Search

The use of RAI-131 in thyroid carcinoma patients presents a special concern on the environmental radiation safety for those who come in contact with the patients especially after discharge from the facility because of excretion of I131 through perspiration, salivation, breathing and urination. Methods & Materials: The present study was conducted at Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN) Sindh from 2017 to 2021 with the objective to evaluate contamination hazards by Excretion made by thyroid cancer patients received iodine therapy stayed in isolation room with doses ranging from 80–200 mCi. The areas included corridor, sink, patient bed, and toilet bowl of isolation rooms before admission and after discharge using LAMSE RM-1001 survey meter. The minimum background radiation level measured before patient stay in isolation room was 0.07 μSv/h while the maximum was 0.40 μSv/h and the mean background reading was 0.18 ± 0.072 μSv/h. The maximum dose rate after discharge was observed at toilet bowl with mean of 9.69 ± 1.98 µSv/hr and minimum of 5.0 µSv/hr and maximum value 13.77 µSv/hr. The readings recorded for the sink were: 2.0 μSv/h minimum, 20.0 μSv/h maximum with a mean of 5.55 ± 1.57 μSv/h while those for the patient bed 0.41 μSv/h minimum, 6.92 μSv/h maximum and a mean of 2.83 μSv/h. the least dose rate was found in isolation room corridor (1.53 ± 0.78 μSv/h) with maximum and minimum values 0.28 & 3.20 μSv/h respectively. Radiation is harmful; safety measures must be ensured to minimize radiation exposure to the family members as well as community either during hospitalization or after discharge of RAI-131 patients. The radiation levels from toilet bowls, beds, sinks, and corridor of isolation rooms were well within the acceptable limits and hence, do not pose significant hazard to the public

Pakistan is an agricultural country and requires an adequate supply of water for irrigation throughout the year. Water is one of the most precious natural resources and its effectual management is a main concern in various agricultural systems around the world. The major problem is the water accumulation by the wealthy farmers store water for their own fields and allow water to pass to other farmers after receiving the money. Secondly, most of the time water wastage occurs due to over watering, it is because there is very large area in the fields (in acres) that is very difficult for the famers to supervise all the area. Similarly, sometime there is inadequate water supply, which cause the damage of crops or results in lesser yield on some section of the field. This paper presents solution of the mentioned problems and increasing the hold of Indus River Systems Authority (IRSA) on the irrigation mechanism so that the required quantity of water can only be delivered at the specific time for each field (as per requiring output from sensors grounded in field). The presented system consists of implement of the sensors in each corner of the fields, when the sensor value (in voltage) goes to satisfied number it sends notification to IRSA and if the water level goes to danger level, it will automatically close the gate from where water is released. New water system with electrical control advancements can improve water utilization proficiency, compelling water sparing and diminishing the natural affects. The target of the presented system is to dodge wastage of water and enhance efficiency of irrigation by utilizing a PLC based irrigation framework with the assistance of soil dampness sensors. An automatic control system of gates helps to close or open the gates if the water level in soil reaches a critical value. The motivation behind this work was to create a self-administering water supply framework that works on utilization of a solitary model according to which; the water supply follows a pre-supplied timetable along-with the monitoring of the in-field conditions, prompting a sensible sparing in the measure of water supply. It should likewise be dependable and effectively deployable to work under cruel outside conditions without the requirement for oversight or customary checking. The deployed electronic system can be powered through solar energy. The developed mechanism can make farmers capable of fulfilling their irrigation needs besides the PV based generated extra electricity can be shared or sold to neighbors or water and power Development authority (WAPDA).

A technique called phytoremediation makes use of a plant’s root system to draw contaminants, primarily heavy metals (zn, cr, and ni), from the surrounding rhizosphere. These are the end result of human actions such the use of pesticides, waste byproducts, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This analysis focuses on soil contamination removal since prolonged exposure to heavy metals can cause respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disorders, cancer of the liver, lungs, and kidneys, among other problems. In order to immobilise metals and change their harmful states into less toxic states, plants use a process called phytoremediation and tactics like phyto(rhizo) stabilisation. Chromium 6 is changed into chromium 3 through phytostabalization, a process in which plants are utilised to change a pollutant’s more hazardous form into a less hazardous volatile form that may be transported. Macrophytes, such as Arbidopsis thaliana and Cgara canescens, have been found to use phytofiltration and phytovolatization to remove radioactive and heavy metals. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and sun flower (Helianthus annus) are suitable plants for rhizofilteration, which is essential to prevent environmental and health problems. A heavy metal that is widely present in soil is cadmium. Cd can be removed physically in a number of ways, with membrane filtration and adsorption being the most often utilised techniques for doing so. Chemical (in which the addition of barium acetate caused coagulation) and biological (which uses microorganisms such bacteria, yeast species, fungal aspergillus, and green algea chlorel for the Bioremediation of Cd.) approaches are also employed for the removal of cadmium. In essence, phytoremediation uses the already-existing power of plant systems. This approach is more economical and environmentally benign than conventional approaches for cleaning up contaminated soil and ground water. Since drinking water contaminated with heavy metals is thought to be the primary cause of death in Pakistan, getting rid of these pollutants is our top priority.

Background: Diabetes is a serious disease which is posing a great risk to the overall health care all around the globe. Major factor in its systemic adverse effects is the enhancement of lipolysis by prolonged hyperglycaemia ultimately leading to dyslipidemia. This dyslipidemia is a big risk feature for all cardiovascular diseases related to most of the diabetic patients. L arginine blessed with antioxidant properties can play a substantial role in the prevention, and management of diabetes and related complications. The study was aimed at finding the novel uses of L-Arginine in diabetes. Subject and method: 15 adult Sprague Dawley rats , only female (to avoid pregnancy) weighing 250+ 50 g were used in this study which were divided equally (five rats each) into three groups randomly after ensuring that their lipid profiles and blood sugar were normal. After keeping one group as Normal Control Group (NC), the remaining two groups were made quasi-analogue Type II diabetic model through administration of Streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in a single dose intra-peritoneal (IP). After lapse of 48 hours, all the rats of two groups had shown blood sugar levels over 300 mg/dl and therefore were taken as diabetic. One of the two diabetic groups was taken as “Positive Control” with DM rats (DM), while the other was taken as treatment group DM+L-ARG Group”. Results: With regards to fasting blood sugar (BSF), total cholesterol (T-Chol), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), Group III (DM+L-ARG) showed significant improvement with the p-value of less than 0.001. Conclusion: After conducting this experimental animal work, we are able to conclude that in Streptozotocin induced diabetic model, the novel use of antioxidant L-Arginine with good safety profile and minimal adverse effects also has significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic activity.

FDI is one of the important pillar for the development of economic sectors and industries for promoting the high growth of valuable products and improve the quality of useful industrial products. However, as a result of globalization, a country's economic development is no longer completely reliant on its own resources. The foreign direct investment (FDI) made by multinational corporations improves the quality of life for locals by creating employment for them and raising their level of living. FDI may have both positive and negative effects on the expansion of the economy, depending on the factors. South Asia's leading liberal economy is Pakistan. Pakistan permits 100% foreign ownership in its secondary industry due to its open economy and fast-paced private sector. Pakistan's tertiary sector has seen a sharp growth in FDI inflows when compared to other economic sectors. Pakistan's primary sector of the economy is characterised, like other emerging countries, by poor productivity, inefficient labour, energy deficits, and less incentives. However, it seems that the incentives and other variables have only had a modest impact on Pakistan's FDI levels in recent years. The economic development of Pakistan is negatively impacted by foreign direct investment. FDI has a significant influence on Pakistan's short- and long-term economic development.

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and complex scientific research topic. In the body, stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. They are capable to regenerate body system. Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are the two primary categories of stem cells. Through cell- replacement therapies, stem cell-based therapies can give the opportunity to replace lost, damaged, or old cells in order to regenerate or repair tissues and organs. Additionally, using genetically altered stem cells as delivery systems holds enormous potential for treating inherited genetic flaws and delivering therapeutic chemicals to specifically injured tissues and organs. The ensuing integration of science and medicine made possible by more research will enable the therapeutic application of ES cell technology. In the end, such a program might present a remarkable new weapon in the fight against human sickness.

Background and Aims: Muscle strength is the key area to measure the functional status of an individual. Different tools and techniques has been used to detect strength differences and deficits. Hand- held dynamometer is one of the most affordable and handy tools used for this purpose. This study was designed to determine intra-rater reliability of hand- held dynamometer to measure muscle strength in different muscle groups of lower extremity of young athletes. It will further explore the reliability of hand- held dynamometer. Methodology: In this cross- sectional study young players of squash and badminton in the age group of 18-26 years were selected. The participants were recruited by non- probability convenience sampling technique. The strength of major muscle groups of lower limb was measured by a single male tester twice with gap through isometric make test of dynamometer. The intra-class correlation coefficient was then calculated for two readings of each muscle group by using SPSS version 21. Results: The intra- class correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability. The hip abductors, hip adductors, hip extensors of left side, knee flexors and knee extensors showed excellent reliability. Whereas, hip flexors, ankle plantar- flexors and dorsi-flexors of both sides showed excellent reliability at 95 % confidence interval. Conclusion: The isometric make test of dynamometer is a reliable tool for the objectification of strength of lower limb in young players participating in squash and badminton.

The digital economy has gained excellent research attention in both practices and academia. Various organizations in the world are using digital technology. Recently, there has been much interest in topics like the Blockchain, sharing economy, and others, leading to apparent changes in several fields. At the same time, interest in the digital business economy is expanding. The bibliometrics analysis on the subject is a great way to address and discuss the possibilities and risks of the digital revolution. This study retrieved 10258 articles from the web of sciences database between 2015 and 2022. The analysis's findings revealed that since 2015, publications have significantly increased in several disciplines, including management, business, economics, library and information science, business economics, and others. In addition, research institutions in Spain, the USA, and the UK have excelled in the field of the digital economy. The authors used the VOS viewers software to examine what occurred and generate a keyword map showing the connection between the topic and the cooccurrence network generated by keyword data. As a result, researchers, funding organizations, policymakers, and business professionals interested in developing the digital economy can use this paper as a resource.

Since the increasing interest of the firms has depicted internal marketing strategies as one of the most prominent trends influencing the organisation, mainly literature has focused on HR-related practice and their influence on employee behaviour. Therefore, the current study fills the gap by applying internal marketing strategies to investigate employees' organisational citizenship behaviour. The study identifies a specific relationship between internal marketing and organisational citizenship behaviour through the mediating role of employees’ organisational commitment to the banking sector. The moderating role of employee collectivism has also been investigated in the present study. The data was collected from 469 employees through convenient sampling from the banking sector of Pakistan. The results have been achieved through structural equation modelling) using AMOS software. The results indicate that internal marketing has a significant and positive influence on the employee’s organisational citizenship behaviour through mediating role of organisational commitment. Moreover, the moderating role of collectivism also significantly influences employee’s organisational citizenship behaviour. This study also contributes to understanding internal marketing, employee organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour. Lastly, limitations and future suggestions have also been discussed at the end of the study.

Objective: To look for patients of sepsis with a qSOFA score of more than two and an association of a high qSOFA score with mortality and other socio-demographic factors. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Sialkot Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to May 2022. Methodology: All baseline and relevant investigations were carried out at the time of initial clinical assessment, and the qSOFA score was calculated by a consultant medical specialist for all the patients diagnosed with the septic condition. Patients were followed up for two weeks to look for mortality. Results: A total of 500 patients, managed for sepsis during the study period were included in the study. Of them, 298(59.6) were males, while 202(40.4) were females. Out of all the patients in the study, 379(75.8) had a qSOFA score of two or less than two, while 121(24.2) had a qSOFA score of more than two. Increased mortality, patients with more than 50 years and comorbid illnesses were found statistically significantly more in the group having a qSOFA score of more than two (p-value

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and complex scientific research topic. In the body, stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. They are capable to regenerate body system. Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are the two primary categories of stem cells. Through cell-replacement therapies, stem cell-based therapies can give the opportunity to replace lost, damaged, or old cells in order to regenerate or repair tissues and organs. Additionally, using genetically altered stem cells as delivery systems holds enormous potential for treating inherited genetic flaws and delivering therapeutic chemicals to specifically injured tissues and organs. The ensuing integration of science and medicine made possible by more research will enable the therapeutic application of ES cell technology. In the end, such a program might present a remarkable new weapon in the fight against human sickness.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a condition brought on by a virus (Nairovirus) that is spread by ticks and is a member of the Bunyaviridae family and the genus Hayalomma. This virus could travel across the Hayaloma genus. This species maintains two host-life cycles, changing from a larva to a nymph on its first host, which can be a tiny animal like a bird, and then from adult stages to humans, which serve as the second host. Currently, 27 distinct Hyalomma species are recognized. Geographically, CCHFV is spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, Southern Europe, and Africa, all of which have large tick populations. This virus is capable of spreading both horizontally and vertically. Animals like sheep, goats, cattle, and hares may act as hosts or reservoirs for the virus. Humans can contract this virus by coming into touch with infected ticks or animal blood. Due to contact with bodily fluids or infectious blood, medical personnel are most vulnerable in endemic areas. This virus can cause symptoms such as high fever, joint discomfort, headache, back pain, vomiting, and stomach pain in infected individuals. To identify this virus, scientists employ the ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The medicine ribavirin and some readily available vaccinations can also be used to treat this virus. The effectiveness of using the vaccines and medications that are now available to treat this virus cannot be proven. The effectiveness of the vaccine to protect against this virus was investigated using a small animal model, such as a knockout mouse.

In Gujranwala, self-medication is a prevalent practice since it offers a low-cost alternative for individuals, and it entails the incorrect and irresponsible use of medications to cure self-recognized symptoms. It is also noteworthy that SM has both positive and negative aspects that affect the life of people. Objectives: To determine the occurrence, pattern, and sources of self-medication among respondents with all socioeconomic statuses and educational levels. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey on 535 residents of the targeted region was undertaken from June to November 2021 in Gujranwala district. We analyze our data by using SPSS and find mean values of our different variables and also find the frequencies and percentages the variables for achievement of our desired results. Results: As COVID-19 preventive, 44 (8.7%) respondents self-medicated with penicillin, and only 4 (0.8%) with paracetamol. When COVID-19 symptoms appeared, the pattern shifted, with azithromycin having the highest rate of self-medication of 49 (9.75%) of all drugs. When people were diagnosed with COVID-19, 12.5% used azithromycin, and 10.3% used penicillin. Conclusions: This study found a significantly high level of SM among men in Gujranwala district. Analgesics, particularly paracetamol and Ibuprofen, were the most often utilized medications for SM.

Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) as most frequently used as performance enhancing drug, the present study was conducted to investigate the histological changes produced by ND alone and in combination with exercise on soleus muscle. Forty female rats were divided equally by randomized control trial (RCT)i.e BI (control), BII (ND5mg/kg intramuscular twice weekly) BIII (Exercise/swimming) BIV (ND & Exercise) for 12 weeks at the animal house of PGMI, Lahore during the year 2010. Data was recorded on various microscopic parameters viz; internalization of nuclei, splitting in muscle fibers, rounded or angular muscle fibers and diameter of fibers for control and experimental groups.Results regarding internalization of nuclei revealed significant (P≤0.006, 0.013) differences among the groups receiving ND in comparison to control and exercise and highly significant (P≤0.001)differences were observed in animals subjected to ND and exercise in comparison to control. Splitting of muscle fiber was observed in group BIII and BIV (P≤0.001) in comparison with control. Significant increase in diameter of muscle fiber was observed in group BIII (P≤0.005) and BIV (P≤0.001) in comparison to control.Similarly, minimum degenerative changes were observed showing angular or rounded fibers in group BIII andBIV in comparison to control. The instant results suggest that significant hypertrophy was observed in animals subjected to ND and exercise. Keywords: Soleus, splitting, diameter, internalization of nuclei, female

Background: Intellectual Disability “ID” is a genetic disorder, which lead to arrested or incomplete development of the brain. It is the limitation of cognitive skills impairment and decline ability of a person in learning process. ID is the most common health problem in worldwide. These patients have decline intellectual functions and at least limitation in their two or more adoptive skills such as reading, writing abilities, social interactions, Behavioral habits, self-care, communication ability etc. The time period for the diagnosis of ID is the onset of disease before the eighteen years of age. Spastic Paraplegia and short stature is a general terminology using for a group of an uncommon inherited diseases that cause stiffness and weakness in the lower limbs muscles. Gradually its symptoms get worse with the passing of time. It's also called as familial spastic paraparesis or Strümpell-Lorrain syndrome. SP is classified clinically as “complicated" (syndromic) or "uncomplicated" (nonsyndromic) Spastic Paraplegia. Methods: This study was started in March 2014 to Aug 2015. The criteria for the selection of families were consanguineous families with two or more than two ID patients. The patients were examined, interviewed one by one in friendly atmosphere. Then the blood samples were taken by aseptic method. Blood samples were processed in laboratory. DNA extraction and PCR was done. After that Exome sequencing was used to find the pathogenic variants. The data was analyzed by CATCH. Sanger Sequencing was applied to see the segregation. Results: In ID-family1 the variant of AP4B1 was segregated with the disease phenotype. These ID patients have short stature and Spastic Paraplegia. Mutation in AP4B1 is known to cause intellectual disability. In ID-family2 the variants of WDR62, EML2 and KCNK6 were co-segregated with disease phenotype. But only mutations in WDR62 are known to cause intellectual disability. ID family2 also identified as short stature. In ID-family3 Exome sequencing data reveal no putative variants. Conclusion: The present study was conducted in three consanguineous families for the determination of the responsible genes for intellectual disability. Exome sequencing revealed putative mutations in AP4B1 and WDR62 in two out of three families. In third family we could not locate any putative mutation. Keywords: Intellectual disability ID, Autosomal recessive disorders, Autosomal recessive nonsyndromic ID, Behavioral Abnormality, Segregation, Exome sequencing, Spastic Paraplegia, Short stature.

The pandemic of obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases are serious threats to the wellbeing and financial prosperity around the globe. It has been documented that the consumption of processed foods with high levels of refined sugars and fats are the main cause contributing to this phenomenon. The present work was therefore conducted to assess the effects of the consumption of non-dairy tea whiteners (NDTW’s) on lipid profile, histopathology, and liver enzymes of rats for a period of three months. To this end, 30 albino Wister rats (7 weeks old, 130 ± 5 g) was divided into five groups namely control (G1), fed with whole milk (G2), and groups fed with defined dose of commercial NDTW’s (G3, G4, and G5). All rats were provided feed and water ad libitum during the experimental period. At trial completion, the rats were decapitated, and samples (blood, liver) were collected and subjected to blood chemistry (lipid profile) and liver histopathological analyses. Results indicated that as compared to milk, powder NDTW consumption increased the level of cholesterol (69%), triglycerides (98%), and LDL (84%), whereas HDL was non-significantly affected. On the other hand, liquid NDTW consumption led to the increase in triglyceride levels for all NDTW, and yielded 130% increase as compared to milk, which might have been attributed to composition of NDTW. Additionally, liver and renal functional tests yielded non-significant results. The present work concluded that the consumption of NDTW contributed towards derangement and elevation in lipid profile parameters as compared to milk, particularly if consumed for longer period of time.

Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) is a member of the Lamiaceae or Labiateae family. In Pakistan commonly called Tukhmalanga. This valuable medicinal plant is indigenous to tropical Asia, including India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The chemical analysis of Lallemantia royleana seed showed that the seeds contained: protein 25.60%, fat 18.27%, fiber 1.29%, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, pholobtannin tannins, volatile oils, mixed fatty acids and terpenoids. It exerted many pharmacological effects included antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, antiemetic, hypolipidemic, protective and many other pharmacological effects. The current review discussed the Lallemantia royleana as a beneficial medicinal plant. It can be a good remedy for skin disease. Further screening for phytochemicals should be carried out in search of novel therapeutic compounds.

Background: Perception about different aspects of health including general, physical, mental and emotional health plays a pivotal role in implementation of more efficient health service provision. The rural population of Pakistan has low literacy rate which is one of the major predisposing factors of decreased health awareness among them. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on verified sf-36 questionnaire for the measurement of general, physical, mental and emotional health status among rural population was conducted during December 2021 till May 2022 in Julkey village, Lahore. Results: A total of 256 individuals participated in our study with 163 males and 93 females having mean age of 36.95±12.81 SD (in years). The sample consisted of 30% from age group 15-30, 65% from age group 31-60 and 4% from 61+ age group. While inquiring about general health 57.1% males and 49.5% females defined their health as excellent. Limitation of physical activities in females was more than males. Emotional health of males was better than females and majority of the participants considered themselves as a happy person. Only 1.8% males and 5.6% females think they feel tired all of the time. Interestingly, strong association of general health and limitation of activities with age was seen with p value of 0.00. Conclusion: A large proportion of sample had a good perception about their health. However, creating more health issues awareness and better health care facilities can improve the situation further. Keywords: Rural Population, Physical and Mental Health, Emotional Health, General Health

Among the fruit flies, Bactrocera zonata S. (Diptera: Tephritidae) is native to South and Southeast Asia. It is commonly found in India and Pakistan but it is also found in more than 20 countries in Asian and African regions. In this study, fruit fly male annihilation traps containing different doses of methyl eugenol (ME) attractant, ranging from 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 ml dose, and a control treatment (water only) were analyzed. Additionally, a uniform application of one milligram of toxicant Trichlorfon applied in all traps was installed in a Ber orchard in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The prime purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy of ME doses against B. zonata in this region. Apart from this, knowledge of seasonal population change could help in controlling these pest insects. Therefore, experiment data for the population was recorded on fortnightly basis from Feb 7, 2018-April 04, 2018 and onward on a weekly basis till May16, 2021 after which the population started to decline. No fruit fly adults were attracted to traps containing water only during all observed dates. Maximum population of B. zonata on Feb 7, 2018, was 3 at ME concentrations of 0.2 ml, 0.75 ml, and 1.0 ml, on Feb 21, 2018, its population was 0.667 at 0.2 ml concentration, on March 07, 2018 the population was 14.667 at 1.0 ml concentration, on March 21, 2018, the population was 3.667 at 0.5 ml concentration, on April 04, 2018, the population was 60.333, on April 11, 2018, the population was 69.000 at 1.0 ml concentration, on April 18, 2018, the population was 94.667 at 0.5ml concentration, on April 26, 2018, the population was 400.670, on May 02,2018, the population was 247.333, on May 9, 2018, the population was 181.667, and on May16, 2018, population was 20.667 at 1.0 ml concentration of methyl eugenol. Thus, more concentrations of ME usually attracted more flies. B. zonata population remained low in February and March. In April the population started to build up and reached its peak at the end of April. In May, the population started to decrease and it declined after mid-May. Correlation with weather factors showed that temperature had a positive while relative humidity showed a negative effect on B. zonata population. This above collected data gave useful information about the population dynamics of fruit flies in the Asian region and an effective attractant dose for the better management of these fruit flies.

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. Ascorbic acid is regarded as one of the most effective antioxidants present in plants. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of foliar spray of ascorbic acid on nodulation, gas exchange attributes, and mineral ion contents of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars under zinc stress. Seeds of two pea cultivars cv. 2001-40 and cv. Meteor were sown in pots following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Treatments of ZnSO4.7H2O (5 and 10 mg kg-1) were applied through the rooting medium whereas ascorbic acid (5 ppm and 10 ppm) as foliar sprays after three weeks of germination. Results revealed that zinc stress reduced the growth, gas exchange attributes, potassium and calcium contents of roots and shoots of both the pea cultivars. However, foliar spray of ascorbic acid counteracted the adverse effect of zinc stress on the growth of both pea cultivars. The application of 10 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid proved to be more effective in inducing zinc stress tolerance as compared to other levels. Growth and gas exchange attributes of zinc-stressed plants of both cultivars were also enhanced due to foliar applied ascorbic acid which was positively associated with mineral ion contents. Overall, foliar-applied ascorbic acid ameliorated the adverse effect of zinc stress on nodulation and growth attributes of pea cultivars.

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. It has been reported that the pathogenesis of C. jejuni is closely related to the formation, adhesion, and invasion of flagella toxin in host epithelial cells. A putative transcriptional regulator, known as cj0440c, is thought to be involved in the regulation of flagellar synthesis. However, confirmation of this hypothesis requires deep insight into the regulation mechanism of cj0440c and its possible relationship with different antibiotics. Therefore, the study explained here was designed to determine the relationship and function (phenotypically and genotypically) of cj0440c in the flagellar synthesis of C. jejuni NCTC11168. The study determined the mode of expression of cj0440c and flagella-related genes under exposure to various drugs. To verify the involvement of cj0440c protein in the metabolic pathway of thiamine, an enzymatic hydrolysis experiment was performed and analyzed through the application of mass spectrometry. The overexpression vector of C. jejuni NCTC11168 was also constructed to find out whether or not target genes were regulated by cj0440c. The findings of the study showed that cj0440c and other flagella-related genes were expressed differentially under the influence of various antibiotics including erythromycin, tylosin, azithromycin, gentamicin, etimicin, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin, tetracycline, and tigecycline. The analysis showed that the cj0440c protein did not catalyze the degradation of thiamine. In conclusion, the study aids in the understanding of the inter-relationship between the regulatory mechanism of flagella genes and the thiamine metabolic pathway.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has posed a challenge to disease control efforts worldwide. This study explored the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of SARS-CoV-2 variants reported in Pakistan. Our objective was to understand the transmission dynamics of different lineages within the country. We retrieved and analyzed spike protein sequences from Pakistan and compared them with reference sequences reported worldwide. Our analysis revealed the clustering of Pakistan-origin isolates in nine different clades representing different regions worldwide, suggesting the transmission of multiple lineages within the country. We found 96 PANGO lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in Pakistan, and 64 of these corresponded to 4 WHO-designated variants: Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron. The most dominant variants in Pakistan were Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2, AY.108), and Omicron (BA.2.75, BA.5.2), and the N-terminal domain and receptor binding regions were the most hypervariable regions of the spike gene. Compared to the reference strain, characteristic substitutions were found in dominant variants. Our findings emphasize the importance of continuously monitoring and assessing nucleotide and residue substitutions over time to understand virus evolutionary trends better and devise effective disease control interventions.

It is widely accepted that Pakistan is situated at a very important strategic location on world map. Russia, China and Central Asian countries in north, Middle east in south west and far east countries in east of Pakistan makes this country strategically very important among world nations. Because of its valuable strategic location, most importantly its sea connection to the central Asian states, China and Russia which connects trade, oil and gas routs to the rest of the world through warm waters increases the importance of the country at no-match level. As every big fortune brings a trouble, this strategic importance brings a lot of troubles for the country. After world war II, Soviet Union needed to access warm waters for its uninterrupted connectivity with the world through sea routs. For that Soviets need a good sea port, the options they had were limited. Either they would connect through Chabahar port, Iran or either they would touch Baluchistan region of Pakistan. Comparatively, they found Pakistan an easy target aimed their invasion to Afghanistan as their direct neighbor and Pakistan as a weak state and a sandwich between India and Russia through Afghanistan. Besides this scenario, since the foundation of Pakistan, mismanagement at Pakistan Afghanistan border has been a reason of conflicts. A well secure and managed border can bring stability in economic and security situation of the region. After Soviet invasion, federally administered tribal areas (FATA) became the heaven of militant groups and the symbol of resistance against Soviet forces. Since that time, cross border movement of militant groups is a huge security concern for both countries. Available data also suggests that Pakistan has suffered huge economic and security costs because of the mismanagement of its western border with Afghanistan. In order to maintain peace and stability in the region, Pakistan has proposed and started construction of fences and infrastructure in 2016 including gateways for trade and cross border activities of complex socio-economic tribal system on the both sides of Pak-Afghanistan border. These steps significantly reduced cross border terrorist activities.

Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1898 is the main legislation on the entire legal procedure for investigation of any case under Criminal Law of Pakistan. Thus, the CrPC ensures provision of machinery for the crime investigation, apprehension of suspected criminals, determination of innocence or guilt of accused individual, collection of evidences, and determination of proper procedures (Zaffar, 2021). This Act initially came into force on first day of July 1898 in Pakistan. CrPC is applicable in all the regions of Pakistan but in the absence of any specific provision to the contrary, special law or jurisdiction, or power conferred by other law for the time being in force.

Neurobiology depicts the human brain as the organ of intellect. It has located in the brain the stations for cognition (e.g., sight and hearing) and for feelings and experience (e.g., pain, anger and face recognition). It has even sited in the brain the places involved in moral functions (e.g., judgement and lies). However, the locale of the self itself has escaped from it; so has the one assigned with ontological questions. The Quran invites its reader to seek knowledge and apply reason; however, it never introduces a term for the instrument of knowing, the brain. Instead, the intellectual roles are attributed to the heart and chest, a position that allows for a literal interpretation of these artefacts in the Book. The foundational objective of this work is to appraise this interpretation in the light of the lessons drawn from scientific studies. More than simply acknowledging the pre-knowledge of the Quran of some new scientific findings, this research seeks to re-appraise the meanings of the relevant Quranic ayahs in view of those findings. It reveals the literal significance of the terms ‘heart’ and ‘chest’ used in the Scripture but in a different context and also shows that Quranic depictions of neurobiological concepts are prescient. It finds the Quran furnishing a fuller picture of the intellect. It shows that a physical depiction of human intellect in the Quran is not only possible but indispensable. Importantly, this example yet again identifies the scope of the Quranic ayahs for fulfilling current multidisciplinary needs.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intensity of donor site pain after autogenous iliac crest bone graft harvest for arthrodesis of joints and non-union of fractures. Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Orthopedics Department of Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital in Bannu. A total of 156 patients who underwent iliac crest bone graft harvest were included in the study. The frequency and intensity of donor site pain were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) after one month of postoperatively. Results: Out of 156 patients, the majority were males (61.5%). The mean age and pain score observed in the enrolled patients was 34.7 ± 9.5 years and 2.24 ± 2.01, respectively. Mild pain was present at one-month follow-up postoperatively in 50.6% of the patients. The pain intensity was assessed in relation to gender and age; there was no significant difference in the mean VAS scores between males and females (p=0.45). Furthermore, stratification with respect to age also displayed no significant variation in the pain scores with respect to age (p=0.99). Conclusion: Donor site pain remains significant morbidity associated with iliac crest bone graft, mild pain was observed in half of the enrolled cases, and only 23% were pain-free after one month of the surgery.

To run a market smoothly, regulations are very important. These regulations worked as set of parameters for all business operators, managers and their key stakeholders of a specific domain to work under certain rules so that every business has equal opportunity to earn and expand their operations. In Europe since mid of 18th century several legislations were introduced to regulate the market to protect the rights of investors, business and their stakeholders and also to create a free and fair market for all. Insurance companies and their managers were facing a problem with dissymmetry of information which means that they either they do not share important information to each other or either the access to the information was a way costly for them. There was a need of monitoring the economic activities and setting certain requirements for licensing. Regulations, ethics and rules were being introduced since 1800s. after the mid of 20th century, a series of regulations were introduced to regulate the insurance market in Europe according to one market policy and from this series the latest regulations implemented in 2016 are termed Solvency II regulations. Solvency II regulations introduced new risk based economic capital requirements that

Islamic teachings explained us everything related to our lives in the light of Quran and Sunnah. Some of them are specified for Muslim women like feeding baby, abortion, Iddah and veiling etc. Veil is the most important part for Muslim women in their lives. It protects them from bad eyes and stays them away from sins. There are many terms used for veiling like Hijab, Jilbab that are identical to the meaning of veil.Hijab is a test for the Muslim woman. It is clear from the Quran and the Hadiths that hijab is a religious obligation, which a woman has to undertake. There is no scholarly difference on this point and the Muslim Ummah has applied it for over 14 centuries. When a Muslim woman wears hijab, she is obeying and submitting to Allah. A woman who wears hijab liberates herself from the vain and selfish desire to show off her beauty and to compete with other women around her. In the Quran, the term hijab refers to a partition or curtain in the literal or metaphorical sense. The verse where it is used literally is commonly understood to refer to the curtain separating visitors to Muhammads(ï·º) house from his wives lodgings. This leads Muslim women that hijab is mandatory and to wear hijab is applied to every Muslim woman as many quranic verses denote on it. Muslim woman should cover her all body with curtain when she goes outside of the house as well as cover her face from unknown person whereas it is allowed to her to show her face, hands and legs to her relatives.In this article, the researcher conducted the research in the term of Islamic teachings of veiling and hijab for Muslim women in the light of Surah Ahzab and analyzed six verses of the concerned surah that described veiling. The researcher explained everything with some hadiths and some books and references. This article especially helps those women who are totally confused about face and body hijab as well as those who dont accept hijab as the sharia verdict of Allah and His prophet ï·º. This also helps those students who are newly doing research on hijab and veil. In fact, this article is very informative at all.

The dearth of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) is a global problem. Integrating CAMHS in primary care has been offered as a solution. We sampled integrated care perspectives from colleagues around the world. Our findings include various models of integrated care namely: the stepped care model in Australia; shared care in the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain; school-based collaborative care in Qatar, Singapore and the state of Texas in the US; collaborative care in Canada, Brazil, US, and Uruguay; coordinated care in the US; and, developing collaborative care models in low-resource settings, like Kenya and Micronesia. These findings provide insights into training initiatives necessary to build CAMHS workforce capacity using integrated care models, each with the ultimate goal of improving access to care. Despite variations and progress in implementing integrated care models internationally, common challenges exist: funding within complex healthcare systems, limited training mechanisms, and geopolitical/policy issues. Supportive healthcare policy, robust training initiatives, ongoing quality improvement and measurement of outcomes across programs would provide data-driven support for the expansion of integrated care and ensure its sustainability.

Introduction: The HBV virus has its enveloped protein that surrounds nucleic acid for its protection. Hepatitis B DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnoviridae family and is similar to retroviruses. Globally, HBV infected people approximately 2 billion in the world, about 350 million people were chronic carriers. One million deaths are caused by the HBV virus every year. Each year, 400,000 new cases were reported in Latin America. Among all over the World, Pakistan was considered as one of the largest chronic viral hepatitis infection countries. Methodology: 975 samples were recoded from different districts of south Punjab. The sera of the patient’s sample were examined to analyze the LFTs, HBS serology, HBS ELIZA, anti-HBeAg, AFP, anti- HDV, HBC IgM, and HBV DNA EAL TIME PCR. An anticoagulant sample was used to analyze their prothrombin time, HB level, WBC count, PLT counts, and HBA1C. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS version 14.0. Results: 975 samples were collected from the Multan district of Punjab. Out of which 638(65.43%) patients were detected positive for HBsAg serology, 312(32.84%) were not detected. The HBA1C test values are higher in HBV patients and its normal value is below 6.4%. In 1st group 258 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR DETECTED, bilirubin 2.1+-5.7, ALP 425.1±575.1, AST 119.6±102.6, ALT 62.0±41.6, and albumin 3.5±0.9. in the 2nd group, 149 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR detected, bilirubin 1.4±1.9, ALP 488.1±339.2, AST 143.0±117.4, ALT 78.1±53.4, and albumin 4.4±0.6. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in diabetic patients is higher as compared to control diabetic patients. the patients with high serum AFP levels tend to be HBs-Ag-positive, and those who have low AFP levels are associated with cryptogenic cirrhosis. The positive HBc IgM is higher in anti-HDV-negative cases as compared to HDV-positive cases. The value of HBV DNA was higher in anti-HDV-negative cases. The HBsAg correlates with HBV DNA level and it’s a level higher in the IT phase and lowers in the IC phase.

To study and reduce the effects of air pollution on human health, selection of sensitive and tolerant plant species as bio-indicators is necessary for green belt development. The Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) is a crucial instrument for separating out plants depending on how sensitive or tolerant they are to various air pollutants. In this study a set of seven most common plant species (Mangifera Indica, Saraca Asoca, Cassia Fistula, Syzygium Cumini, Amarnthus Viridus, Malva Neglecta, and Datura Inoxia) were examined at each of two different locations: residential site and industrial site. Plants were selected with increasing distance of 50-100m, 250-300m, 500-600m at each location from the pollution source making it a broader study with a set of 21 test points at each location: 42 test points in total for both locations. The present study suggested that the Cassia. Fistula (Average APTI = 16.32) and Mangifera Indica (Average APTI = 15.75) are the most tolerant species and as remedial measures and for green belt designing, these plants could be cultivated near pollution sources due to their high level of tolerance towards environmental pollutants. The Datura Inoxia and Amarnthus Viridus were found the most sensitive species with Average APTI of 10.87 and 10.63 respectively and can be used as bio indicators for the pollution indicator at these sites. In addition, the study found that the average dust deposition was higher in the industrial site (4.25mg/cm2 ) than in the residential site (1.92mg/cm2 ), indicating the adverse consequence on the health of workers in boiler industry locations. The dust deposition was also recorded increasing with the decreasing distance from the source of pollution at industrial site (50-100m = 4.25mg/cm2 ) > (500-600m = 3.65mg/cm2 ) which highlights the urgent need for effective planetary management to mitigate the impact of air pollution on human health.

Background: Rice is the most available and consumed food in the world, and is considered one nutritious food. Due to the same reason, rice is the popular food in Saudi Arabia, being consumed with vegetables and non-vegetable recipes. Background: Rice is the most available and consumed food in the world, and is considered one nutritious food. Due to the same reason, rice is the popular food in Saudi Arabia, being consumed with vegetables and non-vegetable recipes. Methods: Taking the nutritive value of rice into consideration, the metal analysis was performed, and both essential and heavy elements were detected in seven varieties of rice, viz, Paddy Rice, Brown Rice, White Rice, Broken Rice, Parboiled Rice, Black Rice and Red Cargo Rice. Among the heavy elements arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead and mercury were analysed and the concentration of these elements was found within the value of tolerance. Results: The maximum concentration of all these elements was found below the limits set by NSU and the FDA. The essential elements, which were analyzed in all seven varieties of rice, include cobalt, magnesium, copper, selenium, manganese and zinc. method: Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy is used to assay the trace elements in rice samples. Conclusion: All these elements were found in rice quantity, required for the normal metabolic activities of the body. The varieties of rice analyzed have essential element concentrations in a normal range. other: NA

Haemorrahgic Septiceamia (H.S) is a deadly, sub-acute livestock disease of cattle and buffalo in Southeast Asia including Pakistan. A whopping 98% case fatality rate renders vaccination a mandatory prophylactic control measure to counter HS. Very little information is available on serum biochemical profile of the HS vaccinated animals. This study was conducted to investigate the serum biochemistry of the vaccinated cattle and buffalo calves and adults alike. Three different experimental oil adjuvant vaccines were produced for Pasturella multocida serotype B:2 (locally prevalent). N=80 healthy cattle and buffalo (calves and adults) were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 20 animals (10 calves and 10 adults). Group A was injected with vaccine prepared with Montanide ISA-50; Group B with vaccine prepared from Montanide ISA-206 while Group C with a vaccine produced from Liquid paraffin and Lanolin. Group D animals served as non-immunized control. Blood samples were collected from each animal at zero-day, after booster at 90 days, and then every quarter for one year. Twelve biochemical parameters were assessed by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis Test. Post hoc multiple comparisons were done for glucose levels. It was concluded that vaccinating both cattle and buffalo calves and adults with H.S. vaccine formulated with three different adjuvants did not have a statistically significant effect on serum biochemistry of vaccinated animals compared to controls.

Purpose: To present our experience with emergency ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) on ureteral stones related with acute kidney injury (AKI). Place and Duration: In the Department of Urology for three years duration from January 2019 to January 2020. Material and methods: We retrospectively analysed 27 patients consisting of 54 ureteral units (UU) undergoing URSL. There were 9 females and 18 males with M: F of 2:1 The anuria cause was bilateral obstruction with calculi in 21 cases, and unilateral obstruction with calculi in 33 cases with contralateral nephrectomy. In the same session, bilateral ureteroscopy was performed for bilateral synchronous ureteral stones. The anuria duration ranged from 12hours to 3-days. After the procedure, all patients ureteral stent were systematically removed. The operation was accomplished 6-12 hours afterward hospitalization. After surgery; all individuals were followed for minimum one-month. Results: A total of 27 urgent URSL were performed in 9 (33.3%) females and 18 (66.7%) males with an average age of 51 (range 32 to 73). Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in 2 (7.4%) patients and in 2 (9.5%) patients with bilateral stones, the ureteral units (UU), severely wedged distal hard stones. These patients were candidates for open surgery, ureterolithotomy, 6 to 8 weeks afterward the initial intervention (PCN+ URSL). The improvements in renal function as demonstrated by post-obstruction diuresis and serum creatinine were compared in the two groups of patients using the Fisher's exact test. In 20 (71.1%) patients, URSL proved to be an effective therapeutic approach for obstruction removal and stone removal. Repeat surgery was required in 3 (11.1%). In 3 (11.1%) patients, URSL caused significant damage to the mucosa with a guide wire in the area of the damaged ureteral calculus. Ureteral stenting was sufficient to treat this complication. Stone or fragment migration was observed in 5 (18.5%) patients, all of which were in the upper stone position, and this procedure was the main reason of failure. In the first 24 hours, mild macroscopic haematuria was detected which did not require treatment. Postoperatively, 6 (22.2%) patients had high fever. Body temperature reversed back to usual within four days after getting the high dose and intravenous injection of a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic (ureteral stent culture for Escherichia coli and positive urine culture). Conclusion: Calculus anuria is a therapeutic emergency that necessitates timely analysis and decompression management. URSL is the appropriate technique for designated patients and can be accomplished securely and has a high achievement rate with insignificant incidence of morbidity. Key words: Ureteral stones, ureteroscopy; surgery; kidneys, anuria, abnormalities; outcome and treatment.