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Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. Selection of Study Sample. Supplementary Table S2. Items Included inthe Frailty Index. Supplementary Figure S3. Study Design Scheme. Supplementary Figure S4. Distribution of Current Status and Three-year Change in Health Indicators Stratified for Sex. Supplementary Table S5. Added Value of HealthIndicators to Mortality Prediction Stratified for Sex. Supplementary Table S6. Added Value of Health Indicators to Mortality Prediction Based on Age and Sex Stratified for Number of Chronic Diseases.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-3-jah-10.1177_08982643211037200 for Socioeconomic Position and Late-Onset Dementia: A Nationwide Register-Based Study by Andreas M. Appel, Henrik Br��nnum-Hansen, Anne H. Garde, ��se Marie Hansen, Kazi Ishtiak-Ahmed, Sabrina Islamoska, Erik L. Mortensen and Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen in Journal of Aging and Health

Objective: Mounting evidence suggests that immune dysfunction may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, several studies have reported that congenital and postnatal infections may contribute to the neurobiological basis of ASD. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between infections during pregnancy and after birth, and ASD. Methods: A case-control study design was adopted. Both cases and controls were retrieved from a historic birth cohort (HBC) maintained at Statens Serum Institute in Copenhagen/Denmark and were followed up retrospectively during pregnancy and after birth over four pre-defined periods. Study subjects were followed-up utilizing Danish nation-wide health registers for outpatient and hospital admissions due to infections. Associations between infections and ASD were analyzed using Mantel-Haenszel estimate of the odds ratio (OR) and logistic regression models. Results: In total, 414 ASD cases and 820 controls were followed-up during pregnancy and a mean 16.3 years after birth. Crude, but not adjusted estimates showed that ASD cases had an increased risk of hospital admission due to infection at the end of the first year of life (OR = 1.48 [range: 1.07-2.05], P = 0.02) and at the end of the follow-up period (OR = 1.30 [range: 1.02-1.64], P = 0.03). Conclusion: The present findings indicate that infections have a potential role in the pathophysiology of ASD; however, further studies are necessary to determine if infections etiologically contribute to ASD or if they act as an epiphenomenon due to distorted immunity in children with ASD.

BACKGROUND: Few population-based studies have investigated associations between parental history of alcoholism and the risk of alcoholism in offspring. The aim was to investigate in a large cohort the risk of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in the offspring of parents with or without AUD and with or without hospitalization for other psychiatric disorder (OPD).METHODS: Longitudinal birth cohort study included 7,177 men and women born in Copenhagen between October 1959 and December 1961. Cases of AUD were identified in 3 Danish health registers and cases of OPD in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Offspring registration with AUD was analyzed in relation to parental registration with AUD and OPD. Covariates were offspring gender and parental social status.RESULTS: Both maternal and paternal registration with AUD significantly predicted offspring risk of AUD (odds ratios 1.96; 95% CI 1.42 to 2.71 and 1.99; 95% CI 1.54 to 2.68, respectively). The association between maternal, but not paternal, OPD and offspring AUD was also significant (odds ratios 1.46; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.86 and 1.26; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.66, respectively). Other predictors were male gender and parental social status. A significant interaction was observed between paternal AUD and offspring gender on offspring AUD, and stratified analyses showed particularly strong associations of both paternal and maternal AUD with offspring AUD in female cohort members.CONCLUSIONS: Parental AUD was associated with an increased risk of offspring AUD independent of other significant predictors, such as gender, parental social status, and parental psychiatric hospitalization with other diagnoses. Furthermore, this association appeared to be stronger among female than male offspring. The results suggest that inherited factors related to alcoholism are at least as important in determining the risk of alcoholism among daughters as among sons.