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All modern lifestyles such as unhealthy eating patterns and lack of exercise can trigger the accumulation of free radicals in the human body, where the human body cannot neutralize these free radicals fast enough because of the large number of free radicals that have accumulated in it. Therefore, antioxidant compounds need to be consumed to suppress free radicals. In this study, mulberry is promoted as a natural, functional, and dye source that has been explored for further applications in food and beverages. This research aims to develop natural coloring products from mulberry fruit through extraction and encapsulation processes. Furthermore, hedonic testing was also carried out to determine the panelist's preference level for jelly products using mulberry fruit dyes. Mulberry fruit is extracted, encapsulated by freeze drying method, and processed into a natural dye in jelly products. Mulberry fruit extract contains vitamin C 4.1 g/ml, anthocyanin content of 215.16 mg/L, and antioxidant activity of 73.25. Mulberry encapsulates can be used as a natural dye in jelly products. Based on hedonic testing, jelly products made from natural dyes have superior taste and texture. Further development of natural mulberry fruit encapsulated dyes needs to be done to increase solubility, color sharpness, aroma and color stability

The mulberry tree (Morus alba) is a perennial and fast-growing tree distributed worldwide under different climatic conditions. Most of the world’s silk production (>90%) is facilitated by the feeding of silkworm larvae on the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) varieties. Therefore, exploration of the protocol for improving the propagation efficiency and increasing the reproductive capacity of M. alba varieties could be of great significance. This study aimed to determine the effect of four concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg L−1) each of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and zinc sulfate (0, 100 and 200 mg L−1), supplied separately or combined, on the rooting and growth of mulberry cuttings. M. alba cuttings were immersed for 5 s in each solution using the quick-dip method and subsequently, the cuttings were dried and planted in plastic pots and maintained in a greenhouse for 60 days. The number of leaves (NL), longest root size (LRS), longest stem size (LSS), number of rooted cuttings (NRC), number of stems per tree (NSP), rooting percentage (RP), wet root weight (WRW), dry root weight (DRW), wet stem weight (WSW), dry stem weight (DSW), wet leaf weight (WLW) and dry leaf weight (DLW) were evaluated. The results obtained showed an increase in all growth parameters of the mulberry cuttings. Treatments of hormones (IBA and NAA) and Zn sulfate were effective on LSS, LRS and WSW. The highest values of LSS were obtained for the treatments T5, T6, T14, T15, T16 and T18. Moreover, T5, T12 and T10 showed the highest values of LRS. The highest value of WSW was observed for T18, T5, T14, T15 and T16. The highest values of WLW and DLW were observed in T20 and T14. Dry stem weight (DSW) was high in T18 and T14. The application of NAA (at 200 mg L−1), IBA (200 and 400 mg L−1) and Zn sulfate (200 and 400 mg L−1), either alone or in double combination, can be a suitable and reliable method for mulberry propagation.

Mulberry is a valuable woody plant with significant economic importance. It can be propagated through two main methods: cutting and grafting. Waterlogging can have a major impact on mulberry growth and can significantly reduce production. In this study, we examined gene expression patterns and photosynthetic responses in three waterlogged mulberry cultivars propagated through cutting and grafting. Compared to the control group, waterlogging treatments reduced levels of chlorophyll, soluble protein, soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, the treatments significantly decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in all three cultivars, except for superoxide dismutase (SOD). Waterlogging treatments also affected the rate of photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) in all three cultivars. However, no significant difference in physiological response was observed between the cutting and grafting groups. Gene expression patterns in the mulberry changed dramatically after waterlogging stress and varied between the two propagation methods. A total of 10,394 genes showed significant changes in expression levels, with the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varying between comparison groups. GO and KEGG analysis revealed important DEGs, including photosynthesis-related genes that were significantly downregulated after waterlogging treatment. Notably, these genes were upregulated at day 10 in the cutting group compared to the grafting group. In particular, genes involved in carbon fixation were significantly upregulated in the cutting group. Finally, cutting propagation methods displayed better recovery capacity from waterlogging stress than grafting. This study provides valuable information for improving mulberry genetics in breeding programs.

Enhancing the capacity of fruit trees to propagate via cuttings is an important endeavor for the high-quality development of the fruit industry. Optimizing the conditions for the cutting propagation of mulberry seedlings is an important factor that influences the industrial production of this plant; however, the currently used mulberry breeding technology system is not mature. In this experiment, an orthogonal design was used to intercept semi-woody shoots of Yueshenda 10 as cuttings and set different hormone concentrations (200, 500, 800, and 1000 mg/L), different hormone types (NAA, IBA, IAA, and ABT-1), and different soaking times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min) for cuttings. The effects of the three factors on the rooting of mulberry cuttings were investigated by soaking the cuttings in clean water for 10 min as a control. The results showed that the primary and secondary order of the three factors affecting the rooting rate of cuttings was hormone concentration > hormone type > soaking time, and the concentration of exogenous hormones had a significant impact on all rooting indicators (p < 0.05). In addition, the rooting rate (66.24%), average number of roots (7.54 roots/plant), and rooting effect index (4.23) of Yueshenda 10 cuttings reached the optimal level when soaked with 800 mg/L ABT-1 for 30 min. The longest root length (10.20 cm) and average root length (4.44 cm) of cuttings achieved the best results when soaked with 800 mg/L NAA for 60 min and 500 mg/L NAA for 30 min, respectively. On balance, it is considered that the preferred solution is to soak the cuttings of Yueshenda 10 with 800 mg/L ABT1 solution for 0.5 h.

At present, the production of activated carbons (AC) is steadily growing, and the areas of their industrial application are continuously expanding. There are four main gas processing plants in Uzbekistan, where spent amine solutions, such as diethanolamine (DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), are filtered using activated carbons of the AG-3, HX-30, Chemveron grades at natural gas amine purification plants from acidic components. etc. The latter are of foreign origin and are imported for currencies., {"references":["1. Oripova L.N., Khayitov R.R. Obtaining activated carbon from wood and stone raw materials // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific magazine - 2021. - No. 9(90). - pp. 14-17.","2. Bakhramov N.I., Teshaeva M.Sh., Khayitov R.R. Development of a method for obtaining activated carbon from local raw materials for the adsorption purification of spent amine solutions // \"Science and Education\" scientific journal. - Volume 3. - Issue 4. 2022. - R. 377-383.","3. 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Background The use of mulberry leaves has long been limited to raising silkworms, but with the continuous improvement of mulberry (Morus alba) resource development and utilization, various mulberry leaf extension products have emerged. However, the fresh leaves of mulberry trees have a specific window of time for picking and are susceptible to adverse factors, such as drought stress. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanism by which mulberry trees resist drought stress and clarifying the regulatory network of the mulberry drought response is the focus of the current work. Results In this study, natural and drought-treated mulberry grafted seedlings were used for transcriptomic and proteomic analyses (CK vs. DS9), aiming to clarify the molecular mechanism of the mulberry drought stress response. Through transcriptome and proteome sequencing, we identified 9889 DEGs and 1893 DEPs enriched in stress-responsive GO functional categories, such as signal transducer activity, antioxidant activity, and transcription regulator activity. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that a large number of codifferentially expressed genes were enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, hormone signalling pathways, lignin metabolism and other pathways. Through subsequent cooperation analysis, we identified 818 codifferentially expressed genes in the CK vs. DS9 comparison group, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHs), glutathione s-transferase (GST) and other genes closely related to the stress response. In addition, we determined that the mulberry gene MaWRKYIII8 (XP_010104968.1) underwent drought- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced expression, indicating that it may play an important role in the mulberry response to drought stress. Conclusions Our research shows that mulberry can activate proline and ABA biosynthesis pathways and produce a large amount of proline and ABA, which improves the drought resistance of mulberry. MaWRKYIII8 was up-regulated and induced by drought and exogenous ABA, indicating that MaWRKYIII8 may be involved in the mulberry response to drought stress. These studies will help us to analyse the molecular mechanism underlying mulberry drought tolerance and provide important gene information and a theoretical basis for improving mulberry drought tolerance through molecular breeding in the future.

Root growth regulation plays a crucial role in the acclimatization of plants to their surroundings, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncertain. Teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are crucial elements linking together plant growth and development, phytohormone signaling, and stress response. In this study, 15 TCP transcription factors were identified in the mulberry (Morus alba) genome. Gene structure, conserved motif, and phylogenetic analyses revealed the conservation and divergence of these MaTCPs, thus providing insights into their functions. A promoter analysis uncovered distinct numbers and compositions of cis-elements in MaTCP gene promoter regions that may be connected to reproductive growth and phytohormone and stress responses. An expression pattern analysis of the 15 MaTCP genes in mulberry roots indicated that transcriptional levels of MaTCP2, MaTCP4-1, MaTCP8, MaTCP9-1, and MaTCP20-2 are correlated with root development. As revealed by changes in their expressions after drought treatment, these five MaTCP genes are involved in root growth and may increase mulberry tolerance to drought. Our findings lay the foundation for future functional studies of these genes.

In the Mediterranean basin, agriculture and other forms of human land use have shaped the environment since ancient times. Intensive and extensive agricultural systems managed with a few cultured plant populations of improved varieties are a widespread reality in many Mediterranean countries. Despite this, historical cultural landscapes still exist in interior and less intensively managed rural areas. There, ancient fruit tree varieties have survived modern cultivation systems, preserving a unique genetic heritage. In this study, we mapped and characterized 106 living fruit trees of ancient varieties in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Tree ages were determined through tree ring measurements and radiocarbon analyses. We uncovered some of the oldest scientifically dated fruit trees in the world. The oldest fruit species were olive (max age 680 ± 57 years), mulberry (647 ± 66 years), chestnut (636 ± 66 years), and pear (467 ± 89 years). These patriarchs hold a unique genetic resource; their preservation and genetic maintenance through agamic propagation are now promoted by the Lucan Agency for the Development and Innovation in Agriculture (ALSIA). Each tree also represents a hub for biodiversity conservation in agrarian ecosystems: their large architecture and time persistence guarantee ecological niches and micro-habitats suitable for flora and fauna species of conservation significance.

In the article, on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, scientific and practical recommendations have been developed and given to ensure environmental stabilization of the environment by organizing the effective use of the country’s forest fund lands, as well as increasing the efficiency of irrigated arable land through the creation of anti-erosion forest belts of a new type and design used in wind erosion. soils.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and chemoprevention represents a feasible treatment to reduce the mortality of this carcinoma. Mulberry fruit polysaccharides (MFP) possess immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, which have been reported to alleviate liver damage evoked by CCl4 or alcohol in previous reports. However, its chemopreventive effect against liver carcinogenesis is insufficient. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible role of MFP as a pro-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory agent to possess its chemoprevention property. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital (DEN/PB) for 14 weeks. The DEN/PB-administered rats were co-treated with different doses of MFP (50 or 100 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 14 weeks. Basic hepatic function indexes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, and albumin), and hepatic tumor biomarkers (AFP, CEA, and CA19.9), together with histological assessment were performed. Besides, the hepatic apoptosis markers (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase3, and caspase9), inflammation markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB), and mutT homologue gene 1 (MTH1) were examined. Oral gavage of MFP inhibited the elevations of hepatic function indexes and hepatic tumor biomarkers and alleviated pathological changes in hepatic tissue. In addition, the hepatic apoptosis markers, inflammation markers, and the mRNA level of MTH1 were abnormal in DEN/PB group, which were reversed by MFP treatment. In conclusion, MFP is an effective agent that provides chemoprevention against DEN/PB-evoked hepatocarcinogenesis via inhibition of inflammation and induction of apoptosis.

The genus Morus L., mulberry, is an interesting taxonomic group on account of its existing genetic variability, functional food potential and commercial importance. Mulberry trees are found in a wide range of areas in Serbia, accounting for a large phenotypic diversity in its genetic resources. Tree and fruit characteristics of more than 300 mulberry specimens were surveyed, and 15 genotypes of Morus alba, Morus nigra and Morus rubra species were selected for further analyses. These were located at various sites in the province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The present study was undertaken to investigate the diversity of the collected material aiming to pre-select genotypes suitable for landscaping/ornamental and/or fruit production purposes. Genotypes BP 3/9, DT1, ZP3 and MR1 have semi-vigorous growth, dropping growth habits, different leaf shapes (ovate, oval, cordate) and leaf color (from light to dark green), corresponding to ornamental mulberries. In addition, the semi-vigorous genotype ZD1 with a spreading tree and interesting palmate-lobed leaves was distinguished as a unique genotype for landscaping purposes. The most vigorous annual shoot growth was detected in the ZP3 genotype (118.5 cm), followed by DT1 (108.2 cm), MR1 (101.8 cm) and ZP1 (100.5 cm) genotypes. Contrary, genotype DJ1 exhibited the lowest annual growth with only a 32.9 cm average length of the shoots. Due to the greater fruit mass (4.2–6.1 g), sweetness and acidity balance as well as chemical composition, genotypes BP 1/4, DJ1, MG, MR1, DT1 and ZP3 may be recommended for fresh consumption, while genotypes DJ1, DT1, MR1, ZD1, ZP1 and BP 3/9 could be appropriate for home processing. According to fruit chemical analyses, the most promising genotypes were MR1 and DT1 combining high soluble solids content (21.2% and 18.5%, respectively), total sugar content (17.41% and 15.20%, respectively) and ascorbic acid content (42.24 and 49.28 mg/%, respectively). Additionally, DT1 genotype was also characterized by the highest total phenolic content (221.08 mg 27 GAE/100 g fresh weight). The most ornamental genotypes from this study (BP 3/9, DT1, ZD1, ZP3 and MR1) combined with their pomological and chemical characterization can be recommended for edible gardening purposes due to both aesthetic appearance and nutritive value of the fruits.

Mulberry (Morus L.; Moraceae; Rosales) is an economically important tree with a long history in China and valued for its rich nutrient, flavor content, medicinal value and useful ecological functions. Morus species are widely distributed in Asia, Europe, North and South America and Africa and exhibit obvious differences in morphological characteristics and phenological stages due to being distributed in diverse climate zones. The morphological description of the phenological stages of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) has been established in Mediterranean climates and this study extended the BBCH scale for application in different Morus species, especially for mulberry trees grown in subtropical monsoon climates. In this study, we used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie) scale to describe in detail the phenological growth stages for Morus species in Wuhan, China (a subtropical monsoon climate). Based on this general scale, eight principal stages, i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development stage, inflorescence emergence stage, flowering stage, fruit development stage, fruit maturation stage, senescence and beginning of dormancy stage, were described. We provide photographic images of some primary and secondary developmental stages to better define and standardize morphological characteristics and phenological descriptions of these mulberries (Morus spp.). In addition, because the color of mulberry fruit varies from white, purple, black, or pink to red at maturity, with mostly monosexual flowers, we have also presented detailed descriptions of morphological traits of flower sexuality and fruit color among these four species. In addition, two late phenological germplasms (late bud sprouting associated with late blooming and late fruit ripening) were screened out according to the BBCH scale. Overall, this study will contribute to advance the field of mulberry breeding and implementation of agronomic practices and facilitate convenient communication between mulberry cultivators and researchers in different areas.

Chitinase is a hydrolase that uses chitin as a substrate. It plays an important role in plant resistance to fungal pathogens by degrading chitin. Here, we conducted bioinformatics analysis and transcriptome data analysis of the mulberry (Morus notabilis) chitinase gene family to determine its role in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. A total of 26 chitinase genes were identified, belonging to the GH18 and GH19 families. Among them, six chitinase genes were differentially expressed under the infection of B. cinerea. MnChi18, which significantly responded to B. cinerea, was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The resistance of MnChi18 transgenic Arabidopsis to B. cinerea was significantly enhanced, and after inoculation with B. cinerea, the activity of catalase (CAT) increased and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. This shows that overexpression of MnChi18 can protect cells from damage. In addition, our study also indicated that MnChi18 may be involved in B. cinerea resistance through other resistance-related genes. This study provides an important basis for further understanding the function of mulberry chitinase.

Simple Summary This paper describes the 16-years long activity of the Black Caspian Seas and Central Asia Silk Association, which was founded in 2005 to revive the sericultural activity in the area indicated by its own denomination. The reasons why this Association was established are described as a direct consequence of the decline in the sericulture agroindustry following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the world cocoon/raw silk decrease of production (except for China and India) since the 90s of the 20th century. Therefore, the enlargement of its membership to countries outside of the boundaries of the geographical area is outlined as well as its internal organization and the actions performed to promote the interaction among the member countries, especially the biyearly conferences. The international scenario is depicted to explain the criticalities experienced in promoting sericultural activities in the region, as well as the opportunities offered by the new applications of the silk, silk proteins and mulberry derivatives. Abstract The history and recent activities of the Black Caspian Seas and Central Asia Silk Association are presented in this paper: the countries that participated in its foundation, the FAO’s action to revitalize sericulture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the following widening of the Association geographical limits of to enclose other European countries, which were not well-represented in other similar organizations. Some statistical data are illustrated for a better description of the scenario in which the BACSA executive board acted: the world silk production quantity and the relative production of BACSA countries in respect to the Chinese expansion. The themes treated in the BACSA conferences are reported to explain which matters the Executive Board considered the most relevant for the relaunch of this activity in relationships to the international challenges in the subsequent years; the project proposals that were presented to international donors are summarized. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis is shown, where key-factors in determining the strengths and weaknesses of this organization and its member countries for a successful re-establishment of sericulture, are considered. In addition, future trends of sericulture with regard to innovative productions and the Green Deal are examined.

Purpose: The texture is an essential feature of the nutritional value of fruit and vegetables and plays a critical role in the acceptance and success of these products by the consumer. However, mechanical injuries cause softening and abrasion in the mulberry fruit tissue during harvesting, difficult to assess. The experiment was conducted to estimate the mulberry fruit texture model by linear measurements for several harvesting conditions. Research method: The mulberry may fall from the highest or middle branches or harvest by hand since three heights, including 0, 1.5, and 3 meters, were considered for both maturity stage, including purple and black stage, for dynamic loading experiments to measure texture in an orchard simulated ambiance. Mulberry fruits were stored at 3 °C for seven days. The abrasion area of mulberry fruit was determined by image analysis. Also, TA-XT PLUS Texture Analyzer (micro stable system, England) was used to perform the compression tests of mulberry fruits. Regression analysis of abrasion area versus practical factors (harvesting method, maturity stage, and storage time) was used to develop several models for assessing the area of fruit abrasion. Findings: The combined effect of hot water for 3 minutes with 3% citric acid resulted in better quality fruits (less mass loss, less degradation of soluble solids, organic acids, and vitamin C), in addition to delaying the development of browning pericarp and pulp until the sixth day of storage. Limitations: No limitations were founded. Originality/Value: These models promisingly and accurately estimate the abrasion area of fruit without applying any inaccurate procedures, e.g., using a caliper in many experimental comparisons.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease affecting more people every year. The treatment of diabetes and its complications involve substantial healthcare expenditures. Thus, there is a need to identify natural products that can be used as nutraceuticals to prevent and treat early-stage diabetes. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a plant that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years due to its many beneficial biological properties. White mulberry leaves are a source of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which, due to its ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, can be used to regulate postprandial glucose concentration. In addition to consuming dried white mulberry leaves as herbal tea, many functional foods also contain this raw material. The development of the dietary supplements market brings many scientific and regulatory challenges to the safety, quality and effectiveness of such products containing concentrated amounts of nutraceuticals. In the present study, the quality of 19 products was assessed by determining the content of DNJ, selected (poly)phenols and antioxidant activity (DPPH• assay). Nine of these products were herbal teas, and the other samples were dietary supplements. These results indicate the low quality of tested dietary supplements, the use of which (due to the low content of nutraceuticals) cannot bring the expected beneficial effects on health. Moreover, a method for determining the content of DNJ (the essential component for antidiabetic activity) based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS regression has been proposed. This might be an alternative method to the commonly used chromatographic process requiring extraction and derivatization of the sample. It allows for a quick screening assessment of the quality of products containing white mulberry leaves.

Mulberry powder was created from the extract using a foam-mat drying process. The studies aimed to evaluate the effects of egg albumin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), digestion-resistant maltodextrin (DRM) contents, and whipping time (5 to 15 min) on the foam properties. The impact of different drying temperatures (60 to 75 °C) on the quality of the finished mulberry powder was also noted. The best foam expansion/stability value was determined using multiple regression models as a function of egg albumin, CMC, DRM, and whipping time. The results indicated that the main influencing factors for the foam properties were whipping time followed by egg albumin, CMC, and DRM. Optimum values of foam expansion and stability were achieved at 467.9% and 97.02%, respectively. The foam had a porous structure and good stability for subsequent drying, with optimal contents of egg albumin, CMC, and DRM used at 7.6%, 0.4%, and 2%, respectively, along with a whipping time of 14.5 min. The established models had a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.9) and a high correlation between the predicted and observed values. Therefore, the model could be adjusted to determine the characteristics of the foam suitable for subsequent drying. The optimal values were then also verified. Minimal fluctuations (1.78–2.98%) between the experimental data and the optimal value were found. The drying temperature also significantly affected the quality of the mulberry powder. The foam was dried at 65 °C for 4 h to produce apowder with a beautiful light color (L* = 62.65), a characteristic purple-red color of mulberry (a* = 5.97). The moisture, water activity, and anthocyanin content of the finished mulberry powder were 4.57%, 0.3, and 5.4 mg/g, respectively.

Six α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor genes (MnASIs) were identified from mulberry (Morus notabilis). In this study, bioinformatics and expression pattern analysis of six MnASIs were performed to determine their roles in resistance to B. cinerea. The expression of all six MnASIs was significantly increased under Botrytis cinerea infection. MnASI1, which responded strongly to B. cinerea, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and mulberry. The resistance of Arabidopsis and mulberry overexpressing MnASI1 gene to B. cinerea was significantly improved, the catalase (CAT) activity was increased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased after inoculation with B. cinerea. At the same time, H2O2 and O2− levels were reduced in MnASI1 transgenic Arabidopsis, reducing the damage of ROS accumulation to plants. In addition, MnASI1 transgenic Arabidopsis increased the expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway-related gene AtPR1. This study provides an important reference for further revealing the function of α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitors.

Despite the recent development of RNA replication-targeted COVID-19 drugs by global pharmaceutical companies, their prescription in clinical practice is limited by certain factors, including drug interaction, reproductive toxicity, and drug resistance. COVID-19 drugs with multiple targets for the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle may lead to a successful reduction in drug resistance as well as enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and natural products are a potential source of molecules with therapeutic effects against COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory efficacy of mulberrofuran G (MG), a component of Morus alba L., also known as mulberry, which has been used as food and traditional medicine, on the binding of the spike S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the initial stage of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, MG effectively blocked the spike S1 RBD: ACE2 receptor molecular binding, and investigations using the BLItz system and in silico modeling revealed that MG has high affinity for both proteins. Finally, we confirmed that MG inhibits the entry of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, suggesting that MG might be a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 binding to the cell surface during early infection.

Information on the record of Phyllactinia moricola, a new in Ukraine alien powdery mildew fungus, is reported. The teleomorph of the fungus was collected in October–December 2020 on Morus alba in Odesa. The description and illustrations of the studied material are provided. The disease caused by this species can significantly reduce the ornamental properties of mulberry, a popular plant that is often used in greenery in the settlements of Ukraine. It is noted that the fungus can spread to Southern Europe, where it may cause significant damage to horticulture and silk production.

Lv Renhe, a master of Chinese medicine, was familiar with the sources of medicinal materials, the four nature and five flavors, and the characteristics of ascending, descending, floating and sinking. The study of medicine in clinical practice reflects the principle of “using medicine as a soldier”. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications, Professor Lv made good use of mulberry leaves, mulberry branches, mulberry white bark, mulberry and mulberry parasitism, and gave full play to the modern pharmacological effects of mulberry drugs such as hypoglycemic, hypotensive and lipidemic in the combined use, and achieved satisfactory results.

Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous plant found in wide variety of climatic, topographical and soil conditions, and is widely distributed from temperate to subtropical regions. Due to presence of valuable phytochemical constituents, mulberry as a whole plant has been utilized as a functional food since long time. Mulberry fruits are difficult to preserve as they have relatively high water content. Therefore for proper utilization, different value-added products like syrups, squashes, teas, pestil sand köme, pekmez (turkuish by-products), yogurts, jams, jellies, wines, vinegar, breads, biscuits, parathas, and many more are made. In overseas, these value-added products are commercially sold and easily available, though in India, this versatile medicinal plant is still missing its identity at commercial and industrial scale. Leaves of mulberry are economically viable due to their important role in the sericulture industry since ancient times. Mulberries or its extracts exhibit excellent anti-microbial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects and is used to combat different acute and chronic diseases. Different parts of Morus species like fruits, leaves, twigs, and bark exhibit strong anti-tyrosinase inhibition activity that makes it a suitable candidate in cosmetic industries as a whitening agent. The current review provides a comprehensive discussion concerning the phytochemical constituents, functionality and nutraceutical potential of mulberry and as a common ingredient in various cosmetic products.

Morus alba L. is used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-diabetic activity; however, the part of the hypoglycemic activity and related active metabolites are still not fully clarified. In this study, the metabolites in the M. alba roots, leaves, twigs, and fruits extracts (70% ethanol extracts) were systematically identified, and their hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by the high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) mouse model. A total of 60 high-level compounds, including 16 polyphenols, 43 flavonoids, and one quinic acid, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with the fragmentation pathways of standards and the self-established database. Among them, 23 metabolites were reported for the first time from this plant. In contrast to the extracts of M. alba leaves and fruits, the extracts of roots and twigs displayed significant hypoglycemic activity The glycemia was significantly reduced from 32.08 ± 1.27 to 20.88 ± 1.82 mmol/L and from 33.32 ± 1.98 to 24.74 ± 1.02 mmol/L, respectively, after 4 weeks of treatment with roots and twigs extracts. Compound 46 (morusin), which is a high-level component identified from the extracts of M. alba roots, also displayed significant activity in decreasing the blood glucose level of T2D mice reduced from 31.45 ± 1.23 to 23.45 ± 2.13 mmol/L. In addition, the extracts of roots and twigs displayed significant activity in reducing postprandial glycemia. This work marks the first comparison of the metabolites and hypoglycemic activity of M. alba roots, leaves, twigs, and fruits extracts, and provides a foundation for further development of M. alba extracts as anti-diabetic drugs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of edible coatings based on gelatine, oils (sunflower and coconut) and beeswax on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds (total phenols and monomeric anthocyanin content), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays were used) and sensorial attributes of mulberry fruits during a period of storage (0, 2, 5 and 8 days) at 4 °C. The results showed that, in all samples treated with edible films, the degree of firmness was higher and the deterioration weaker compared to the control at day 8 of storage. Edible coatings significantly reduced the rate of deterioration, in terms of total phenolics and anthocyanins, in mulberry fruits over time, and the gelatine-coated mulberry samples (G_Mn) exhibited the best results. In terms of the antioxidant capacity of the coated mulberry, after 5 and 8 days of storage, only the G_Mn samples maintained significantly high DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP values compared to control. Coating improved the sensorial attributes of the mulberry during storage, and gelatine-coated fruits recorded the highest score, followed by layer-by-layer samples (O+W_G_Mn). All edible coatings used to cover black mulberry in this study extended the shelf life of the fruits, while maintaining high levels of bioactive compounds and, consequently, high antioxidant capacity, along with improved sensory qualities, during cold storage.

In light of new discoveries of his writings, recent studies on the medieval Japanese monk Yōsai (or Eisai; 1141–1215) have moved away from longstanding preoccupations with his role in establishing Zen in Japan and instead stress his career-long orientation as an esoteric Buddhist monk of the Tendai school. Although these revisions have led to innovative readings of his promotion of tea in the first fascicle of his Record of Nourishing Life by Drinking Tea (Kissa yōjōki), similar approaches have yet to be attempted for the second fascicle of this well-known work, in which Yōsai argues for the apotropaic efficacy of mulberry against pathogenic demons. In this article, I seek to remedy this gap firstly by situating Yōsai’s healing program within broader contemporary trends in esoteric ritual healing. Examining the place of mulberry across esoteric liturgical discourse reveals a rich semiotic network in which the tree was tied to three other key ritual and medicinal materials: milkwood, milk, and the bodhi tree. In the second half of the article, I explore the ways that Yōsai’s argument for mulberry’s efficacy was shaped by an “exoteric” source, namely the biography of Śākyamuni Buddha. In this way, my analysis of the Kissa yōjōki provides insight into the interplay of “esoteric” and “exoteric” elements in Yōsai’s thought and career, even as attention to the specificity of his therapeutic claims for mulberry encourages us to move beyond sectarian frameworks.

Sericulture is an age old traditional occupation in Kashmir which owns a temperate climate and its success is dictated by the quality of mulberry leaves. Like many other plants, Mulberry, Morus spp. is also damaged by frost and has been felt as an impediment in expanding the sericulture for two to three seasons from the present one season activity. The impact of winter 2018-19 on the mulberry accessions at Manasbal, Kashmir was measured during February –April 2019 in terms of frost damage and sprouting. Studies revealed large variability in frost damage ranging from 1.21 to 23.71 per cent. Morus alba accessions though recorded higher frost damage, offer higher scope and potential for frost tolerance breeding with reliable genetic estimates in terms of high GCV (72.37%), PCV (84.38%) and heritability (73.55%) but, had a low genetic advance (7.84%). A recently developed M. multicaulis variety, PPR-1 appeared to be a promising one for frost tolerance breeding as well as commercial cultivation.

Mulberry (Morus alba), a widely distributed economic plant, can withstand long-term flooding stress. However, the regulatory gene network underlying this tolerance is unknown. In the present study, mulberry plants were subjected to submergence stress. Subsequently, mulberry leaves were collected to perform quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and transcriptome analysis. Genes encoding ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly upregulated after submergence stress, indicating that they could protect the mulberry plant from flood damage by mediating ROS homeostasis. Genes that regulate starch and sucrose metabolism; genes encoding pyruvate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and pyruvate decarboxylase (enzymes involved in glycolysis and ethanol fermentation); and genes encoding malate dehydrogenase and ATPase (enzymes involved in the TCA cycle) were also obviously upregulated. Hence, these genes likely played a key role in mitigating energy shortage during flooding stress. In addition, genes associated with ethylene, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and MAPK signaling; genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; and transcription factor genes also showed upregulation under flooding stress in mulberry plants. These results provide further insights into the adaptation mechanisms and genetics of submergence tolerance in mulberry plants and could aid in the molecular breeding of these plants.

Mulberry (Morus, Moraceae) is an important economic plant that is considered zinc-rich. Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient that plays vital roles in various bio-processes in plants and animals. In the present study, a comparative transcriptome analysis associated with physiological indicators was performed to reveal the potential mechanism in different organs in response to zinc toxicity in mulberry. Physiological indicators in mulberry plants treated with increasing concentrations of zinc were monitored to reveal the tolerance limits to zinc concentration. Transcriptome analysis of different organs in mulberry under excess zinc stress was performed to reveal the spatial response to zinc stress. The results show that the hormone signaling pathway and secondary metabolism including lignin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and sugar metabolism are important for excess zinc treatment responses. In addition, the organ-based spatial response of these pathways is indicated. Lignin biosynthesis mainly responds to zinc stress in lignified tissues or organs such as stems, flavonoid biosynthesis is the main response to zinc stress in leaves, and sugar metabolism is predominant in roots. Further co-expression network analysis indicated candidate genes involved in the organ-based spatial response. Several transcription factors and genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cell wall biogenesis and sugar metabolism were further validated and designed as organ-based response genes for zinc stress.

Glyphosate, the active substance in RoundupR, is the most widely used pesticide in the world and may be present as a residue in derived foods and drinking water. Previous reports have confirmed that extracts from leaves of Morus alba exert many pharmacological activities. However, renoprotective effects of M. alba extract and its underling molecular mechanism is still unknown. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were used in this study (n=5-6). A control group received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p) once daily for two weeks. Control animals received standard diet. Treated groups received either polyphenolic extract (100 mg/kg,i.p) or glyphosate (100 mg/kg, i.p), or co-administration (extract ?g ml?1 kg b.w. and glyphosate 100 mg kg?1 b.w, i.p), daily until the 15thday of treatment. Lactate deshydrogenase LDH, serum concentrations of blood urea, creatinine and nitric oxide were measured using standard coloromertic methods. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels and decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, was significantly alleviated by mulberry leaves extract (MLE) administration. MLE also appears to be able to modulate altered biochemical parametres by maintaining free iron and Ca2 + homeostasis, and regulate the endogenous antioxidant enzymes system. It seems that concurrent use of the aqueous acetonic fraction of M. alba, rich in chlorogenic acid and its isomeres, can protect kidneys from glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity. Overall, MLE may possess protective activity against glyphosate-induced toxicity, which may be attributed to chlorogenic acid and its isomers, the most abundant phenolic acids present in its extracts. Mulberry leaves are a source of phenolic compounds and can be a good start towards discovering a new chemical compound which may lead to a new drug. A mulberry extract supplement could serve as a candidate for developing a safe, and promising nutraceutical product for the management of nephrotoxicity.

This study evaluated the potential of mulberry leaf powder as an unconventional feed material for finishing pigs by assessing the growth performance, antioxidative properties, fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism in 180 Xiangcun black pigs. Pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 71.64 ± 1.46 kg were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups, including the control diet and 4 experimental diets. The corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran in the control diet were partly replaced by 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12% mulberry leaf powder in experimental diets. There were 6 replicates (pens) of 6 pigs per replicate in each treatment. Blood and muscle samples were collected after the 50-day feed experiment. Compared with the control group, the 3%, 6%, and 9% mulberry diets had no adverse effect (P > 0.05) on the growth performance of pigs. The serum glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione concentration increased linearly (P

Maize silage has a significant environmental impact on livestock due to its high requirement for fertilizer and water. Mulberry has the potential to replace much of the large amount of maize silage grown in China, but its feeding value in the conserved form needs to be evaluated. We fed Hu lambs diets with 20–60% of the maize silage replaced by mulberry silage, adjusting the soybean meal content when increasing the mulberry silage inclusion rate in an attempt to balance the crude protein content of the diets. Mulberry silage had higher crude protein and lower acidic and neutral detergent fiber contents compared to maize silage. Replacing maize silage and soyabean meal with mulberry silage had no effect on the feed intake and growth rate of Hu lambs. However, the rumen pH increased, the acetate to propionate in rumen fluid increased, and the rumen ammonia concentration decreased as mulberry replaced maize silage and soyabean meal. This was associated with an increase in norank_f__F082 bacteria in the rumen. Rumen papillae were shorter when mulberry silage replaced maize silage, which may reflect the reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the original silage. In conclusion, mulberry silage can successfully replace maize silage and soyabeans in the diet of Hu lambs without loss of production potential, which could have significant environmental benefits.

In Jammu division, sericulture was introduced over a century ago. Being a traditional cultivator of bivoltine silk of international standard but unfortunately the multi-fold potential of the region is characterized with insignificant cocoon production that cannot sustain the international market. The gap between the potential and actual yield obtained by the silkworm rearers are not fully exploited, as such, there is need to have new direction in planning of transfer of technology by designing more effective linkages between technology providers, extension workers and silkworm rearers. Hence, this survey was conducted with the ultimate objective of highlighting the pertinent challenges faced by the sericulturists in Jammu region and also sought to establish the present and future prospects available for sericulture development and prosperity. The information on many challenges faced by the silkworm rearers to meet the market demand was gathered from randomly sampled 225 respondents following personal interview schedule. Results revealed major factors responsible for expected and obtained yield gap as insufficient mulberry trees (69.78%), lack of season hybrids (58.67%), fluctuations in cocoon rates (46.67%), competition from other crops (44.0%) and insufficient training programs (25.33%) are the main constraints being faced by the silkworm rearers.

Resumen Introducción. La morera (Morus alba), planta originaria de China, se utiliza como forraje en algunas granjas. Su alto contenido de proteína estimula la producción de leche en el ganado; sin embargo, se desconoce si sus flavonoides pueden ser incorporados en la leche caprina. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de una dieta enriquecida con morera, sobre la concentración de flavonoides y parámetros bromatológicos de leche de cabras alpinas estabuladas. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó en el año 2019, con cabras de una granja particular ubicada en Veracruz, México. Se formaron dos grupos (A con el tratamiento y B control) con cinco cabras de raza alpina cada uno, de características similares (alimentación estabulada, tres partos, sin mastitis, ordeño manual matutino y vespertino). El grupo A recibió forraje sin morera antes y después del tratamiento (días 1-10 y 21-31, respectivamente), y una dieta de forraje modificada con morera (días 11-20, tratamiento); el grupo B se alimentó con forraje sin morera los 31 días de experimentación. Además, se analizó el contenido de flavonoides en la morera y cada tres días en muestras de leche, además de los bromatológicos de contenido de proteína, grasa, lactosa, sólidos no grasos y densidad. Resultados. Durante la dieta modificada con morera, la concentración de flavonoides alcanzó un máximo de 53,45 mg mL-1 EQ en el grupo A al día 20, descendió de forma paulatina durante el periodo posterior al tratamiento; además, mantuvo un 20 % más de flavonoides que el grupo control. Se observó también un incremento significativo del contenido de proteína en el grupo A, sin diferencia significativa en los demás parámetros bromatológicos de la leche entre los dos grupos. Conclusión. Las dietas modificadas con morera favorecieron la incorporación de flavonoides y el incremento de proteína en la leche de cabra, sin modificar los demás parámetros bromatológicos. Abstract Introduction. Mulberry (Morus alba), a plant native to China, is used as a fodder on some farms. Its high protein content stimulates milk production in cattle; however, it is not known whether its flavonoids can be incorporated into goat milk. Objective. To evaluate the effect of a diet enriched with mulberry-enriched, on flavonoids concentration and bromatological parameters of milk from stabled alpine goats. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2019, with goats from a particular farm located in Veracruz, Mexico. Two groups were formed (A with the treatment and B control) with five Alpine breed goats each, with similar characteristics (stall feeding, three calving, without mastitis, morning and evening hand milking). Group A received forage without mulberry before and after treatment (days 1-10 and 21-31, respectively), and a modified forage diet with mulberry (days 11-20; group B was fed forage without mulberry on all 31 days of experimentation. Additionally, the flavonoid content in mulberry and every three days in milk samples were analyzed, in addition to the bromatological content of protein, fat, lactose, non-fat solids, and density. Results. During the mulberry-modified diet, the flavonoid concentration reached a maximum of 53.45 mg mL-1 EQ in group A at day 20, it decreased gradually during the post-treatment period; however, it maintained 20 % more flavonoids than the control group. A significant increase in protein content was also observed in group A, with no significant difference in the other bromatological parameters of the milk between the two groups. Conclusions. The diets modified with mulberry favored the incorporation of flavonoids and the increase of protein in goat milk, without modifying the other bromatological parameters.

Bu çalışma, dutun glutensiz muffinlerin bazı kalite parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Dutu 0 (MB0), 5 (MB5), 10, (MB10) ve %15 (MB15) içeren muffinler üretilmiştir. Kontrol örneğinin ortalama özgül hacminin 2.22 mL g-1 olduğu, glutensiz örnekler için hacmin 2.18, 2.06, 1.99 mL g-1’e düştüğü belirlenmiştir. Artan dut seviyeleri ile sertlik artmıştır. Dut içermeyen örneğin (MB0) sertliği 0.61 kg iken, bu değer MB5, M10 ve MB15'te 0.64, 0.65 ve 0.71 kg'a yükselmiştir. Dut ilavesi toplam fenolik madde konsantrasyonunu (TFM) 8.10'dan 31. mg GAE g-1’ e yükseltmiştir. MB0 örneği için ABTS ve DPPH değerleri sırasıyla 32.26 µmol TEAC g-1 ve 138.8 µmol TEAC g-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu değerler, MB15 örneklerinde 80.79 ve 225.61 µmol TEAC g-1’ e yükselmiştir. %15 dut ile hazırlanan muffinin rutin içeriği (5.62 mg 100 g1) MB0 örneğine göre (0.94 mg 100 g1) beş kat daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Glutensiz örneklerin kateşin ve kuersetin içeriği, kontrol örneklerine kıyasla yüksek çıkmıştır. Duyusal analiz sonuçları dutun, duyusal özellikler üzerinde herhangi bir olumsuz etki yapmadan %15 oranına kadar glutensiz muffin formülasyonuna başarıyla dahil edilebileceğini ortaya koymuştur., The present study investigated the effects of mulberry on some quality parameters of gluten-free muffins. The muffins were produced containing mulberry 0 (MB0), 5 (MB5), 10, (MB10), and 15% (MB15), respectively. The average specific volume of the MB0 muffin was 2.22 mL g-1, but the muffin volumes decreased to 2.18, 2.06, and 1.99 mL g-1 for other samples. The firmness increased with increased mulberry levels. While the firmness of MB0 was 0.61 kg, it increased to 0.64, 0.65, and 0.71 kg in the MB5, M10, and MB15. The addition of mulberry increased the total phenolic content (TPC) from 8.10 to 31.95 mg GAE g-1. ABTS and DPPH values for MB0 were 32.26 µmol TEAC g-1 and 138.8 µmol TEAC g-1, respectively. They increased to 80.79 and 225.61 µmol TEAC g-1 at MB15 samples. The rutin content of the muffin prepared with 15% mulberry (5.62 mg 100 g1) had five times higher than those of the MB0 muffin (0.94 mg 100 g1). The catechin and quercetin content of gluten-free muffins was very high compared to MB0 samples. Sensory analysis results revealed that mulberry can be successfully incorporated into gluten-free muffin formulations up to 15% ratio without any negative effects on all tested sensory properties.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to accumulate in plants when subjected to salt stress, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) is the main GABA-degrading enzyme in the GABA shunt pathway. So far, the salt tolerance mechanism of the GABA-T gene behind the GABA metabolism remains unclear. In this study, the cDNA (designated MuGABA-T) of GABA-T gene was cloned from mulberry, and our data showed that MuGABA-T protein shares some conserved characteristics with its homologs from several plant species. MuGABA-T gene was constitutively expressed at different levels in mulberry tissues, and was induced substantially by NaCl, ABA and SA. In addition, our results demonstrated that exogenous application of GABA significantly reduced the salt damage index and increased plant resistance to NaCl stress. We further performed a functional analysis of MuGABA-T gene and demonstrated that the content of GABA was reduced in the transgenic MuGABA-T Arabidopsis plants, which accumulated more ROS and exhibited more sensitivity to salt stress than wild-type plants. However, exogenous application of GABA significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alleviated the active oxygen-related injury of the transgenic plants under NaCl stress. Moreover, the MuGABA-T gene was overexpressed in the mulberry hairy roots, and similar results were obtained for sensitivity to salt stress in the transgenic mulberry plants. Our results suggest that the MuGABA-T gene plays a pivotal role in GABA catabolism and is responsible for a decrease in salt tolerance, and it may be involved in the ROS pathway in the response to salt stress. Taken together, the information provided here is helpful for further analysis of the function of GABA-T genes, and may promote mulberry resistance breeding in the future.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity and nitrogen (N) deposition are two major environmental stresses which can affect plant growth. It's less clear that how the combined Cd accumulation and N deposition affect the male and female plants of dioecious species. The aim of the present study was to detect sex-specific responses to Cd stress and simulated N deposition in one-year-old male, female and hermaphrodite seedlings of Morus alba. Changes in morphology, physiology, root architecture and biomass of the three sex types of mulberry seedlings were determined. The results showed that Cd toxicity caused limited growth, impaired photosynthetic apparatus and decreased gas exchange rates with significant sex-specific differences. Mulberry was found to deploy detoxification mechanisms to avoid or tolerate toxic Cd effects through the activation of the antioxidant system, increasing proline and non-protein thiol contents, translocating Cd into different plant parts and decreasing biomass. Females displayed a low tolerance to high Cd and were more sensitive to Cd stress. Simulated N deposition alleviated the negative effects of Cd on leaves and decreased sex-specific differences in the three kinds of mulberry seedlings, but N fertilizer did not affect the total biomass. The N-stimulated increasing in proline and non-protein thiol contents might play a crucial role in resisting the damage caused by Cd stress, and the three kinds of mulberry seedlings had slightly different ways of improving Cd tolerance by N deposition. Sexual differences in Cd accumulation are correlated with root architecture. This study provides evidence for the utilization of mulberry to treat Cd-contaminated soils under N deposition.

Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 is a taxonomically challenging genus. It is particularly speciose in Asia. Many species are minor pests of fruit tree crops and forest products. We review collections from East Asia, using external morphology, internal morphology and genetic markers with a focus on sub-tropical species from fruit trees. Four new species are described; Cryphalus gnetivorus Johnson, sp. nov., C. itinerans Johnson, sp. nov., C. morivorus Johnson, sp. nov., and C. paramangiferae Johnson, sp. nov. Ten species are redescribed to enable accurate identification: C. artocarpus (Schedl, 1939), C. dilutus Eichhoff, 1878, C. dorsalis (Motschulsky, 1866), C. exiguus Blandford, 1894, C. kyotoensis Nobuchi, 1966, C. lipingensis Tsai & Li, 1963 (= C. kesiyae Browne, 1975, syn. nov.), C. mangiferae Stebbing, 1914 (= C. artestriatus Browne, 1970, syn. nov.), C. meridionalis (Nobuchi, 1975), C. scopiger Berger, 1917, and C. viburni Stark, 1936. Additional records from new localities and new hosts are also presented.

This work reports the survival status of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium in homemade fig and mulberry vinegar. Each pathogen was separately inoculated in vinegar samples at approximately 7 log CFU/mL. The survival status of pathogens was examined at 20°C for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min, and 4, 8 and 24 h. The residual populations after 24 h were below detection limit for all species assayed. S. Typhimurium was much more sensitive to mulberry vinegar ( 6 log reduction in 30 min) than it is to fig vinegar ( 6 log reduction in 24 h). L. monocytogenes had an overall quite different behaviour, being the most sensitive species to fig vinegar ( 6 log reduction in 4 h) while being the most resistant one to mulberry vinegar ( 6 log reduction in 24 h). The total phenolic content of fig vinegar (767 mg GAE/L) was higher than mulberry vinegar (557.5 mg GAE/L). The results exhibited that antimicrobial activity of vinegar is mainly related to the contact time, test pathogen and physicochemical properties of vinegar.

This study explores the genetic diversity and structure of Meloidogyne enterolobii in mulberry in China. The COI mitochondrial gene (mtCOI) in M.enterolobii populations in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan Provinces was PCR‐amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for genetic diversity. The total number of variations, haplotypes (Hap), the average number of nucleotide differences (k), haplotype diversity (H), and nucleotide diversity (π) of mtCOI were 25, 11, 4.248, 0.900, and 0.00596, respectively. Insignificant differences in Fst value (0.0169) and a high level of gene flow (7.02) were detected among the 19‐mulberry root‐knot nematode populations, and high genetic variation within each population and a small genetic distance among populations were observed. Both phylogenetic analyses and network mapping of the 11 haplotypes revealed a dispersed distribution pattern of 19 mulberry root‐knot nematode populations and an absence of branches strictly corresponding to the 19 range sampling sites. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that mulberry root‐knot nematode populations experienced a population expansion in the past. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the genetic differentiation of M. enterolobii was mainly contributed by the variation within each group. No significant correlation was found between the genetic distance and geographical distance of M. enterolobii populations. The findings of this study provide a profound understanding of the M. enterolobii population and will inform the development of strategies to combat and manage root‐knot nematodes in mulberry., This study explores the genetic diversity and structure of Meloidogdyne enterolobii (M. enterolobii) in mulberry in China. The mitochondrial COI gene (mtCOI) in mulberry root‐knot nematode populations in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan Provinces was PCR‐amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for genetic diversity.

Background Mulberry Morus spp. L. Family Moraceae is a perennial tree crop cultivated worldwide for foliage, fruit, fuel wood, and medicine, as well as for several other sericulture and industrial purposes. Mulberry trees are grown in more than 50 countries covering temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones as a plantation crop. Methodology In this study, different stages of in vitro propagation mulberry plant were investigated. In the sterilization stage, different concentrations 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 (%) of mercuric chloride (MC) for 10 min were used. Also, the effect of supplementation of the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/l of BAp or TDZ on the multiplication stage was investigated. Moreover, the impact of the fortified MS medium with 1 mg/l IAA or NAA or IBA on enhancement of root system proliferation was studied. Furthermore, the effect of reculturing in vitro derived plantlets on peatmoss, perlite, and/or vermiculate for in vivo acclimatization and hardening was investigated. Results A simple and efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of different varieties of Morus alba (yue 11, sha 2x lun 109, morittina, kokuso 27, and kantava 2) was established. Sterilization of shoot tips and auxiliary buds with 0.2% of mercuric chloride (MC) for 10 min was the best to get sterilized and survival explants. In vitro mulberry multiplication of yue 11, sha 2x lun 109, morittina, kokuso 27, and kantava auxiliary buds cultured on the MS medium fortified with 1.5 mg/l BA gave the best results of the multiplication rates, maximum number of shoots/explant, and highest shoot length (cm), respectively. Moreover, culturing of derived mulberry shoots on the MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l NAA enhanced totally growth figures of root system formation suitable for acclimatization and hardening of in vitro derived mulberry plants. Acclimatization and hardening successfully processed with canava 2, morittina, yue 11, sha2x, and kokuso of mulberry cultivars, respectively. Conclusion The described protocol in this investigation ensures a round-the-year in vitro propagation of mulberry plant with faster rate of multiplication of true-to-type plants, which will provide a useful tool for large-scale multiplication of other mulberry varieties.

The successful therapy strategy of gastric cancer is defined as devastating the cancerous cells without exposing systematic toxicity and undesirable side effects. One strategy to overcome cancer treatment related difficulties could be combination therapy with natural products with anticancer drugs to introduce effective antitumor effects in addition to reduce undesirable side effects. In this regard, different extracts of mulberry leaf, isoquercetin and rutin as the extracted flavonoids from Morus alba, mulberry, in single dose as well as in combination with cisplatin against gastric cancer cell line were applied. This innovative treatment led to cytotoxic effect on gastric cancer cells in a synergistic manner. The findings anticipated that these herbal products have exceptional potential for future gastric cancer investigations and therapy.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an ornamental, medicinal, and fruit plant that belongs to the Moraceae family. One of the most important techniques used in plant biotechnology is tissue culture, which enables mass production of pathogen-free plants. Cotyledon has a high potential for shoot regeneration; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on plant regeneration from cotyledon explants of mulberry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of seedling-derived cotyledon segments to obtain shoot multiplication of mulberry. Various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l) of thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with indole butyric acid (IBA) were used in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results showed that the highest percentage of regeneration frequency (96.67%) and the maximum number of shoots (4.43) were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l TDZ and 0.025 mg/l IBA. In the rooting experiment, the maximum rooting percentage (83.33%) and the maximum number of roots per shoot (4.36) were obtained on MS medium containing 2 mg/l IBA. In vitro-raised plantlets were placed in pots and kept in room temperature for 30 days, and the plantlets showed more than 90% survival rate. On the basis of our results, the protocol described in this study has a high potential to be used in the micropropagation of this valuable plant.

Background : Mulberry (Genus: Morus, Family: Moraceae) is a flowering plant utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda for its ethnobotanical uses in fever, liver protection, diuretics, management of appropriate blood pressure, improving eyesight, and management of cardiovascular disease. Being a plant of multiple ethnobotanical prospects, it is used to prevent kidney diseases, hair problems, weakness, fatigue, constipation, blood disorders, anaemia, and premature greying of hair, among few other ailments. This review aims to systematically organize information on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical constituents, phytopharmacological actions, and toxicity of the Morus genus as the information shall serve towards future research in drug discovery and help in unearthing molecular basis of pharmacological activity of Mulberry. Method : Many relevant information sources, such as Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS Publications, SciFinder, Wiley, and Google Scholar, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, Chinese and Indian herbal classic texts, and Ph.D. dissertation, were used to gather relevant publications till February 2021 on the Morus genus. Results : Many phytochemicals that are isolated from Morus genus such as Mulberrin, Morin, Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), Epicatechin, Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Oxyresveratrol, Quercetin, Flavone A, B and C, are proven to be pharmacologically important and have comprehensive biological actions such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antidopaminergic, antioxidant activity, as well as skin whitening properties making the plants of Morus genus therapeutically important. Conclusions : Plants of Morus genus are valuable and are popular in ancient herbal medicine with the extensive pharmacological potential to cure various ailments. While phytochemicals from plants of Morus genus have already been extensively analysed, there may still be unknown compounds that play a role in the plant's biological function which needs to be elucidated. There are significant gaps in our understanding of biological processes involved in activities of these phytochemicals that need more investigation.

SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, as unique plant transcription factors, play important roles in plant developmental regulation and stress response adaptation. Although mulberry is a commercially valuable tree species, there have been few systematic studies on SPL genes. In this work, we identified 15 full-length SPL genes in the mulberry genome, which were distributed on 4 Morus notabilis chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the SPL genes from five plants (Malus × domestica Borkh, Populus trichocarpa, M. notabilis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa) into five groups. Two zinc fingers (Zn1 and Zn2) were found in the conserved SBP domain in all of the MnSPLs. Comparative analyses of gene structures and conserved motifs revealed the conservation of MnSPLs within a group, whereas there were significant structure differences among groups. Gene quantitative analysis showed that the expression of MnSPLs had tissue specificity, and MnSPLs had much higher expression levels in older mulberry leaves. Furthermore, transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of MnSPL7 and MnSPL14 were significantly increased under silkworm herbivory. Molecular experiments revealed that MnSPL7 responded to herbivory treatment through promoting the transcription of MnTT2L2 and further upregulating the expression levels of catechin synthesis genes (F3′H, DFR, and LAR).

Objective: To evaluate the effect of mulberry leaf extract on cardiovascular inflammation, insulin resistance and left ventricular hypertrophy in dyslipidemic mice. Methodology: Knockout mice for the LDL receptor gene were divided into four experimental groups (n=20): group S (Standard), fed a standard diet; group SA (Standard / Mulberry), fed a standard diet and mulberry leaves extract; group HL (Hyperlipidic), fed a hyperlipidic diet and group HLA (Hyperlipidic / Mulberry), fed a hyperlipidic diet and mulberry leaves extract. After 15 days of experiment, plasma was collected and the plasma levels of total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, insulin, glucose were quantified and the Homa index calculated. Heart and aortic wall tissues were collected to quantify the expression of CD40L by the western blotting method. Histological slides with heart tissue were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for general histological evaluation and stained with picrosírius red to evaluate the collagen deposit area. Results: Mulberry leaf extract elevated plasma HDL, moderately prevented hypercholesterolemia and did not reduce hypertriglyceridemia in HLA group mice, prevented insulin resistance and consequently hyperinsulinemia, reduced plasma CRP level and prevented increased CD40L expression. Conclusion: Treatment with mulberry leaves extract prevented cardiovascular inflammation and insulin resistance, thus reducing the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del extracto de hoja de morera sobre la inflamación cardiovascular, la resistencia a la insulina y la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en ratones dislipidémicos. Metodología: Los ratones con el gen del receptor de LDL eliminado se dividieron en cuatro grupos experimentales (n=20): grupo S (Estándar), alimentado con una dieta estándar; grupo SA (Estándar / Morera), alimentado con una dieta estándar y extracto de hoja de morera; grupo HL (Hiperlipídico), alimentado con una dieta hiperlipídica y grupo HLA (Hiperlipídico / Morera), alimentado con una dieta hiperlipídica y extracto de hoja de morera. Tras 15 días de experimento, se recogió el plasma y se cuantificaron los niveles plasmáticos de colesterol total y sus fracciones, triglicéridos, proteína C reactiva, insulina, glucosa y se calculó el índice Homa. Se recogieron tejidos de la pared cardíaca y aórtica para cuantificar la expresión de CD40L mediante western blotting. Se prepararon preparaciones histológicas con tejido cardíaco y se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina para la evaluación histológica general y se tiñeron con rojo picrosirio para evaluar el área de deposición de colágeno. Resultados: El extracto de hoja de morera elevó el HDL plasmático, previno moderadamente la hipercolesterolemia y no redujo la hipertrigliceridemia en los ratones del grupo HLA, previno la resistencia a la insulina y, en consecuencia, la hiperinsulinemia, redujo el nivel de CRP plasmático y evitó el aumento de la expresión de CD40L. Conclusión: El tratamiento con extracto de hoja de morera previno la inflamación cardiovascular y la resistencia a la insulina, reduciendo así el desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do extrato das folhas da amoreira na inflamação cardiovascular, na resistência insulínica e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de camundongos dislipidêmicos. Metodologia: Camundongos knockout para o gene do receptor LDL foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (n=20): grupo S (Standard), alimentados com dieta padrão; grupo SA (Standard /Amoreira), alimentados com dieta padrão e extrato das folhas da amoreira; grupo HL (Hyperlipidic), alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e grupo HLA (Hyperlipidic/Amoreira), alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e extrato das folhas da amoreira. Após 15 dias de experimento, foi coletado plasma e quantificado os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total e suas frações, triglicerídeos, proteína C reativa, insulina, glicose e calculado o índice de Homa. Foram coletados tecidos cardíacos e da parede da aorta para quantificar a expressão do CD40L pelo método de western blotting. Lâminas histológicas com tecido cardíaco foram preparadas e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina, para avaliação histológica geral, e coradas com picrosírius red para avaliar a área de depósito de colágeno. Resultados: O extrato das folhas de amoreira elevou o HDL plasmático, preveniu moderadamente a hipercolesterolemia e não reduziu a hipertrigliceridemia nos camundongos do grupo HLA, preveniu a resistência à insulina e, consequentemente a hiperinsulinemia, reduziu o nível plasmático de PCR e preveniu o aumento da expressão do CD40L. Conclusão: O tratamento com o extrato das folhas de amoreira preveniu a inflamação cardiovascular e a resistência insulínica, reduzindo desta forma, o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.

This study investigated the distribution, diversity and roles of insects in mulberry (Morus alba var. Alfonso) plantation that utilized survey and insect collection in January and September of 2019, reflecting the cool-dry and wet seasons respectively and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) was employed to measure insect diversity and evenness. The abundant insects in all collecting seasons belong to insect order Lepidoptera (larvae) that accounted for 38%, Collembola (14%), Hymenoptera (11%), Hrmiptera (9%), and 8% for other arthropods while the insect diversity and evenness (H), were 2.28 and 0.82 for cool-dry season; and 1.954 and 0.762 for rainy season while t-test results exemplified similar insect diversity and evenness on both collecting seasons though some insects were abundant during rainy days. There were beneficial insects like some Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and other arthropods as natural enemies to insect pest; some were considered as pests and identified as defoliators (Lepidopteran larvae), sap suckers (Hemiptera and Homoptera), borers (Coleoptera) and some were pests inhabiting the soil (Isoptera). Collembolans were abundant in the soil as well which aid in the decomposition of organic matter forming soil microstructure and the recycling of nutrients to be used by mulberry plants for growth and development. Physical control measures such as individually picking the insects and removing the damaged parts of the mulberry are recommended to prevent further damage on mulberry plants. Intensified planning of mulberry pruning for silkworm rearing shall be considered so as not to coincide with excessive population of detrimental insects. Published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, {"references":["Amna Ghani and Sadia Maalik. 2020. Assessment of diversity and relative abundance of insect fauna associated with Triticum aestivum from district Sialkot, Pakistan, Journal of King Saud University – Science, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 986-995, ISSN 1018-3647.","Ayan Das, Bimal Mondal and Hirak Chatterjee. 2021. Population Dynamics of Major Insect Pests and Their Predatory Fauna in Mulberry. Indian Journal of Entomology 83(3), 310-314.","Coleman D. 2013. Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2nd Ed. Levin, Ed. in Chief. Academic Press. USA","Gibb T, Oseto C. 2019. Insect Collection and Identification. Techniques for the Field and Laboratory. 2nd ed. Academic Press.","Innocenti G, Sabatini MA. 2018. Collembola and plant pathogenic, antagonistic and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review. Bulletin of Insectology 71. ISSN 1721-8861. Italy.","Lalitha N. 2018. Species Diversity of Predators on Sucking Pest Complex in Mulberry Gardens of West Bengal. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies.","Mahesha HB. 2018. Pests of Mulberry (Powerpoint slides). Retrieved from www.hbmahesh.weebly.com","Raj M. 2016. Methods of Collecting Invertebrates (Powerpoin slides). Retrieved from https://www. slideshare.net/goodmoments/methods-for-collecting -invertebrates.","Sakthivel N. 2019. Mulberry Pests, Current Status and Management Practices. Technical Bulletin. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Sirampura, Mysura 570-008.","Santhi AM, Kumar SP. 2010. Diversity of insects in the mulberry ecosystem. The Silkworm, July 25, 2010. http://silkwormmori.blogspot.com/2010/07/ diversity-of-insects-in-mulberry.html.","Seong-Joon Park, Heon-Myoung Lim, Do-Sung Kim, 2014. A survey on Insect Diversity of Baengnyeongdo, Korea, Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 268-280, ISSN 2287-884X.","Siddiki, Aishatu. 2015. Insect diversity and composition during the wet and dry seasons in three forest types of Johor, Malaysia. Master's thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.","Ugwu, J.A. and Ojo, M.O. 2015. Diversity of Insects in Mulberry Ecosystem in IbadanSouth Western Nigeria. Research Journal of Forestry 9(2), 58-64, 2015. ISSN 1819-3439."]}

The roots of Morus species are well described in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) for its traditional use in treating liver fibrosis due to its hepatoprotective property. However, little is known about the hepatoprotective effect of the roots of Morus indica L. (RoMi), and the pharmacological mechanism(s) are uncertain due to its intricacy. Therefore, this study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of RoMi (eRoMi) against the CCl4-induced in-vivo animal model at different dosages (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) in comparison with silymarin as a positive control. The hepatoprotective activity of eRoMi was evaluated by measuring the levels of serum biomarkers, hepatic antioxidant enzymes and was verified by histological studies. Interestingly, 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene, 1,4-phenylenebis (trimethylsilane), 2,4,6-cycloheptatriene-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl and α-amyrin were the active components found in eRoMi as detected by GC–MS. Oral administration of eRoMi (200 mg/kg BW) to rats significantly protected serum biochemical parameters (increased ALT, AST, LDH, bilirubin and GGT as well as depletion of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic GSH) and elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation as compared to CCl4-treated rats. The hematological indices such as erythrocytes, hemoglobin, monocytes and lymphocytes were also normal in eRoMi-treated rats. The histopathological evaluation indicated a significant restoration of liver structure as compared to silymarin. This study is the first scientific validation for the traditional use of eRoMi to understand its hepatoprotective activity.

Бу маколада Инсон организмига зарур элементлардан бири кремний ҳақида ҳамда бу элемент манбаси қаердан олиниши қайси мевада мавжудлиги борасида фикр юритилади. Бу элемент мавжуд бўлган тут дарахти меваси тажрибада текширилди ва натижалар олинди., In this state obsuzhdaetsya silicon, one of the most important elements of the human body, as well as the source of the ego. Fruits shelkovitsy, in kotoryh prisutstvuet this element, bыli ispytanы experimentally and poluchenы rezultaty.

This work contributes to new insights for a rational use of mulberry-based health products in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in the context of diabetes mellitus.

Drought stress remains one of the most detrimental environmental cues affecting plant growth and survival. In this work, the DNA methylome changes in mulberry leaves under drought stress (EG) and control (CK) and their impact on gene regulation were investigated by MethylRAD sequencing. The results show 138,464 (37.37%) and 56,241 (28.81%) methylation at the CG and CWG sites (W = A or T), respectively, in the mulberry genome between drought stress and control. The distribution of the methylome was prevalent in the intergenic, exonic, intronic and downstream regions of the mulberry plant genome. In addition, we discovered 170 DMGs (129 in CG sites and 41 in CWG sites) and 581 DMS (413 in CG sites and 168 in CWG sites). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicates that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, spliceosome, amino acid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, RNA transport, plant hormone, signal transduction pathways, and quorum sensing play a crucial role in mulberry response to drought stress. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis indicates that the selected 23 genes enriched in the KEGG pathways are differentially expressed, and 86.96% of the genes share downregulated methylation and 13.04% share upregulation methylation status, indicating the complex link between DNA methylation and gene regulation. This study serves as fundamentals in discovering the epigenomic status and the pathways that will significantly enhance mulberry breeding for adaptation to a wide range of environments.