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PURPOSE To report the chronic toxicity and disease outcomes attributable to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Between January 2014 and December 2018, a retrospective review of medical records of patients with cervical cancer who received radiation therapy with IMRT was performed. Disease and treatment-related details were documented. Follow-up notes were reviewed, and severity of late toxicities was recorded. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 years were estimated. RESULTS A total of 222 patients’ records were reviewed. Mean age was 50.7 years. Median follow-up duration was 33 months (range, 2-70 months). The most common toxicity was vaginal stricture (grade 2, n = 59, 26.6%; grade 3, n = 4, 1.80%), followed by proctitis (grade 2, n = 24; 10.8%; grade 3, n = 7; 3.20%). Seven patients (grade 2, n = 5, 2.3%; grade 3, n = 2; 0.90%) developed cystitis, and only 5 (grade 2; 2.3%) were found to have colitis. None of the patients had grade 4 or grade 5 toxicities. There was a significant difference in late complications in patients with nodal disease or those who underwent prior surgery ( P < .05). Three-year OS and DFS rates were 79.7% and 81.9%, respectively. Patients with tumor size > 5 cm and those with pelvic lymph node metastasis had poor survival rates ( P < .05). CONCLUSION IMRT is an effective and well-tolerated technique that should be considered in patients with lymph node disease and in postoperative patients. There is an inverse relationship between tumor size and nodal involvement with respect to OS and DFS.

Introduction The radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancers is challenging because of neighboring critical organs, posing an increased risk of complications. Various radiation delivery techniques have been used to deliver the desired dose of radiation to the target area while keeping the doses to nearby structures within constraints. The main aim of this study is to quantify doses delivered to the organs at risk (OARs) including heart, left lung, spinal cord, and contralateral breast, and to the planning target volume (PTV) using Field-in-Field (FIF) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Patients and methods A retrospective review of 15 left-sided breast cancer patients was done. All the patients underwent breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant radiation. For every patient, two different radiation treatment plans were formulated and compared for the PTV coverage and doses to OARs, including heart, ipsilateral lung, spinal cord, and contralateral breast. The radiation treatment techniques utilized for this purpose were FIF and VMAT. The homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI) required for the treatment planning were also calculated. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA). An Independent T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results The mean age was 41 years and the majority of them were stage II. Total nine patients were given 4005centi Gray (cGy) in 15 fractions (fr) followed by 10Gy boost, hence receiving a total dose of 5005cGy in 20fr. While remaining six patients were given a total dose 4005cGy in 15fr without any boost. All patients were hypofractionated and the dose was delivered at a rate of 267cGy per fr. The FIF technique utilized in breast cancer radiation significantly reduced the mean doses to OARs: mean heart dose (3.81cGy), ipsilateral lung dose (V16- 15cGy), mean contralateral breast dose (0.03cGy), and maximum spinal cord dose (0.18cGy); as compared to VMAT technique which delivered comparatively higher doses: mean heart dose (8.85cGy), ipsilateral lung dose (V16- 19.82cGy), mean contralateral breast dose (4.59cGy), and maximum spinal cord dose (7.14cGy). There was a significant mean difference between doses of OARs and all p-values were statistically significant (p

PURPOSE To evaluate and report the frequency of changes in radiation therapy treatment plans after peer review in a simulation review meeting once a week. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between July 1 and August 31, 2016, the radiation plans of 116 patients were discussed in departmental simulation review meetings. All plans were finalized by the primary radiation oncologist before presenting them in the meeting. A team of radiation oncologists reviewed each plan, and their suggestions were documented as no change, major change, minor change, or missing contour. Changes were further classified as changes in clinical target volume, treatment field, or dose. All recommendations were stratified on the basis of treatment intent, site, and technique. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and are presented descriptively. RESULTS Out of 116 plans, 26 (22.4%) were recommended for changes. Minor changes were suggested in 15 treatment plans (12.9%) and a major change in 10 (8.6%), and only one plan was suggested for missing contour. The frequency of change recommendations was greater in radical radiation plans than in palliative plans (92.3% v 7.7%). The head and neck was the most common treatment site recommended for any changes (42.3%). Most of the changes were recommended in the technique planned with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (50%). Clinical target volume (73.1%) was identified as the most frequent parameter suggested for any change, followed by treatment field (19.2%) and dose (0.08%). CONCLUSION Peer review is an important tool that can be used to overcome deficiencies in radiation treatment plans, with a goal of improved and individualized patient care. Our study reports changes in up to a quarter of radiotherapy plans.

PURPOSE To report the toxicity and pathologic response rates after adding neoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) followed by concurrent radiation and capecitabine (CAPRT) and surgery in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 301 patients between January 2007 and December 2014. Patients were treated with four cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprising CAPOX, followed by radiotherapy at doses of 45-54 Gy in 25-30 fractions with concurrent capecitabine. A response assessment scan was performed at 4-6 weeks postradiation followed by surgical evaluation at 6-8 weeks. Pathologic tumor and nodal response rates as well as circumferential resection margin were assessed on surgical specimens. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 43 years (range, 16-78). Overall, 227 (75.4%) patients were able to complete four cycles of CAPOX. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was well-tolerated with no serious adverse effects. The most common toxicity was diarrhea (grade 2, n = 108; 35.8%; grade 3, n = 57; 18.9%; grade 4, n = 25; 8.3%) followed by neuropathy (grade 2, n = 132; 43.8%; grade 3, n = 54; 17.9%) and oral mucositis (grade 2, n = 108; 35.8%; grade 3, n = 47; 15.6%; grade 4, n = 9; 2.99%). A total of 229 (76.1%) patients underwent surgery. Pathologic complete response was seen in 52 (22.7%; 95% CI, 13 to 28), whereas 200 (87.3%; 95% CI, 82 to 99) patients had a negative circumferential resection margin on pathology. CONCLUSION Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with CAPOX before CAPRT and planned total mesorectal excision surgery result in good tumor regression and substantial pathologic complete response rates with acceptable toxicity. With growing interest in organ preservation in rectal cancer, the strategy of completing all chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy before planned surgery offers a favorable paradigm. However, further randomized clinical trials are needed to support this evidence.

Abscopal effect is defined as a phenomenon where radiation delivery at one site induces shrinkage of disease at a distant site, outside the radiation field. Although it is an old concept but with recent advancements in the fields of diagnostic and therapeutic oncology, this effect has gained popularity and nowadays has become an area of interest for the researchers.With the current success of immunotherapy, there is robust and interesting data looming to evaluate potential synergistic effect of radiation coupled with immunotherapy to attain abscopal effect. Our article highlights background, mechanism and a brief literature review for abscopal response in conjunction with immunotherapy. Keywords: Abscopal Effect, Radiation, Immunotherapy, Personalized Medicine.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare disease with poor prognosis. Surgery is used as a radical treatment modality but the risk of local relapse is very high. Therefore, radiation therapy is used in postoperative setting to improve local control. However, owing to elliptical shape, treating the entire pleura requires a large radiation field which increases toxicity. Precision radiation is mandatory to optimally irradiate the tumor area while sparing critical neighboring normal organs.A 43-year-old male presented with history of right sided chest pain and cough for 8 months. On further evaluation, he was diagnosed with malignant pleural mesothelioma. The disease was localized but unresectable, therefore a course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given. Post chemotherapy, he underwent extra pleural pneumonectomy and the tumor was grossly excised. Histopathology revealed a close resection margin with metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. The case was discussed in multidisciplinary team meeting and adjuvant radiation therapy was offered. The patient was planned with a blend of modern intensity modulated radiation therapy technique and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy technique, to keep doses of adjacent organs within tolerance limits and at the same time deliver the intended dose of radiation to the tumor site.Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a lethal disease. Orthodox methods of radiation delivery encompass the entire involved hemi thorax and result in significant morbidity. Highly conformal radiation techniques are preferred to achieve optimal therapeutic ratio at this site. However, despite advances in radiation techniques, current treatment modalities have not significantly made an impact on survival of these patients.

Simultaneous diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with pelvic malignancies is rare but a well-documented phenomenon. It is not uncommon to have incidental renal masses on imaging done for investigating other tumors. There are no established guidelines for the treatment of patients with dual malignancies. The management of such patients is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. We present a series of three cases with a diagnosed pelvic malignancy but further workup revealed a kidney tumor. Both the malignancies were evaluated individually and diagnosed as two different primary neoplastic lesions. This case series examines each distinct patient's presentation, discusses the diagnosis, and compares and contrasts the findings while discussing the literature on this topic.

Hidradenocarcinoma is a rare and locally aggressive tumor rendering a poor prognosis. Furthermore, very few cases present with nodal metastasis. Diagnosing such an entity, and then differentiating it from a benign counterpart, poses a great challenge to the clinicians. There are no established treatment guidelines for the management of this disease, particularly in patients with nodal involvement. We present a case of a young male who was diagnosed with hidradenocarcinoma of the scalp, along with a neck swelling. A thorough diagnostic evaluation was done with endoscopy, pathological, and radiological investigations. He was successfully treated with resection of the scalp lesion and right-sided neck dissection followed by adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation. He remains free of any local and distant disease after five years of regular follow-up.

Primary spinal cord glioblastoma multiforme involving the conus medullaris is an uncommon entity with poor outcomes. An aggressive multimodality treatment approach has been used, but prognosis remains same. There are no guidelines for the treatment of patients with spinal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We highlight the case of a child diagnosed with conal GBM. He was treated with definitive surgery followed by adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation. After completion of treatment, he showed a temporary symptomatic improvement, but later on his condition deteriorated. We elaborate the stepwise treatment approach employed in this patient.

Introduction: Control of bleeding due to locally invasive disease is of paramount importance in the management of cancer patients. This study was undertaken to explore the outcomes of palliative intent hypofractionated radiation therapy (HRT) in advanced stage pelvic malignancies that presented with bleeding. Methods: This study enrolled patients treated with palliative intent hypofractionated radiation therapy from July 2015 to November 2017. In the inclusion criteria, all these patients had the common presenting complaint of bleeding from the tumor. These patients were not treated with radiation therapy before for the same indication. Patients with known bleeding disorders and those undergoing parallel interventions for bleeding control were excluded from the study. Bleeding was categorized based on the World Health Organization (WHO) scale for the classification of bleeding. Response assessment was classified into a complete response, partial response and no response. A comparison was made for the bleeding scale before and after HRT using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The comparison of mean hemoglobin levels before and after the HRT was calculated by paired t-test. Results: Forty-two patients with advanced pelvic malignancies qualified for inclusion in the study after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Among those analyzed, the median age was 67 years (range 37 – 95 years). The male and female proportion was 38% and 62% respectively. Different cancers included uterine cancer 31%, cervical cancer 24%, bladder cancer 21%, rectal cancer 17% and vulvar cancer in 7%. The baseline bleeding scale in these cases was found to be grade 1 in 12%, grade 2 in 55% and grade 3 in 33% cases. The median dose in our cohort was 20 Gy in five fractions over one week (range was 8 Gy to 40 Gy). Following HRT, the WHO bleeding score at one month was recorded as grade 0 in 57%, grade 1 in 31%, grade 2 in 7%, grade 3 in 5% and grade 4 in none. Toxicity profile did not show any grade 3 or above acute toxicity in the study. Response rates were 57% complete response, 36% partial response and 7% no response. The mean hemoglobin level post-treatment versus pre-treatment was found to be 9.6 g/dL versus 7.3 g/dL. Conclusions: Hypofractionated radiotherapy was found to be a safe and effective non-invasive palliative treatment modality for securing hemostasis in advanced pelvic malignancies that presented with bleeding.

Purpose To report the long-term outcome in lymph nodal–metastatic cervical squamous cell cancer after chemoradiation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients and Methods Between 2010 and 2013, five patients were diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer with clinically involved para-aortic lymph nodes (ie, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IVB). These patients were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Concurrent chemoradiation consisted of cisplatin given once per week concomitantly with extended-field radiation therapy followed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy comprised four courses of carboplatin and paclitaxel given every three weeks. The primary outcomes were local and distant failures. Results None of the patients had local recurrence or distal failure after a minimum follow-up time of 3 years. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy after chemoradiation has a probable role in the management of lymph nodal–metastatic cervical cancer.

Squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix is potentially a curable disease; however, many patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy develop distant metastases, with few of them having a single metastatic deposit. There are no guidelines for the treatment of patients with oligometastatic cervical cancer. We present a case of a patient with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. She was successfully treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy with definitive intent. One year later, she developed a solitary pulmonary nodule for which she underwent resection followed by chemotherapy. She is free of any local or distant disease at 5 years of regular follow-up.