneously the production rates and mixing ratios of H2O, HCN, C2H2, CH4, C2H6, and CH3OH.
Published: 2009
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50. Mapping the carbon monoxide coma of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

Author: Jacques Crovisier, N. Biver, M. Gunnarsson, Hans Rickman, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Astronomiska Observatoiret
Subjects: Physics, education.field_of_study, Solar System, Mean kinetic temperature, Population, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Spectral line, law.invention, Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Emission spectrum, Spectral resolution, education, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Context: CO is assumed to be the main driver behind the activity of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, which resides in a near-circular orbit at 6 AU from the Sun. Several properties of the outgassing of CO can be deduced from its millimetre-wave emission. Earlier studies have indicated CO production from the nucleus as well as an extended source. Aims: We have sought to further investigate the nature of the CO production in comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, through the use of newly available instrumentation. Methods: We used the HERA receiver array on the 30-m IRAM telescope to map the 230 GHz CO(J = 2-1) line in the comet with an unprecedented sensitivity and spatial coverage, and a high spectral resolution (20 kHz, i.e., 25 m s-1). A 36-point map, 60 by 60'', was obtained in June 2003, and a 25-point map, 96 by 96'', in January 2004. Results: The CO emission line has a characteristic asymmetric profile. Our analysis is based on a coma model, where the outgassing pattern is derived from the shape of this line at the central position of the map. When comparing to the observations, both maps show a line intensity at offset positions that is 2-3 times stronger than the model prediction. Different explanations for this are evaluated, and it is found that for the global coma character, an extremely low gas temperature in the inner coma reproduces the observed radial profile. A cold inner coma depletes the population of the CO J=2 rotational level in the region closest to the nucleus, making spectra observed at offset positions relatively stronger. From the global appearance of the maps, the coma was found to be largely axisymmetric, and the presence of a strong extended source of CO, as indicated from earlier observations using the SEST telescope, was not seen. When examining the maps in more detail, a possible exception to this was seen in an area ~30'' south of the comet, where an excess in emission is present in both maps. Model fits to the spectra based on the cold inner coma that we find, with an intital kinetic temperature T_kin=4 K, give a measure of Q_CO, the CO production rate. Q_CO was found to be (3.9 ± 0.2) × 1028 mol s-1 in June 2003, and (3.7 ± 0.2) × 1028 mol s-1 in January 2004. These values are a factor ~1.5 higher than that derived using only the information available from non-mapped data, and this adjustment applies also to previously published production rates.
Published: 2008
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