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In 2016, HEFCE commissioned a study into the relationship between public or civic engagement and the student experience. In the resulting report, it describes this engagement as connecting the work of the university to society, and lists three key components: transmitting information to inspire and educate; receiving information through actively listening to concerns, insights or views; and collaborating with communities to solve problems with co-created or co-designed solutions. At LJMU, we can point to many examples of activity within these themes, which supports our identity as a ‘pioneering modern civic university’. This paper is a reflection on civic engagement and the role of student volunteering., Innovations in Practice, Vol 12 No 1 (2018)

We investigate, in a process algebraic setting, a new notion of compliance that we call strong service compliance: composed services are strong compliant if their composition is both deadlock and livelock free (this is the traditional notion of compliance) and whenever a message can be sent to invoke a service, this service is ensured to be ready to serve the invocation. We define also a new notion of refinement, called strong subcontract pre-order, suitable for strong compliance: given a composition of strong compliant services each one executing according to some specific contracts, we can replace the services with other services executing corresponding strong sub contracts preserving strong compliance. Finally, we present a characterization of the strong subcontract preorder resorting to the theory of (should) testing pre-order.