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The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) in Mediator, comprising Med13, Med12, CycC, and Cdk8, regulates RNA polymerase II transcription through kinase-dependent and -independent functions. Numerous pathogenic mutations causative for neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer congregate in CKM subunits. However, the structure of the intact CKM and the mechanism by which Cdk8 is non-canonically activated and functionally affected by oncogenic CKM alterations are poorly understood. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKM that redefines prior CKM structural models and explains the mechanism of Med12-dependent Cdk8 activation. Med12 interacts extensively with CycC and activates Cdk8 by stabilizing its activation (T-)loop through conserved Med12 residues recurrently mutated in human tumors. Unexpectedly, Med13 has a characteristic Argonaute-like bi-lobal architecture. These findings not only provide a structural basis for understanding CKM function and pathological dysfunction, but also further impute a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of Mediator in transcriptional modulation through its Med13 Argonaute-like features.

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of optically-transparent thin films of fluoride-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanorods grown using purpose-built, novel and advanced version of spray pyrolysis technique, known as Rotational, Pulsed and Atomized Spray Pyrolysis. Uniform and crack-free FTO1-D nanostructured thin films over 50 mm × 50 mm soda lime glass substrate have been routinely achieved. This technique allows a perfect control of morphology of nanostructures of FTO layer simply by adjusting the spray conditions. Formed 1-D FTO nanostructures on the glass substrate show an excellent optical transparency in the visible light range. XRD (x-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) data show excellent correlations.

Head-to-tail polymerization of tropomyosin is crucial for its actin binding, function in actin filament assembly, and the regulation of actin-myosin contraction. Here, we describe the 2.1 Å resolution structure of crystals containing overlapping tropomyosin N and C termini (TM-N and TM-C) and the 2.9 Å resolution structure of crystals containing TM-N and TM-C together with a fragment of troponin-T (TnT). At each junction, the N-terminal helices of TM-N were splayed, with only one of them packing against TM-C. In the C-terminal region of TM-C, a crucial water in the coiled-coil core broke the local 2-fold symmetry and helps generate a kink on one helix. In the presence of a TnT fragment, the asymmetry in TM-C facilitates formation of a 4-helix bundle containing two TM-C chains and one chain each of TM-N and TnT. Mutating the residues that generate the asymmetry in TM-C caused a marked decrease in the affinity of troponin for actin-tropomyosin filaments. The highly conserved region of TnT, in which most cardiomyopathy mutations reside, is crucial for interacting with tropomyosin. The structure of the ternary complex also explains why the skeletal- and cardiac-muscle specific C-terminal region is required to bind TnT and why tropomyosin homodimers bind only a single TnT. On actin filaments, the head-to-tail junction can function as a molecular swivel to accommodate irregularities in the coiled-coil path between successive tropomyosins enabling each to interact equivalently with the actin helix.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of night temperature on the restoration of fertility in a season-dependent male-sterile tomato mutant (T-4). Plants were grown in greenhouses, in which minimum and maximum temperatures were set at 10℃ and 28℃ by heating and ventilation, respectively. Flowers were hand-pollinated and the fruit-set, seed-set, and number of seeds were examined. The rate of fruit-set was high and did not differ much from October to February; almost all fruits formed in October had self-fertile seeds, but 80% of the fruits from November to February were parthenocarpic. The rate of fruit-set dropped from 70% in March to below 10% in May. During this period, most of the fruits were seeded, though fruit-set was low. The number of seeds per seeded fruit varied with the season, being as high as 50 seeds in October, 1-2 seeds per fruit between November and March, and 1-20 seeds per fruit between April and June. A low night temperature of 12℃ did not affect fruit-set but resulted in a better seed-set than a high night temperature of 18℃ in the greenhouse. Further, pollination of the plants in phytochambers also resulted in a better fruit- and seed-set at 12℃ than 24℃. In all cases, the influence of low temperature was more pronounced in autumn than in spring. Fruit-set was 70% at 12℃ and 46% at 24℃. Of these fruits, 50% at 12℃ and 10% at 24℃ were seeded. It was inferred that partial fertility restoration in T-4 can be achieved by manipulation of night temperatures. The female organ was shown to be normal, functional, and compatible with wild-type pollen. From these results, the potential of the male-sterile T-4 mutant for use in a two line hybrid-seed production system was apparent., トマトの雄性不稔 T-4 の部分稔性回復に及ぼす夜温の影響について調査した．2001年10月～翌年 6 月の期間，最低気温10℃以上に維持し28℃換気のビニールハウス内において，順次開花してくる花について開花当日に自家人工授粉を行って着果率，有種子果率ならびに種子数を調査した．10月～2 月は，ほぼ100％着果し，10月に着果した果実は有種子果であり，11月～2 月に着果した果実は，その80％近くが無種子の単為結果であった．3 月以降，着果率が徐々に低下し 5 月では着果率が10％以下で単為結果はなかった．有種子果 1 果当たりの種子数は，10月には50粒に達することもあったが，11月以降の低温期には数粒となり，気温が上昇する 4 月～6 月には 1～20数粒であった．秋季ビニールハウスの最低夜温12℃と18℃下で人工授粉を行ったところ，着果率に差はなく，有種子果率は12℃で高く種子数も多かった．さらに，ビニールハウス内で育成した T-4 株を夜温12℃と24℃の人工気象器内に搬入して人工受粉し，10日後にハウス内に戻した．その結果，春季は両温度区ともほとんど着果しなかった．秋季は夜温12℃で約70％（24℃では46％）着果し，その50％（24℃では10％）は有種子果であった．1 果当たりの種子数は 7～9 粒で両温度区間に差はなかった．また，野生型花粉の人工受粉により1果実当たり50～180粒の種子が得られたことから，雄性不稔 T-4 には雌ずい側に問題はないことが示されトマト 2 系ライン F1 種子生産の種子親として利用できる可能性が示唆された．

This study was conducted to evalute mutagenesis in gynomonoecious spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants for inducing low oxalate variants.Gamma-ray and ion beams of 220 MeV12C5+ and 50MeV 4He2+ ware used as mutagen in seed irradiation. Optimum dosages for irradiation were determined to be about 100Gy, 15-20Gy and 150-200Gy in gamma-ray, 12C5+ and 4He2+, respectively. In M2 generation, there was one line segregating albino seedlings, one line segregating xantha seedlings and two lines segregating dioesious spinach. To save on labor and time for analysis, selection of low oxalate variants in M2generation was conducted by a two-step selebtion which consisted of the first snalysis of bulked leaves from 2 plants as one specimen followed by the second analysis of selected individual plants. In the first analysis of 813 specimens, we selected 13 specimens as low and 9 specimens as high in oxalate content. In the second analysus, there was consistency in the distribution of low and high oxalate content corresponding to the first screening, indicating that selebtion of low oxalate variants could be achived by this two-step selebtion with half the labor and time for analysis as compares to non-bulked method. There were no clear differences in distribution of oxalate content between M3progenies of plants selected as low or high oxalate content, suggesting that the low oxalate content in plants isolated in M2generation was not of a genetic origin. From these results, it seems to be necessary to explore a variant with obvious deviation from the bontinuous variation of oxalate content in the M 2 generation., 本実験では，ホウレンソウ雌性間性株における突然変異誘発ならびに低シュウ酸個体の選抜を試みた．種子照射の変異原としては，γ線と220MeV 12C

Embryoid and callus were regenerated from microspores of six cultivars of pepper (Capsisum annuum L.) by culture of anthers obtained from July to November. Anthers containing microspores at the uninucleate stage were planted in MS media supplemented with 0.004 mg ・liter-1 2,4-D, 0.1 mg ･liter-1 kinetin, 30 g ･ liter-1 sucrose and 2 g ･ liter-1 Gelrite, kept at 35℃ for 24h, and then incubated at 25℃ under 16h daylength for 40 days. Frequency of embryoid and callus formation varied with cultivars and period of initiation. Embryoid formation was more effective from September to October. A temperature of between 15 to 25℃ in the months of September and October was effective for higher embryoid formation. Even though embryoid and callus formation was obtained in all cultivars, the frequency of embryoid formation was higher in Cheongyang and Fushimi Amanaga, while callus formation was higher in Shishtou and California Wonder. Embryoid transferred to MS medium developed to plantlets, and were acclimatized. The number of chromosomes in the root tip cells was 12 (haploid) in 19 plants, 24 (diploid) in one plant and 20 to 23 (aneuploid) in 3 plants., トウガラシ(Capsicum annuum L.)6品種を供試し、7月から11月にかけて葯培養を行った。1核期の花粉を含む葯を、0.004mg･ liter-1 2,4-D, 0.1mg･ liter-1 kinetin,30g・ liter-1 sucroseおよび2g ･ liter-1 Gelriteを添加したMS培地に植え付け、35℃で24時間処理後、25℃16時間照明で40日間培養した。カルスおよび胚様体成立は、品種及び葯の採取時期により異なった。胚様体形成率は、平均気温が15から25℃であると9月と10月が最も高かった。カルスや胚様体はいずれの品種でも形成されたが、胚様体形成率は、'伏見甘長'と韓国の品種の'Cheongyang'が高く、カルス形成率は'シシトウ'と'カルフォルニアワンダー'が高かった。形成した胚様体をMS培地に移植すると、植物体に生長した。根端の染色体数は、調査した23個体のうち19個体が2n=x=12の半数体で、1個体が2n=2x=24の2倍体、3個体が20から23の染色体数で、異数体と考えられた。

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) optoelectronic devices and a potential material for the future solar cell applications. In this study, the combination of anatase-phased TiO2 layer and rutile-phased TiO2 nanorods and nanoflowers film will be studied. Anatase-phased TiO2 layer was deposited using Spray Pyrolysis Deposition method and rutile-phased TiO2 nanorods and nanoflowers film were prepared by hydrothermal method using steel made autoclave. Crystalline structures, morphology characteristics of combinated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and power conversion efficiency.

Vertically well aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods have been developed for the application to photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). For the growth of the ZnO nanorods, a seed layer is necessary. Spin coating and chemical bath deposition methods are chosen to form the seed layer and the ZnO nanorods, respectively. The effects of speed and cycle number of spin coating are investigated. The most optimized nanorods was found at seed layer with growing conditions of 3000 RPM rotational speed repeated for 3 times. The SEM image shows the longest length at 1.5 – 2 m length while the XRD chart shows considerable peak at (002) crystallinity.

This paper describes a proposed support system which enables applications designers to effectively create VR applications using multiple haptic APIs. When the VR designers create applications, it is often difficult to handle and understand many parameters and functions that have to be set in the application program using documentation manuals only. This complication may disrupt creative imagination and result in inefficient coding. So, we proposed the support application which improved the efficiency of VR applications development and provided the interactive components of confirmation of operations with haptic sense previously. In this paper, we describe improvements of our former proposed support application, which was applicable to multiple APIs and haptic devices, and evaluate the new application by having participants complete VR program. Results from a preliminary experiment suggest that our application facilitates creation of VR applications., {"references":["A. Kimura, F. Shibata, T. Tsuruta, T. Sakai, M. Oniyanagi, and H.\nTamura, \"Design and Implementation of Minority-Report-Style\nGesture Interaction with Wide-view Electronic Working Space,\"\nInformation Processing Society of Japan, vol. 47, no. 4, 2006.","T. H. Massie and J. K. Salisbury, \"The PHANTOM Haptic Interface:\nA Device for Probing Virtual Objects,\" in Proceedings of the ASME\nWinter Annual Meeting, Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual\nEnvironment and Teleoperator Systems, Nov. 1994.","S. Grange, F. Conti, P. Helmer, P. Rouiller, and C. Baur, \"Overview of\nthe Delta Haptic Device,\" in Proc. Eurohaptics-01, July 2001.","M. Sato, Y. Hirata, and H. Kawarada, \"Space Interface Device for\nArtificial Reality - SPIDAR -,\" IEICE Trans., vol. J74-D-II, no. 7,\n1991.","J. Murayama, Y. Luo, K. Akahane, S. Hasegawa, and M. Sato, \"A\nhaptic interface for two-handed 6DOF manipulation -SPIDAR- G&G\nsystem,\" IEICE Trans. on Infomation and Systems, vol. E87-D, no. 6,\nJune 2004.","B. Itkowitz, J. Handley, and W. Zhu, \"The OpenHaptics Toolkit: A\nLibrary for Adding 3D Touch Navigation and Haptics to Graphics\nApplications,\" in Proc. WHC-05, Mar. 2005.","K. Sotome, N. Takahashi, S. Sasada, and M. Sato, \"A primary study of\nnovel digital archive with interactive art,\" The Journal of The Society\nfor Art and Science, vol. 1, no. 3, 2000.","A. Breckenridge, B. Hamlet, D. Mehlhorn, and K. Oishi, \"A Dynamic\nDesign Strategy for Visual and Haptic Development,\" in Proceedings\nof the 6th PHANTOM Users Group Workshop, Oct. 2001.","S. Hasegawa, N. Fujii, and M. Sato, \"Real-time Rigid Body Simulation\nfor Haptic Interactions Based on Contact Volume of Polygonal\nObjects,\" Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 23, no. 3, Sept. 2004.\n[10] M. Hirose, H. Iwata, Y. Ikei, T. O. adn Kouichi Hirota, H. Yano, and N.\nKakehi, \"Development of Haptic Interface Platform (HIP),\" Virtual\nReality Society of Japan, vol. 3, no. 3, 1998.\n[11] M. Isshiki, S. Ido, and K. Murakami, \"A Support Application for VR\nDesign Process Based on Spatial GUI System,\" The Journal of the\nInstitute of Image Electronics Engineers of Japan, vol. 34, no. 5, pp.\n522-528, Sept. 2005."]}

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:乙1792号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:2003/4/24 ; 早大学位記番号:新3596

I. Avrasya Nükleer Bilimler ve Uygulamaları Konferansı : 23-27 Ekim 2000. İzmir, Türkiye. Developing and implementing safeguards against misuse of nuclear material and facilities has always been the Agency's main activities. Like the nuclear non-proliferation regime itself, the development of the safeguards system has been an evolutionary process. The first safeguards inspection was carried out in 1962 (in Norway). In the sixties, the basic concepts behind safeguards were developed (INFCIRC/26, adopted in 1961, for some of you it might still have a familiar ring) and the number of inspections and types of facilities inspected grew slowly. With the advent of INFCIRC/66/Rev. 2, a more complete, albeit limited, system of safeguards covering nuclear material, equipment and facilities emerged. But the quantum leap came, of course, wit the entry into force of the NPT. Today, the IAEA has 224 safeguards agreements in force with 140 States. Nearly all of these States are NPT States. In the Eurasia Region, particularly the Newly Independent States (NIS) significant achievements have been made in the Safeguards Implementation. States with nuclear activities have the SG Agreement in force. Some states are already signing the Additional Protocol and it is in force in two of these States in the NIS region. Much progress has been made in the area of nuclear material and accountancy through the IAEA Coordinated Technical Support Programme (CTSP). The programme was organized to co-ordinate the donor states activities and has been successful for the last seven years in providing assistance in the area of nuclear legislation establishment of the State System of Accountancy of nuclear material (SSAC) and other related areas. Improvement is still foreseen in these areas, particularly as more states in the region will be signing and implementing the Additional Protocols.

We have observed 4 cases of dialysis ascites among 150 chronic hemodialysis patients, so we discussed that clinical course and pathophysiology. Case 1; 61-year-old male, CRF due to CGN. Ascites became prominent one year and four months after beginning maintenance hemodialysis but he is still alive and undergoing treatment. Case 2; 67-year-old male. Admitted as an emergency patient for CRF. Massive ascites appeared 8 months after beginning maintenance hemodialysis and he died within 2 months. Case 3; 34-year-old female, CRF due to diabetic nephropathy. Generalized edema lmproved but ascites did not improved and she died four months after beginning hemodialysis. Case 4; 68-year-old female. Generalized edema appeared during clinical course for CGN. Peripheral edema improved but prominent ascites persisted and she died 4 months after beginning hemodialysis. In these 4 cases, other diseases were ruled out by clinical symproms, signs and laboratory data. And its etiology was not clarified by the characteristics of ascites or the autopsies. Concerning its pathophysiology, we observed the periodical values of urea-nitrogen of blood and ascites during the 6 hours of hemodialysis and there was a slope between the values of blood and ascites, this results suggested a compertmentalization of asites in the extracellular fluid., 論文

A new structure of I2L static memory cell is proposed to improve the writing characteristics. The cell is fabricated by the double diffused base technology. The downward current gain of the bit transistor has been successfully reduced by increasing the base width without influencing the upward current gain of the flip-flop transistor. As a result, a minimum write pulse width of 40 ns was obtained compared with 100–200 ns in the conventional structure. A static 1 K bits I2L RAM, which was developed by introducing the new structure cell, operated at an address access time of 20 ns and a write pulse width of 40 ns with a power dissipation of 350 mW at a supply voltage of 5 V.

Castrix, a vitamin B6 antagonist, shifted the visible absorption spectrum of methylene blue towards the longer wavelength with increase of absorbaney. This spectral alteration was similar to that observed by dilution of the dye. Several castrix derivatives also had some ability to alter the spectrum of methylene blue, and an approximate correlation was found between their ability to alter the spectrum and their convulsant activity. This correlation was observed also with other metachromatic dyes; toluidine blue and thionine. A similar shift of spectrum of methylene blue was observed also after the addition of substances known to have good electron donor or good electron acceptor properties, pyridoxal Schiff bases or some vitamin B6 antagonists. The electron donor property of castrix was shown by studying its complex with iodine monochloride and it was suggested that the convulsive action of castrix may be due to the electron donor property.

A new structure of I2L static memory cell is proposed to improve the writing characteristics. The cell is fabricated by the double diffused base technology. The downward current gain of the bit transistor has been successfully reduced by increasing the base width without influencing the upward current gain of the flip-flop transistor. As a result, a minimum write pulse width of 40 ns was obtained compared with 100–200 ns in the conventional structure. A static 1 K bits I2L RAM, which was developed by introducing the new structure cell, operated at an address access time of 20 ns and a write pulse width of 40 ns with a power dissipation of 350 mW at a supply voltage of 5 V.