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The atypical protein tyrosine phosphatase enzyme, dual-specificity phosphate 15 (DUSP15) is thought to be activated by myelin regulatory factor (MyRF) and to have a role in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we assess whether Dusp15 is reduced in the hippocampus of mice with conditional knock-out of Myrf in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) we found that Dusp15 expression was indeed lower in these mice. Alterations in myelin have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Symptoms of these disorders can include impairments of object recognition and attention. We, therefore tested the mice in the object recognition task (ORT) and 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). However, we did not find behavioural impairments indicating that attentional abilities and object recognition are not impacted by reduced oligodendrogenesis and hippocampal Dusp15 expression. Gaining insight into the role of newly formed oligodendrocytes and Dusp15 expression is helpful for the development of well targeted treatments for myelin dysregulation.

As the world faces crises instigated by environmental disruption, demands on healthcare require sustainable solutions.\ud In this article, we outline the principles of sustainable surgery, how these can be used to optimise surgical services in light of healthcare crises, and how long-term adoption of these principles can help to reduce the carbon and plastic footprint of surgery in the UK and internationally. We describe how planetary and human health are closely related, including the relationship between environmental disruption and emerging infectious diseases.

A net zero NHS: how can health systems contribute to cutting carbon emissions.

Men employed in chlorinated solvents manufacture were followed for 1--4 yr and found to have mean hexachlorobenzene blood levels of 311 ppb in 1974 (n = 50), 312 ppb in 1975 (n = 49), 160 ppb in 1976 (n = 49), and 170 ppb in 1977 (n = 44). Evaluation of urinary porphyrins and several other laboratory test results did not reveal evidence of porphyria cutanea tarda or other adverse effect associated with exposure to hexachlorobenzene. The hexachlorobenzene blood levels were strongly associated with years worked in the chlorinated solvents plant but poorly correlated with environmental measurements.

ROUTINE sensory examinations are usually carried out with the method of single stimulation. This appears to be adequate, but it does not always reveal existing defects in sensibility. For example, one cutaneous region of the body may be sentient to a single stimulus. However, this very point thus tested may become insentient when it and a point in a homologous region on the opposite side are simultaneously stimulated. Thus, with the method of double simultaneous stimulation there occurs a disappearance, or "extinction," of sensation from a part of the body which is not anesthetic on routine examination. 1 This "extinction" is not always complete, for at times the patient reports dulling, or "obscuration," rather than complete disappearance of sensation. The various aspects of the phenomena of extinction and obscuration have been discussed in previous communications. 2 It was shown that extinction occurs oftenest in patients with lesions implicating the sensory

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CHANGES in behavior produced by focal cerebral lesions in man usually arouse the interest of neurologists and psychologists. By contrast, alterations in behavior which appear in the course of a diffuse degenerative process in the brain are only too often dismissed as instances of "simple deterioration" or "dementia." This neglect persists despite Goldstein's1repeated warnings that studies of cases of so-called organic deterioration may add to the understanding of intellectual function in normal and abnormal states. It is true that the clinical picture of many of the psychoses associated with degenerative disease of the brain may appear complex, or even bizzare, and that the patients are difficult to test. Yet simplicity and complexity are relative matters depending on the investigator's point of view. If one looks for clearcut losses of specific functions, these psychoses may seem unrevealing, because the patients manifest alterations in many different performance fields. For those

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AMONG phenomena that may be apparent during examination of patients with disease of the sensory pathways is mislocalization of a sensory stimulus. It has long been known that a person with a sensory defect, as seen in the common varieties of cerebral hemiplegia, may inaccurately localize stimuli applied on the paretic side. Such point mislocalizations are apparent in examinations using a single stimulus and have been described in detail by Head.1These mislocalizations can be accentuated by the use of double simultaneous stimulation techniques.2In addition, when these techniques of examination are employed, other varieties of mislocalization, such as displacement,3become apparent. Displacement is the patterned mislocalization of one of two stimuli simultaneously applied to different body areas. The direction of displacement is in a definite pattern, which is dependent upon the parts of the body stimulated. Characteristic of mislocalization so far reported has been the fact