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Tıbbi önemi olan bitkiler, zengin bileşenleri nedeniyle kanser de dahil çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde en önemli ilaç kaynaklarından birini temsil etmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hyoscyamus niger bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımlarının metanol (HNM) ve su (HNS) ekstraktlarının 17 farklı fenolik madde içeriğini araştırmak, in vitro antiproliferatif aktivitesini değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla ekstraktların 17 farklı fenolik madde içeriği HPLC ile belirlendi. Antiproliferatif aktivite ise, karaçiğer kanseri hücre hattı (Hep G2), osteosarkoma hücre hattı (U-2 OS) ve sağlıklı fare fibroblast hücre (L-929) hücre hatlarına karşı MTT testi ile tayin edildi. Ekstraktlarda en fazla miktarda askorbik asit belirlendi. HNM ekstraktı içerik yönünden HNS ekstraktından daha zengindi. Antiproliferatif aktivite sonuçlarına göre en güçlü etkiyi HNM ekstraktı, özellikle Hep G2’ye karşı gösterdi. Genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde HNM ekstraktının fenolik madde içeriği ve antiproliferatif aktivite bakımından daha iyi olduğu belirlendi. Bitki ekstraktlarının aktif bileşenlerinin izole edilerek daha fazla in vivo ve in vitro çalışmaların yapılması önem arz etmektedir.

The traditional karyotype studies are widely used in plant systematics to evaluate the positions of species. However, studies sometimes can not solve systematic problems. In recent years, computer-based systems have gained importance in contributing to the solution of the taxonomical problems. The aim of this study was to identify three Lallemantia species by using the LBP (local binary pattern) texture operator based on chromosome images in mitosis. LBP is the one of the most powerful and easily applicable tool for identifying local image patterns. In this study, microphotographs of 641 cells in the metaphase stage of mitosis were used. The LBP involves preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Decision tree (DT), linear discriminant (LD), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), bagged tree (BT) and ensemble subspace nearest neighbor (SNN) were used in the classification stage. This study found that the best acting classifier was SNN because achievement rate was one hundred percent. Also, a dendrogram was formed to measure the similarity among the three species. As a result, LBP can be accepted as a tool for classifying plants by using chromosome images.

Medicinal plants consumed in Bitlis were analysed for

This study investigated the effects of thioacetimide (TAA) on liver damage by using the extract of the Juncus inflexus subsp. inflexus (JI) plant. Six experimental groups were formed using 42 8-12-weeks Sprague dawley male rats, with seven experimental animals per group. Two doses of normal saline (SF) (i.p) were administered within 120 minutes to each control group. 250 mg/kg single dose of TAA (i.p) was administered 120 minutes after administration of SF in the TAA group. 50 mg/kg single dose of JI extract (i.g) was administered 120 minutes after SF administration to the JI group. TAA+JI group was given 50 mg/kg JI extract 120 minutes after 250 mg/kg TAA was administered. 250 mg/kg of TAA was administered 120 minutes after 50 mg/kg of JI extract was applied to the JI+TAA group. TAA+JI+ group was administered 50 mg/kg JI extract 120 minutes after 250 mg/kg TAA was administered and 2 more 50 mg/kg JI extract were administered after 48 hours. At the end of the trial, blood samples were analyzed for aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with autoanalyser. Liver tissue sections were examined by staining with hematoxylin eosin (H-E), periodic acid schiff (PAS) and caspase-3. On the other hand, the tissue homogenates were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH).In H-E and PAS studies, while a marked damage was detected in TAA group compared to other groups, based on biochemical analysis, only a significant change in parameter AST was determined. Compared to other groups, it was observed that the MDA rose significantly in the TAA group and that the GSH fell and that the expression of the kaspaz-3 was significantly increased.. On the other hand, it was found that lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in the TAA+JI group compared to JI+TAA group.In conclusion, this study has revealed that the extraction obtained from the Juncus inflexus plant has protective and therapeutic properties for the liver.

The study aimed to karyologically analyse three Lallemantia species [L. peltata, L. iberica Mey. and L. canescens] grown in Turkey. Also, it was calculated various karyotype asymmetry and S/AI, CVCL and MC values in this study. Current study found that the chromosome numbers are 2n=14 and they possess median (m) and submedian (sm) centromere. In addition, this study suggested that three Lallemantia species are 2A group based on Stebbins classifications. Furthermore, present study showed Pearson correlation using karyotype asymmetry values and a scatter diagram was formed using A1 and A2. On the other hand, the results obtained from the study were compared with the results of karyotype analysis performed by different literatures and it was concluded that there may be differences according to locality.

The aim of current study is to show phenolics, antioxidant capacities and antimicrobial activities of seeds of five Salvia L. (S. frigida Boiss., S. candidissima subsp. candidissima Vahl., S. virgata Jacq., S. verticillata L. var. verticillata and S. russellii Benth.) taxa grown in Turkey. The flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were measured by using HPLC whilst the antioxidant capacities were determined by using different methods. In addition, agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species in this study. It was found that S. frigida, S. verticillata var. verticillata and S. russellii have the highest catechin contents and S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high rosmarinic acid while S. frigida, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high vanilic acid. Also, it was determined that S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high DPPH radical scavenging activities in 150 and 250 µL while S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have highest ABTS radical scavenging activity in all concentrations apart from 25 µL for S. frigida. Furthermore, S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high total phenolic contents. On the other hand, Salvia species have similar lipid peroxidation inhibitions. However, the metal chelating activities of Salvia species are different. And also, it was demonstrated that Salvia taxa have antimicrobial activity.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Helichrysum armenium subsp. araxinum özütlerinin yağ asidi bileşimi, yağda çözünen vitaminleri, fenolik bileşikleri, radikal temizleme faaliyetleri, antioksidan aktivitesi ve metal şelatlama kapasitesini belirlemektir. Araştırmada palmitik asidin (C16:0) birincil yağ asidi olduğu ve (58,99±1,21%) yağda çözünen vitamin içerilerinin en düşük seviyede olduğunu belirlenmiştir. Stigmasterol ve β-sitosterol, sırasıyla 79,4 ± 1,17 ve 29,2 ± 0,87 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca mevcut çalışma, Helichrysum armenium subsp. araxinum’un en yüksek naringin içeriğine (1156,8 ± 3,57 µg / g) sahip olduğunu ayrıca yüksek miktarda vanilik asit (213,2 ± 2,32 µg / g), kafeik asit (151,6 ± 1,27 µg / g) ve ferulik asit (117,94 ± 1,26 µg / g) içeriğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Öte yandan, Helichrysum armenium subsp. araxinum, en yüksek DPPH (10 µl hariç), ABTS radikal temizleme aktivitesi ve 100 µl’de metal şelatlama kapasitesine sahiptir.

Bu çalışmada, Bitlis’te yetişen bazı bitkilerin radon (222Rn) konsantrasyonlarının istatistiksel olarak analizi yapıldı. Radon konsantrasyonları Radosys radon ölçüm sistemi ile belirlendi. PR15 numaralı örneğin (Urtica) en yüksek radon konsantrasyonuna (997,67 ±28,90 Bq/m3) ve PR13 numaralı örneğin (Polygonum Cognatum) en düşük radon konsantrasyonuna (255,70 ± 14,63 Bq/m3) sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

Artemisia is one of the biggest genera in the family Asteraceae, with around 500-600 taxa at specific and sub-specific levels and organised in five subgenera. Due to the high number of taxa, a lot taxonomists are trying to solve the problem of its classification and phylogeny but its natural classification still has not been achieved. The aim of this study is to try to solve the problematic systematic relationship between three different Artemisia species growing in close proximity to each other in the light of morphological, karyological and molecular data. The roots, stems, leaves, flowers structures of the plant samples collected from different populations belong to these species were investigated within the framework of morphological studies. Additionally, the chromosome counts and karyotype analysises of these species were made and idiograms were drawn in the karyological studies. In the context of phylogenetic studies, ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and trnT - trnL3’ regions of 22 individuals belonging to 3 taxa were studied. According to results of phylogenetic anlysis, it has been found that there is completed speciation genetic isolation mechanism between the species Artemisia spicigera, Artemisia taurica and Artemisia fragrans that inhibit gene flow. Also Artemisia fragrans and Artemisia spicigera species are very similar to each other in terms of morphological characteristics. However, since populations of the species Artemisia fragrans are autopolyploid, the dimensional values of their morphological squares are larger than those of the species Artemisia spicigera. This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with some species of Artemisia growing naturally in Turkey.

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Bu calismanin amaci, HPLC analizlerine gore lipitte cozunen vitamin iceriklerini belirleyerek bes Astragalus turunun ( Astragalus anthlloides, Astragalus hirsutus, Astragalus campylorhynchus, Astragalus cephalotes var. cephalotes, Astragalus odaratus ) biyokimyasal calismalarina katkida bulunmaktir. Bu calisma, A. anthlloides (208,95±4,09 µg/g) ve A. hirsutus (200,9±2,8 µg/g’un yuksek ϒ-tocopherol icerigine sahip oldugunu gostermistir. Ayrica, calisilan Astragalus turlerinin D3 vitamin icerikleri 2,94±0,18 µg/g ( Astragalus odaratus ) ve 12,53±,495 µg/g ( Astragalus anthlloides ) arasinda bulunmustur. Ote yandan, Astragalus turlerinin α-tokoferol icerikleri 3,99±0,14 µg/g ( Astragalus campylorhynchus ) ile 11,9±0,66 µg/g ( Astragalus cephalotes var. cephalotes ) arasinda belirlenmistir. Bununla beraber, calisilan turler arasinda sadece Astragalus hirsutus ’un beta karoten icerigine (3,55±0,43 µg/g) sahip oldugu bulunmustur. Ayrica, r-tokoferol, a-tokoferol asetat, D2, K1, retinol ve retinol asetat iceriklerinin ya cok dusuk oranlarda oldugu ya da hic bulunmadigi bulunmustur.

The healing effects of plants are known to stem from the components in their contents. In today's science, the studies on plant contents and biological activities as well as the discovery or development of new therapeutic agents are very popular. In this study, the biological activities of Lallementia canescens (L. canescens) and Lallementia peltata (L. peltata) were investigated to provide valuable data for the literature in the treatment of various diseases and new active substance design. The corresponding plants, which benefits and contents have not been completely elucidated yet, were collected from Bitlis province in Turkey and converted into herbarium material. Ethanol (EtOH) extracts were prepared from the aerial parts (leafs) of the plants using the soxhlet extraction method. The concentrations of 17 phenolic compounds (antioxidants) were determined in these extracts by HPLC. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of such extracts were compared with the standard antioxidants: Butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Alpha tocopherol (?-Toc). Hollow agar and agarose gel electrophoresis methods were used to investigate the antimicrobial effects on various microorganisms and protective effects on pBR322 plasmid DNA, respectively. The results showed that some phenolics such as kaempferol, gallic acid, and salicylic acid could not be identified in EtOH extracts, while the extracts showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, particularly on the yeasts. On the other hand, DNA protective activities of the extracts were found to be very limited. It can be concluded that the plants are generally rich resources of phenolic compounds. The plants have potential to exhibit strong antioxidant antifungal activities as similar to the standards. Bitkilerin iyileştirici etkilerinin içerdikleri bileşenlerden kaynaklandığı bilinmektedir. Bugünün bilim dünyasında, yeni terapötik ajanların geliştirilmesi ve keşfinde olduğu gibi bitki içerikleri ve biyolojik aktiviteleri üzerine çalışmalar çok popülerdir. Bu çalışmada, çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisi ve yeni aktif madde dizaynında literatür için değerli data elde etmek amacıyla, Lallementia canescens (L. canescens) ve Lallementia peltata (L. peltata)’nın biyolojik aktiviteleri araştırıldı. Henüz yararları ve içerikleri tam aydınlatılmamış olan bu bitkiler Bitlis ilinden toplandı ve herbaryum materyaline çevrildi. Bitkilerin toprak üstü kısımları kullanılarak soxalet ekstraksiyon metodu ile etanol (EtOH) özleri hazırlandı ve HPLC kullanılarak bu özlerde 17 fenoliğin konsantrasyonları araştırıldı. Daha sonra standart antioksidan olarak bilinen bütillenmiş hidroksianisol (BHA), bütillenmiş hidroksitoluen (BHT) ve alfa tokoferol (?Toc)’e karşı özlerin in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri, oyuk agar metodu ile çeşitli mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkileri ve agaroz jel elektroforezi ile pBR322 plazmid DNA’sı üzerindeki koruyucu etkileri araştırıldı. Kamferol (kaempferol), gallik asit (gallic acid) ve salisilik asit (salycilic acid) gibi bazı fenolikler saptanamasa da genel olarak özlerin zengin antioksidan içeriğe sahip olduğu belirlendi. Bu etkiye paralel olarak bitki özlerinin standartlara yakın in vitro antioksidan aktivite sergilediği belirlendi. Ayrıca özütlerin özellikle mantarlar üzerinde daha güçlü antimikrobiyal etki gösterdikleri ancak sınırlı derecede DNA koruyucu aktiviteye sahip oldukları saptandı.

The genus Artemisia L. of the family Asteraceae is systematically very complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate taxonomic positions of taxa of the subgenus Artemisia belonging to the genus Artemisia in Turkey using some molecular techniques. In this molecular study, 44 individuals belong to 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia were examined. Analyses were performed on the combined dataset using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference and Molecular parameters obtained from co-evaluations of sequences of the psbA-trnH, ITS and ETS regions of examined individuals were used in the phylogenetic tree drawing. According to the results of this study, two molecular groups have been formed based on the DNA sequence similarity of the species, but there are no obvious morphological characters corresponding to two molecular groups. There is no also agreement between the two molecular groups and the two morphological groups formed according to the hairiness condition of the receptacle of species. Due to the lack of molecular significance of their receptacles with or without hair, dividing of the subgenus Artemisia species into new subgenera or sections was not considered appropriate. Likewise, it has been found that with or without hair on the corolla lobes of the central hermaphrodite disc flowers have no molecular significance. It was found that there were no gene flow and hybridization between the 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia and these 14 species were found completed their speciation. This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with belong to subgenus Artemisia species growing naturally in Turkey. In addition, new haplotypes related to the populations of Turkey belonging to the subgenus Artemisia taxa were reported by us for the first time and added to the GenBank database. Resumo O gênero Artemisia L. da família Asteraceae é sistematicamente muito complexo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as posições taxonômicas de táxons do subgênero Artemisia pertencentes ao gênero Artemisia na Turquia usando algumas técnicas moleculares. Neste estudo molecular, 44 indivíduos pertencentes a 14 espécies do subgênero Artemisia foram examinados. As análises foram realizadas no conjunto de dados combinado usando máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana e parâmetros moleculares obtidos a partir de coavaliações de sequências das regiões psbA-trnH, ITS e ETS de indivíduos examinados foram usados no desenho da árvore filogenética. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, dois grupos moleculares foram formados com base na similaridade da sequência de DNA das espécies, mas não há caracteres morfológicos óbvios correspondentes a dois grupos moleculares. Também não há concordância entre os dois grupos moleculares e os dois grupos morfológicos formados de acordo com a condição de pilosidade do receptáculo da espécie. Devido à falta de significado molecular de seus receptáculos com ou sem cabelo, a divisão das espécies do subgênero Artemisia em novos subgêneros ou seções não foi considerada apropriada. Da mesma forma, verificou-se que com ou sem cabelo nos lobos da corola das flores do disco hermafrodita central não tem significado molecular. Constatou-se que não houve fluxo gênico e hibridização entre as 14 espécies do subgênero Artemisia e essas 14 espécies concluíram sua especiação. Este estudo é importante porque é o primeiro estudo de base molecular relacionado com espécies pertencentes ao subgênero Artemisia crescendo naturalmente na Turquia. Além disso, novos haplótipos relacionados às populações da Turquia pertencentes ao subgênero Artemisia taxa foram relatados por nós pela primeira vez e adicionados ao banco de dados do GenBank.

Moderate effects of some plants with proven biological properties in the treatment of various diseases have increased the importance of them and the interest in alternative medicine. The members of the Lamiaceae family are one of the widely used in alternative medicine and agriculture due to their metabolite content. In order to gain valuable biological data for alternative medicine and new studies, Scutellaria albida subsp. Candensest a member of the Lamiaceae family was collected from a height of 1500 meters in Bitlis province in Turkey. Ethanol (EtOH) extract was prepared by using the aerial parts of the plant and used in all stages of the study. Firstly, the phenolic content of the extract was determined by HPLC. Myricetin and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid at the highest concentrations were detected, but ascorbic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid could not be determined in the extract. In order to test the antioxidant properties based on phenolic content, several in vitro antioxidant tests were performed and DNA protective properties were investigated. In the biological activity results, the extract was determined to have a similar antioxidant effect to standards or lower than them and exhibited relatively DNA protective activity at high concentration. Finally, the effects of the extract on some types of bacteria and fungi were investigated by the hollow agar method and 150 µL volume of the extract was shown to have better activity than ampicillin and Amikacin. Due to the limited studies on Scutellaria albida subsp Candensest, it is thought that this study will contribute to the literature.

Lamiaceae familyasının üyeleri içerdikleri sekonder metabolitler sayesinde geleneksel tıpta ve tarımda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, Bitlis İlinde toplanan Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh. (kaf pisikotu) bitkisinden elde edilen etanol ekstraktının fenolik madde içeriği HPLC ile belirlenerek, antimikrobiyal, antioksidan ve DNA koruyucu aktiviteleri araştırıldı. Ekstraktın en fazla apigenin ve vanillin içerdiği belirlendi. Antimikrobiyal aktivite sonuçlarına göre genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde iyi derecede aktivite gösterdiği gözlemlendi. Aynı zamanda ekstraktın eritromisin hariç diğer antibiyotiklerden daha iyi antibakteriyal aktivite gösterdiği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada, ekstraktın in vitro antioksidan özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla dört farklı metot kullanıldı. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre N. transcaucasica ekstraktının, BHA, BHT ve α-tokoferol standart antioksidanlarına yakın antioksidan aktivite sergilediği belirlendi. Son olarak ekstraktın, pBR322 DNA plazmiti üzerine koruyucu etki göstermediği gözlendi. N. transcaucasica ile ilgili çalışmalar kısıtlı olduğundan, bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçların literatüre önemli katkılar sunacağı düşünülmektedir., Members of the Lamiaceae family are widely used in traditional medicine and agriculture thanks to their secondary metabolites. In this study, the phenolic substance content of ethanol extract obtained from Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh. (kaf pisikotu) plant collected in Bitlis province was determined by HPLC and antimicrobial, antioxidant and DNA protective activities were investigated. It was determined that the extract contained the most apigenin and vanillin. When evaluated according to the antimicrobial activity results, it was observed that it showed good activity. It was also found that the extract showed better antibacterial activity than other antibiotics except erythromycin. Four different methods were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant properties of the extract. According to the results of the study, it was determined that N. transcaucasica extract exhibited antioxidant activity close to BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol standard antioxidants. Finally, it was observed that the extract had no protective effect on the pBR322 DNA plasmid. Since the studies on N. transcaucasica are limited, it is thought that the results obtained in this study will make important contributions to the literature.

The present study determined some biological compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial capacity in seeds of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) has been found to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of Satureja hortensis L. (66.24 ± 1.24%) and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48.17 ± 1.01%). Linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) is identified as the second major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the present study and oleic acid (C18:1 n9) is determined as the major monounsaturated fatty acid. Current study showed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low levels of saturated fatty acids. It has been demonstrated that ergosterol (263.1 ± 2.14 µg/g), stigmasterol (39.07 ± 0.91 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (14.64 ± 0.49 µg/g) have been found in Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, while ergosterol (69.41 ± 1.75 µg/g) and beta-sitosterol (19.81 ± 1.14 µg/g) have been determined in Satureja hortensis L. Also, this study determined that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have low lipide-soluble vitamin content. Furthermore, it has been found that Satureja hortensis L. contains naringenin (612.57 ± 2.57 µg/g), morin (86.97 ± 1.12 µg/g), quercetin (22.87 ± 0.75 µg/g), and kaempferol (20.11 ± 0.94 µg/g) while naringenin (135.91 ± 1.91 µg/g), naringin (61.23 ± 2.15 µg/g) and quercetin (47.51 ± 1.17 µg/g) have been detected as major flavonoids in the seeds of Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. The results of the present study suggest that methanol extracts of Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata have significant free radical scavenging activity. The present results revealed that Satureja hortensis L. and Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata showed major activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, fungi and yeast. Resumo O presente estudo determinou alguns compostos biológicos, atividade de eliminação de radicais e capacidade antimicrobiana em sementes de Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. O ácido alfa-linolênico (C18: 3 n3) foi o principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado de Satureja hortensis L. (66,24 ± 1,24%) e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata (48,17 ± 1,01%). O ácido linoléico (C18: 2 n6) é identificado como o segundo principal ácido graxo poliinsaturado no presente estudo e o ácido oleico (C18: 1 n9) é determinado como o principal ácido graxo monoinsaturado. O estudo atual mostrou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixos níveis de ácidos graxos saturados. Foi demonstrado que ergosterol (263,1 ± 2,14 µg/g), estigmasterol (39,07 ± 0,91 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (14,64 ± 0,49 µg/g) foram encontrados em Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, enquanto o ergosterol (69,41 ± 1,75 µg/g) e beta-sitosterol (19,81 ± 1,14 µg/g) também foram determinados em Satureja hortensis L., este estudo determinou que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis. Além disso, verificou-se que S. hortensis L. contém naringenina (612,57 ± 2,57 µg/g), morina (86,97 ± 1,12 µg/g), quercetina (22,87 ± 0,75 µg/g) e kaempferol (20,11 ± 0,94 µg/g) enquanto a naringenina (135,91 ± 1,91 µg/g), a naringina (61,23 ± 2,15 µg/g) e a quercetina (47,51 ± 1,17 µg/g) foram detectadas como flavonóides importantes nas sementes de Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os extratos metanólicos de S. hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata tem significativa atividade de eliminação de radicais livres. Os presentes resultados revelaram que Satureja hortensis L. e Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata mostrou atividade importante contra microrganismos gram-positivos e gram-negativos, fungos e leveduras.

In this study, the environmental gamma radiation starting at December, 2014 through November, 2015 were measured at different 16 points. The environmental gamma radiation measurement was made from the ground and one meter above the surface by using portable gamma survey meter which consisted of NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The lowest values of environmental gamma radiation are 0.041 µSv/h at ground level and 0.035 µSv/h at the one-meter level on the location XIII, the highest values of environmental gamma radiation are 0.478 µSv/h at the ground level and 0.453 µSv/h at the one-meter level on the location XVI.

The aim of this study is to determine of the some karyological properties and chromosome numbers of eight Salvia taxa (S. euphratica var. euphratica, S. euphratica var. leicalycina, S. hypargeia, S...

In this research, the genera Asperula L., Galium L.; Asperula xylorrhiza Nábelek (siirt belumotu), Asperula orientalis Boiss. & Hohen. (gökçe belumotu), Asperula arvensis L. (tarla belumotu), Galium humifusum M.Bieb. (çimen iplikçiği), Galium consanguineum Boiss. (altın iplikçik), Galium incanum L. subsp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrend.(gür iplikçik), Galium consanguineum Boiss. (altın iplikçik), Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen. (süpürge iplikçiği), Galium spurium L. subsp. spurium (arsız iplikçik) of the family Rubiaceae, have been studied in terms of palynological properties. Examples of these taxa were collected in the field studies. 9 taxa light microscopy (IM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) belonging to this family were studied. As a result of this study some common traits of the taxa found out such as pollen the tectum is perforated, apertures type is zonocolpate.

Bu çalışmada, Bitlis’te yetişen bazı bitkilerde doğal olarak bulunan radyo izotop konsantrasyon seviyeleri belirlendi. Numuneler, NaI(Tl) gama ışını spektrometresi kullanılarak analiz edildi. Bu bitkilerde, 226Ra radyo izotop aktivite konsantrasyon seviyelerinin 12,45 ± 2,53 Bq/kg ile 92,08 ± 5,34 Bq/kg arasında, 232Th radyo izotop konsantrasyon seviyelerinin 23,10 ± 4,42 Bq/kg ile 88,00 ± 6,68 Bq/kg arasında, 40K radyo izotop konsantrasyon seviyelerinin 42,57 ± Bq/kg ile 533 ± 7,78 Bq/kg arasında değiştiği görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin farklı yerlerinden toplanan ArtemisiaL. cinsinin Drancunculus(Bess.) Rydb. altcinsi taksonlarınınuçucu yağların bileşenleri ve bunların antimikrobiyal özellikleri belirlenmiştir.Uçucu yağlar bitkilerin toprak üstü kısımlarından hidrodistilasyon metodu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktivite oyuk agar metodu kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir.Artemisia campestrisL.var. campestris temel uçucu yağ bileşenleri sırasıyla naftalen (%34.69),b–pinen (%13.29), spatulenol (%7.70), 2,4 hexadien-1-one (%6.99) penta-2,4-dione (%4.96), α -pinen (1.65%), limonen (%1.51) tespit edilmiştir. Artemisia campestris var.marschalliana(Spreng.) Poljak.’dabenzen (%17.34),b–pinen (%10.54), spatulenol (%10.45), 1-phenly-penta-2,4-diyn (%8.06), karyofillen oxid (%6.93), asenaphthylen (6.31%), limonen (4.45%), α-pinen (3.70%), b-mirsen (3.23%)belirlenmiştir. Artemisia campestris L. var. araratica(Novopokr.) Poljak’da b–pinen (%18.32), b–pinen (%8.03), limonen (%5.19), cis-osimen (%2.87), trans-geraniol (1.93), trans-isolimonen (1.86%), kamfor (%1.79) olarak belirlenmiştir. Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.’da1-phenyl-penta-2,4-diyn (%15.44), benzen (%13.34), b-pinen (%11.85), spatulenol (%11.11), limonen (%6.59), karyofillen oxid (%5.99), α–pinen (%3.73), b-mircen (%3.15), cis-okimen (%2.96) tespit edilmiştir. Artemisiatürlerinin uçucu yağları patojen mikroorganizmaların gelişimlerini farklı oranlarda engellemişlerdir., In this study, essential oil composition and their antimicrobial properties of the subgenus Drancunculus taxa belonging to the genus Artemisia collected from different regions of Turkey were determined.Essential oils were obtained from the above-ground parts of plants by using hydro-distillation method. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar well method. Major essential oil components of Artemisia campestrisL. var. campestriswere determined respectively: naphthalene (34.69%), b-pinene (13.29%), spathulenol (7.70%), 2,4 hexadien -1-one (6.99%), penta-2,4-dione (4.96%), α -pinene (1.65%), limonene (1.51%). Benzene (17.34%), b-pinene (10.54%), spathulenol, (10.45%), 1-phenyl-penta-2,4-diyne (8.06%), caryophyllene oxid (6.93%), asenaphthylene (6.31%), limonene (4.45%); α-pinene (3.70%), b-myrsen (3.23%) in Artemisia campestrisvar.marschalliana(Spreng.) Poljak.was determined. α–pinene (18.32%), b–pinene (8.03%), limonene (5.19%), cis-okimen (2.87%), trans-geraniol (1.93), trans-isolimonene (1.86%), camphor (1.79%) in Artemisia campestris var.araraticaNovopokr.) Poljakwas found. 1-phenyl-penta-2,4-diamine (15.44%), benzene (13.34%), b–pinene (11.85%), spathulenol (11.11%), limonene (6.59%),Caryophyllene oxid (5.99%), α–pinene (3.73%), b-myrcen (3.15%), cis-okimene (2.96%) in Artemisia scopariaWaldst. & Kit. was detect. The essential oils of Artemisia species prevented at different rates the development of pathogenic microorganisms.

Bitkiler, iyileştiricietkilerinden dolayı, eski zamanlardan beri tedavi amaçlı olarak kullanılmaktadır.Bu çalışmada Bitlis ve Van illerinden toplanan Tanacetum kotschyi (Boiss.) Grierson (ateş pireotu) ve Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Grierson(yıldızlı pireotu)’dan elde edilen etanol ekstraktlarının 14 farklı fenolikiçeriği HPLC ile belirlenmiştir. Fenoliklerin geneli antioksidan olarakbilindiğinden dolayı bitkilerin antioksidan özellikleri de bilimsel pek çokçalışmada önemli sayılmıştır. Bu nedenle soxhlet ekstraksiyon metodu ile bubitkilerden etanol ekstraktları hazırlanmış ve in vitro şartlarda biyolojik aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Buamaçla ilk olarak bu ekstraktların total antioksidan aktiviteleri, DPPH ve ABTSradikal giderme aktiviteleri, FRAP ve CUPRAC indirgenme metodları ile demir vebakır indirgeme kuvvetleri ölçülerek antioksidan güçleri, antioksidan olduklarıkanıtlanmış çeşitli standartlar (Bütillenmiş hidroksianisol: BHA, Bütillenmişhidroksitoluen: BHT ve α-tokoferol: α-toc) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Toplumdabitkiler, mikroorganizma kaynaklı pek çok cilt hastalığı başta olmak üzere,günümüzün en önemli hastalıklardan olan kanser gibi DNA hasarına bağlı bazıhastalıklarda da alternatif bir tedavi yöntemi olarak kullanıldığı ve buyönüyle bitkilerin pek çok farmakolojik araştırmanın ilgi odağı olduğuyadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada ekstraktlar, farklı türlerdenmüteşekkil olan 10 adet mikroorganizma üzerinde denenerek antimikrobiyalaktiviteleri, Pbr322 plazmid DNA’sı üzerinde denenerek DNA koruyucuaktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Fenolik sonuçlarına göre T. kotschyi ve T.tomentellum ekstraktlarında gallik asit, T. kotschyi ekstraktında ise salisilik asit varlığı tespitedilememiştir. Buna ek olarak bazı antioksidan aktivite sonuçlarında her ikibitkiden elde edilen etanol ekstraktlarının standartlara benzer aktiviteyesahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Oyuk agar metodunun kullanıldığı antimikrobiyalaktivite sonuçlarına göre; T. tomentellumekstraktının Staphylococcus aureus üzerinde, T. kotschyi ekstraktının ise Candidaalbicans ve Klebsiella pneumoniaüzerinde en iyi aktiviteyi sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca T. Kotschyi ekstraktı Saccharomyces cereviciae üzerindeherhangi bir aktivite göstermezken, genel olarak ekstraktların bütün testmikroorganizmaları üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir.Son olarak ekstraktların DNA üzerindeki koruyucu etkisi araştırılmıştır. T. kotschyi ekstraktının, plazmid DNAüzerinde koruyucu bir etkisinin olmadığı, T.tomentellum ekstraktının ise H2O2+DMSO’un DNAüzerindeki süpürücü etkisini ortadan kaldırarak kararlı hale gelmesinde etkiliolduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen veriler, ekstraktlarıngenel olarak güçlü biyolojik aktivitelere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir., Plants have been used for therapeutic purposessince ancient times because of their healing effects. In present study, T. kotschyi (Boiss.) Grierson and Tanacetum tomentellum (Boiss.) Griersonplants were collected from Van and Bitlis province and the extracts wereprepared from them. Then, 14 different phenolic contents were determined. Sincethe phenolics are known as antioxidants, the importance of antioxidantsproperties of the plants is emphasized in many studies. For this purpose, theextracts were prepared from these plants and in vitro biological activities were investigated. Firstly, totalantioxidant activities, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ironand cupric reduction activities were measured using the extracts and theresults were compared with the standard antioxidants (Butylated hidroxyanisole:BHA, Butylated hidroxitoluen: BHT and α-tocopherol: α-toc). Today, the plantsare used as an alternative treatment in many skin disease caused bymicroorganism and in the treatment of several diseases such as cancer. In thisaspect, it is an undeniable fact that plants are at the focal point of manyresearch. For this purpose, the antimicrobial activities of the extracts on 10different microorganisms and the DNA protective properties on pBR322 plasmidDNA were determined. According to the phenolic results, In addition to theabsence of gallic acid in T. kotschyiand T. tomentellum extracts,salycilic acid could not be detected in T.Kotschyi extract. In vitro antioxidant activities weredetermined by using total antioxidant activity, DPPH and ABTS radicalscavenging activities, FRAP and CUPRAC reduction methods and the results werecompared with BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol standard antioxidant results. Theethanol extracts obtained from both plants were found to have close activity tothe standards. According to antimicrobial activity results of hollow agarmethod, T. tomentellum extracts and T. kotschyi were found to have thehighest activity on Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. It wasobserved that the extracts have antimicrobial effect on all testmicroorganisms. on the contrary, only T.kotschyi extract had no antifungal effect on Saccharomyces cereviciae.Finally, the protective effects of extracts on DNA were investigated. T. kotschyi extract had no protectiveeffect on plasmid DNA however; T.tomentellum extract was able to stabilize the DNA by eliminating the scavengingeffect of H2O2 + DMSO. Data from this study show thatextracts generally have strong biological activities.

WOS: 000390834400003, In this study, the chromosome number and detailed morphometric properties of six endemic taxa belonging to five dicot families which grow naturally in Turkey were examined. The somatic chromosome number and karyotype formula of the taxa of Asteraceae family were determined to be 2n=18 and 8m+1sm in Tanacetum argenteum ssp. argenteum and 2n=18 and 7m+2sm+1B in Tanacetum densum ssp. sivasicum, respectively. The somatic chromosome number and karyotype formula were determined as 2n=32 and 10m+6sm in Fumana trisperma belonging to Cistaceae, 2n=14 and 5m+2sm in Onobrychis alblflora belonging to Fabaceae, 2n=14 and 2m+5sm in Salvia blepharochlaena belonging to Lamiaceae, and 2n=14 and 2m+5sm in Glaucium acutidentatum belonging to Papaveraceae family. The somatic chromosome numbers of six taxa collected from different localities in Turkey were counted for the first time, except for T. argenteum var. argenteum and Salvia blepharocleana.

Subgenus Seriphidium is one of the least karyologically studied groups in genus Artemisia. In this work, chromosome number and karyotypes of six taxa belonging to Seriphidium subgenus of genus Artemisia were investigated as detailed. Both chromosome number and karyological data of all taxa studied here were the first records from Turkey. Two of the taxa are new records to science (A. spicigera K. Koch. var. vanensis Kursat & Civelek var. nova and A. taurica Willd. var. pendulosa Kursat & Civelek var. nova) and another is a new record for the flora of Turkey (A. sieberi Bess. subsp. sieberi). All of the taxa studied except for A. spicigera K. Koch. var. spicigera were polyploid. Hypo-aneuploidy was observed in one taxon, A. santonicum L. subsp. santonicum with chromosome number 2n = 6x = 52. In addition, the simultaneous existence of B chromosome and aneusomy was recorded for A. taurica Willd. var. taurica, 2n = 4x = 36 + 0, 4B; 37 + 3, 4B.

The chromosome number and chromosome morphology of endemic species Centaurea fenzlii and Origanum acutidens naturally growing in Turkey were investigated using karyological techniques. The specimens were collected from natural habitats in the years 2013. The basic chromosome number of Centaurea fenzlii is: x= 9 and diploid chromosome numbers were found to be 2n=18, species of Origanum acutidens basic chromosome number is: x= 15 and diploid chromosome numbers were found to be 2n=30. Chromosomes had median region (m) and submedian (sm) centromers. Karyotype analysis of Origanum acutidens endemic species has been conducted by us for the first time. © Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Türkiye’ de doğal olarak yetişen Centaurea fenzlii Reichardt. ve Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart. endemik türlerinin kromozom sayısı ve kromozom morfolojisi karyolojik teknikler kullanılarak araştırıldı. Bitki örnekleri 2013 yılında doğal habitatlarından toplandı. Çalışılan bu türlerden Centaurea fenzlii’ nin temel kromozom sayısı x=9 ve diploid kromozom sayısı ise 2n=18, Origanum acutidens türünün temel kromozom sayısı x=15 ve diploid kromozom sayısı ise 2n=30 olarak tespit edildi. Türlere ait kromozomların median (m) ve submedian (sm) sentromerli olduğu gözlendi. Origanum acutidens endemik türünün karyotip analizleri ilk olarak tarafımızdan yapıldı

In the present study, the fatty acid compositions, vitamin, sterol contents and flavonoid constituents of five Turkish Artemisia species (A. armeniaca, A. incana , A. tournefortiana, A. haussknechtii and A. scoparia) were determined by GC and HPLC techniques. The results of the fatty acid analysis showed that Artemisia species possess high saturated fatty acid compositions. On the other hand, the studied Artemisia species were found to have low vitamin and sterol contents. Eight flavononids (catechin, naringin, rutin, myricetin, morin, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol) were determined in the present study. It was found that Artemisia species contained high levels of flavonoids. Morin (45.35 ± 0.65 – 1406.79 ± 4.12 μg/g) and naringenin (15.32 ± 0.46 – 191.18 ± 1.22 μg/g) were identified in all five species. Naringin (268.13 ± 1.52 – 226.43 ± 1.17 μg/g) and kaempferol (21.74 ± 0.65 – 262.19 ± 1.38 μg/g) contents were noted in the present study. Present research showed that the studied Artemisia taxa have high saturated fatty acids and also rich flavonoid content.

The present study determined some biological compounds (fatty acids, vitamins, sterols and flavonoids), radical scavenging capacity and antimicrobial activity of two Origanum L. species of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart and Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.). Ietswaart. Linolenic acid was found to be the main fatty acid in both species, which was followed by palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n9), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) and stearidonic acid (C18:4). In addition, the two Origanum species were recorded as containing high levels of stigmasterol. It was also found that Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart had a high β-sitosterol content (152.8±2.6 µg/g); high amounts of D3 (33.1±0.8 µg/g), K1 (29.4±0.8 µg/g), K2 (26.0±0.8 µg/g) vitamins; and low amounts of α-tocopherol (7.8±0.2 µg/g) and D2 (1.8±0.1 µg/g), while Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart contained high amounts of D2 (42.9±1.5 µg/g) vitamin; and low amounts of D3 (2.9±0.1 µg/g), α-tocopherol (3.1±0.1 µg/g), r-tocopherol (3.5±0.2 µg/g), K2 (1.3±0.1 µg/g), retinol (1.3±0.2 µg/g) and retinol acetate (1.2±0.1 µg/g) vitamins. The present study showed that Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart and Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart contained the lowest amount of flavonoid. Furthermore, methanol extracts were recorded to be the most effective agent against the DPPH radical in both Origanum L. species examined. Experimental results showed that the vitamins, flavonoids and fatty acid extracts of both Origanum L. species were effective in the inhibition of the growth of the tested microorganisms at varying levels.

The rust fungus Puccinia salihae sp. nov. is described from Thymelaea aucheri in East Anatolia, Turkey, producing aecia, uredinia, and telia. This is the first report of a rust disease infecting a species of Thymelaea.

This study determined some biological compounds (fatty acid compositions, lipid-soluble vitamins, sterols, flavonoids), radical scavenging capacities and antimicrobial activities in the seeds of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. It was found that palmitic acid (C16:0; 8.54±0.13- 3.05±0.04%), oleic acid (C18:1 n9, 22.41±0.8-18.83±0.1%) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3;39.56±0.67-77.04±2.07%) were the dominant fatty acids in both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. It was concluded that both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contained stigmasterol (630.07±1.81µg/g, 80.74±0.71µg/g, respectively) and ergosterol (1.11±0.14µg/g, 161.32±0.63µg/g respectively) as well as beta-sitosterol (2.93±0.03 µg/g). The present findings show that Nepeta italica L. contains morin (37.79±1.09μg/g), catechin (124.39±2.23µg/g), naringin (475.96±3.57µg/g) and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contains morin (188.41±2.53µg/g), catechin (64.14±1.86μg/g), naringenin (38.34±1.78μg/g) as major flavonoids. It was also determined that methanol extracts of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana were most effective against DPPH radicals. The results of the present study show that the vitamins, flavonoids and fatty acid extracts in the seeds of N. italica L. and S. montana L. subsp. montana prevented the growth of the microorganisms used in the tests at different ratios.Este estudio ha determinado algunos compuestos biológicos (ácidos grasos, vitaminas liposolubles, esteroles y flavonoides), capacidad atrapadora de radicales libres, y actividades antimicrobianas de las semillas de Nepeta italica L. y Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. Se encontró que el ácido palmítico (C16:0; 8.54±0.13-3.05±0.04%), ácido oleico (C18:1 n9, 22.41±0.8-18.83±0.1%) y α-linolénico (C18:3 n 3;39.56±0.67-77.04±2.07%) eran mayoritarios en ambas semillas de Nepeta italica L. y Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. Además, se determinó que tanto Nepeta italica L. como Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contenían estigmasterol (630.07±1.81μg/g; 80,74±0.71μg/g, respectivamente) y ergosterol (11.01±0.14 μg/g; 161.32±0.63 μg/g respectivamente) y esta última además beta-sitosterol (2.93±0.03μg/g). Además, los resultados muestran que Nepeta italica L. contiene morin (37.79±1.09μg/g), catequina (124.39±2.23μg/g) y naringina (475.96±3.57μg/g) y Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contiene morin (188.41±2.53μg/g), catequina (64.14±1.86μg/g), naringenina (38.34±1.78 μg/g), como principales flavonoides. También, se determinó que los extractos metanólicos de Nepeta itálica L. y Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana fueron eficaces contra los radicales DPPH. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio mostraron que las vitaminas, los flavonoides y los ácidos grasos de los extractos en las semillas de Nepeta itálica L. y Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana impidieron el crecimiento de los microorganismos utilizados en el ensayo, en diferentes proporciones.

This study determined some biological compounds (fatty acid compositions, lipid-soluble vitamins, sterols, flavonoids), radical scavenging capacities and antimicrobial activities in the seeds of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana . It was found that palmitic acid (C16:0; 8.54±0.13- 3.05±0.04%), oleic acid (C18:1 n9, 22.41±0.8-18.83±0.1%) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3;39.56±0.67-77.04±2.07%) were the dominant fatty acids in both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana . It was concluded that both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contained stigmasterol (630.07±1.81µg/g, 80.74±0.71µg/g, respectively) and ergosterol (1.11±0.14µg/g, 161.32±0.63µg/g respectively) as well as beta-sitosterol (2.93±0.03 µg/g). The present findings show that Nepeta italica L. contains morin (37.79±1.09μg/g), catechin (124.39±2.23µg/g), naringin (475.96±3.57µg/g) and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contains morin (188.41±2.53µg/g), catechin (64.14±1.86μg/g), naringenin (38.34±1.78μg/g) as major flavonoids. It was also determined that methanol extracts of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana were most effective against DPPH radicals. The results of the present study show that the vitamins, flavonoids and fatty acid extracts in the seeds of N. italica L. and S. montana L. subsp. montana prevented the growth of the microorganisms used in the tests at different ratios.

The aerial parts of Artemisia vulgaris and A. absinthium (Asteraceae) were hydrodistilled to produce the oils in the yields of 0.5 % (v/w) and 0.8 % (v/w) respectively. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty five and Thirty one components were identified representing 87.1 %and 90.8 % of the oils, respectively. The main compounds of A. vulgaris were β-thujene (36.0 %), α-thujene (13.6 %), chrysanthenon (5.6 %), piperitone oxide (4.1 %) and caryophyllene oxide (3.1 %) whereas chamazulene (28.6 %) (-) spathulenol (7.4 %), 1-phellandrene (6.1 %), β-calacorene (5.6 %), sabinene (5.5 %), cis-epoxyocimene (4.5 %) and 1H-indene (3.9 %) were the major constituents of A. absinthium. The results discussed with the genus patterns.

Artemisia bashkalensis Kurşat & Civelek sp. nov. from Hakkari Province in East Anatolia, Turkey, has been described. The differences between Artemisia bashkalensis and the related species Artemisia stenocephala Krash. ex Poljak. and Artemisia khorassanica Podl. are reported. The diagnosis, description, distribution map, and taxonomic comments on the new species are provided.

Bot. 35: 162 (1974). Syn: Artemisia maritima L. var. patens Neilr.; Artemisia salina Willd. subsp. patens (Neilr.) Sagorski. Type: Described from Europe. Artemisia santonicum subsp. patens (Asteraceae) was recently collected from Edirne and Canakkale (north-west Turkey) and it has been reported as a new subspecies record for the flora of Turkey (Cullen, 1975; Tutin & Persson, 1976). Recently, new taxa and new records of publications have increased with the increasing revision studies (Akcicek, 2010; Aytac & Duman, 2010; Dirmenci et al., 2010). A. santonicum subsp. santonicum is generally distributed in the Central Anatolia region, at an altitude between 938 and 1000 m in Turkey. The habitat of the plant is calcareous and saline steppes and slopes. However, A. santonicum subsp. patens is distributed at an altitude between 4 and 5 m, generally in coastal areas in the Marmara and Aegean regions. The plant (subsp. patens) grows in moist (temporarily covered with water) areas (Cullen 1975; Tutin & Persson, 1976). A. santonicum subsp. santonicum spreads in eastern Austria, western Kazakhstan, north-east Greece, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. However, A. santonicum subsp. patens spreads in eastern Austria to western Romania (Tutin & Persson, 1976). The separation of the 2 subspecies belonging to A. santonicum is given below. 1. Branches of synflorescence generally spread or close to main axis; capitula usually erect, very rarely nodding, flowers usually yellow, partially red at maturity subsp. santonicum 1. Branches of synflorescence generally horizontal; capitula usually nodding, flowers usually red, very rarely partially yellow subsp. patens Specimens examined: –A. santonicum subsp. santonicum: B4 Ankara: Sereflikochisar-Ankara highway, after 6 km Sereflikochisar, fields and roadsides, 938 m, 07.vii.2007, 38°58′704′′N, 33°29′579′′E, M.Kursat 1010 (FUH); –A. santonicum subsp. patens: A1 Edirne: Enez, Meric delta, 5 m, 09.ix.2007, 45°43′512′′N, 26°04′394′′E, S.Civelek, I.Turkoglu & M.Kursat 1026 (FUH); Canakkale: Canakkale-Kesan highway, old Istanbul road, Kavak delta, 4 m, 25.x.2007, 40°37′555′′N, 26°50′838′′E, S.Civelek & M.Kursat 1100 (FUH) (Figure).

The aim of this study was to examine Malondialdehit (MDA) level in salvia. The amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) that is the indicator of lipid peroxidation were determined in Salvias plants in seeds. In the present study, levels of MDA in mature seeds of the Salvia taxa [S. suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham, S. trichoclada Bentham, Salvia multicaulis Vahl, S. candidissima Vahl subsp. candidissima, S. russellii Bentham, S. verticillata L. subsp. verticillata, S. virgata Jacq., S. aethiopis L., S. ceratophylla L.] were examined. The amount of MDA in the seed was determined by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). The amount of MDA in the S. trichoclada (0.920 mg/l) was significantly higher than the MDA quantities in some other wild growing species, e.g. in S. virgata (0.556 mg/l), S. aethiopis (0.580 mg/l), S. ceratophylla (0.620 mg/l), S. russellii (0.632 mg/l), S. Suffruticosa (0.686 mg/l), S. multicaulis (0.687 mg/l), S. verticillata (0.788 mg/l) or S. candidissima (0.852 mg/l).

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of some species belonging to the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) were investigated, and chromosome counts of 12 species, 1 of which was counted for the first time, are presented with a thorough compilation of previously published data. All of the species studied belong to the subgenus Artemisia Chromosome numbers of 6 taxa confirmed the previous data. Additionally, karyotypes of 8 species were reported. Karyotype analyses of 6 Artemisia species are reported here for the first time. The basic chromosome numbers in the species studied were x = 8 and x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 4x and 6x. B chromosomes were also present in Artemisia incana (L.) Druce as 2n = 2x = 16 + 2B.

This study used karyological techniques to determine the chromosome numbers and morphology of eight species of Onobrychis L. (O. caput-galli (L.) Lam, O. aequidentata (Sibth. & Sm.) d' Urv, O. fallax Freyn & Sint. var. fallax, O. lasiostachya Boiss, O. viciifolia Scop., O. oxyodonta Boiss. subsp. armena (Bois. & Huet) Aktoklu, O. hypargyrea Boiss. and O. cappadocica Boiss.). The results of this study determined the chromosome numbers of O. cappadocica as 2n = 16; O. viciifolia as 2n = 28 and the other species as 2n = 14. The karyotypes of species consisted of median-centromeric (m) or submedian-centromeric (sm) chromosomes. However, O. oxyodonta Boiss. subsp. armena (Bois. & Huet) Aktoklu was found to have only the median-centromeric (m) chromosomes. According to the results of the present study, of the eight Onobrychis taxa, only O. hypargyrea has a pair of satellite chromosomes (sat-chromosome). Furthermore, this study detected karyotype asymmetry.

Fatty acid composition in mature seeds of nine Astragalus L. taxa were determined by using gas chromatography. Present results indicated that the seed oils of studied taxa have palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n 9), linoleic acid (C18:2 n 6) and linolenic acid (C18:3 n 3) as major fatty acids. Palmitic acid composition of nine Astragalus was found between 8.5 +/- 0.34-15.8 +/- 0.1%. Also, present study reported stearic acid (C18:0) contents of studied Astragalus are more stable (2.2 +/- 0.16-3.4 +/- 0.26%). The highest oleic acid (C18:1 n 9) content was found in A. christianus (41.7 +/- 0.31 %) but it was found at the lowest level in A. asterias (9.1 +/- 0.03 %). In addition, present study determined that investigated Astragalus species have highest linoleic acid (21.0 +/- 0.31-39.4 +/- 1.81%) and linolenic acid (18.9 +/- 0.11-48.9 +/- 0.5%) contents.